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英语写作提分的诀窍_英语写作指导作文合集20篇

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英语写作基础教程课件

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教学课件是辅助教学的多媒体教具,是现代教育技术发展的产物,具有很强的时代特点,也是教育现代化的标志之一。下面是小编整理的英语写作基础教程课件,希望对你有帮助。

一、课程教学目标

本课程为高等学校英语专业课程体系中一门英语专业知识课程,属专业必修课性质。通过本课程的教学,使学生能正确理解和掌握英语写作的基础知识和技巧,例如词汇的恰当用法、英语成分与各类型结构的多样化运用等,并能按照不同要求正确书写便条、信函和通知等应用文,缩写课文内容,组织提纲并根据提纲书写短文(150单词左右),正确使用标点符号。

二、先修课的要求

本课程面向英语专业一年级学生,学生应具备基本英语写作能力,达到英语专业入学时的各项要求。

三、教学环节、内容及学时分配

Unit 1:正确用词

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时:2

其他教学学时:1

【教学目的和要求】

通过举例及练习提升学生对词汇的敏感度,学会如何正确运用词汇;写便条。

【本章重点及难点】

辨析词汇不同侧面的意义,如:denotative & connotative meanings; affective & collocative meanings.

【教学内容】

1. Denotation and connotation

2. Attitude and collocation

3. False friends

4. Subject-verb agreement

5. Note-writing

5. Follow-up exercises

Unit 2:恰当用词

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时:2

其他教学学时:1

【教学目的和要求】

学会鉴别不同文体,即正式、常用、口语和俚语,并根据不同文体使用恰当的词汇;写较为正式的便条。

【本章重点及难点】

避免中式英语

【教学内容】

1.Various styles in English

2. Chinglish

3. Writing notes to older people, strangers and business clients

5. Follow-up exercises

Unit 3:简洁精确用词

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时:2

其他教学学时:1

【教学目的和要求】

纠正学生习作中常见的冗余用词,帮助学生建立分类记忆词汇的习惯从而精确用词;写正式通知。

【本章重点及难点】

提高学生对词汇细微差别的敏感度,尤其是名、动、形容词,培养良好的词汇学习的习惯。

【教学内容】

1. Conciseness

2. Preciseness

3. Effectiveness

4. Modifiers and related problems

5. Informal notice

Unit 4:基本句型

【学时】 3

课堂讲授学时:2

其他教学学时:1

【教学目的和要求】

通过例句比较,使学生理解并学会选择恰当的词汇作主语,避免动词的名词化倾向;明确主语通常的位置及主语后置时的影响;总结何种情况下使用主动语态或被动语态的原则;归纳一般现在时的较特殊用法及单句中时态的匹配;掌握虚拟语气的常见用法;学写正式通知。

【本章重点难点】

构建最基本句子框架;句中词序的变化对语意重心的影响。

【教学内容】

1. Subject and its position

2. Active voice & passive voice

3. Tense and sequence of tenses

5. Mood

6. Extended notice

7. Follow-up exercises

Unit 5:基本句型的扩展(一)

【学时】 3

课堂讲授学时:2

其他教学学时:1

【教学目的和要求】

使学生掌握扩展基本句型的方式之一:增添修饰成分,并会正确使用七种类型的修饰语;正确使用定语从句达到强调作用;为段落缩写。

【本章重点难点】

使用修饰语扩展句子,以及修饰语的顺序。

【教学内容】

1. Attributes

2. Relative clauses

3. Incomplete sentences

4. Word order

5. Precis for short paragragh

6. Follow-up exercises

Unit 6基本句型的扩展(二)

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时:2

其他教学学时:1

【教学目的和要求】

学会使用分词和独立主格结构来扩展句子;为较长篇章写缩写。

【本章重点难点】

复杂分词结构的使用;学会在两个或以上的动词中正确选择用作分词结构的动词;避免悬垂修饰语、连写句、连串句。

【教学内容】

1. Participles

2. Absolutes

3. Comma-split sentences

4. Fused sentences

5. Precis for longer articles

6. Follow-up exercises

Unit 7连接句子的方法之一:并列

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时:2

其他教学学时:1

【教学目的和要求】

了解并列在单词、词组、从句和句子这四个层面的使用;学会不同类型连接词的用法;掌握并列句的具体用法和功能,以及更为复杂的并列句的使用,例如并列词的重复或缺失、用分号连接的并列句和有插入结构的并列句。

【本章重点难点】

如何正确应用并列句;错误的并列。

【教学内容】

1. Coordinate structures

2. Coordination at the sentence level

3. Functions of coordinate sentences

4. Advanced usages of coordinate sentences

5. Lack of unity & faulty parallelism

6. Follow-up exercises

Unit 8连接句子的方法之二:从属

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时:2

其他教学学时:1

【教学目的和要求】

辨析并列句与从属句在表达语意上的区别;正确使用名词性从句,定语从句和状语从句;理解从属句的两大功能;学写提纲。

【本章重点难点】

从属句的有效使用;从属句与并列句的选用原则。

【教学内容】

1.Subordination vs.coordination

2.Types of subordination

3.Functions of subordination

4.Effective use of subordination

5.Misplaced modifiers

6.Basic format of a short composition

7.Follow-up exercises

Unit 9句子多样化

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时:2

其他教学学时:1

【教学目的和要求】

使学生理解句子多样化的重要性,并从句子长度、句子结构、语意重心和句子开头这四个方面达到句子多样化的目的;正确使用倒装,避免逐字翻译;学写短文开头。

【本章重点难点】

达到句子多样化的方法;如何通过重新排序和特殊结构达到强调的目的。

【教学内容】

1. Ways to achieve sentence variety

2. Inversion & word-for-word translation

3. Introduction of a short paragraph

4. Follow-up exercises

Unit 10标点符号

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时:2

其他教学学时:1

【教学目的和要求】

理解常用标点符号的功能和用法;学写短文结尾。

【本章重点难点】

标点的用法;插入语的三种不同标点组合的区别。

【教学内容】

1.Functions of punctuation

2. How to end a sentence

3. How to join sentences of equal weight

4. How to punctuate within a sentence

5. The conclusion of a short composition

四、教学策略与方法建议

本课程采用课堂讲授和写作实践相结合的教学方式。课堂讲授使用多媒体教学,由教师讲解写作技巧引导学生发现使用规律,结合小组活动和个人训练等各种形式提高学生的写作学习热情。在课外布置适量的写作任务,及时操练和巩固所学的写作知识和写作技巧,加强对语言的实际运用能力。

五、教材与学习资源

本课程教材为邹申主编的《写作教程(第一册)》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2005。

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写作是—种复杂的思维活动,在高考作文写作的过程中,谋篇布局、文字功夫固然很重要,但形成文字之前的思维技巧更为重要。

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[高中语文作文创新写作技巧指导

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教案(Teaching Plan)是教师施教的课时计划或方案,是帮助教师有效地进行素质教育教学的依据.教案可以帮助教师有计划、有步骤地进行素质教育教学,充分利用课堂教学时间,高质量地完成教学任务.教案写得如何将直接影响教学效果的好坏.因此,在日常教学中,广大教师都非常注重写教案.那么写教案时应写什么呢?

一、写课题(Topic)和课型(Lesson Type)

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二、写素质教育教学目标(Teaching Objective)

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四、写教具(Teaching Tools)

课堂上需要什么教具要写清楚,如录音机、教材录音带、教学挂图、卡片、实物(或模型)、小黑板、刻印好的练习题、彩色粉笔、幻灯片等.

五、写素质教育教学过程(Teaching Procedure)

素质教育教学过程是教案的主要部分.写教学过程主要写以下几方面的内容:

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八、写板书设计(Blackboard Designs)

板书是有声有色的教学语言,它具有直观性、形象性和启发性.因此,教师在课堂上要有计划

地使用黑板,板书什么内容、写在什么位置、用什么颜色的粉笔等要在备课时设计好,并写在教案中.避免课堂上东写一个句子、西写一个短语、一会儿写、一会儿擦、一会儿擦了又写的板书混乱现象.好的板书能使讲课的内容系统化、结构化,有利于学生复习本节课的知识. 写教案时要考虑的问题

1、如何开始备课

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2. 思考几个问题

(1)教学技巧上,是否有足够的变化可以使课堂教学生动有趣?成功的外语课上总有不同的活动,使学生思维活跃,情绪高涨。

(2)不同教学技巧的应用和教学的组织有没有得到有序的、合乎逻辑的安排?理想化的课堂教学须朝着教学目标由易及难、循序渐进。建立在新知识之上的教学活动必须精心安排。

(3)整堂课的节奏设计得好吗?节奏的含义,可以有以下三个方面:第一,活动不能太短,也不能太长。如果课堂活动多而短,那么学生刚刚找到某活动的“感觉”,又得“跳到”下一个活动去了。这样不好。第二,教师应考虑如何把各种教学技巧、教学手段和教学组织形式揉合在一起。例如,一堂课上连续搞全班俩俩全班小组俩俩全班……的活动,每个活动五分钟,那么,这些活动是难以发挥其应有作用的。第三,控制好节奏也有利于各个教学活动之间的衔接。例如:

(4)整节课的时间有没有安排好?这是备课最难控制的因素之一。新教师往往容易提早授完所备内容,而后又易矫枉过正,不能完成课时计划。这里有两点值得提醒。预先准备一些“备用”的复习活动。如果提早授完已准备的内容,则进行复习巩固练习。

3. 学生的个体差异

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4. 学生谈话与教师谈话

备课时要充分考虑教师与学生的谈话时间。一般的英语课上,总是教师说得多, 学生说得少。要注意让学生有较多的机会进行交际。

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【作文题目】

阅读下面的材料,按照要求写一篇不少于800字的作文(60分)

浙江义乌小商品是中国乃至世界小商品批发零售的集散地。今日,小商品城的业主们,买断了“中国梦年画”的全部版权,将其印制在小商品上。这些小商品受到了国人的欢迎,特别是孩子们的喜爱,也深受外国人的青睐。物美价廉,加上中国梦年画的包装,这种设计新颖独特的小商品,顿时打开了居民的家门,销量倍增;中国梦,因小商品借船出海,走进了世界千万家。

【范文欣赏】

善假于物的智慧

深受国人喜爱的中国梦的系列漫画,凭借义乌的精美小商品走出国门;义乌精美的小商品借中国梦系列年画的“船”出海,销量倍增,还深受外国人的青睐。这说明具有中华文化象征符号的产品,倘若细致精美和有效搭载,就可迅速传播,让更多的世界人民接受。相互依托,相互凭借,两全齐美,乐而为之,这是一种善假于物的智慧。

凭借载体,才能迅速传播。任何事物都不是单一的存在,都是在一定的环境下存在的,那么就需要充分利用各自的优势,相互依赖,相互依托,互为表里。纵观历史,中国的对外文化交流当从丝绸之路开始。当时的汉文化可以说是东亚地区最先进的文化了。它以其丰富的内涵——仁义礼智信,迅速得到周边的少数民族学习借鉴,并逐渐同化。一种文化被另一种文化的认同和接受,需要凭借本民族智慧这个有效搭载,才能迅速被接受。中原文化正是由于先进的防治技术和先进的冶炼技术,生产出的先进工具等得以推广,而产生的价值观念,形成了永恒意义的文化内核,才在周边获得少数民族和东亚中亚等民族的认同,得以迅速扩展,最终形成中华文化圈。由此可见,凭借载体是有效传播一种大智慧,古代的中华文化得以取胜扩大自身影响力的重要因素,这对于我们今天文化“走出去”,具有着重要的借鉴意义。

凭借载体,提高自身素质。若要自己的文化得到认同,必须提高自身的素质,创造出灿烂的文化。当代国际竞争日益激烈,国家间的竞争已由经济政治层面的竞争上升到文化上的竞争。让自己的文化更先进,必须提高自身的素质。韩国把中国的端午节申遗,美国在世界各地推广着其所谓的普世价值观,一些日本动漫让中国的青少年在潜移默化中,受日本民族主义,甚至军国主义思想的熏陶……各种各样大餐的一波又一波袭来,文化侵略也好,文化传播也罢,都是一种文化的渗透,自己落后,却责怪人家文化先进,怎样保护自身文化不受侵略?因此发挥中华文化传统的魅力,就要挖掘、承传古代优秀文化的精髓,丰富优秀文化的内涵,提高本民族文化的修养,即努力提高中华民族文化的质量,在激烈的文化竞争环境中才能立稳脚跟。看来,以质取胜是保卫我国文化安全的重要途径,也是文化传播的前提。

凭借载体,贵在文化创新。当一种文化止步不前时,就要穷则思变,在创新上下功夫。中华文化要想走出去,提高质量和效益,就必须通过文化创新来驱动。中国梦的小漫画,就是传承中华文化的载体,形式新颖,能客观反映民族审美情趣,内涵丰富,深受人们的喜爱,这是传播手段的创新。由中国仿造,到中国制造,再到中国创造,这本身就是一种众多方面的创新,只有提高了文化产品的质量,才能在国际市场上广受欢迎,推动了中华文化走出去,实现以质取胜,以新取胜。可见,创新才能在时代大潮中“弄潮儿涛头立,手握红旗旗不湿,”。

中华文化日益走向世界,我们作为传播中华文化的使者,需要载体,更需要彼此的凭借,要积极热情地向外弘扬中华文化,就是善假于物,这是我们民族的智慧。最终获得世界的赞美与认可,提高中华文化国际影响力,使中华民族永远屹立于世界民族之林。

议论文写作指导

议论文的三要素

(一)论点

古人云:“文以意为先,意犹帅也;无帅之兵,谓之乌合。”无论写什么文章都必须立论。立论就是针对客观事物或问题,直接提出自己的见解和主张,阐明其理由,表明自己的态度。

举例:1、如针对和英国首相撒切尔夫人商谈香港回归问题,有人提出香港可以暂时不驻军,邓小平则掷地有声说:主权问题不是一个可以商量的问题!

2、“五四青年节”,各地都在举行庆祝活动,各级党委、政府部门主要领导悉数参加会议,足见领导对青年的重视。有媒体用这样观点做题目:关注青年就是关注祖国的未来。

(二)论据

论据,是支撑论点的材料,是作者用来证明论点的理由和根据。通俗说,就是文章中“摆事实、讲道理”,所以,论据主要有事实论据和理论论据。事实论据包括代表性事例(名人故事等),确凿的数据,可靠的史实等;理论论据主要是指文中使用的名言警句、谚语格言以及作者的说理分析等。

论据使用注意事项:

1、论据必须为论点服务,即观点和材料要统一,能证明论点。

2、论据要典型,不能用诸如“我同学就是一个这样的人”,同时论据更要丰富(多积累、勤积累才能做到)

3、论据要新颖。新颖方能吸引人。选择新鲜的别人尚未用过的论据是金子,别人已用的论据你能变换角度用是银子,别人经常用的而你又照搬照用的是石子。记住:写作文时,如果你能一下子想到的事例,别人也会一下子想到,所以就注定你的论据不够新颖了。

4、论据丰富时,事例排列的顺序应当这样:古今中外。

(三)论证

论证是运用论据来证明论点的过程和方法,是论点和论据之间的逻辑关系纽带。论点是解决“需要证明什么”,论据是解决“用什么来证明”,论证是解决“怎样证明”。

中学阶段常用的论证方法有:引用(引言)论证、事例(名人、时代人物)论证、正反对比论证、类比论证、因果论证以及比喻论证。

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篇4:小学作文写作指导:怎样写好看图作文

全文共 1627 字

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看图作文,就是根据提供的一幅或一组图画,通过认真细致的观察,并在这个基础上进行合理的想象和联想,然后围绕图的中心,精心构思,用自己的话有条理,有重点地把图画的内容及要表达的思想准确地反映出来。

小学生来说,写看图作文有什么好处呢?

一、能提高我们的观察能力。

写看图作文的时候,在下笔之前,首先要观察眼前的图画,这样才能下笔写文章。怎样观察?先观察什么?后观察什么?主要观察什么?哪些是次要的?这样经过长期的看图作文训练,观察能力就能得到锻炼和提高。

二、能发挥我们的想象力。

看图作文,我们并不是象照相机一样将图的内容纹丝不动的摄下来,要使它成为一篇有中心,有条理,内容具体,结构完整的一篇文章,让图中人物活灵活现,让图中故事有头有尾,必须通过联想和想象。

看图作文是命题作文的基础,是观察、思维、表达能力的综合训练,在小学阶段作文训练中占有很重要的地位。在一些省市、区县的小学毕业汇考中,甚至中考、高考中也常出现看图作文这种形式。因此,从小学起训练好看图作文是十分重要的。

看图作文就形式而言有两种:单图作文和连图作文。单图作文要求围绕图的中心表达,准确而有层次地写清楚图的内容,看图作文要求先看懂每一幅画面的内容,研究画面与画面之间的联系和变化,然后从整体上把握这几幅画面所要表达的主要内容。

看图作文从表达方式上分。可分为记叙性的、描写性的、说明性的、说理性的等几类。小学阶段主要是训练记叙性的看图作文,但描写性的、说明性的和较浅易的说理性的看图作文也不容忽视。

那么,怎样进行看图作文呢?看图作文也是作文,它和其他形式的作文一样,都要求达到思想健康,中心明确,内容具体,条理清楚,详略得当,语句通顺,书写工整,注意不写错别字,会用常用的标点符号。但是,看图作文毕竟是看图作文,它有自己和别人不同的地方,有自己的特点看图。

我们认为要写好看图作文,要从以下几个方面进行着手:

第一,认真观察,理解画面:

我们观察图画,要有整体观念,要统观全貌,不能只观察一个部分,一个局部。看单幅图是这样,看多幅图也是这样。看单幅图,要从整体出发,先将整个画面总的看一看,了解主要内容,然后再按一定的顺序,把画面的具体内容一部分一部分地看清楚,最后再回到整体上来。看多幅图,也要用“整体----部分----整体”的方法观察,先要统观几幅图画,看这几幅图合在一起讲的是什么人,什么事,然后再按照看单图的方法,逐幅仔细观察,看懂每幅图的内容,最后还要统观全局。

其次,要有顺序的观察。

我们这里讲的观察顺序,是指具体的观察线路,先看什么,后看什么。多幅图是要从第一幅看起的,依次看到最后,这是不用多说的了。单幅图观察顺序就很多了,有的图画需要从上往下的,也有的画需要从下往上看,有的图画是从远处往近处看的,也有的画需要从近处往远处看,还有从左往右看的,从右向左看的,由物及人的,也学有的图画,几种观察顺序都要用上。

再有,要有重点地观察。

一幅图画和一篇文章一样,作画的人不是平均使用力量的,为了达到自己的绘画目的,画面的内容必定有轻重之分,这往从形象的大小,位置的远近等方面来表现。我们在作文之前,面对一组图画或一幅图画,必须要了解作画人的意图,掌握图画的的重点,只有把这些方面都搞清楚了,我们的作文才会和作画人的原意相吻合。再从写文章的角度看,重点突出了,文章的主次就分明了,详略也会得当了。

第二,要发挥联想和想象力。

看图作文中的想象,就是从眼前所展现的画面的内容出发,在已有知识和已有经验的基础上,想出不在眼前的新的人、事、景、物的具体形象。

看图作文中的联想,就是由眼前的画面内容引发,想到与此相关的另外的一些人、事、景、物的具体形象。

我们知道,提供给我们作文的图画有两种,一种是单幅的,另一种是多幅的。多幅图画的的各幅图之间是互相联系的,但是,如果把多幅图和写出来的文章一一对照,我们会发现,图与图之间还有无法画出来或没有画出来的内容,也就是说,图与图之间有跳跃性,不象文章那样紧密相连。

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篇5:2024年12月英语四级写作热点素材:万能句子

全文共 1635 字

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1.至于我,在某种程度上我同意后面的观点,我认为……

As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent.I think that ____。

2.总而言之,整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样,我们才能在将来……

In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______.Only in this way can ______in the future。

3.但是,……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如,……,而……然而,把这两者相比较,我更倾向于(喜欢)……

But ______and ______have their own advantages.For example, _____, while_____.Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______。

4.就我个人而言,我相信……,因此,我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……

Personally, I believe that_____.Consequently, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______。

5.随着社会的发展,……因此,迫切需要……如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量,这个社会将要变得越来越好。

With the development of society, ______.So it“s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better。

6.至于我(对我来说,就我而言),我认为……更合理。只有这样,我们才能……

For my part, I think it reasonable to_____.Only in this way can you _____。

7.对我来说,我认为有必要……原因如下:第一,……; 第二,……;最后……但同样重要的是……

In my opinion, I think it necessary to____.The reasons are as follows.First _____.Second ______.Last but not least,______。

8.在总体上很难说……是好还是坏,因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而,就我个人而言,我发现……

It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______.However, from a personal point of view find______。

9.综上所述,我们可以清楚地得出结论……

From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____。

10.如果我们不采取有效的方法,就可能控制不了这种趋势,就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果,所以,我们应该做的是……

If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is_____。

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篇6:2024年小升初作文指导:作文写作九大得分技巧

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考试作文中,一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目,题目不宜太长和太短。小编收集了作文写作九大得分技巧,请大家参考。

一、作文成绩看字迹,得分要素是第一

这一点,所有的同学们一定要掌握明白了。任何形式的作文考试,阅卷老师打分时,第一眼,看的是字迹。因此,写作文必须要把字写好。记住,考作文考的是内容,而不是书法,切忌字迹潦草。

二、考试作文五六段,干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中,要注意及时分段,三四个段落显得少了,八九个段落,显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况,段落以五六个段落为好。此外,卷面一定要整洁,不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是,考试作文每段最好别超过5行,顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行,写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳,影响他的心理,分数就受影响。如果有必要,死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

三、开头结尾要简练,最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外,“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候,开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看,一个开头就占太多的空间,阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳,也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

四、动笔之前要拟题,漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中,一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目,题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生,应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个,一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目,可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生,赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本,根据题材,选择几十个比较精彩的标题,背下来,考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

五、作文首尾要打眼,丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多:六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法,合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法,解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言,到时候就用得上。至少,你看到作文的时候,脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说,结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文,要注意抒情。如果是议论文,则要注意归纳。无论如何,最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准,就在结尾段的第一句,把题目说一下,然后归纳全文观点就是了。

六、动笔之前不要慌,想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧,其实在具体操作的时候,列提纲很关键。譬如,写记叙文要设计好开头结尾,同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次,一个层次是一段,中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候,一定要把开头结尾写详细写,中间各段,穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故,要写准。一个合格的学生,列提纲,大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好,如果时间紧张,提纲就要简练些。

七、想好主题和文体,非驴非马不可取

写作文,要么是记叙文,要么是议论文。一般来说,多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理,议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构,中间的3或4,是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意,千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题,千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此,写考试作文,事先要想好了,我写的是什么文体,就按相应文体的写法来写。

八、适当克隆和“抄袭”,考前备料攒信息

考试前,建议考生翻阅大量的范文,积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文,最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》,其中的一些散文,结构是很好的,可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候,你采用别人的“筐”,把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言,可以分别背个三五句,到时候直接抄上去就行了,这不算抄袭。关于国家大事,时事政治和要闻什么的,也要注意搜集一下。譬如,去年有奥运,今年是建国60周年,还有汶川地震的感人事迹等,都可以做考试作文的题材。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法,譬如别家的感人事迹,可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

九、篇幅争取要写满,多写一点是一点

一般来说,小升初作文要求都不低于500-600字。如果要求是600字左右,那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字,建议考生,争取合理安排卷面,把给的卷面写满到95%左右,留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多,肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练,作文打分就趋高不趋低。

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篇7:2024年中考作文指导:记叙文写作的十种技巧

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记叙文是以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主,以写人物的经历和事物发展变化为主要内容的一种文体形式。下面是小编整理的记叙文写作的十种技巧,欢迎阅读。

一、巧设悬念

把文章后面将要表现的内容,先在前面作一个提示,但不马上解答,以引起读者的好奇兴趣,产生急于看下去的迫切心情,这样文章的开头,我们称为巧设悬念。它的好处是能避免结构上的单调,使文章的情节波澜起伏,引人入胜。

二、一线串珠

记叙文的线索是贯穿全文、将材料串连起来的一条主线,它把文章的各个部分联结成一个统一、和谐的有机体。如果说丰富而生动的材料是一颗颗珍珠,那么线索就是将这些珍珠串连起来的一条线。

记叙文的线索主要有实物、人物、事件、时间、地点以及以作者的思想感情等。无论采取哪种线索,都必须从表现文章的中心思想和体现各种材料之间的内在联系出发,灵活巧妙地确定。

三、以小见大

以小见大,就是以小题材表现大主题的方法。生活中有些材料看起来似乎很平常,但却包含了深刻的意义。“一滴水也可以反映太阳的光辉”。只要善于透过现象发现本质,小材料同样能反映深刻的主题。如《一件珍贵的衬衫》。

四、穿插流动

五、粗笔勾勒

粗笔勾勒法就是用寥寥的几笔重点勾勒出人物外貌的主要特征。采用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像,可以对人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、神情、姿态、风度的某一方面或几个方面作简要的勾勒。

运用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像要抓住人物的最主要的特征,用朴实的文字简略地写出来,不宜用过多的形容词、过多的比喻。其次要简练传神,通过寥寥几笔勾勒出人物的大致形象。

六、曲径通幽

杨朔的散文《荔枝蜜》意在由蜜蜂而赞颂劳动人民的崇高品质,并表达自己向劳动人民学习的意愿。但文章并没有直接道出这一主题,而是通过展示作者对蜜蜂思想感情的变化,曲折有致地表达了主题。作者开头写自己对蜜蜂在感情上“疙疙瘩瘩”,接着写自己因吃了荔枝蜜而“想去看蜜蜂”,然后又写了蜜蜂的辛勤劳动与养蜂人的介绍。文章结尾写作者做梦“变成一只小蜜蜂”。由此可见,“曲径通幽”是指一种不是开门见山,直抒胸臆,而是曲折委婉地逐步显现主题的谋篇手法。

运用“曲径通幽”法,要注意两点:(一)“曲径”是手段,“通幽”是目的,手段要为目的服务。(二)行文的曲折应适当有度,不要为曲折而曲折。

七、烘托艺术

烘托艺术原是中国画的技法名称,是指渲染某一部分,衬托出另一主要部分来。把这种手法运用到文章的构思中来,就是从侧面通过描绘某件事、景或人的方法来衬托出主要人或事物,又称“衬托法”。衬托,也叫映衬。用类似的或反面的事物,使主要事物意思更加鲜明突出,从而达到强烈的表达效果。如“红花还须绿叶扶”。有了陪衬的事物,被陪衬的事物才会显得突出,才能得到更加充分的说明。

1、衬托,可分正衬和反衬。

正衬,就是用类似的事物,从正面去陪衬。烘托主要事物。如“风萧萧兮易水寒,壮士一去兮不复返。”用冷风寒水来衬托壮士此行的悲壮。又如“蓝天衬着矗立的巨大雪峰”,用蓝天衬雪峰,使雪峰更高大

反衬,就是利用同主要事物相反或相异的事物作陪衬。如上例中的蓝天的蓝,来衬托雪峰的白,使雪峰更洁白。又如“蝉噪林愈静,鸟鸣山更幽”,以有声衬无声。

2、运用衬托要爱憎分明,要宾主分明,陪衬事物与被陪衬事物,要让人一看便清楚,不能喧宾夺主。

3、衬托和对比的区别:

对比,是把两种不同的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面放在一起相互比较。它与反衬有些相似,但不同。对比,意在比,突出的对象是双方的,对立两事物无主宾之分。

衬托,意在衬,两事物有主宾之分,突出的是主要一方。如:“先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐”与“已是悬崖百丈冰,犹有花枝俏”,前句是对比,后句是反衬。

八、画龙点睛

画龙点睛是指在适当的时候以一二句议论,点明事物、人物、景物的意义之所在,或揭示作品主题,醒人之耳目,给人以启迪。点睛之处可以是在篇中,也可在篇末。

九、铺垫蓄势

铺垫也称铺叙衬垫,它是为了突出主要的人物或事物而铺叙另外的人物或事物以作衬垫。运用铺垫写法是为了蓄积气势,是为了突出文章主旨。陶铸《松树的风格》前几段的大量文字浓墨重彩地描绘松树的形象,赞美它“要求于人的甚少,给予人的甚多”,又用杨柳、桃李同松树作对比,补充说明松树“给人以启发、以深思和勇气”,直到第九段作者才笔锋一转,点明题旨说:“我每次看到松树,想到它那种崇高的风格的时候,就联想到共产主义风格。”原来此篇前面对松树的描绘和赞美是铺垫蓄势,后面对共产主义风格的赞美才是全文的主旨。这篇文章正因为有了前面形象感人的铺垫,后面入题也才显得格外坚实有力。杜牧的《阿房宫赋》第一段极力描绘阿房宫规模的宏伟和建筑的壮丽;第二段极力渲染阿房宫中美女之多和珍宝之富;第三段夹叙夹议,论述秦王朝统治者穷奢极欲,大营宫室,招致国家迅速覆亡、宫室一旦毁灭的必然结果;最后第四段作者以“呜呼”领起,发出深沉的议论慨叹,指出秦统治者要能爱天下之民,国家就不会败亡,表明秦之灭亡乃是一个深刻的教训。这篇赋,前两段的描绘渲染,是为后两段的议论铺垫蓄势,描绘渲染是议论的基础,议论则揭示主题,突出文旨,这正是铺垫蓄势的用意所在。

运用铺垫手法须注意两点:一是要注意写好铺叙的那一部分,只有将这部分写充分了,才能有效地蓄积气势。二是运用铺垫要自然,如果为铺垫而铺垫,过多地堆砌,反会暴露出人为的痕迹,那效果就适得其反了。

十、前后照应

前后照应法可以使文章严谨连贯,浑然一体,又突出内容和结构上的内在联系。照应一般有以下几种:

1、内容和标题相照应。这种照应方法常常是内容安排多处和题目照应,或在恰当的地方直接、间接地点明题意。如《背影》,文中多次描写“背影”,既与标题“背影”相照应,又进一步点明题旨,充分表达了作者对父亲深深的思念之情。

2、行文中间照应。这种照应方法就是在文章前面写事,后面行文交代前面所写事的结果,使内容相互补充,层层深入。

3、结尾与开头照应法。在文章的结尾处对开头交代的事情作必要的提及,使文章首尾一致,成为有机的整体。如《白杨礼赞》一文,开头和结尾照应,不但使文章结构显得非常完整,而且使作者的赞美之情得到了淋漓尽致的抒发。

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篇8:写人作文写作方法指导:写老师

全文共 4490 字

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一、写老师的作文类型

1.描写老师的外貌,要求抓住老师的外貌特点;

2.通过记叙一件事情,来表现老师的性格特点或高尚品质;

3.通过记叙一两件事情,来表现老师的性格特点或高尚品质。

二、写老师的参考题目

1.《我的老师》

2.《我的老师是什么样子的》

3.《我的启蒙老师》

4.《我的第一位老师》

5.《感谢您,老师》

6.《夸夸我们的班主任》

7.《我最尊敬的一位老师》

8.《老师笑了》

9.《某某老师二三事》

10.《师生情深》

11.《师恩难忘》

12.《老师,您还记得吗》

13.《老师,请相信我》

三、写老师的参考开头

1.《我的老师》的两种开头

第一种开头:我最最难忘的,是我小学二年级时的王进老师。

第二种开头:我在上二年级的时候,教我们语文课的是经验丰富的王进老师,那时候我可喜欢上她的课了。

2.《我的老师是什么样子的》的三种开头

第一种开头:我的语文老师是个很年轻的老师,他的个子不高不矮,皮肤不黑不白,戴着一副眼镜,走路时手里总是要带着一本书,一看就知道是个很有学问的人。

第二种开头:我的数学老师长得可漂亮啦,同学们议论时都说她像电影明星巩俐。

第三种开头:在我的老师当中,美术老师王老师应该说是最有特点的一

个人了。

3.《我的启蒙老师》的三种开头

第一种开头:我的启蒙老师是我的妈妈,是她教给了我最基本的知识,扶我走上了学习的大道。

第二种开头:启蒙老师是人的第一位老师,他永远使人难忘。

第三种开头:我的启蒙老师是谁呢?她就是我亲爱的外婆。

4.《我的第一位老师》的两种开头

第一种开头:要说起我的第一位老师,那要算是幼儿园的周老师。第二种开头:姓王名芳,善耕小学一年级的语文老师——她,就是我的第一位老师。

5.《感谢您,老师》的三种开头

第一种开头:这件事发生在三年前,但我现在一想起就会不由得在心里轻轻地说一句:“感谢您,老师!”

第二种开头:石老师是我的语文老师,她曾经在我遇到困难的时候,热情地帮助过我,直到现在我仍在心中深深地感谢着她。

第三种开头:那一年,我的腿疼病又犯了,只好在家休息。可是我多想去学校,多想和同学们在一起呀!这一天,班主任石老师来看我。

6.《夸夸我们的班主任》的两种开头

第一种开头:我们的班主任姓李,要说起她呀,全班同学都会竖起大拇指把她夸一夸。

第二种开头:我的班主任是李老师,留着一头短发,走起路来风风火火的,一看就知道是位精干而有魄力的人。

7.《我最尊敬的一位老师》的两种开头

第一种开头:杨老师热爱学生,从来也不责骂我们,他是我最尊敬的一位老师。

第二种开头:在我们班级里,有一位头发乌黑、两眼炯炯有神的青年老师,她就是我最尊敬的老师——杨老师。

8.《老师笑了》的两种开头

第一种开头:董老师张开了嘴巴,她的嘴角像月亮一样变得弯弯的。她开心地笑了!

第二种开头:一开学,董老师就找我,让我做好准备参加区里的数学竞赛。他对我说:“你的数学基础扎实,这次很有希望!”可我的心里却慌得很,一点没底。

9.《某某老师二三事》的两种开头

第一种开头:要说起我们班的江老师,她的故事可多啦!

第二种开头:宽大的前额,满布皱纹的脸和已经开始花白的两鬓,这就是我们的江老师的肖像。他已经教了我们三年了,在这三年中,有多少事情值得我们回忆啊!

10.《老师,您还记得吗》的两种开头

第一种开头:陈老师,您还记得吗?那一年,您教我们美术,我是班级里画画画得最不认真的一个学生。

第二种开头:陈老师,不知道您还记不记得,在三年前,一个学生曾经惹得您掉下了伤心的眼泪。

四、写老师的参考词句

循循善诱/苦口婆心/平易近人/呕心沥血/言传身教/辛勤耕耘/桃李满天

下/举止文雅/兢兢业业/老练沉着/知识渊博/温和/和蔼可亲/炯炯有神

1.老师讲课的声音时高时低,仿佛山涧的清泉缓缓流过我的心田。

2.同学们完全被她的讲课吸引住了,随着她脸上的表情,时而凝神深思,时而神采飞扬,时而频频点头,时而低头含笑。

3.她年轻精干,对同学热情亲切,就像一位辛勤的园丁,栽培着我们这些稚嫩的幼芽。

4.她的这些话,就像一根火柴,点燃了我心中的希望。

5.老师讲的这些话多有劲呀,每一句话都像小锤一样敲打在我的心上。

6.他中等身材,微黑的脸膛,显得很健壮,一双不大不小的眼睛,总是露出温和的目光。

7.新来的班主任是位女教师,脸上露着微笑,说话总是细声细气的,右嘴角有一粒黑痣。

8.她中等身材,稍微有些发胖,眼睛总是那么炯炯有神,也许是过于疲劳的缘故吧,使得她本来就有些发黄的头发上增添了几根银丝。

9.王老师白净的脸上嵌着一双有神的眼睛,小巧而端正的鼻子上架着一副金丝边眼镜,瘦而高挺的身材,衣着总是那么整洁得体。

10.年轻的女教师姓赵,细高个儿,白净的脸上有一对温柔的大眼睛,说起话来细声细气的,像是在哄孩子。

11.门口出现了一位身穿蓝色中山装的中年男子,只见他两鬓略带银丝,面庞上有淡淡的皱纹,然而目光炯炯,显得很有精神。

12.吴老师的眼睛是双眼皮儿,乌黑的眼珠又圆又大。

五、写老师的参考段落

1.您在这短暂的说话间歇,眼光向整个教室溜了一遍,您的目光和我的目光相碰,这相碰仅仅是一刹那,就在这一刹那,多少同学异样的目光扫向了我。我的同桌,那个调皮鬼还“嘿嘿”笑了两下。我的心沉下去了,我的头垂下来了。

(小作者很会写文章,最后一句话写得形象生动,让人一看就知道“我”当时心里不好受了。)

2.有一次,放了晚学,外面下着滂沱大雨,窗户被豆大的雨点打得“噼噼啪啪”地响,同学们都有伞,他们打着伞回去了,只有我一个人站在教室门前的走廊里。此时,风更猛烈地怒吼着,铅色的阴云又一次布满了天空,仿佛要吞了整个世界,又是一道闪电划破了黑沉沉的天空,接着是轰隆隆的打雷声。我害怕了,身子也觉得冷了起来,我哭了。哭声惊动了正打着伞回家的马老师,她走了过来,温和地问:“海平,你怎么了,为什么哭呀?”我回答说:“马老师,天下着大雨,我不敢回家。”马老师说:“来,我送你回家。”于是,就一手撑着雨伞一手拉着我走出了校门。

(这里的景物描写写得很好,这样就突出了我的着急,突出了老师对我的关心。)

3.刘老师站立在那里,一动也不动,他的身影像一棵大树,又像一座塔。我们都敬畏地站在一边,一句话也不敢说。只听见头顶上的树叶发出沙沙的响声,好像在说:“你们是多么胡涂啊!”

(用了两个比喻写出刘老师的沉默不语的样子,使人难忘。沙沙的叶声也烘托了我们内心的害怕和愧疚。)

4.我将要到广州上学,吕老师知道我爱好集邮,临行时,送给我一本精美的集邮册,上写:“南北千里共进步。赠我的朋友——韩磊。”朋友,多么朴实无华的语言。“老师——朋友”,每当我看到这里,心中就激动万分。

(面对这样平易近人的老师,哪位学生能不激动万分呢?)

5.老师,您还记得吗?我还曾经是校排球队的队员。有一次早训练,由于我来不及吃早饭,胃病复发了。一阵阵绞痛使我难以步行,满脸汗水交织着泪水,队员和教练把我扶到办公室。您知道后,立即赶来,询问了情况,马上给我端来了开水和点心,看着我,一边跟我开玩笑,一边哄我吃点心,想使我忘记病痛。后来,您又搀扶着我去医院看急诊。我偎依在您身旁,就像女儿偎依在母亲的怀中。我的眼睛湿润了。

(最后一个比喻就像这一段文章中的眼睛一样,它把我对老师的敬爱,

和老师对我的关心都集中地表现出来了。)

6.快到中午了,忽然乌云密布,电闪雷鸣,接着便下起了大雨。我们没有拿雨伞,心里非常着急。正在这时,王老师把我和妹妹从楼上叫下来,并给我一把雨伞。她从走廊里推出自行车,披上雨披,说:“让你妹妹坐在车上,我把你们送回家去。”我呆呆地站在那里,望着这位满脸雨水的老师,感动得一句话也说不出来。雨不停地下着,我的脚踩在水坑里,水和泥溅在老师的裤子上,雨点打在老师的脸上,我从雨伞下面偷偷地看着满身泥水的老师,我的眼睛湿润了。

(“我呆呆地站在那里”、“感动得一句话也说不出来”、“我的眼睛湿润了”,这样的语句很有用处,它把“我”当时的真实感受写出来了。读者读了,也一定会和小作者一样,心里涌起激动的心情。)

7.正是这辆车啊!它日日夜夜、年年月月载着陈老师上班、下班、家庭访问……有时车胎漏气了,陈老师就推着车走。有时我看见陈老师身上沾着泥,自行车也脏了。我想陈老师又摔跤了吧!如今,自行车的轮子已经磨光了,它就像上了年纪的人一样。自行车的主人——陈老师脸上的皱纹也开始多了起来,头上也增添了白发。可是就像她的自行车一样,仍然坚持着工作。

(通过一辆自行车来写老师,小作者的点子真妙!)

8.姜老师在同学之间来回走着,脚步很轻、很轻,生怕打扰了同学的思路。她那张瘦削的脸上,一双明亮的眼睛扫视着每个同学,目光是那么温和、慈祥。

(写人物,就是要进行描写,把当时的情况,哪怕是很细小的过程,也具体地写出来。你看,小作者写姜老师的脚步,写姜老师的脸,写姜老师的目光,是多么细致!)

9.后来,马老师因工作的需要调走了,可我的心里一直想念着她。当我看到月季花开放的时候,我就念叨着她:“马老师啊马老师,我什么时候再能看到你呢?”

(最让人欣赏的一句话是:“当我看到月季花开放的时候”,为什么这样的一句话会让人久久难忘呢?)

10.有一次,批改好的数学考试卷子发下来,我只得了八十几分。错在哪儿呢?我急忙寻找,发现一道应用题被扣掉了十几分,可是我反复运算,总觉得自己没错。要不要跟王老师讲呢?我犹豫了好久,终于鼓起勇气去找她。她仔细看了一下试卷,说:“你用的是简便方法,老师倒没有想到。”便马上给我加了分,后来她还在班里表扬了我。

(写老师的作文,有的同学认为一定要写老师做了哪些正确的事情。其实,做错了事情,勇敢地承认,不也是很让人钦佩吗?)

六、写老师的参考题材

1.不分白天和黑夜地工作,连休息天也不例外;

2.星期天也来学校上班;

3.忘记了自己的生日;

4.白发过早地爬上了他的双鬓,皱纹布满了他的前额;

(以上表现老师的辛勤工作)

5.下课时,把学生叫到办公室来喝水;

6.下课时,总是喜欢摸摸学生的头,帮学生系好衣扣;

7.学生生病,当天就去探望,还送去水果和点心;

8.学生家长出差,就让学生住到自己的家里;

9.学生生日时,花钱给学生送礼品;

10.自己生病了,就在医院给学生写信,关心学生的学习和进步;

11.学生家中贫困,老师就自己给学生垫付学费;

(以上表现老师爱生如子的高尚品质)

12.她的课是学生最喜欢听的;

13.她备课非常认真,备课本上总是写得满满的;

14.老师经常给我们讲课本以外的内容和知识,来扩大我们的知识面;

15.他鼓励我们看课外书,还经常把一些好书介绍给我们;

16.他大胆地进行教学改革,上课的形式很新颖;17.他经常开展一些活动,来提高我们的学习兴趣;

(以上表现老师不断进取,敬业爱职)

18.他不仅指导我们学习文化知识,同时也教我们如何做人;

19.老师开展了一系列的德育活动,来提高我们的道德修养;

20.班级里发生了什么违规违纪的事情,他总是抓住不放,及时地进行教育;

21.他积极地与家长进行联系;

22.老师通过各种方式在不同的场合对学生进行思想品德教育;

23.他给我们补充了许多品德教育的材料,让我们记下来,并且要求背诵。

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篇9:关于写作指导:高考作文备考8大误区

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对于高考作文备考,有8大误区特别值得注意:

其一是重视阅读和生活积累而缺少实际演练,系统化,规范化的演练。一些学生甚至一些老师认为读多了就会写。是的,读的多了,自然有感悟有积累,但这两者是有相对的独立性的,各自要求迥异。必须多给学生阅读报刊杂志,阅读新闻媒体的时间,但也要在练上狠下工夫,得法、科学地练,应该列好详细计划,分门别类地把各种类型的作文都训练到位,应该每周最少有一节课来专门用来训练写作,因为能力是通过训练提高的。

在实际演练上特别需要强化作文规则意识,尤其是完整的审题意识。高考作文是带着镣铐跳舞的。高考作文具有选拔性,它必须设定某些限制,以保证选拔的客观公正,同样出于选拔性,它又必须坚持某种程度上的开放,让考生尽显才华,个性张扬。何处限定,何处开放,是每个考生必须遵守的“游戏规则”。

要具备完整审题的意识。话题作文四部分构成,要认真读懂材料,读懂提示语,读懂话题本身,看清要求。要一一的解读,以解读话题为中心,但切不可漏掉其中任何一部分。2004年高考,北京、上海、浙江、湖南、广东等五份卷强调不能写成诗歌,如果学生没有看清要求而受惯势思维影响而匆忙下笔采用诗歌这种文体就属于审题失误之列。

其二是只重视演练而缺少阅读缺少生活积累。一味地练习写作也是收效甚微的,多写笔未必下生花。作文需要灵感和感情,需要生活积累,需要材料,所以要多阅读,关注生活,特别是身边的事与物,新近发生的大小有价值的事情。故应该每周最少给学生一节课的时间用来阅读,摘抄整理写作材料,在写作上反思。

其三是重视写作实践而轻视写作理论。一些老师一味地布置作文题,挤占其他科的时间,只是要求学生写,只是给学生一篇篇地批改。这是极为错误的,老师必须在写作理论上善于总结,要给学生讲解系统的有关高考作文写作的理论知识,比如向学生详细解读高考作文考点,比如认真总结明示性话题作文该如何写,暗示性话题作文应注意哪些问题,从而使学生以不变应万变。故建议最少每周用一节课循序渐进系统地讲解作文理论,最好是结合学生的作文来讲解。

其四是重视作文的质量而不重视作文的速度。平时有学生写作文老是迟交,老是喜欢拿回家去完成。结果往往很多学生这样写出的作文还大受老师的表扬。其实这是一个误导。每次月考,每年的高考都有相当一部分学生没时间写完作文。高考语文科两个半小时,但用在作文上最多60多分钟。所以应该训练学生快速作文的能力,最好每周安排一节课规定在45分钟之内完成,从而达到训练的效度。

其五是重视规范而又不敢创新。高考作文不仅需要考生循规蹈矩,而且也需要考生活起来,要有鲜明的创新意识。创新往往不是冒险,不是不保险,而恰恰是最保险的做法。试想一下谁愿意看到太古板而没有一点灵气没有一点创新意识的文章。2004年各地推出的高考优秀作文没有一篇不是创新之作。其实我们在创新理解上有误区,真正的创新应该是在遵守规则下的大胆而富有意义的创新。创新和重视规范两者间应该是统一的。老师要设法让学生在写作时自始至终,时时刻刻要遵守规则,更要鼓励学生学会创新,敢于创新,敢于形式上创新,也敢于内容上创新。

其六是喜欢猜题、压题,相信所谓的信息。猜题压题实际上就是想投机取巧蒙混过关。高考命题要体现公平性和公正性。一份高考试题的出台,不知有多少专家,通过多少论证。作文题目设计哪里会没有防止猜题,押题方面的考虑?所以,要完全猜到、押到,想蒙混过关,几乎是不可能的,最多就是给你沾点边而已。

其七是重视作文的语言而忽视思维训练。2004年广东省高考作文有个突出现象:片面追求词藻文句的花哨而实质内容贫乏空洞,一些表述或比喻看似生动活泼,实则毫无道理。语言是思维的物质外壳;出现这一问题的根本原因还是我们没有提高学生的思维水平。这在一定程度上可以看出我们在作文备考中,在平时的学生作文评改中过分看中学生的语言,过多地强调重视语言训练,但却忽视了学生的思维的强化和锻炼。思维,被恩格斯誉为“世间最美丽的花朵”,把思维这一瓶颈问题突破才是最明智的方法,才是让学生终生受益无穷的方法。如果学生的写作思维能力没有确实提高,那么一切都等于零。所以必须在作文备考中持之以恒地结合具体的例子强化学生的思维,特别是联想与想象的能力,思辩能力和创新思维能力,从而使学生的思维具有严密性、广阔性、深刻性、敏捷性和独创性,具体方法有引导学生多写议论性散文;让学生学会同题多做(一个题目多种构思);训练学生养成列提纲的良好习惯,重视思路训练;设计一些脑筋急转弯和智力性的题目激活学生的思维;鼓励学生冒险写新异文体的文章(如采用、日记、书信、调查报告、新闻等形式)等。

其八是重视科学层面的备考而忽视培育健康的应试心理。很多学生知道该如何写好应试作文,有着过硬的写作功底,但应试心理素质差,遇到大型考试就慌张害怕,或者相反过分自信狂妄自大,从而没办法发挥出真正的水平或超常发挥。所以切不可忽视或轻视培育学生健康的应试心理。具体方法有保持作文题目一定的难度,适时增压让学生遭遇挫折,而又适时减压让学生获得自信,对学生多鼓励多表扬,多与学生进行情感上的交流,还可教给学生一些调式心理的技巧等。

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篇10:高考英语作文写作的技巧盘点

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从每年的考试情况来看,很多同学能完整地按照要求把文章写出来,但得分却较低。实际上,高考英语书面表达是一个分值颇高且易得分的题型,只是很多同学没有掌握得分技巧。下面我们一起看看怎样才能让高考作文拽起来。

一、几点重要原则

1.智者利用押题,傻子依赖押题!

2.书面表达整篇背诵绝无必要,可以以看读为主,关键是从中汲取一些常用的词汇和表达,并能得体熟练地运用。考场上应变能力很重要!

3.英文写作模仿很重要。有时也很有效。但不能过于牵强,尤其是对一些长难句的刻意模仿使用。

4.文似看山不喜平,起承转合一定要有!

5.见微知著,一叶知秋,几个亮点足矣:有道是:浓妆淡抹总相宜,作文写得简洁到位要比长篇大论更显功力。

6.心不为形役。不要身陷逐字逐句英汉对号式的字面翻译,要把表达的主动权始终握在自己手里。

二、善用万能句以不变应万变

历届高考,书面表达考得最多是提示作文,即提供一定的情景内容,要求考生完成100词左右的短文。

从命题方式看,有短文提示、要点提示、图画提示、情景提示以及图表提示等;体裁以应用文为主,记叙文为辅:题材为广大中学生所熟悉的日常生活。从提供要点的情景方面看,历届高考书面表达题均属供料小作文,采用文字供料或文字说明加图画(图表)的方式供料。

备考时,同学们要利用有限的时间把以前背的范文整理一下,从中选出不同体裁、不同题材的范文各一篇(范文以高考真题的高分作文为佳),把它们重新记忆,一定记牢。这样,高考时不管什么样的文章都可套用背诵好的格式。避免考场上因紧张而无章可循。

最后阶段,还要总结一下写作时常用且能出彩的固定句型、句式,比如强调句型、定语从句、名诃性从句等,牢记英语的五个基本句式,背诵平时老师总结的万能句。以不变应万变。

考场答题前,应仔细审题,研究所提供的文字和图画(图表)材料和作文要求。分析、提炼要点,理顺要点,确立基本的写作思路,不要忽略任何一个词。关键的词更不能遗漏,构思好写几个方面,缺一不可。

写作时,尽量用学过的英语句型和词组。少写长句和复杂句以免弄巧成拙、漏洞百出。但目前高考有关书面表达的评分标准要求作文中应有较多的语法结构和词汇,因此同学们在书面表达中不能都写小句、短句和单句,还要正确运用高级词汇和复杂结构。恰当运用过渡词,使写出来的文章含金量更高,更具可读性。

三、高分作文六大特性

1.条理性。指的是合理安排文章结构。首先,在文章思路、组织材料、叙述顺序等方面要有一定的条理性。其次。根据需要,安排好段落,各段之间要层次分明,也要重视每一段的开头和结尾,开头语往往是总起句,结尾语往往是总结句。

2.准确性。指要求写出语法正确的句子,包括时态、语态、用词和句法等,要准确、地道地表达。必须要牢牢掌握一些常用句型或习惯表达,避免中式英语,在实践中不断总结中英用法的差异,养成用英语思维写作的习惯。

3.流畅性。指根据整篇文章思想的需要,有效采用不同的连接手段,使文章层次清楚、行文连贯。

4.简洁多样性。简洁性就是语言简洁,不重复。多样性就是能随情景内容的变化写出句式多样的语句。这也是新课程标准对写作的评价标准。

5.思想性。新标准对写作的要求,增加了情感因素,在准确流畅表达写作要点的同时,适当增加句子的感情色彩,增加一些人情味,使文章读起来更亲切,完全达到与读者进行交流的目的。

6.美观性。指的是卷面书写规范、清楚、干净、整洁。

四、怎样才能有拽的感觉

1.高考写作的实质变相考查句型与词汇的灵活应用

英语写作不同于语文作文的写作,如果说语文作文是一个自由发挥的舞蹈,那么高考英语写作就是带着枷锁在跳舞。我之所以这样来形容,是因为高考英语写作的内容都已经通过文字、表格、图片这三种形式给定,内容方面,不需要学生进行发挥,大家所需要发挥的就是不要老去给这个不变的内容穿毫无变化的校服(简单句),而要去穿一些不一样的衣服,让它显得不那么单调,让阅卷老师能看到不同,而那些所谓的衣服也就是多变句型与词汇。

2.写作的评分标准怎么去迎合评卷老师的胃口

我了解到目前很大一部分学生的作文都处在15分左右,写作满分25分,15分也就是个及格分,那么15分和20多分的作文到底差在哪里?这个问题很容易回答。15分的作文中规中矩,该对的都对,包括内容要点的完整,语法与词形的正确,但是全都是简单句子的堆砌,没有任何亮点。而20多分的作文在句型词汇方面就做了很好的包装,它的句子穿的衣服已经不是校服,而是李宁、耐克,或者是阿迪,所以让人觉得很拽,而高考英语写作要的就是这种很拽的感觉。

3.写作提分的三要素句型。连词。高级词汇

句子是我们写作文最大的单位。有了漂亮的句子。用好的连词将其连句成段,再加上一些如星星般亮点词汇的点缀,一篇好的高考英语作文就诞生了。而这三个因素中最容易把握的是句子,最难的是高级词汇,限于大家的词汇还比较有限。一篇文章中出现那么一两个就够了。我们应该把重心放在句型上,因为这个最容易把握。

但是大家又有这样的困惑,学校里老师也给了我们很多的句型啊,动辄成五十上百句的,大家背得挺多,但是面对考试的时候,发现背的那些怎么也用不上。其实不是那些东西没有用,而是它们太干了,就好比一根干骨头,大家嚼起来很没有味。也不知道该把它们往哪里放。

在这里我给大家提供一种比较切实可行、迅速提高的练习方法,在接下来的时间里只要大家按照这个方法来,就一定会有收获。

找出历年真题,一周只需要写两篇。但是要这么来写。

1.把你要写的内容要点用九到十句的汉语表达出来。

2.逐一地进行翻译,不是用简单句。而是要刻意地去想:

(1)可以用什么样的复杂句;

(2)怎样去避开不会的表达,转义。

例如:

这本书是如此的有趣,以至于我读了一遍又一遍。

1.This book was so interest,ing that l read it again and again,

2.This was such an interest,ing book that l read it again andagain,

3.This was s0 jnteresting abook that l read it again and again

4.So interesting was thisbook that l read it again and again

这四句译文当中无疑评卷老师最欣赏的是第四句,因为它用了倒装。

4.如何备考

其实这种思维大家都有。但是没有成为一种思路,让它能在考试中起到作用,那是因为大家练得少。英语写作处在一种很尴尬的境地,一方面大家要分数。但另外一方面大家一个学期里写的作文也就是期中期末的两篇。毫不夸张地说,有的学生上了三年的高中可能只写了六篇作文,所以练习是很重要的,要是现在不练而把高考当练习。那么作文只拿14、15分也合情合理了,到那时你不要骂评卷老师不公平,而应该问问自己备考的时候为什么不多练几篇。时间都是挤出来的,希望大家可以挤出时间来练写作。

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篇11:小小说的写作指导

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文学体裁是指文学作品的具体样式,文学作品的思想内容都要通过体裁来表现,它是文学形式的因素之一,简称“文体”。常见的有记叙文、议论文、应用文、散文、小说、诗歌、戏剧、寓言等。

小小说又名微型小说,超短篇小说,一分钟小说。它是介于短篇小说和散文之间的一种边缘性文学体裁。

小小说的基本特点:

1、标题新颖。

小小说的标题新颖,能唤起读者的好奇,引起读者的阅读兴趣。若能做到一语双关,则能让读者看到题目之后联想到小说主题,进行一些深层次的思索,效果将会更好。

2、篇幅短小。

小小说的篇幅一般不超过1500字。因此,构思和行文时必须注意字句的凝练,不允许作品中有赘词冗句。如一篇《地球上的最后一个人》的小小说,仅仅只有一句话“地球上只剩下最后一个人,他坐在房里,此时,屋外响起了敲门声……”篇幅虽短,却充满悬念。

3、立意巧妙。

因为篇幅短小,所以小小说特别强调一个‘巧’字,要通过巧妙的立意来吸引读者,同时给读者以启迪。

4、结构严谨。

小小说在结构上,要力求时间、场所和人物都尽可能地压缩、集中,使作品结构简练、精巧,如同微雕工艺品那样。因此,特别要在选材、剪裁和布局上下功夫。

5、结局新奇。

结尾要新奇巧妙,出人意料,若能引人深思则更妙。

几种常见的小小说:

1、镜头场景型小小说。

攫取生活中的某一个或某一组镜头进行描写刻画,将对生活的理解和对人生的看法浓缩在这组镜头里。

2、人物漫画型小小说。

抓住人物最突出的特点,对人物进行漫画式的勾勒,通过人物的典型动作、语言等描写,寄寓作者的某种思想或看法。

3、故事新编型小小说。

这其实是一种选取古代事例,用自己的语言和立意来描绘的编故事型的写作模式。它取材多在文学名著、史书记载,立意多在讽今喻今,多是有感于现实社会中某种现象,对此现象,人们多已熟悉,并都有同感,根据人们的这种认识,让古代名人来表演、借古人之口来评说,从而取得让人耳目一新的感觉。

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篇12:2024年SAT英语写作技巧之首段与主体段

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一.作为一个准SAT考生,需要明确以下几点:

2.从读题、写作到最终润色和定稿,共有25分钟时间。

3.作文要求自己的观点辩论,所以使用第一人称和发生在自己身上的例子是完全可以的。

4.作文得写在线上,且最多只能写两面,超出不给纸。

5.作文由两位考官给分,每人给1-6分,总分在2-12之间,考官受专业评分训练。如果两考官评分相差1分以上,会请第三位考官裁定,因此评分相当客观。

6. 每个考官平均花不超过2min的时间批改作文,考生可以自己去尝试一下两分钟内阅读一篇字迹陌生潦草的文章是什么样的概念,然后就会意识到考官一定在有意识地在文章中寻找一些要素和章法。

7. 写作部分(writing)分值为800分,而作文(Essay)占整个写作(writing)分值的三分之一。

正如以上第2点指出,SAT Essay写作中,时间无比珍贵。俗话说,万事开头难。对于中国学生而言,要迅速通过brainstorming确定好立场并写出比较漂亮的开头尤其困难。

本文将重点指导考生五分钟内审题并创作出漂亮的首段。

第一步:审题立意

一般,SAT作文题目由两个部分组成(如上Figure 1): 提示(Prompt,Figure 1小方框内文字)和写作任务(Assignment,Figure 1划红线的文字)。Prompt往往是源自某些名言语录或者

某些文学作品,主要是用于启发考生的思考。当我们看assignment的时候,我们可以沿着prompt提示的方向去思考,也可以直接按照自己对于assignment来思考。我们以Figure 1中的考题

作为本文中讲解的范例。读完这个题目后,首先要做的是用2-3min时间完成以下几个任务:

i. Understanding the topic (理解话题),

ii. Brainstorming for examples(头脑风暴回顾案例),

iii. Taking a position(确定立场),

iv. Creating an outline(创建提纲).

第二步:创作首段

确定了立场,接下类的重头戏就是快速创作文章的首段。首段是阅卷人重点关注的部分之一,一个好的首段应该完成以下几项任务:

i. Grab the graders’ attention(引发读者兴趣)

ii. Narrow down the topic & Position(告诉读者本文的话题和主旨)

iii. Transit smoothly to the examples(自然过渡到主体段)

毋庸置疑每个考官一次性需要给上百篇作文评分,而大部分的文章都有类似的观点,甚至给出的例子也是相同的。为了让你的文章脱颖而出,你必须设法让你的文章变得有趣,

在一开头就引人入胜,而且这个创作过程必须在2-3min内完成。这里给各位考生重点推荐两种万能开头写作法:“循循善诱”法 和“先扬后抑”法。

“循循善诱”法

“循循善诱”法作为引起读者兴趣的首段,是最常见的。之所以称之为“循循善诱”,是因为写作会按照从大范围到小范围、从概括到具体的循序渐进的模式展开,从而将读者“引诱”到文章的主旨,即作者的立场。

以上是笔者为各位准考生创作SAT Essay首段提供的两套“快餐”。相信各位考生经过多次练习和一定的积累,可以迅速掌握这些方法。当然,有了一个很好的开头你的文章已经成功一半了,另一半就应该交给主体段了。下面我们来看看主体段的写作技巧

(二)留学路书SAT写作的核心内容通常也叫做SAT写作主体段落,在全文起着主心骨的作用。为了能简单明了的写明主旨意思,大家在备考时还需要多练习。下面就为大家介绍一下如何写好SAT写作主体段,期间又要注意些什么。

对于采用一般的四段式和五段式的SAT写作结构而言,中间的主体段在第二段和第三段。作文能取得一个什么样的分数,也就成败在此了。

1.详细叙述自己的观点。

SAT写作是表达对题目的一种看法,在主体段部分,要详细的叙述一下,自己的这种观点的原因。

SAT写作无非就像我们语文的作文。我们是在学习人家的英语,把它变成自己的表达和思考方式。

2.准备充分的例证。

在这部分中,需要大家调用自己所有的例子储备,展现对英美历史事件,人物事迹的掌握和认知程度,这里你可以灵活一点。挖掘该事件和你的论点的关系。为己所用。可以多看一些名人传记,

关心时事,善于思考,做一个兼收并蓄的人。

这三段的结构可以采用论点+例子+感想的方式,用到1-3个事例,尽量用到专有名词,具体时间,数字等等,如Norman Conquest,Peter the Great, Fitzgerald等,加强自己的文采。

他们的事迹比较具有普遍代表性,换句话说就是什么题目都能挖掘挖掘内涵,套的上去。。。。

举例子时注意例子的真实性、典型性、及权威性。

文章例证过程中结构要清晰明了,对于句子和句子之间的逻辑关系一定要交代清楚,前因和后果更要分清。事例的叙述中,时间是非常好的顺序,需要把握。

3.前提是掌握词汇、句式和段落。

当然在解决这些问题的同时,大家要掌握一个基本问题,就是对词汇,句式和段落的掌握,也就是最基本的英语写作知识的掌握。

以上就是SAT培训频道小编为大家准备的SAT写作主体段怎么写的详细内容。包含了论述观点、充分地例证和写好主体段的前提。大家在冲刺阶段一定要对这些问题加以锻炼。

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篇13:2024年初中英语作文写作技巧

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小编导语:英语作文是英语考试中的一个得分点,那么在写作过程中有什么技巧呢,下面是小编收集整理的相关资料,希望对您有所帮助。

1、首尾呼应,画龙点睛在文章的结尾,把含义较深的话放在末尾,以点明主题,深化主题,起到画龙点睛的效果。如“I Cannot Forget Her” (我忘不了她)的结尾:

After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.

2、重复主题,句结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上,达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我爱家乡)的结尾:

I love my home town, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.

3、自然结尾随着文章的结束,文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾:

I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.

4、含蓄性的结尾

用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法,而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的结尾:

Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.

5、用反问结尾

虽然形式是问句,但意义却是肯定的,并具有特别的强调作用,引起读者深思。如“Should We Learn to Do Housework?”(我们要不要学做家务?) 的结尾。

Everyone should learn to do housework. Dont you agree, boys and girls?

6、指明方向,激励读者结尾表示对将来的展望,或期待读者投入行动。如“Lets Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾:As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Lets go in for sports.

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篇14:初中英语作文写作技巧精选

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要点:实际上中考英语写作就等于两个字,翻译!因为中考英语写作一般会给出几个要点,要求必须在文章中有所体现。文章写的再好,只要缺少要点就会扣分。所以要点,也就是文章的第二段内容,要做到全,围绕中心。

结构:中考最流行的结构就是三段式,深受各地区中考英语写作阅卷老师的喜爱。为什么尼?因为这种结构十分清晰。“观点——要点——总结”让人一目了然。三段式的第一段:简单明了,开门见山,不超过2句话,如,我们想表达小强很强壮,第一段直接说XQis extremely strong。观点明确,这一句足矣。

第二段:分2-3点说为什么他强壮。1. 每天吃10顿饭,He has ten mealseveryday!详举吃的是什么。2. 每天运动2小时,He does exercise 2 hours a day!详举做了什么运动。

第三段:经过第二段的论证,可以得出结论。但请注意,不能完全照抄第一段,要有升华。也可以提出希望和建议等。如,Howstrong and robust XQ is!I hope to be him one day!

逻辑:这里的逻辑实际指的就是逻辑词。最常用的就是表示递进的,转折的,总结的逻辑词等。递进:除了first,second,third,finally等还可以使用高级点的,如first of all(首先),in addition,whatsmore,moreover(都是另外的意思),in a word,all inall(表示总结的)。转折:but,yet,however等。真正有经验的阅卷老师会很注意这些逻辑连接词,因为这些词体现了这个文章的思路。

语法:其他几点都不是硬性的要求,不那样做不能说是错,只能说是不好,但是语法却是硬性的。如,单词的使用,时态等。

亮点:当我们将前八个字都做得很完美的时候也只能得到一个二等文的上。要想得到一等文,最后两个字,亮点至关重要。大家设想如果我们是阅卷老师。有两篇写人美丽的作文摆在我们面前,都是结构清晰的三段式,要点都很全,都用了一些逻辑词,都没有语法错误,但是A篇只用了beautiful,good-looking,B篇却用到了attractive,charming,catching等,我坚信正常人都会给B篇高分的。这些高级一点的词汇,词组,句型便是我们得到一等文的最有力的绝招。所以,以后写英语作文要养成一般词汇限量用的好习惯。

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篇15:高考作文写作指导方法

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“书写规范,标点正确”属于文面问题,是文章内容的视觉化。在考场作文中,文面的好坏会给阅卷教师留下非常重要的第一印象,一定要引起充分的重视。

(一)达到基本的书写要求。有些考生认为反正自己的字不美,因而放弃了书写要求。其实只要稍加注意,就能使文面提高一个档次。不求书法之美,但求字字端正;不求遒劲有力,只求笔笔清楚。忌写连笔字,忌写细长不稳定的字,忌忽大忽小,忌挤扭成团;字形大致统一,笔画少的字也不要挤在一起。

(二)不用修改液。使用修改液,虽然改掉了一个字,却在文面上留下了污迹,再补上的字往往字道加粗,字迹不清,弄得脏兮兮的一片,影响文面整洁。

(三)不用浅色笔书写。纸白色浅,对比度不强,即使是好字,也显不出良好的文面效果。特别是浅圆珠笔写出来的字,细软无力,难以辨认。建议考生用纯蓝墨水书写(不宜用炭素墨水,因为容易污损文面)。

(四)正确使用修改符号。文章尽量少修改,非改不可,要使用规范的修改符号,并讲究修改的位置。即使是加在上下左右边框处的修改文字,也应整整齐齐,给人眉目清楚之感。修改时画出的线条能直勿斜,能少勿多,切忌横竖交叉呈蛛网状,更忌随意涂画。

(五)熟练使用标点符号。具体应注意:第一,熟悉各种标点的用法,注意标点的位置,比如不在一行之首出现句号、逗号、问号、顿号、分号,可以将这些标点放在上—行的末尾;省略号、破折号占两格,不要简化成占一格,也不能断开,等等。第二,不能随意加标点,比如一个逗号到底,或者句号只是一个黑点。第三,注意停顿的层级,比如由短到长的停顿,依次用顿号、逗号、分号和句号。

(六)掌握基本的行款格式。主要包括:(1)每段开头空两格。(2)一篇800多字的文章,分四到六段为宜。人物对话可分行书写。(3)写书信类记叙文,要注意书信的行文格式。①称呼:第一行顶格写,后面用冒号。“称呼”用语可视收信人身份而定。②正文:另起一行空两格写。一般先写问候语(如“您好”),再写主要内容。③结尾:写祝颂语。这类用语应根据对方的身份、职业、写信的时令等而定。“此致”等可写在正文末尾,也可另起一行空两格写;“敬礼”“夏安”等要另起一行顶格写。④署名:写于另起一行的偏右处。亲朋好友之间写信,可在署名前写上与“称呼”相应的自称。⑤日期:写在署名下一行的右边。(4)要有统一的有层次的序号。一般来说,最高层序号用一、二、三;第二层次序号用(一)、(二)、(三);第三层次用1、2、3;第四层次用(1)(2)(3)。(5)标题写在第一行居中位置,副标题前要加破折号。

(七)准确控制字数。高考评卷中,我们经常见到两种情况:一是字数不够800字,按评分标准,每少50个字就要扣1分。实际上,字数不够往往会被认为内容单薄,分数很难上档次。二是字数太多,洋洋洒洒千字以上,给人以臃肿的感觉,对此阅卷者也会反感。

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篇16:英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

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下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言,考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章,然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分,特别建议你熟读,背诵,因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白,表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累,潜移默化。从某种意义上说,提高英语写作能力无捷径可走,你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关,没有任何人能代替你过。

因此,建议你下点苦功夫,把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况,并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心:你可以这个星期背,下个星期忘。这没有关系,相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后,你会惊讶的发现:I can think in English now!

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

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篇17:英语写作50条常用短语句子

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导语:英语写作中有不少短语和表达大家会经常用到,下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关英语写作50条常用短语句子,欢迎阅读与借鉴,谢谢!

1. 经济的快速发展 the rapiddevelopment of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长theremarkableimprovement/ steady growth ofpeople’s livingstandard

3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw publicattention

8.不可否认 Itis undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题 a controversialissue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少 be indispensableto …

19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

23.导致,引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychologicalburden

30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质 comprehensivequality

37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

38.加大了…的可能性 increase the chances of

39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40. 应当承认 Admittedly

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43.可靠的信息源 a reliablesource of information

44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词,字母I

46.方便快捷 convenient andefficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection /environmentallyfriendly

49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of scienceandtechnology

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篇18:2024高考英语写作素材精选:冬至的由来

全文共 1979 字

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The winter solstice, the winter solstice as the "holiday" in han dynasty, the rulers to congratulate ceremony known as "He Dong", official holidays, routine officialdom popular each "winter" worship custom. "Were" has such records: "before and after the winter solstice, the gentleman place static body, baiguan, scenes, and then pick an auspicious day Chen save trouble." So on the court and off to rest, to the army on standby, frontier retreat, business travel out of business, family and all distinctions to food, visit each other, a joyous festival "place static body". When in the six dynasties, the winter solstice is called "the age", people to elders to extend holiday greetings to your parents; After the song dynasty, the winter solstice festival gradually become the sacrifice to ancestors and gods.

Tang and song period, the winter solstice is to worship the day of worship ancestors, the emperor held outside the day to worship, the people in this day to the parents or elders worship. Ming and qing dynasties, the emperor have to worship, of "winter solstice jiao days". There has to be given to a emperor, table officials ritual, but also to each other for congratulations, like New Years day.

Winter festival also called yesterday, hand in winter. It is one of the 24 solar terms, is a traditional festival of China, have "the winter solstice as big as a year". Winter solstice supplements, is Chinas traditional customs, folksay: fill a lump-sum winter, in the coming year without pain. Summer volts, winter lump-sum. The winter solstice mend, nutrients.

冬至到了,汉代以冬至为“冬节”,官府要举行祝贺仪式称为“贺冬”,官方例行放假,官场流行互贺的“拜冬”礼俗。《后汉书》中有这样的记载:“冬至前后,君子安身静体,百官绝事,不听政,择吉辰而后省事。”所以这天朝廷上下要放假休息,军队待命,边塞闭关,商旅停业,亲朋各以美食相赠,相互拜访,欢乐地过一个“安身静体”的节日。魏晋六朝时,冬至称为“亚岁”,民众要向父母长辈拜节;宋朝以后,冬至逐渐成为祭祀祖先和神灵的节庆活动。

唐、宋时期,冬至是祭天祀祖的日子,皇帝在这天要到郊外举行祭天大典,百姓在这一天要向父母尊长祭拜。明、清两代,皇帝均有祭天大典,谓之“冬至郊天”。宫内有百官向皇帝呈递贺表的仪式,而且还要互相投刺祝贺,就像元旦一样。

冬至节亦称冬节、交冬。它既是二十四节气之一,是中国的一个传统节日,曾有“冬至大如年”的说法。冬至进补,是我国传统风俗,俗语云:三九补一冬,来年无病痛。夏养三伏,冬补三九。冬至补一补,一年精气足。

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篇19:高中常见作文类型的写作指导

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一、命题作文

1.命题作文的特点

所谓“命题作文”,是指命题者给出的题目是一个完整的、不需要学生补充的作文题,让学生根据所出示的题目进行写作。命题式作文的典型格式一般是“题目”+“要求”,或“材料”+“题目”+“要求”。题目可以是一个词、一个短语或一个句子,规定了作文思想内容方面的要求。“要求”则是交代作文的文体、方法、字数等形式方面的要求。命题作文,有时就是一个自拟立意的话题,看似简单,但如果不经过仔细揣摩,极容易将题意理解错误而跑题,或者容易写出千人一面的内容,所以,遇到命题作文,不要急于下笔,既要认真分析题目,抓住主旨,又要发散思维,写出自己的特色。

2.写作指导

(1)审题。

顾名思义,审题就是审清题意和要求。要抓准“题眼”,找准写作对象,仔细地分析题目的核心意思,明确题意。

假如题目只是一个词,这类题目本身就是题眼,就要准确、全面挖掘该词的内涵和外延。词语的字数越少,其意义的外延就越大。独字式题目,其宽阔的外延虽然给考生的写作提供了广阔的驰骋空间,但其中也埋伏着写空写虚的危险。因此,我们要学会对题目进行有效的分割、限制,把大问题化作一个个小问题来做,文章内容才会具体而充实。具体做法有组词法、找比喻义法、找引申义法和提炼象征法等。例如“路”这个题目,就可以分割题目,如路的类型、路的历史、路的功能等;也可以在前后添加修饰语加以限制,如文人的路、外交家的路、成才之路、幸福的路等。这样,题目的范围缩小了,思路反而容易打开,可以写出丰富具体的作文来。而“门”这个话题,就要深层次挖掘它的内涵和外延,挖掘外延可以想象一下词的象征意义:门的象征意义可以是:人与人之间的情感之门、交往之门、成功之门、改革开放之门等。再比如“绳”这个题目,可以组词“准绳”。如果把立意定位在“准绳”上,就可以写大千世界里的很多习惯行为或道德品格的准绳;“绳”可以组词“缰绳”,如果挖掘“绳”的象征意义,可以写某些束缚,怎样与周围不合理的“绳”作斗争的,怎样摆脱“绳”的束缚等。

如果题目是介词短语,就要看看写作的对象是什么。如“在学海中游泳”这个题目,主要要求学生谈的就是“学”字。“学海”说明学得多而深。题目的意思是:在无尽的书海中学习。通过分析我们知道这篇文章事实上就是谈学习、谈读书。可以谈怎么学,学得怎么样,遇到困难时如何面对和克服,取得好成绩时如何想的、做的,也可以总结学习中学到了什么,领悟到了哪些学习的窍门。这类作文一般可以写成记叙文,还可以谈通过学习你懂得了什么知识或做人的道理等,这类就事论理的文章可以写成议论文。

假如题目是个偏正短语,中心词直接规定写作内容与角度。写作对象一般是被修饰的词语,而充当修饰成分的词语则往往影响选材。如“我眼中的色彩”,题眼应该是“我”和“色彩”两个词,一切色彩都是“我”眼中的,是“我”的所见,不能是别人眼中的所见、别人的想法或别人的理解,更要有自己的真情实感。这个色彩可以是现实的,也可以是抽象的。可以是梦的色彩、2048的色彩、和平的色彩。所以这样的题目只要抓住写作对象,展开联想,精于构思,定能让各种文体和纷繁的内容百花齐放,让学生各尽其长。

(2)仔细分析提示语和要求。

命题作文在形式上,科学地借鉴与吸收话题作文“自选角度,体裁不限”的精髓,“严而有度,定而不死”,尽可能地给学生提供更多的自由发挥的空间,鼓励学生张扬个性,自主创新。另外,不少命题作文精心创设情境,设置极具煽情、极有诱惑力的提示,以唤醒考生生活经历和积累,激发写作欲望,开启写作思路,降低写作难度。如“墙”这道作文题,题目中有这样的提示语:

墙,是大家熟知的事物。生活中有物质的墙,如土墙、砖墙、人墙、篱笆墙、玻璃幕墙、花墙、城墙、防火墙、影壁墙等。也有精神的墙,如沟通的障碍、法规的限制、做人的原则、道德的底线等。筑一堵墙,可以多一分约束与安全;拆一堵墙,可以少一分封闭与隔膜。请以“说墙”或“墙的故事”为题目,写一篇文章。

认真阅读完这段提示语,相信学生的思路就可以打开了,反之,如果不读这段提示语,学生的立意就会陷入僵局。

同样,作文的要求也一定要通读,这里尤其要注意那些带“不”字的句子,一旦把已经否定的内容写进去,就等于是写错了。

(3)选择材料,确定“立意”。

认真阅读题目后,就要认真回忆与这个题目有关的材料,哪些东西是自己最难忘的,最触动心弦的,准备表达一个什么思想。在确定主题的时候,要注意主题的集中、正确,即表现清晰而又健康向上的中心。另外,还要力求主题的深刻、新颖。所谓深刻,就是指文章的主旨要有一定的思想深度,不能仅仅停留在一般意义的正确上,而应该进一步展开联想,力争深入地反映事物的本质及其内在规律,让读者从中受到启迪、得到教益,从而深化对事物的了解和认识,让读者留下难忘记的印象。命题基本围绕关注社会、热爱生活,思考个人与社会、他人的关系等方面展开。这类命题一般本身比较虚,如“从那一刻开始”“分享”“心中的风景”等题目。遇到这类题目时,我们在构思立意时要注意遵循“化虚就实”,如写“温暖”时,要将看不见的“温暖”实化为亲人间的、朋友间的、陌生人间的一点关爱,些许关心或一点付出与给予等;写“从那一刻开始”时,要叙述或描写那一刻发生的具体的事件是什么,到底重要在哪里等。一些带有比喻或象征性的题目,如“暖流”“春风”等,则应注意其本体与喻体之间的关系,挖掘出这些题目背后的象征意义。也有写实题,对于这类文题要学会“化实就虚”,如“墙”这道题目,就要展开联想,写墙的比喻义、引申义等。

(4)巧妙“构思”,谋篇布局。

因为高考作文要在有限的时间内做出来,一般起稿或修改的时间是没有的,所以一定要先列提纲,即为文章写作构建整体思路。巧妙的构思应力求做到使文章波澜起伏,妙趣横生,引人入胜,这就要求下笔之前考虑是采用欲扬先抑法、倒叙法,还是设置悬念法。如何开头,如何结尾,如何过渡,哪些详写,哪些略写,都要做到胸有成竹。

二、半命题作文

1.半命题作文解读

半命题作文是指命题者只提供一个不完整的题目,由学生将题目残缺的部分补充完整后再进行写作的一种作文样式。它介于话题作文与全命题作文之间,既有所限制又不失开放,在立意、选材、构思等方面给考生适当的选择余地,“把风筝放飞在蓝天下”就是对半命题作文生动恰当的评价。半命题形式既便于考生放飞个性的“风筝”,又能较好地避免宿构和猜题押题,还便于教师客观公正地评分,近两年来越来越受到命题者的青睐。

2.写作指导

写好半命题作文的关键,在于把握“一半命题”的权利与空间。半命题作文的补题看似简单,但个中颇有奥妙。如何把半命题变为便于自己发挥的命题,是一种“秤砣虽小压千斤”的高层次构思技巧,只有掌握了补题技巧,写作时才会像庖丁解牛那样,做到游刃有余。

(1)填题,要充分吸取题中的隐含信息。

半命题式作文题,题面不长,其间还有空白,呈残缺式。但就是在这残缺短小的题面中,却隐含着不少有用的信息。

命题者通过题面中的某个字词或字词之间的某种关系,向考生传递信息:①暗示一定的类,即文章的体裁及表达属类,是记叙文、议论文,抑或说明文。细而分之,是记人还是记事;是叙事为主,还是抒情为主;是缘事说理,还是以理带事;等等。②敲定一定的质,即文题点示考生应表达怎样的旨意,抒发何种感情,形成哪种走向的文面氛围。③框定一定的量,即对出现在笔下的这一篇作文中的人与事、情与理、时与空的量,作出某种限定:或一人或多人,或一事或数事,或一理或数理,或瞬间或久远,或局狭或广扩,等等。④标示一定的载体。文以载道,具体到一篇半命题作文,文章的旨意凭借何种具体的人、事、时、空,加以显现?这种载道的载体是题目中既定的,还是由学生自定的?对此种种,在半命题的题面中都有所点示。

如“我这个_______迷”一题,题面中的“我”“迷”两词前后缀连,表明是记人叙事的记叙文,题中的“迷”,其含义是对某种事物、活动、景物特别感兴趣,全身心投入,达到如醉如痴的迷恋程度,无疑暗点了文旨。题首的人称词“我”,表明文章的“量”局限于特定的一个人——“我”,局限于“我”的一种兴趣爱好。至于这种如醉如痴迷恋的对象——载体,题目有意空缺,留给学生自主定夺,填之而出。

再如揣摩文题“_______之风不可长”隐含的信息,次第抽出:

类:“不可长”一语,对社会上的某种风气作出一个明确的否定判断,表明一种决绝的态度,行文必然议论说理,当属议论文。

质:“……之风不可长”,分明是抨击、批判不正之风,伸张正义,激浊扬清,此乃本文宏旨。

量: “之风”是偏正短语的后肢,前面填充后,自然形成不正之风、邪恶之风中的一种。

载体:用空格隐去,由学生自揣自定,学生大可从“我”出发,为我所用。

(2)填题,要与命题要求暗合神契。

命题者总是从教学大纲出发,紧扣教材,巧拟半命文题,从一个角度去测试学生的认识能力、表达能力、应变能力。面对半命文题,我们必须整体揣摩出命题者的意图,以利正确定向下笔。知己知彼(命题者),方能百写不殆。

“在_______面前”是前几年湖北省的高考题,稍一端详,可知文题是一个表示态势的介宾短语。为何以态势命题?最终目的是什么?让思绪驰骋,不难看出,命题者设计这一带空白的文题,其初衷是要学生自我营造一种环境、态势,造成特定的氛围,让生活中某一人(或数人)置于其间,述其言,叙其行,从而显示人物的某种精神、气质。大千世界,芸芸众生,这种环境和态势,可能是有形的,如金钱、鲜花;也可能是无形的,如威胁、困难;可能是惬意的,如奖状、成功;也可能是恶劣的,如挫折、歹徒。运思到这个程度,就不难通过填充题,设置一个恰当的对立物、映衬面,为构思中的人事创下典型的环境,从而有力地刻画人物形象,凸现文旨意念。

面对这一文题,有的学生无视命题,随意填题为“在哥哥面前”“在房屋面前”“在校门面前”,如此,也能行文,但陡然增大了深层构思的困难。前一题除了点明兄弟(兄妹)关系外,很难形成对立、映衬关系;而后两题只是点出了人事发生的地点,除此,难以发挥举足轻重的作用,也就使文章难以契合命题者的匠心与要求。

(3)填题,要切中题旨文意。

如前所述,多数半命式文题,对题旨文意都有所显露,有所暗示,一题当前,我们首先要机灵扫瞄,将其捕捉到手,接着要深层透视,切中底蕴,以利正确填题,深层构思。

如“_______长大了”一题,载体部分空缺,怎样填题为好?关键是对点明文旨的“长大”怎样理解。对“长大”一语,有三种诠释可供思辨取舍:一是增高长重(一般生理现象);二是思想成熟(高级智能现象);三是学业(事业)有成(有为)(社会现象)。对三者运思比较,可以断定,按第一种含义填题,难脱肤浅;按第二第三种含义填题,能揭示人与事的底蕴,从动态变势中演绎出明确的意念。

那么,题中的空白是不是只能填写人称呢?不一定,抓住事物间的逻辑联系,又何尝不可填写动物、植物或静物呢?如生物小组的良种兔、种植小组的新种瓜、校园内外的共青林,可透过这些特指的物体增高长大,曲折地反映出科学少年、时代小主人的茁壮成长,迅速成长。

又如文题“我学会了_______”,题中“学会”一词常见惯用,但纳入文题,其旨意就应仔细琢磨了。这里当指学习并掌握了某种有用的知识、技能与本领,连上前面的“我”,渗出一种可贵的自豪激情。对题旨揣度有高下,填题也就有优劣。如:

“我学会了骑车”“我学会了烧菜”“我学会了打球”——填题正确,流于一般。

“我学会了讲文明”“我学会了自卫”“我学会了珍惜时间”——填题深刻,题旨凸现。

“我学会了打牌”“我学会了赚钱”“我学会了吸烟”——填题错误,题旨走穴。

(4)填题,要正中自己的生活储存。

巧妇难为无米之炊,下笔能否成功,有无感己感人的素材入文,至为重要。而半命题作文正是在动用生活储存方面,为我们提供了方便、自由。填题时就要珍视这一自由,加以充分利用,使填出的文题正中素材仓库之所备。

且看“一段美好的生活给我的_______”一题,显示题旨的空白处可有多种填法,但要正中储存,就要慎选。一学生暑假下乡,与勤俭的祖父相处,对自己的乱用胡花深感内疚,并力戒之,可填“鞭策”。一学生考试失利后,忘情观察大风雨中蜘蛛反复织网的镜头,感触颇深,可填“启迪”。一学生在校运动会3000米赛跑中不支落伍,是班上的拉拉队热烈的擂鼓、整齐的呐喊使他干劲倍增,最后夺得第二,可填“力量”。

又如“我_______同桌”一题,题目已经限定了载体,如何填充为好,仍视素材而定。如果同桌系新来乍到,虽印象鲜明,但交往很少,可填“的”,以便从旁观察描述。如果与同桌交往频繁,碰碰磕磕,时有冲突,填“和”为宜,以展示矛盾冲突中的人物形象。如若对同桌的某一印象和某种情感强烈,不妨选填“敬佩”“恨”“同情”“鄙夷”等。

(5)填题,要力求创意新颖。

填题运思,在符合要求、切中题旨的前提下,还应避俗求新,使题与文,让人触读后俱为之一震。这,主要讲究填题的深加工了。

一组中学生面对“我生活在_______之中”的半命题,有如下填题,试作比较:

填“家庭”“学校”“社会”——浅薄直露,味同嚼蜡;

填“集体”“亲人”“友谊”——正确平常,流于一般;

填“麻将声”“追星族”——切中时弊,发人警醒;

填“题海”“夹缝”“梦魇”——比喻形象,深邃出格。

题面的新与俗制约文面的新与俗。

(6)填题,要符合情理、逻辑。

填题新也好,深也好,都有个“度”,过度则不真,甚至有悖情理,违反逻辑。

如“我第一次_______”,如若有人填上诸如“哭”“淘气”“唱歌”“做梦”之类,必然令人皱眉,因为这些选项都是难以界定“第一”的,填进题中,势必陷入伪科学的泥沼。变换一下,选填印象深刻的“第一”,如“上学校”“登台演戏”“领奖”“下水”则浅,因为这一类“第一”都是不难确认的。如能变向运思,选填“说谎”“当家”“打工”“独自远行”入题,则文旨文趣当会更新鲜可人而又合于逻辑,不违情理。

填题运思应当谨记:文章是生活的反映,真实是文章的生命,巧而伪是不足取的。

总之,题贵新颖,半命题作文的拟题追求的同样是务求准确、生动而有魅力。只要平时注意积累文化知识,正确理解半命题作文的“另一半”提示、“另一半”导引的内涵,并且掌握一定的拟题技巧,就能拟出让评卷老师“怦然心动”、击节叫好而一见钟情的好标题。

三、材料作文

1.材料作文解读

材料作文,是由命题者给出一定数量的文字或图画材料,要求考生根据所给文字或图画的内容和指导性文字自己命题进行写作,最近几年的材料作文并不给过多的指导性文字,往往只给材料不给题目,题目的确定,完全是靠考生自己对所给材料的理解与把握而定。所以,材料作文既能考查考生的阅读理解能力,又能真实地反映出考生对材料的分析、理解、整理及表达等多方面的水平,所以,在审题上材料作文难度较大。但只要过了审题关,考生就可以把材料作文变成自命题作文来确定主题进行写作。

给材料作文的材料形式多种多样,除了像上面的例子以外,常见的有一则新闻、一个事件、一种现象、一则寓言、一幅漫画,还可是一首诗、一段歌词、一组素材、一个典故等。根据出题者所给材料数量的多少,材料作文可以分为单一材料作文与综合材料作文两大类。

2.写作指导

(1)分析材料,认真审题。

材料作文的材料有的给考生圈定选材范围,有的暗示写作主题,有的提示写作角度。材料作文一般入题容易,难度不大,但是不能因此认为审题可以马虎大意;相反,一定要对出题者所给的各个材料进行具体、细致、综合的分析研究,得到一个集中的意思。如果所给材料可以有几个中心,那么要认真重新整理你对材料的分析提炼,获得与作文有关的有效信息,选一个对你有利的为命题作准备。

具体如何分析材料,达到正确审题呢?

第一,归纳法。首先一定要对材料认真细致地读,至少要读两遍。若所提供的材料是单一材料,就归纳材料的主旨;如果提供的是两则以上的材料,就要分别归纳,找到它们在内容上的共同点。但是有些材料的意思是不容易一下子就归纳出来的,就需要我们划出材料的关键词语,先分层归纳,找出每层的主要问题,再对材料中层次之间的关系进行梳理,把握材料的实质,确立一个有针对性的议题。例如:

“加油!”简单的一句话,让她浑身充满了力量,顽强地冲向终点。“孩子,老师说你做得不错,你一定可以做得更好!”简单的一句话,让一个学习有困难的孩子一步步走进了大学的殿堂。“三人行,必有我师焉。”简单的一句话,让他悟到了“山外有山,人外有人”。……简单的一句话为什么会有如此巨大的力量?这些现象引发了你怎样的联想和思考?

阅读这则材料,经过对提示中的三则材料的归纳总结,我们发现题目的关键词是“简单的一句话”,从说话者的出发点来看,都是出于关爱、关心、善意;从说话者的目的和动机来看,都是旨在鼓励,勉励、鞭策,对人的成长起积极作用。那么,考生的写作也要围绕这个主题,展开联想。可以围绕父母的哪句话催你奋进,哪句名言真正触摸过你的灵魂,师长哪句话让你豁然开朗等进行写作。

第二,类比联想法。所给材料有不少是寓言故事、漫画等,还有的是列举自然界的某些现象。对这类材料的分析就不能就事论事,而应当运用类比联想的方法,想一想我们身边有哪些类似的社会现象。如:

有个鲁国人,擅长织麻鞋,他的妻子擅长织白绢。他们想到越国去居住,于是有人对他们说:“你们将会贫穷不堪的。”这个鲁国人问他是何道理,那人说:“麻鞋是穿在脚上的,而越国人是赤脚走路的;白绢是做帽子的,而越国人是披发的,你们夫妻的特长,在越国是无用武之地的,怎么能不穷呢?”

针对这则材料,我们可以对原材料作合理的联想,进行适当的推理、引申,从而得出“亏本生意做不得”“无用武之地焉能致富”等观点,也可以引申出类似的问题,如“做事情,要扬长避短,要找到适合自己的位置”等。

(2)拟定题目。

在正确审题的基础上,根据材料的主旨和自己所要写的具体内容进行拟题,一方面能够使文章的写作与所给材料更好地吻合,有利于文章对所给材料的拓展,因为材料作文在写作时,一般要求在文章的适当地方合理使用所给材料;另一方面要能适合考生自我写作的实际,确保考生能够自如地驾驭材料,有话可说。同时,一个好的命题,必定是一个小的命题,是精、准、美的命题。

(3)如何使用材料。

在写作材料作文时,试题提供的材料一定要起好“引子”的作用。文章的中心不能脱离材料的中心,但是,无论是记叙还是议论,都要尽量避免直接照搬材料内容。如果是一事一议的文章,依据实际情况进行引用,但—般不能引用太多句子,只是引用主要意思即可。

此外,现在还有一类是材料加话题的命意作文,一般不存在审题和拟题的难度。

四、话题作文

1.话题作文解读

所谓“话题”,就是谈话的中心,引发谈话的源头。在提示语、引导语中指明一个话题(或写作范围),要求以此为引子或由头,去构思成文,就是话题作文。与其他命题比较,高考话题作文往往比较明确地给考生提供了一个既开放又有限制的词语,由这个词语作为中心,通过几句提示性的语言,规定了一个大体的写作范围,至于文体、主题、材料等则由考生根据题目的提示、要求和选择,自由发挥,即由考生自主确立主题,自主选择材料,自主选用写作技巧,灵活地选择合适的展示自己作文特长的内容和形式,考生的写作自主权得以充分的发挥和张扬。话题作文写作范围宽泛,表现手法灵活,表达手法灵活多样,可以尽情书写自己的想法,自己对生活独特的观察感悟。从某种意义上说,话题作文可以在很大程度上更利于学生“我手写我心”。但是在确定立意方面也给了考生更多的考验,就是考生必须通过全面和正确的理解分析准确抓住材料内涵,然后紧扣主旨进行写作,否则就会偏离命题人的意图,偏离材料中心。

2.写作指导

(1)要多角度地展开联想。

话题作文是一种开放性的作文形式,要求考生放开手脚,尽情地驰骋在想象的空间。有些考生可能会说,我一时间想不出来,怎么办?最简单的打开联想思路的方法,还是前面提到的:第一步,把话题当成实词,组词或造句;再当成虚词,组词或造句。比如“读”这个话题,自然让人联想到“读书”“读后感”“读书人”,“读某某人”等。第二步,挖掘内涵和外延。如“窗”这个题目,你可以着眼于事物的窗,写一写窗的历史、结构、材料,从而得出窗的变化与社会变化发展、生活水平提高之间的关系;从我们学习过的泰戈尔的《窗》一文中,我们知道窗是人类人格品质的一面镜子;我们还可以从窗的比喻义、引申义着眼,比如眼睛是心灵之窗,天安门是中国之窗,真诚是友谊之窗等;打开一扇窗,等于打开了与外界沟通的心扉,关上一扇窗,就是封闭了自我……再比如“声音”这个话题,你可以造句:历史的声音;毛泽东在天安门前的一声呐喊;国外明星参与选举议员后世人的声音。你也可以写虚拟的声音,如秋天的声音、自然界的声音等,以此来窥见人与自然的关系等。这样你就打开了思路,找到了叙述、描写、议论的中心点。

(2)迅速确定立意。

一般来说,话题作文只提供写作的话题,而没有中心、材料、结构,文体、语言等的限制,给了考生一个比较开放的构思空间。可是方方面面而且散乱的材料,没有围绕一个中心,怎样迅速选定材料呢?一是“缩小话题内涵”。它指的是通过对话题进行解释、引申、修饰、限制、补充等方法,将话题锁定在某一内容上,来缩小选材的范围,迅速确定写作的切入点。比如以“脚步”为话题,你可以通过限制和修饰补充话题,使文章变成“回家的脚步声”“幸福在脚步声中”等。这样,迅速确定了立意,再依据自己的立意选择材料就思路明朗了。二是“化虚为实、化实为虚”。有的话题比较抽象,是一个“虚”的话题,就应该从实入手:比如“偶然”这个话题,你可往实处想,“偶遇李白”“老爸的偶然”等。而“心”这个话题比较实,考生可以把它理解成虚词,可以写“感恩的心”“父母的心”等,这样一来,文章的内容就充实了。三是利用“逆向思维”立意,如以“跨越”为话题,很多同学写了“跨越挫折”“跨越这道坎”,但也有同学利用逆向思维,叙写和议论了如果不跨越挫折会怎么样,对“不跨越”现象的思考等,这样,文章的立意和构思就避开了老调,开拓了新意。

(3)要文体鲜明。

话题作文的“文体不限”是指不限于一种文体,让学生自由发挥自己的特长。在中学的写作训练中,相信学生对自己擅长的文体很清楚,有的教师平时也有根据学生特长给学生定位的,一定要根据自己的实际能力选好文体,为避免跑题和不辨文体的现象,一般都应列一个结构提纲。

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篇20:2024小升初作文指导:写作方法有哪些

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一:首先作文成绩看字迹,得分要素是第一

任何形式的作文考试,阅卷老师打分时,第一眼,看的是字迹。因此,写作文必须要把字写好。记住,考作文考的是内容,而不是书法,切忌字迹潦草。

二:考试作文五六段,干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中,要注意及时分段,三四个段落显得少了,八九个段落,显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况,段落以五六个段落为好。此外,卷面一定要整洁,不要涂改得乱七八糟。考试作文每段最好别超过5行,顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行,写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳,影响他的心理,分数就受影响。如果有必要,死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

三:开头结尾要简练,最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外,“大头作文”也要不得。在写作文的时候,开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看,一个开头就占太多的空间,阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳,也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

四:动笔之前要拟题,漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中,一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目,题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生,应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个,一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目,可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生,赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本,根据题材,选择几十个比较精彩的标题,背下来,考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

五:作文首尾要打眼,丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多:六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法,合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法,解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言,到时候就用得上。至少,你看到作文的时候,脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说,结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文,要注意抒情。如果是议论文,则要注意归纳。无论如何,最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准,就在结尾段的第一句,把题目说一下,然后归纳全文观点就是了。

六:动笔之前不要慌,想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧,其实在具体操作的时候,列提纲很关键。譬如,写记叙文要设计好开头结尾,同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次,一个层次是一段,中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候,一定要把开头结尾写详细写,中间各段,穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故,要写准。一个合格的学生,列提纲,大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好,如果时间紧张,提纲就要简练些。

七:想好主题和文体,非驴非马不可取

写作文,要么是记叙文,要么是议论文。一般来说,多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理,议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构,中间的3或4,是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意,千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题,千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此,写考试作文,事先要想好了,我写的是什么文体,就按相应文体的写法来写。

八:适当克隆和“抄袭”,考前备料攒信息

考试前,建议考生翻阅大量的范文,积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文,最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》,其中的一些散文,结构是很好的,可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候,你采用别人的“筐”,把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言,可以分别背个三五句,到时候直接抄上去就行了,这不算抄袭。关于国家大事,时事政治和要闻什么的,也要注意搜集一下。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法,譬如别家的感人事迹,可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

九:篇幅争取要写满,多写一点是一点

一般来说,小升初作文要求都不低于500-600字。如果要求是600字左右,那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字,建议考生,争取合理安排卷面,把给的卷面写满到95%左右,留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多,肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练,作文打分就趋高不趋低。

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