英语写作提分的诀窍_英语写作指导作文汇编20篇

导语：写作方法就是写作中进行表现时运用的方法，是作者为表情达意而采取的有效艺术手段。

学生写作时，如果语句平平，只选用一些普通的、直截了当的词，那么，这样写出来的文章根本没有可阅读行，就像是一碗没有油盐酱醋面条一样，让人提不起一点精神和看下去的欲望，呆板、单调，没有可读性。如果一篇文章要让读者有可读性、有深度，同学们更应该掌握一些高级点词和语句来装饰你的文章，突出这篇文章的彩头，使文章增添文采，给读者以不一样的感受。具体方法可以参照下面的语句：

1. 画龙点睛，一篇文章的开头很重要。

在通常情况下，英语句子的排列方式为“主语+谓语+宾语”，即主语一般都会在谓语前面。但若根据情况适当改变句子的开头方式，比如在文章的开始的时候写一些倒状语句或以状语为起始语句的开头，这样子的文章更具表现力和感染力。如：

(1) There stands an old temple at the top of the hill.

→ At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.

在小山顶上有一座古庙。

(2) You can do it well only in this way.

→ Only in this way can you do it well.

只有这样你才能把它做好。

(3) A young woman sat by the window.

→ By the window sat a young woman.

窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女。

2. 避免重复使用同一词语

为了使表达更生动，更富表现力，同学们在写作时应尽量避免重复使用同一词语来表示同一意思，尤其是一些老生常谈的词语。如有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字，就会立刻想起like，事实上，英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多，如 love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。如：

I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

→ I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

我喜欢看书，而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。

3. 合理使用省略句

合理恰当地使用省略句，不仅可以使文章精练、简洁，而且会使文章更具文采和可读性。如：

(1) He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?

→ He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?

他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?

(2) If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If it is not fine, we’ll not go.

→ If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not.

如果天气好，我们就去；如果天气不好，我们就不去了。

(3) She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.

→ She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t.

她本可申请这份工作的，但她没有。

4. 适当运用非谓语结构

非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构，适当运用非谓语结构，会给人一种熟练驾驭语言的印象。如：

(1) When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.

→ Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.

听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。

(2) As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

→ Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。

(3) As he was born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

→ Born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

他出生农民家庭，只上过两年学。

5. 结合使用长句与短句

在英语写作中，过多地使用长句或过多地使用短句都不好。正确的做法是，根据实际情况在文章中交替使用长句与短语，使文章显得错落有致，这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章读起来铿锵有力。如：

At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.

→ At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes and playing chess.

中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。休息一会儿后，我们唱的唱歌，跳的跳舞，还有的讲笑话、下棋，大家玩得很开心。

6. 适当使用短语代替单词

(1) He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.

→ He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up.

他已决定长大了当老师。

(2) He doesnt like music.

→ He doesnt care much for music.

他不大喜欢音乐。

(3) He told me that the question was now under discussion.

→ He told me that the question was now being discussed.

他告诉我问题现正正在讨论中。

7. 恰当套用某些固定表达

(1) He was very tired. He couldn’t walk any farther.

→ He was too tired to walk any farther.

他太累了，不能再往前走了。

(2) The film was very interesting. Both the teachers and the students liked it.

→ The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.

这电影很有趣，学生和老师都很喜欢。

(3) Your son is old. He can look after himself now.

→ Your son is old enough to look after himself now.

你的儿子已经长大，可以自己照顾自己了。

8. 尽量使句子带点“洋味”

(1) Dont worry. Be bold and try it, and youll learn it soon.

→Dont worry. Just go for it, and youll get it soon.

别担心，大胆试一试，你很快就会学会的。

(2) Thank you for playing with us.

→Thank you for sharing the time with us.

谢谢你陪我玩。

9. 综合使用各类所谓的“高级”结构

(1) Now everyone knows the news. I think Jim must have let it out.

→ Now everyone knows the news. I think it must have been Jim who has let it out.

现在人人都知道这消息了，我想一定是吉姆把它泄露出去的。

(2) We had to stand there to catch the offender.

→ What we had to do was (to) stand there, trying to catch the offender.

我们所能做的只是站在那儿，设法抓住违章者。

(3) If her pronunciation is not better than her teacher’s, it is at least as good as her teacher’s.

→ Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teacher’s.

如果她的语音不比她的老师好的话，至少也不会比她老师的差。

10. 适当使用名言警句点缀

在写作时根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章，不仅使文章显得有深度、有智慧，而且会让文章在评分中上一个“得分档次”。如：

(1) As the proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Though you fail this time, you needn’t lose heart. As long as you work hard and stick to your dream, you will succeed one day.

(2) There is a proverb goes like this “Life isn’t a bed of roses.” It is ture that it is likely for everyone to meet problems and difficulties in life.

(3) In the modern world, more and more people live alone, which is not so good for our life. It is better for us to make more friends and enjoy friendship. Just as a proverb says, “A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.”

[关于英语作文的写作方法指导

俗话说：“万事开头难！”写作文也是，开头是在给造气氛、定调子，要给读者留下深刻的第一印象，因而十分重要。

作文开头如果能恰倒好处，常常能一下子抓住读者，也能增加的亮点。所以，能否灵活自如地、独特精当地写好作文开头往往关系到一篇的成败。开头方法有很多种，值得借鉴一下。

一、外貌描写式开头

即人或物的面部特征、体态形状、举止习惯、衣着打扮等作为开篇形式的写作内容。肖像刻画要生动逼真，使人或物的形象丰满，达到呼之欲出的效果。

如：我，一个贪吃懒惰的孩子，顺理成章地长成了一副猪八戒模样，日趋膨胀的肥脸，把本来就不大的眼睛挤得越来越小了，每次都要费劲睁开眼睛，才能看清这美好可爱的世界。（选自《懒的报应》）

二、性格特征式开头

即以人物的性格、习惯、品质等特征作为的开头，直接形象的表现人物的特点。语言要简练、准确、精彩。

如：我有一个怪妈妈，待我好时温柔似水，什么“宝贝儿”“乖乖”“娃娃儿”对我亲不够；可待我孬时,咬牙切齿胡吼乱骂，甚至拳打脚踢还嫌不解气。（选自《多面妈妈》）

三、开门见山式开头

即指开头不拐弯抹角，简洁明了地直接进入文题，干脆利落地交待出要写什么人、什么事、什么景、什么物或什么道理等。

如：王加丽是个勤奋好学，乐于助人，热爱集体的学生，老师和同学都喜欢她。（选自《我的好朋友》）

四、环境描写式开头

即开篇就描写与内容密切相关的场面背景，达到烘托人物心情，或表现人物形象，或突出主题思想的艺术效果。

如：傍晚，天忽然变得阴沉沉的，霎时间，狂风呼啸，黄沙伴着灰尘弥满了整个天空。每个车站点里都站了许多候车人。(选自《那天，我真后悔》)

五、巧设问题式开头

即作者开篇就巧妙地提出问题造成悬念，以提高读者的阅读兴趣。此开头形式通常分为三种：

1、反问式开头。

2、设问式开头。

3、疑问式开头。

不管用哪种形式开头，都要为主题思想服务的，要有神秘感、新奇感。如：奇怪！“母子上车处”怎么站了四个身强力壮的大男人，而一位抱着孩子的母亲却被挤在栏外？难道那些男人不识字？（选自《假文盲》）

六、心理描写式开头

即以人的思想、心情作开头，主人公的喜怒哀乐，都可以以准确的语言表现出来，创造出一种心理氛围，给读者以强烈的感受，增强的感染力。

如：第一次看到自已的变成铅字被刊登在报纸上，第一次握着凭着自已的本事挣来的稿费，激动、骄傲、自信等等一切幸福的感觉一涌而来。我真了不起，同学们一定会羡慕我，我要好好地祝贺祝贺自已。（选自《第一次登报》）

七、形象比喻式开头

即写在时不直接描写人物或叙述事物，而是先用形象的比喻描述有关的内容或人物，然后再逐步深入地写内容。大体分明喻、暗喻、借喻三种形式开篇。比喻力求生动、贴切。

如：老师，您是永不叫累的园丁；您是输送养料的树根；您是燃烧自已照亮我们的蜡烛；您是天下最伟大的人类灵魂的工程师。（选自《老师颂.》）

八、妙用排比式开篇

即把结构相同或相似的三个或三个以上句子或词组连用在一起，表达统一思想的修辞手法叫作“排比”。排比式开头对表现人物特点，叙述事情经历，表达思想感情，充分展示道理都有特殊的效果，强烈的语言气势，工整的词句韵律，情与美的完美结合，给读者以美的享受。

如：我即将告别生我养我的故乡，告别亲我昵我的亲人，告别亲切善良的乡亲，踏向南下的列车，去追求我的理想，我的信念，我的灿烂明天！（选自《走出家门》）

九、对比渲染式开头

即在开头把对立的人、事物或者同一人、同一事物的相反两个方面并列出来，形成鲜明的对照。对比手法开头，可以突出中心，加深读者对人物或事件的印象。

如：我有一个经常竖着大拇指夸我“精彩极了”的妈妈，还有一个经常皱着眉头训我“糟糕透了”的爸爸。正是有这两种极端的爱才让我常常在自信中明白自己努力的方向。（选自《两种爱》）

十、揭示中心式开头

即在开头就将人物的思想品质，或事件的意义，或景物的特点，或揭示的哲理等交待出来，以突出作文的中心。

如：我要将自己“嫁”给书。是书教给我许多知识，是书教会我怎样做人，是书给我了许多的喜怒哀乐……(选自《我要“嫁”给书》)

十一、直点文题式开头

即在的开头就点出了文题，让读者直奔问题所要说的内容，一目了然，不易跑题。

如：假如我会克隆，我一定要克隆几个我自已，帮我做各种事。（文题是《我要克隆几个自己》）

十二、名人名言式开头

即引用名人名言作为的开头引语，使的角度站得更高，中心提炼的更准确，显得更有文采。

如：记得程颐好像说过：“外物之味，久则可厌；读书之味，愈久愈深。”书读得越多，也就越能体会到其精妙之处。我从小爱看书，同书中的主人公同呼吸，共命运，时常达到废寝忘食的地步。（选自《书趣》）

十三、言语描写式开头

即直接从人物的语言或对话入手开篇，使读者刚一接触就如见其人，如闻其声，使人物形象更加鲜活。

如：“懒虫！快八点了！再不起床就要迟到了！听到了没有！我要掀被窝了！”妈妈河东狮吼般地叫声，逼得我极不情愿地钻出热乎乎地被窝。（选自《我眼中的妈妈》）

十四、引用歌词式开头

即直接引用某歌词作的开头，或引出人物，或揭示中心，或渲染气氛等。

如：“我是一只可怜的小小鸟，想飞却怎么也飞不高、、、、、、、”我伤心地唱着歌，背着沉重的书包无奈地走在回家的路上，想到回家后还要弹琴、听英语、做作业我就心烦。（选自《我是一只笼中鸟》）

十五、抒发感情式开头

即作者以优美精当的语言，艺术性表达自己的感受或看法，深刻地揭示的主题，增强的感染力，使读者产生共鸣。

如：静下来的时候总想起那条小巷，小巷幽幽，包含多少人间真情。多少年来，小巷的一草一木总萦绕心头，那石铺的街道，古旧的木门，挺拔的大树，还有那普通又普通的人们……（选自《幽幽小巷情》）

十六、倒叙描写式开头

即首先把事件的结局、结果在开篇写出来，制造悬念，然后再依照情节的发展进行叙述，这样不仅强调结果的重要性，增强的表达效果，而且引起读者的阅读兴趣，增加的魅力。

如：哈哈！我的《夏雨匆匆》又上报了！读着自己变成铅字的优美文句，不由自主地想起了一个星期前的那次观雨经过，真正领悟到好是用心和情描绘出来的。（选自《我爱用心去体验生活》）

十七、交待原因式开头

即先交待原因，再记人叙事，读者开始读就了解起因，以有利于增加对的阅读兴趣。

如：不知怎么的，从小就与音乐有缘，六岁起在文工团练了两年的舞蹈，差点儿进了北京芭蕾舞学院；八岁时，学了两年的钢琴，也能凑合伴奏。现在虽然课程紧张，我却迷上了唱歌。所以，在众多的科目中，我最喜欢的莫过于音乐课了。（选自《我是一个音乐迷》）

十八、梦幻遐想式开头

即作者在开始就采用美妙的语言描述自己奇妙的想象，或表达自己的心情，或抒发自己的感受，或对某种事物产生新奇的构思等。

如：我穿过时空隧道，来到了2035年。从美国留学归来，返回了我的家乡—襄阳。啊！这里的一切是那样的亲切温馨，但又是那样的新鲜美丽。天比以往更蓝了，水比以往更清了，栋栋高楼鳞次栉比，片片绿化带赏心悦目。人们改掉了一有时间就来麻将的赌风，走上了快节奏的文明的生活轨道上。我惊诧，这是我的家乡吗？（选自《未来的家乡》）

十九、心语诉说式开头

即作者在开头就把自己的心扉敞露给中的主人公，采用与第二人称交谈的方式，诉说心理话语。

如：妈妈老了，您的背驼了，如同那整天在黄土地上不停耕耘的犁；妈妈老了,您的身体那样单薄，就像一段被儿女吮尽水分的甘蔗。女儿长大了变美了，可妈妈额头上爬满了皱纹，头上长满了白发。妈妈呀，是您给了我生命，是您给了我智慧，是您陶冶了我的情操，是您引导我们踏上人生旅途。没有妈妈您，就没有我的一切。（选自《深深的爱》）

二十、与读者交谈式开头

即作者开篇就用亲切的语言与读者交谈，或发表自己的看法，或向读者提出问题，以拉近读者的心理，引起读者的阅读兴趣。

如：朋友，你是否见过没有手，没有脚而写出一手漂亮的毛笔字的人。如果你亲眼目睹他的写字经过，你一定会被他特殊的写法、超俗的笔迹和惊人的毅力所感动。（选自《没有四肢的书法家》）

下面是小编为大家整理的是说明文的写作指导，欢迎阅读!

说明文是以说明为主要表达方式的文体。它主要有以下特点：

1、具有科学性与知识性。

因为人们阅读说明文的目的是为了更好地认识事物，明白事理，因此，说明文的内容应该是十分科学的，来不得半点虚假。由于说明文是为了给人以知识，所以，对科学原理、物品等方面的介绍重在抓住特征。

2、具有说明性。

所以要实事求是地介绍客观事物的性质、特点、内容、成因、功用等，要突出一个"明"字。所谓"明"，就是要在解说时要言之有序，条理分明。

3、具有实用性。

根据读者和用户的需要、实际生活的需要来确定说明文的写法。

说明文就其内容来看可以分为实物说明文、程序说明文和事理说明文。

实物说明文，指的是说明具有一定的形体，人们可以通过感官知道具体物品。例如，某一建筑物，家庭的某些物品以及动植物等。过去我们学过的课文《中国石拱桥》、《人民英雄纪念碑》等。

程序说明文，指的是介绍某一行动的程序的说明文它。用来说明制作程序、使用程序等。例如《景泰蓝的制作》、《怎样使用高压锅》等。前者是按照制作程序来写的，后者是按照使用程序来写的。

事理说明文，指的是说明某些事物的成因、关系、方法、原理等的说明文。例如《眼睛与仿生学》、《语言的演变》等。事理说明文重在说明事物的规律，分析事物的因果关系。

难点解析：

主要问题：整体结构不合理，说明的顺序杂乱

解决方法：方法一：通过比较，说明特征。说明文要抓住说明对象的本质特征。

方法二：依循联系 说明规律。

方法三：整体把握，了解结构。

写说明文，掌握结构十分重要。如果我们了解了它的结构就等于拿到了入门的钥匙。经过训练，我们就会形成写作说明文的思路。说明文的结构主要有以下几种：

1."总--分--总"结构形式。这是说明文最主要的结构形式。

总，是指开头提出要说明的对象或者点明说明的中心。

分，指的是在中间部分对说明的对象作具体说明。这部分说明的顺序可以按照时间先后的顺序、空间顺序以及逻辑顺序、制作程序的等顺序进行。

总，是对说明的内容进行归纳总结。

2."是什么--为什么--怎样做"的结构形式

这种结构形式，是事理说明文常常用的。"是什么"，就是先下定义，或对说明对象进行诠释;"为什么"，是说明对象的种种原因，要素等;"怎样做"，是指怎样正确的处理它，对待它。这是一种纵向结构的形式。

例如，我们曾经学过的课文《向沙漠进军》就是这样一篇文章。它的结构是"沙漠的危害是什么--为什么会危害人类--怎样抵御沙漠的危害"这样三个部分。

3.中间部分的主要写法

事理说明文在写第二部分的时候，一般采用逻辑顺序。因为这种说明文重在分析事物间的因果关系，说明事物的发展规律，因而常常采用从现象到本质、从原因到结果、从整体到部分、从主要到次要、从概括到具体等顺序。

看图作文，或看图写话，是学生进行写作训练的一种好形式。

小学语文教师常常用它引导儿童口说手写，作为初学写作的启蒙手段。其实，看图作文于中学生也是颇为适宜的。当然，这里并不是排斥命题作文等形式，而是深感各种形式应该互为补充，相得益彰。请看下面一篇看图习作：

捉 野 鸭

夏天，太阳象火球似地照着大地。一天中午，“小机灵”和他的弟弟“小乖乖”在河边步行乘凉。微风吹来，河边的芦苇轻轻地摆动着。

突然，有两只肥胖的野鸭从芦苇丛中钻出来了，不停地发出“嘎，嘎，嘎──”的叫声。兄弟两喜出望外，兴奋地扑了上去。野鸭受惊，煽动着翅膀，尖叫着飞向河中间去了，他们扑了个空。“小乖乖”嘟着小嘴，头上的“锅铲装”上的几根头发一摇一摆的，红红的脸蛋上现出不高兴的表情，埋怨地说：“都怪你，把鸭子吓跑了。”“小机灵”本来也要怪弟弟毛手毛脚，但看着弟弟生气的样子，便反过来哄着“小乖乖”。他在弟弟的耳旁叽哩咕噜了几句，两人便匆匆忙忙地跑开了。

过了一会儿，河里的那两只野鸭又恢复了平静，在水里戏游着。它们游呀游的，猛地发现有一个“西瓜”浮了过来。它们大概是有点饿了，看见这个“西瓜”都很想吃，便争先恐后地用那扁扁的嘴啄着“西瓜”，把“西瓜”啄出了两个洞。

正在这时，不知怎的，两只野鸭又惊吓得不停地拍打着翅膀，发出急促的“嘎，嘎”声，好象在喊“救命，救命!”这时，水中露出了“小机灵”的上身。他头上戴着一个半圆的西瓜皮，一只手抓住了一只野鸭的腿，两只野鸭全给捉住了。他笑得简直合不拢嘴，“小乖乖”呢，也连蹦带跳地跑来，说：“哥哥，你真行!”头上的“锅铲装”的几根头发又一摇一摆的……。

原来，兄弟两悄悄回到家里，拿了半边西瓜皮，由“小机灵”戴上它游到野鸭边，让“小乖乖”躲在芦苇里观察动静，等抓住了野鸭，“小乖乖”才跑了出来。

这个故事告诉我们，凡事要开动脑筋，多想才能出智慧。

实践表明，看图作文计有以下几条显著的优点：

一是学生眼前有画一张，大家均感有话可写，不至于搜索枯肠，苦思冥想，茫然不知所措;

二是学生根据各人对图画的不同理解，透过画面发掘其思想真谛，从各个角度运用语言进行描述，有利于锻炼与培养学生的观察能力和想象能力;

三是看图作文，体裁不限，既可记叙说明，亦可写景状物，还可议论抒情，便于充分发挥学生的特长，培养学生的写作兴趣;

四是看图作文使写作练习的方式多样化，有利于防止作文中的猜题、押题、套题以及依照范文“生搬硬套”等弊病的产生;

五是看图作文便于教师较快地评定学生写作水平的优劣，使作文教学更具针对性;

六是将运用语言文字反映生活的写作和运用线条、色彩等反映生活的绘画结合起来，有助于启发学生的形象思维。

因此，我常想，既然文学作品反映的是现实中的“人生图画”，那末，中学生进行写作练习，何尝不可以也来几次“看图作文”呢?

第一节写熟悉的事，有话可说

每一道作文试题都给考生留下广阔的思考空间，让考生写身边的事，写熟悉的事，发表自己的意见和感想。"让每一个考生都有话可说"这一命题原则，在近年的中考作文命题中体现得更加明显。如"为了自己的梦想"，每一个人都可以说出自己的心里话，因为每一个人都有自己心里的梦想。"欢乐一家亲"和"美好一瞬间"，也是让考生写非常熟悉的事情，使考生们能够有话可说。"写给________的信"，考生们只要去写熟悉的人，写熟悉的事，写熟悉的情感，都可以写出一篇令人满意的作文来。"对我影响最大的一个人"和"________，让生活更美好"，考生们肯定有熟悉的人和熟悉的事可写。近年来的浙江省中考作文命题，都是建立在学生能言说，而且可以把话说好的基础之上。

名题精析

原题回放写作。(60分)

我们曾关切蚂蚁王国的命运，猜想浩瀚宇宙的奥秘，还有堆沙、玩水、痴想……纯粹而真实。少年的心里住着童心，不经意间，你会发现枝头的花儿在匿笑，墙角的蟋蟀在欢唱……

大人的心里藏着童心，不信你看，爷爷与你的忘年之交，严谨的老师天真的一笑……

让我们用眼睛去"听"，用耳朵去"看"，童心可以装下整个世界。

以"________童心"为题写一篇文章。

要求：(1)补全题目，可以填入"拥有""发现""久违了""美丽的""爸爸的""啊!"等;(2)文体自选;(3)不少于600字(诗歌不少于16行);(4)文中不得出现真实的地名、校名、人名。

考题解析

本作文题采用半命题形式，作文题目由漫画、导语、要求构成。从多方面引导考生理解童心，三幅漫画分别为"童心是一种向往""童心是一种想象""童心是一种创造"。导语里有用眼睛去"听"、用耳朵去"看"，童心可以装下整个世界等提示语，并且提示考生可以填入"拥有""发现""久违了""啊!""爸爸的""美丽的"等内容。从中可以看出，命题者可谓用心良苦，他在提醒考生，在人生的追求中，要保留一些人性中最美好的东西，而童心便是其中一个。他也在提醒老师，教育是一种呵护和唤醒，呵护人身上最美好的东西，唤醒学生对人生的美好向往。

"________童心"这个题目让每个考生都有话可说，毕竟从小到大，每个人都曾拥有一颗童心，只是有些人意识到了并保持下来，而有些人没有很好地关注到。题目也能让考生发挥自己的特点，让任何一种文体、文风都可能写成佳作。从这点而言，这个作文题目是不太难的。相信很多考生拿到题目之后，脑海里马上闪烁的是自己拥有的童年生活。童年一定有童心，但是童年生活并不等同于童心。文章可以写"某人的童心"，这类文章如果能用生动精彩而富有情趣的细节加以表现，会很鲜活。也可以写对童心的思考，社会在发展，童心渐逝，少年老成，"简单、自然、一致"的童心在慢慢消逝，如果能书写出美好童心在现代的遭遇，表达渴望，抒发感慨，或透过现象阐述个人见解，也是相当不错的。

当然，无论哪种文章，最关键的还是对童心的理解，童心是一种精神，需要自己的体悟和理解，考生对童心如果有自己的见解，便会有与众不同的切入角度，而对童心的理解程度，差不多决定着文章的立意高度和深度。

此外，教材中也有这类富有童心的文章，如鲁迅、丰子恺等名人记录的童年趣事等，相信这也能给学生不少写作上的启发与灵感。

佳作赏析

阳光·童心

温州一考生

我是躺在风的怀抱中静静沉睡的风筝，做着一个五彩斑斓的梦;我是简单的秋千，开心地和阳光一起舞蹈，承载着一个个对蓝天的向往;我是一块块大小不一的积木，每天都会有一双双小手将我组成各种形态，饰以笑容。我就是童心，阳光与快乐的孩子，带给每个人快乐。

这一天，我隐了身，背着妈妈偷偷从窗子里飞了出来，绕过长满牵牛花的篱笆墙，跃过飘满蒲公英的草地，向每一朵白云问好，开始了我的一段神奇而又梦幻的旅行。

晚上，我在灿烂的星空下，飞了很长时间，最终是累了，然后向远处眺望。蓦地，在长满鲜花的地方发现了一座漂亮的小房子，我以最快的速度来到了这座小房子。"哦!这真是一栋很可爱的小楼呢!"我不禁感叹，"住在里面的人一定很幸福。"我跃上了二楼的阳台，拿出从家里偷拿来的柠檬草小饼干，小口小口地吃着，不经意间，我看到了窗子里的情景。

柔和的灯光洒在房间的每个角落里，渲染出温馨的气氛。在米色沙发上，坐着一个神情严肃、认真的男人，茶几上的咖啡已经冷掉了，他的双眼正瞪着放在膝盖上的方盒子，用人们的话来说，就是电脑。他的手指飞速敲击着键盘，很长一段时间，都未曾挪动一下位置。在他旁边的软木地板上，正坐着一个小家伙!他很可爱，在灯光下，他的眼里显出的尽是快乐，还透着些期待。他每次用积木搭出一个新东西，就抬头向他的父亲看一下。可他总是显得有些失望，然后低头将原本搭好的积木全部打乱。"爸爸，陪我玩一会儿好不好?"他几乎用哀求的语气说。男人愣了一愣，看了看地上可爱的孩子，又看了看那个方盒子里的东西，抱歉而又无奈地说："宝贝儿，对不起，爸爸今天没时间，改天爸爸一定陪你玩，好不好?"结果，那个孩子哭了，哭得很大声。男人不知所措，喊着孩子的妈妈，然后抱着那个方盒子匆匆离开。

亲爱的朋友们，我是不是应该帮帮那个孩子呢?只见满天的星星都在向我点头。呵呵，做好事的时间到了。我用魔法杖轻轻点了点这座房屋，几千万束星光汇聚在一起，变成了一颗童心，我将它偷偷地装进了那个小盒子，这样童心的力量就能感染那个男人了。

果然不出所料，那个男人十分钟后又出现在了孩子的面前，他在孩子面前坐了下来，笑着摸了摸孩子的头："宝贝儿，爸爸陪你玩好不好?"孩子怔了怔，随即开心地大喊："好!"

灯光下，一父一子，一份积木，两颗童心，他们是多么快乐啊!

童心，带给人温暖。它如同阳光，只有洒在你身上，你才会发现它的美好。而我，安静地在阳台上睡去等待天亮。

精彩析评

本文最大的特点是想象力丰富，文章从一个愿意为生活带去快乐的"魔法师"的视角出发，折射出作者内心的善良与无私，这该是一种怎样的胸怀啊!家庭中温馨的场景和父子间的对话，真切感人，这一幕也许在每个家庭中都出现过，但孩子的内心，我们是否真正在乎过?而作者以一颗"救赎"之心，让父亲良心发现，给予孩子温暖与欢乐。这温馨的场面，最能体现作者的助人情怀，升华了主题。

文章如讲故事般娓娓道来，不急不躁，语言简洁，贴近现实，感觉故事就在身边。结尾一句，最能显现作者的美好情感，以及他的赤子之心。

真题精练

中考真题(2015·宁波)阅读材料，完成作文。(60分)

一个小男孩种下一颗胡萝卜种子。他的妈妈说："这颗种子恐怕不会发芽。"他的爸爸也说："它恐怕不会发芽。"他的哥哥也说："它恐怕不会发芽。"每天，小男孩都把种子周围的杂草拔掉，然后浇上水。可是，什么都没长出来。一天天过去，还是什么都没长出来。大家都不断地说：这颗种子不会发芽的。但是，每天小男孩仍然坚持拔掉种子周围的杂草，然后浇上水。终于，有一天，一棵胡萝卜长出来了，如同小男孩早就知道的那样。

(选自路斯·克劳斯《胡萝卜种子》)

根据上述材料，从以下题目中任选一题，写一篇文章。

题目一：我就是一颗会发芽的种子

题目二：种子发芽以后

题目三：由《胡萝卜种子》想到的

要求：(1)根据你的理解和感悟，联系自己的生活体验写作;(2)自选文体(诗歌除外)，文章不少于500字;(3)文中不要出现含有考生信息的人名、校名、地名等。

思路点拨

这是一则材料命题作文，材料讲述了一个小男孩在别人的怀疑声中坚持种胡萝卜种子，最终成功的故事。这种类似寓言的文字，给了我们一个深刻的哲理体验：一定要给孩子以希望，让他们相信一切皆有可能，只要辛勤付出便会有所收获。试题从三个角度给了三个题目，使学生的立意具有一定的可选择性。这样的题目要求尊重学生的个性差异与表达愿望。无论是细腻如水的描绘，质朴无华的讲述，还是天马行空的想象，精辟深刻的阐述，都适合这个作文题目要求，无文体上的偏向，无主题上的限定，使得考生都如那胡萝卜种子，有了发芽的空间，但至于能长得多大，考生的作文多精彩，就取决于学生的情感体验、语言表达和思维能力了。

状物作文有共同的特点，那就是对事物进行描绘、说明，给人以鲜明的印象。下面是小编分享的状物作文写作指导，一起来看一下吧。

(一)怎样写物品

1.抓住特征

从大小、形状、颜色、质地(制造材料)等方面，对所写的物品仔细观察。因为不同的物品有不同的特点，即使是同一种物品，也会有某些席位的区别，也有它自己的独特之处。蛛蛛物品的特点写，就是抓住了这一物品是区别于另一物品的地方写。

2.按照一定的顺序写

(1)按总一分一总的顺序写。

(2)按物品各部分的空间顺序写。

(3)有的物品，须按先外后内的顺序写，即先写外表，后写内里的顺序。

3.状物需要想象和联想

展开想象和联想，不仅使所状之物更加具体生动，还可以开拓作品的意境，增强文章的感染力。

(二)怎样写动物

大多数小学生都喜爱小动物，看了以后总想把它们写出来来。到底用什么方法，才能写好描写小动物的作文呢?

1.写外形

首先，观察小动物(包括昆虫)的外形，一般是写小动物的静态。在观察时，包括颜色、长相、个头都要如实写出来。其次，要抓住特点，不能面面俱到什么都写。三是按顺序：先整体一再局部一最后整体。概括写整体，具体写局部，用总分关系的句群。最后，为使描写更形象、具体，要展开丰富的想象，恰当地运用比喻。特别要注意提醒小学生"像--"、"犹如--"、"仿佛--"等喻词的使用。

2.写习性

写小动物，还要细心观察它们的动作、静态和生活习性，这些是小动物的动态方面。例如写它们吃食物、嬉戏的样子，相互追逐争斗的情形，如何筑巢、休息的情况，等等。

小动物也 感情、情绪，这要靠小学生从它们的叫声和动作中，用拟人的方法去体会和想象，这样就能写出小动物的性格，显示出它们的活泼和可爱，实际上也就写出了小学生自己的感情。

(三)怎样写植物

提起植物，小学生的脑海力会出现许多花草树木的样子，但是要将平时熟悉的植物写成作文，很多同学却感到很难，有的觉得无话可写，有的三言两语就写完了。怎样才能写好植物呢?首先，写前要细心观察所写的植物，并做观察记录。观察时，先看整体的形状(外形)特征;再看颜色、枝叶的细部特征及生长环境，并把所看到的详细情况记录下来。其次，安排好写作顺序。

1.可以从整体到局部

先写植物的整体特征，再写它的局部特征。例如以主干、枝、叶、花、果等为序，并突出写其中的一两部分。另外写的时候，要求学生从各个角度去详细地描绘、刻画。例如描写树叶，就写它们的形状、颜色和给人的感觉等;描写花，就写它们的大小、香味、色彩、花期等，使人有如身临其境。

2.按照植物的生长过程进行观察

很多植物的生长、发育、开花、结果直至衰亡，每个时期的形态各不相同的，所以，可以按照植物的生长过程进行观察。

3.写观察日记

可以用写观察日记的方法。来描述某种植物在一段时间里的生长、发育情况。

4.以四时变化为序

很多植物在不同的季节里割据特色，所以，还可以其四时的变换顺序。

5.托物抒怀，借物咏志

写植物，不能仅仅停留在对外形和色彩的描写上，还应该在文章中表达作者的思想感情。例如，感悟人生的哲理、高尚的道德情操、对美好理想的追求等等。用这种方法，要借助例文进行必要的指导，培养学生丰富的联想能力，在描摹植物形态的同时，赋予它们一定的象征意义。

2015年高考大幕已拉开，很多考生忧虑自己的议论文难以出新，“难以拿下发展等级的分数”。究其因，就是没有找到议论文写作脱俗的路径。在此推荐三种方法，考生读之悟之仿之，便能让你的文章脱俗出新，让阅卷老师一扫审美疲劳而给予高分。

一、物象比喻法

【方法】以物象作比喻。分析人物与物象的相似点，一物象的特点比喻人生的的特点，提出论点

【作用】物象的生动形象，增强了说理的形象性;物象的常见性，也增强了说理的亲和力;而物象的比喻性，增强了文章的韵味。

【例文】

生命里的树痂

石燕萍

时间流逝，荡涤旧迹，留下的是淡淡伤痕，更多的却是伤痕背后的振翅飞翔的故事。

人的一生不可能一帆风顺，总是在高潮和低潮中浮沉，正如自然生长的树木因风雨吹打而倾折，在所难免，但无论如何，曾经折断的地方会愈合，形成树痂，虽然比其他地方难看，却是最有硬度最能承受住打击的地方。

德国谚语说，“树木结疤的地方，是树体最坚硬的地方。”而我们人生又何尝不是如此呢?在痛苦之后，在挫败之后，生命中结起的那个疤，不是让我们更加地坚强，更加的从容看待这一切吗?

十二年前的一个意外，甚至在瞬间就改变了李端，这个18岁的少年，这个在中国青年篮球队打球的火力少年的命运。十二年前，当他在锅炉房打水时，不经意地挪动了那个破旧的灭火器，刹时，一声巨响，突然地爆炸，夺走了他的眼睛，让他从此只能生活在黑暗之中。有过失望，有过痛心，但受伤后的疤痕，让他更清楚地知道生命坚硬的价值，他在日记上写道：“尽管是双目失明，尽管是与飞身扣篮的梦想失之交臂，我也不会放弃”。最终他在田径场上找到自己的一片天地。他腾空飞跃的瞬间，向世界证明他是黑暗中的强者和舞者。13米71，他以这优异的成绩夺得了北京残奥会三级步远F11级的冠军，并打破了世界纪录。

诗人汪国真说：“如果说人生是湛蓝的天空，那么失意则是一朵飘浮的淡淡的白云。如果说人生是一望无际的大海，那么挫折则是一个骤然翻起的浪花。”我想，也正是这骤然翻起的人生浪花，才显得人生大海的美丽，才迸发震撼人心的力量。

经历失败之后结起的伤疤，那是对生命生生不息的见证。树痂，是树枝断路，是经过重创而形成的伤口，伤口因树体激发芳香，树脂外溢而愈合，历经风霜雨雪的洗练，而形成的巧夺天工、浑然天成的形态，它是树体精华凝结所在，坚如盔甲。

席慕蓉说，生命是要不断地受伤，不断地复原的。

生而为人，人生创痛的遭遇在所难免，受伤何惧?失败何患?倘是希望在心，倘是执著满怀，再痛的伤口也会复原，就像树木的巧夺天工的树痂，愈久愈坚。

[赞赏理由]文章写树痂，“虽然比其他地方难看，却是最有硬度最能承受住打击的地方。”以此比喻遭受打击的人生更加坚韧，以此作比，文章让人感受说理的通俗，生动而有韵味。

【提醒】比喻要有相似性与新颖性，尽量不用常用比喻，而让文章彰显新鲜的特点。

二、聚焦一点法

【方法】就某一人物或某一句话或某件事做自己的思考，聚焦一点，分析思考，提出自己对话题对命题的看法。

【作用】聚焦一点，角度小巧，文章也就因此充实而深入，文章也就因此予人新鲜独特的美感。

【例文】

说“安”

苏红玲

傅雷曾对“高级艺术”给出如下概念：乐而不淫，哀而不怨，雍容有度，典雅自然，不装腔作势，过火恶俗，炫耀技巧。这种高级艺术中所体现出的安和、安稳、安详，在京剧这里得到印证。

剧情方面，京剧是安和的。其不以紧张激烈刺激观众情绪的剧情来吸引人。京剧不要观众大哭大笑，感情激烈起伏。京剧只是在叙述清楚情节的条件展现优美。像《宁武关》《马思远》等老戏，虽曾名动一进，并有小翠花等名角以此为拿手戏，但终因剧情过于惨烈复杂而被逐渐抛弃。《乌盆记》在现在也只是唱一唱“十八张半”里的段子而已。今天，常上演的如《玉堂春》、《拾玉镯》、《龙凤祥》、《卖水》等剧目，剧情简单平和。

伴奏方面，京剧是安稳的。文革中“创新”的以钢琴伴奏样板戏、《杨门女将》中老太君的“一席话恼得我火染双鬓”插入小提琴，均让人听着大感逆耳。只有京胡，与唱腔相安无事。像《武家坡》、《坐官》里的流水，由京胡伴奏，才会有天衣无缝的安稳感觉。

表演和风格方面，京剧是安详的。京剧从不强调暴力或者血腥。像《霸王别姬》中的自刎，《贵妃醉酒》中的酗酒，《谢瑶环》是的上刑，《碰碑》中的自杀和各出戏里的打仗场面，均以“出之贵实，用之贵虚”为原则，将其艺术化、抽象化，以强调其中的体态美、动作美或人物思想感情。最受观众喜爱的生旦两行中的梅、余两派，以安详典雅为最大风格：既不是程派的一唱三叹，也不是马派泼辣激昂。京剧，既不是凌叔华等京派作家的阳春白雪，也不是评剧的下里巴人，它安于中庸，以安详为风格。

然而，处于今天的社会中，京剧要发展，京剧要创新，京剧要与时俱进，不能安于现状，安常处顺。京剧，正如章治和所言，要推陈出新。这个“推”，既是“推广优秀传统戏”，又是“推开落后的原则”。京剧，要在不断的推陈出新中，立于“国粹”这一地位安然不动!

[赞赏理由]

这是以“安”为话题的文章。作者不是写社会的安全事故，写人们的安稳心理，而是聚焦一点，从京剧“安和、安稳、安详”的特点说“安”，指出京剧要与时俱进，就不能安于现状。文章也就新鲜独特，深刻充实。这就给具有某种特长的考生运用自己的特长来作文，提供了一个极好的范例。

【提醒】(1)写这样的文章平时的关注很重要。平时要有意识收集了解关于某历史名人或某现象的材料.(2)要有自己的观点与思想，切忌堆砌材料，没有自己的思想。

三、假设推想法

【方法】从正面的论点作反面的假设，推想“假设如此”的后果。如论点为“诚信今天不可缺”，我们就“假设今天诚信缺失，社会会怎样”。

【作用】独辟蹊径，文章予人独特的审美感受，也展现出写作者的睿智。

【例文】

假如没有废墟

钟月婷

不可否认，少有人喜欢废墟。废墟，给人的第一印象便是脏、乱、破败。当你走进废墟，那种沉重、颓废的氛围压得你喘不过气来，人们往往都有逃离的欲望。可是我却深深爱着废墟——那承载历史记载伤痛的废墟。

在我的记忆中，废墟蕴蓄着一种力量，让我们感受历史的沧桑，校正生命的坐标，激发奋起的张力。

假如没有那一把火，没有曾经奢华的圆明园庞大的废墟，或许我们的心就不会有那样一抹惊心动魄的伤痛。每当我看见圆明园夕阳下的残壁，就仿佛听见那夜侵略者的肆意的蔑笑与圆明园伤心的哭泣。我想，如果不是这片奢华的废墟，就不会有许多中华儿女热血的澎湃，更不会有今日民族的激流共进。

假如没有那些战火，就不存在世界上最神圣的废墟——奥林匹斯山上的雅典神庙!而如果没有这片废墟，我们也不会对体育竞技精神对世界的和平，如此珍视与憧憬!就是在这么一片雅典神庙的废墟上，当奥运圣火熊熊燃起，当和平鸽衔来绿色橄榄枝，世界为之牵动，世界为之欢呼!也就是这废墟，穿越历史，穿越风霜，依旧让世界为其神圣而驻足流连。假如没有了这片废墟，又怎能如此让人心灵牵系与震撼?

“假如没有奥斯维辛残断的城墙，就不会有犹太民族的崛起，世人对战争的背弃对和平的渴求，也就不会有如此的炽热。”一位史学家感慨道。列宁说：“忘记历史就意味着背叛。”如今的奥斯维辛，天空湛蓝，高楼耸立。但在犹太人与世人心中，铭记的是那班驳的哥特式的钟楼，那残断的城墙，他们深知这沉重的废墟，里面有血有泪，有耻辱，还有魂灵的飘荡，有于今天于世人的警策与昭示。假如没有警钟长鸣的奥斯维辛，或许我们对战争的感触就会少一些，对那痛苦的记忆就少一些，心灵的感动也会跟着少一些。

废墟，就是这样，破败得让人心碎。但伴着月辉，伴着秋风，伴着轻轻的脚步，它却有着一股让人震撼让人警醒的力量。余秋雨先生说:“废墟昭示着沧桑，让人偷窥到民族步履的蹒跚。废墟是垂死老人发出的指令，使你不能不动容。”

每一个国家每一个民族都应当有废墟的保留。走近废墟，记住废墟，就是记住沧桑的历史，记住了时代的责任，记住了社会的期待。

假如真的存在没有废墟的那一天，我不敢想像我们的社会会是怎样。

[赞赏理由]不正面写废墟于今天于今人的重要，而是写“假如没有曾经奢华的圆明园庞大的废墟，或许我们的心就不会有那样一抹惊心动魄的伤痛”，写“假如不存在世界上最神圣的废墟——奥林匹斯山上的雅典神庙!我们也不会对体育竞技精神对世界的和平，如此珍视与憧憬”，写“假如没有奥斯维辛这庞大的废墟，就不会有犹太民族的崛起”，从这三个方面来论证：“每一个国家每一个民族都应当有废墟。”展现角度的新颖独特，思路的开阔睿智，文章也就有了视觉与情感的冲击力。

【提醒】推想要合理可信，不可强词夺理。如“假如没有警钟长鸣的奥斯维辛，或许我们对战争的感触就会少一些。”，其中“或许”一词，让人感受话语的实在与亲和力。

这是一道材料作文。材料作文也叫“题意作文”或“后话题作文”，作文只提供材料，但不提供话题，要求考生阅读材料，根据自己对材料的感悟、理解，自拟标题进行作文。写作本文，可以从如下几方面入手：

一、研读题干，明确要求。应试作文有一个共同特点：不是你想写什么就写什么，而是要求你写什么才能写什么。这些要求就是从题干中来的。研读本文题干，我们可以获得五点作文信息。第一，素材须从生活中提取。这是作文针对性、真实性方面的基本要求，脱离了生活实际就产生不了写作激情，写出的东西也不真实。第二，角度须以小见大。应从“小东西”中感受到大温情和大幸福。第三，体裁须写记叙文。可以侧重叙事，辅以议论和抒情。第四，题目须自拟。“自拟”不是自由拟，“题目”应根据写作角度来拟定。第五，篇幅须不少于600字。通常有了作文激情就会“思接千载，视通万里”，达到这个要求应该不是难事。

二、吃透材料，确立主旨。研读题干之后，还要再读“引言”，须一字一句地读，力求细致而全面地理解材料，做到心中有底。就本文来说，属于说明议论类的材料形式，这类材料主题(道理、含义)显豁，一看就懂。在我们的生活中，不乏“几声鸟叫”、“一朵盛开的小花”这类的“小东西”，它们会带给我们身心的活力与舒爽。我们还应拓展类似的材料，譬如老师一个鼓励的眼神、同学一片热烈的掌声、父母一番温暖的话语，都能给我们带来莫大的温情与幸福。我们须根据材料及其主题，运用相同、相反、相关和类比等联想方式，使之与生活实际挂起钩来。这一过程是从抽象的主题到具体的生活实际、由一般的道理到特殊的现象的具体化过程。

三、拟定题目，构思行文。俗话说：“题好一半文”。题目，顾名思义，是文题之目，可见它在作文里的地位是十分重要的，可是许多同学考试时或许是情急之下不会拟题，或许是不注重拟题，常常出现大而宽泛却不具体的文题，致使作文得分大打折扣，非常遗憾。其实，只要能准确地概括材料主题，并由材料主题确定写作角度来拟题，拟出醒人眼目的作文题目应是轻而易举的事。譬如本文标题可拟为《那一声悦耳的鸟鸣》、《路边，有一朵盛开的月季》、《难忘老师那一个眼神》、《掌声响起来》、《妈妈的絮叨》等。拟好了标题，更重要的是行文成章。建议同学们动笔写作之前，最好还是根据自己的选材，先拟个粗略的结构提纲，这样便能做到先写什么，后写什么;哪些详写，哪些略写;怎样衔接，如何过渡;点题照应，了然于胸。

[中考写作素材：小东西与大温暖

高考作文测试，要考查学生的观察思考能力、想象能力、逻辑思维能力等基本能力以及审题能力、选材能力、结构能力、语言表达能力等专门能力。要写好作文，必须靠平时长期的材料积累、能力培养与系统全面地写作训练。高三学生各科复习千头万绪，时间极为紧迫，作文的训练是很难系统全面的。课堂上老师讲授作文专题，也只能笼而统之，简单归纳概括，不可能做到全面而深入的。那么，考生该怎样写好高考作文呢？

下面我主要谈一谈考生高考应试时应如何临场发挥，怎样利用已有的知识与能力把面上的事情做好，竭自己所能，尽可能得到一个满意的分数。

第一，注意审题。我所教的几届毕业生，都要求他们做到，发下试卷，最先须看作文题。作文题越早阅读，构思作文的时间越长。这样，再棘手的作文题也会不怎么难于下笔了。作文题的材料与要求至少要看上三四遍，审题起码要花四五分钟。考生须逐字逐句反复阅读作文材料及要求，才能充分理解掌握其中词句所包含的信息与条件。这时不应过分讲求速度，切戒心浮气躁，以免片面、错误地理解材料中的要求或遗漏材料中重要信息。1990年全国高考作文题中乃两个小女孩关于玫瑰的完全对立的议论，要求就“第一小女孩的说法”，联系实际拟题作文。很多考生没看到这重要的一条要求而使文章走题，结果有的一个省九出现了上千份0分卷。现在高考作文试题开放性越来越大，走题的可能性小了，但仍不可避免出现因没注意其中暗含的要求而偏离作文话题的现象。近几年来的高考话题作文中，以“答案是丰富多彩的”（2000年）为话题，你就不能说“其实很多答案是唯一的”；以“诚信”（2001年），“心灵的选择”（2002年）为话题，你就必须注意里面所隐含的道德倾向，必须从正面去劝善，格调要求要高，切不可反弹琵琶，随意发挥。

第二，要注意作文话题与作文题的区别。有的给定了题目，那照题作文就是了，切不可随便改换题目。有的考生往往因粗心没看到给定的题目而自作主张写了一个题目，这种情况一定要避免。近几年来高考作文都是给定话题自拟题目的，“答案是丰富多彩的”（2000年），“诚信”（2001年），“心灵的选择”（2002年），“感情亲疏和对事物的认知”（2003年），这些话题范围广泛，若以此为题目，也未尝不可，但写起来肯定空泛、笼统，谈问题难以落到实处。若从一个较小的角度拟定一个较具体的题目就好写多了。

高考作文一般都文体不限，但这不是说可以非驴非马，随心所欲。考生应根据材料与要求，尽快定下自己喜欢的或拿手的题材，然后选定一个合适的题目。若是写议论文，题目最好旗帜鲜明地摆出观点。若是写叙述性、抒情性散文，题目最好尽可能做到新颖别致而妥贴。文章写完后，若觉得题目有问题，应仔细斟酌，改定一个合适的题目，切忌文不对题。

第三，定好体裁与题目后，就该考虑立意、选材与结构了。初步构思后，若觉得文思如涌，就立即写作文，如暂时感到棘手，难以下笔，就须放下作文，先做前面的基础题。若花费过多的时间去构思作文，肯定划不来。其实，做基础题时，脑中自觉不自觉地在构思着作文。这时，如果灵感一闪现，想到一两句妙语或一些好的材料，就马上记录在草稿纸上，正式写作时能用就用上。这样，作文程度好的学生等基础题差不多做完时作文也就构思好了。一般来说，不要等做完所有的基础题，只剩四五十分钟时才写作文。因为，如果作文题较难，时间又紧，作文基础较差的学生往往手忙脚乱，不能把文章写完整，最后不得不草草收场，那样，肯定得不到一个好的分数。最好的做法是在容易的基础题基本做完时，放下那些棘手的难题，在充裕的时间内有条不紊地完成作文，然后再去做那些难题。这样，你的作文水平才能得到充分的发挥，你才会得到一个较好的作文分数。

第四，高考作文批阅时间有限，作文应力戒晦涩难懂，也不能太单调平淡。选定恰当的题目后，开篇应尽快入题。议论文应开门见山，直接摆出观点、看法，结尾时须注意照应前文，收束要自然有力。叙述性、抒情性文章要讲究文采，开头要能引人注目，结尾要留有余味。我总要求学生，中间可以不打草稿，但开头、结尾一定要打好草稿，仔细斟酌、反复修改后再誊写。作文字数一定要严格按照要求切实做到。书写尽可能做到清晰可辨，卷面力求整洁，应给人以严谨、认真作文的好印象。我常跟学生说，你即使不能取悦阅卷者而得高分，也必须做到不使其生厌而寻找扣分的理由。认认真真写作，既是对自己的负责，也是对阅卷者的尊重，我们都该给予阅读我们作品的每一个人以应有的尊重。

掌握写作技巧，对写作具有重要的意义，任何否定写作技巧在写作中的客观作用的观点无疑是错误的。小编收集了如何训练写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

第一，写作技巧是实现作者写作意图的重要条件。一般来说，作者的写作活动都具有一定的写作意图。所谓的写作意图，就是指作者打算在文章或作品中表达什么样的生活和思想内容，以及通过这种表达达到什么目的。而要使这一写作意图圆满实现，就必须依靠写作技巧。

第二，写作技巧是构成文学作品艺术性的内在因素。文学作品的艺术性，即文学作品反映社会生活或表达思想感情所达到的完美程度。这种艺术性的取得，决定于作者的世界观、创作方法和写作技巧。在具体的作品中，艺术性表现在作家在一定世界观的指导下，运用各种写作手法，创造出具有审美价值的艺术意境我典型形象，从而给读者带来审美愉悦。文学作品的艺术性虽不同于形式美，但它更多地体现在与内容和谐统一的艺术形式之中，而艺术形式的完美创造，则依靠写作技巧。

那么什么是写作技巧的操作训练呢?

(一)师法生活

生活是写作的源泉，丰富多采的大自然和人类社会，不仅为我们提供了取之不尽的写作材料，而且为我们提供了生动鲜活的关于写作形式与写作技巧的深刻启示。例如，巧合与悬念，往往是某些生活事件展示在人们面前时固有形式或“手法”;对比与映衬，常常是构成大自然优美景观及“艺术”美感的重要因素和“手段”;“人有悲欢离合，月有阴睛圆缺”作文人网 你也可以投稿，人生和自然的规律中寓含着曲折美、变化美、节奏美;“蝉鸣林逾静，鸟鸣山更幽”，常见的景象中包含着动与静相反相成的艺术辨证法则……因此，我们学习写作技巧，必须首先向生活学习。只有勤于观察生活，深入体验生活，才能使自己的写作技巧真正得到提高。

(二)阅读、借鉴

即从古今中外的优秀文章(以及音乐、绘画等艺术形式)中汲取营养。凡优秀的文章，内容和形式的完美程度都较高，其写作技巧往往是娴熟而又富于创造性。多读优秀的文章，在注意思想内容的同时，注意其写作技巧，看作者是运用哪些来表现思想内容，实现写作意图的，并且分析这些写作手法的具体运用情况及其所取得的写作效果。在此基础上，还应结合实际(写作者自身的思想和艺术修养的实际与题材和表现对象的实际)进一步思考，看哪些手法可以“拿来”，经过改造为我所用。这样，久而久之，潜移默化，自己的写作技巧，自然会有所提高。

(三)经常练笔

这是具有本质意义的技巧“操作训练”。清人唐彪写道：“谚云，‘读十篇不如做一篇’。盖常作则机关熟，题虽甚难，为之亦易;不常做，则理路生，题虽甚易，为之则难。沈虹野云：‘文章硬涩由于不熟，不熟由于不多做。’信哉言乎!”多写才能熟，熟才能生巧，这是不可更易的规律，任何企图改变或超越这一规律的人，永远也掌握不了写作技巧，永远也写不出好文章。只有经常写，反复写，才可能在写作者身上固定下一个写作技巧的“概括化系统”，一个“自动化的”写作“行动方式”。懂得了这一点，我们就会懂得那些语言艺术大师们为什么谆谆劝诫“我们大家都应该写、写、写，写得尽量多”了。

写作技巧的掌握是有一个过程的。这个过程可以分为两个阶段。一是“技能”阶段，一是“熟练”阶段。“技能”阶段，是无法之中求有法，能过观察、体验、多读、多写，学习并掌握了一些写作的基本手法，且能将它们运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第一阶段。“熟练”阶段，是有法之中求变化。在第一阶段的基础上，进而掌握了包括写作的辨证艺术在内的多种写作手法，并能将它们纯熟自如、富于创造性地运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第二阶段。古人说：“学诗当识活法。”“所谓活法者，规矩具备，而能出于规矩之外;变化不测，而亦不背规矩也。”识得“活法”，并能运用“活法”是掌握写作技巧第二阶段的重要标志。

掌握写作技巧，对写作具有重要的意义，任何否定写作技巧在写作中的客观作用的观点无疑是错误的。但是，我们也不能把技巧绝对化，走到唯技巧论的极端。因为，决定文章价值的主要因素，还是内容，脱离了丰富而深刻的内容，文章的审美价值乃至艺术性，也就不复存在了。这一点，尤其应该引起初学写作者的重视。

小学阶段不同年级的作文有不同要求和写作技巧小学英语写作指导小学英语写作指导。

对于小学3年级的学生，在他们已经掌握好了如颜色(colour)、衣服(clothes)、数字(number)、星期(day of the week)、月份(month)、宠物(pet)、情感(feeling)、身体部位(body)、文具(school things)的基础上进行文章的填空，如果学生能够按照文章的要求写进相关的信息，那就已经很不错了。下面是一个自我介绍的简单例子：

Myself

Hello，my name is_____. I am_____years old.My favourite colour is_____，_____， and_____.My favourite pet is______，_____ and______. My favourite food is_____，______and______.My favourite day is______. My favourite school thing is______and______.My favourite number is and______.I am______today.

上面的这个例子，如果学生能够依次能吧自己的姓名、年龄、喜欢的颜色、喜欢的宠物、喜欢的食物、喜欢的日子、喜欢的文具、喜欢的数字和今天的心情准确无误地写出来，那么就已经能够完成了3年级阶段的作文要求。

对于4年级的学生，可以写一篇介绍自己课室或者自己卧室的文章。下面是一篇4年级学生的介绍课室范文。

My classroom

I am studying at Tongji primary school.I am in Class Two, Grade Four. (介绍自己所在的学校和所在的年级) There is a blackboard in front of the classroom. There are twenty-five desks in our classroom, they are brown. There are many books on the desk. There are fifty students, thirty boys and twenty girls. There is a picture on the wall. There are two fans on the wall. (用there+be句型把班里和摆设和班上的人数都表达出来了) It is tidy and clean.I like my classroom very much.(最后是作者的总结)

对于5年级的学生，作文的要求也提高了很多，很多学生在介绍别人或者是写自己喜欢的小动物的时候很容易忘了第三人称单数动词要加ses，如：He get up at 7 o’clock(get忘了加s)，在用到现在进行的时候动词很容易忘了加ing(如I am play the piano，play就忘记了加ing)，介词和介词短语也占了很重要的位置如介词in，on，at，of。介词短语如dream of(区分dream that)和be afraid of都是很重要的介词短语，很多学生忘记了介词后面要加动词小学英语写作指导少儿基础英语。

对于6年级的学生，作文考查的是英语的综合应用能力，而且出的题目大部分都是看图作文，这就在一定程度上增加了写作的难度，它也是综合了3年级的分类词汇，4年级的句型，方位介词，5年级的重点介词短语和时态，不过我相信只要平时多点积累单词和句型、多点动笔、多注意语法上的问题、多看作文书，那么就能写出流畅、有深度的文章。

这是一篇典型的新材料作文题，所供材料是一则寓言故事。可供选择的立意角度也很多。

1、从鹦鹉的角度立意：可以从感恩的角度立意，如：懂得感恩 、学会感恩、要知恩图报等。也可以从尽力的角度立意，如：凡事尽力而为方可无怨无悔无憾、勿以善小而不为、知其不可为而为之等;

还可以从爱心的角度立意等。

2、从天神的角度立意：学会感动、支持善行等。

3、从飞禽走兽的角度立意：善有善报、付出就有回报、助人者人助之等。

4、从材料整体角度立意：友爱的力量 、情义无价等。

1. 内容切题

内容切题是命题作文的基本要求，考生可从以下几个方面入手：

第一要认真审题。根据题目类别，弄清文体的要求，并判明文章的种类(议论文、说明文、记叙文)，同时确定文章要阐明的主题或要表达的中心思想，若题目已经提供了提纲，还要注意弄清各提纲要点之间的逻辑关系。考生在拿到作文题后，切勿惟恐时间不够，提笔就写。一旦跑题，发现了再改就来不及了，常言道：“磨刀不误砍柴工”。

第二要注意设计安排段落。根据文章的中心思想，确定各个段落的主题内容和主题句。如果是议论文，一般要从论点的正反两个方面来考虑，首先是某观点的合理成分或某物的长处，然后是该观点的不合理成分或该物的短处，最后阐明自己的观点。如果题目提供了提纲，只要把提纲扩展成主题句即可。

第三要避免将记忆里较熟悉的句子生拉硬扯地搬进作文，使作文结构松散，意思不明确，甚至会偏离主题。

2. 表达清楚，文字连贯

文章要做到表达清楚，文字连贯，文章各段落就必须根据提纲所确立的不同主题来展开，而且各段落的主题句要将段落的各个部分凝聚在一起，流利地表达段落大意，使段落中各部分以及段落之间的联系一目了然。

3. 句式有变化

有些考生对写作没信心，不敢大胆地使用所掌握的语言基础知识，包括英语句法知识，结果整篇文章都是以主、谓、宾句式为主的简单句子，文章显得刻板无生气。实际上，

导语：作文有技巧，关键要留意，下面小编给大家带来9个写作得分技巧，一起来看看吧!

一、作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

这一点，所有的同学们一定要掌握明白了。任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

二、考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个段落为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行，写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。如果有必要，死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

三、开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看，一个开头就占太多的空间，阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

四、动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生，应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个，一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目，可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生，赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本，根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

五、作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法，合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法，解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，到时候就用得上。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

六、动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧，其实在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细写，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，如果时间紧张，提纲就要简练些。

七、想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了，我写的是什么文体，就按相应文体的写法来写。

八、适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文，最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》，其中的一些散文，结构是很好的，可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言，可以分别背个三五句，到时候直接抄上去就行了，这不算抄袭。关于国家大事，时事政治和要闻什么的，也要注意搜集一下。譬如，去年有奥运，今年是建国60周年，还有汶川地震的感人事迹等，都可以做考试作文的题材。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

九、篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，小升初作文要求都不低于500-600字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字，建议考生，争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右，留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多，肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练，作文打分就趋高不趋低。

英语作文虽然不像语文作文在考试

高三英语作文写作技巧：练习

“没有规矩，不成方圆，英语作文写作技巧。”对于一般英语学习者而言，写出优秀的文章有赖于后天习得，但并不意味着机械背诵、生吞活剥，或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所谓研习，需要有独立思考和个人的判断，本着“他山之石，可以攻玉”的精神，汲取文章的精华部分加以研究。研习主要侧重两个方面，包括文章章法和语言表达。文章章法指文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序。许多学习者面对一个话题，可能存在两种不同的困惑，一是下笔千言，但离题万里;二是思绪万千，却无从落笔。导致两种困惑的根源皆在于欠缺思考问题、组织思路的恰当方式，以至于文章不得要领、章法紊乱。这就要求我们从全篇脉络角度多研习范文，之后领悟如何以演绎法行文、怎样用归纳法谋篇以及如何围绕特定话题拓展思路等等。此外，研习还要侧重于语言表达，包括遣词造句和句子、段落之间的各种衔接手段，以期在自己日后的写作中派上用场，因为英文写作皆通一理。只有善于借鉴，勤加研究，才会借他人的优势和长处，提高自己的写作水平。

高三英语作文写作技巧：背诵

背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作文，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模像样的文章。只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中（commit the highlights to memory），才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择性的背诵，是有意义的记忆。因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、经典篇章。

高三英语作文写作技巧：重点词汇

美妙的用词及搭配皆在此列，像fall victim（受害），stand a fair chance（大有希望）这种地道的动宾搭配要勤加记忆。为了积累写作词汇，应将文中同属一个话题的用词汇总归纳，组成主题词族（topic family）。归类记忆可以使自己日后即写即用，得心应手。下文是一篇阐释爱心的优秀文章，多处用词精巧，现将文中关于爱心这一主题的词汇总结如下：

emotional strength 情感的力量

the noblest of human emotions人类最高尚的情感

no thought of gain不计得失

the lamp of love爱心之灯

help the victims of natural disasters支援自然灾害受害者

donate whatever they can倾囊相助

help their needy fellow citizens 帮助有需要的同胞

be ready to give a helping hand 随时准备伸出援手

—When we use the word "love"， we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex， which is a very narrow definition of the word。 Love is emotional strength， which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes。 In fact， throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions。

As an example of the power of love， we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year。 Although their incomes are still low by international standards， people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can — be it money or goods — to help their needy fellow citizens。 Moreover， they do this with no thought of gain for themselves。

In my opinion， the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are。 We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble， no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers。 In this way， we can help to make the world a better place， for the darker the shadows of sorrow become， the more brightly the lamp of love shines。

当我们用“爱”这个词时，我们不仅仅指异性对一个人的吸引，这只是对这个词非常狭隘的解释，小学生作文《英语作文写作技巧》。爱心是一种情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。事实上，纵观历史，不同文化背景的人都把爱看成是人类最高尚的情感。

说到爱心的力量，我们马上就会想起每年中国各族人民是如何响应号召支援自然灾害受害者的。尽管按照国际标准他们的收入还处于低水平，全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助——不管是钱还是物——帮助那些有需要的同胞。而且，他们这么做并不考虑自己的得失。

我认为，表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。我们应该随时准备向有困难的人伸出援助之手，无论他们是家庭成员还是素昧平生。这样，我们就能够助一臂之力把世界变成一个更美好的地方，因为，悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。

[高三英语作文写作技巧

自信上考场

自信是写好作文的先决条件，相信自己就不会怯场，不怯场才能使自己的思维处于最佳状态，潜在的能力得以充分地调动。

按时写作文

150分钟的语文测试时间，应该留出60-70分钟的时间作文。时间充足，心中不慌，文思才会泉涌;否则仓促成文，难免丢三落四。

细心审题目

命题作文，审题时一定要抓住题目中的关键词语，并进一步展开合理的联想，才能真正把握题目的实质。材料和话题作文，要弄清楚在材料作文与话题作文中，命题者所提供材料的不同作用。在材料作文中，所提供的材料既是考生作文立意的出发点，又是归宿点。考生一定要读懂题干，做点分析，明确主旨，再去下笔，确保万无一失。

精心选文体

高考作文一般不限文体，这给了考生很大的选择文体的自由，考生应该掌握文体选择的基本原则：一是采用该话题更适宜的文体写作;二是采用考生本人更擅长的文体作文。自己擅长，行文才会得心应手、游刃有余。

心中有模式

考生心中要有文章的基本结构式：议论文，破题开篇+分析论证+结题收篇;供料议论文的基本结构式：引材开篇+析材明理+联材写事+点材收篇;写事记叙文的基本结构式：事件发生(清楚明白)+事件发展(生动曲折)+事件结局(含蓄启迪);写人记叙文的基本结构式：契入(用外貌、语言、环境、细节入题)+铺垫(简述几个事件)+高潮(详叙典型事件)+点化(用点睛的议论或抒情句收束)等等，上述结构式不是一成不变的，可以演绎出许多的变式来。

巧思出新意

为体现可写性的命题原则，高考的作文不管是命题作文，还是话题作文大多都是宽泛的。例如《责任》这样的题目，范围太宽，无从下笔，这样的题目就要去窄作。所谓窄作，就是对题目所涉及的内容进行修饰、限制，然后再针对被限制后的某个侧面扩大其内涵。若从“我们当代青年的责任”这个角度去写，可能就容易多了。

素材书中找

要写好一篇考场作文，除了掌握写作模式，还要有写作素材。当你在考场上因缺少素材而抱笔时，可别忘了你学过的语文课本!那里有你取之不尽，用之不竭的素材。

主旨要明确

高考作文主旨不要过于含蓄。由于时间的限制，阅卷老师不会慢慢地斟字酌句，所以如果写记叙文，不管叙事多么生动，也要在行文中适当地用一两句抒情或议论语句点明文章主旨，让阅卷老师一目了然;议论文力求事例简洁新鲜，说理充分，紧扣主旨。文章要实实在在，不要过于另类，在明示主旨的基础上，张扬个性。

首尾亮起来

开篇立论的好彩头，在第一时间抓住阅卷老师的眼球，是高考作文赢得高分的关键。而结尾的感染力和吸引力，同样是拿分的一大重点。

行文如流水

在语言运用上，除平时要求外，还应特别注意要善于调动各种修辞手段，如比喻形象、对偶华美、排比蓄势、对照鲜明、反复强调、设问抑扬、反语讽刺、暗示等等。此外，长句短句错综搭配，雅句俗语相得益彰，也可使文章生色。

字迹要清楚

高考语文试卷是网上阅卷，潦草的字迹、不洁的卷面有可能给阅卷人带来的不愉悦所产生的后果是可想而知的，如果字迹不清，丢失的可就不只是几分了。

开头结尾都要精彩

开头和结尾的写作大有讲究。 一般来说，文章开头力求做到一简二美三有哲理。简，就是开篇语言简洁，直奔主题，使阅卷老师一目了然;美，就是开头的语言能给人以美感，或文采斐然，或意境深远，或情趣盎然，那么，必会打动阅卷教师的心;哲理，是一种深度，一种高度，如果都做到了，那效果肯定错不了。

高考作文由于受时间和字数的限制，开头最好采用“开门见山”的写法：或“落笔入题”，说明写作缘由;或“开宗明义”，揭示全文主题;或“言归正传”，快速开讲故事;或“单刀直入”，挑明论敌谬说。也可以采用“形象化”的写法：或描写环境，以引出人物;或抒发感情，以渲染气氛;或先叙故事，以引出深刻道理;或借诗词谣谚，以为叙事的开端。好的开头，新颖生动，引人入胜。

结尾的方法也很多：总结全文，以揭示主旨;展示未来，以鼓舞斗志;抒发情怀，以增强文章感染力;造语含蓄，使读者掩卷而思仍遐想不已。

所谓材料作文，是要求写作者根据所给的一段文字或图画等具体材料，按照作文命题要求，进行写作的一种作文形式。它的特点是读写结合。写作者要经过阅读材料、理解分析、提炼主旨、联想想象、筛选甄别、文字表达等步骤，才能完成一篇文章的写作。材料作文的类型有：根据文字材料作文、看图作文、扩写、缩写、改写、续写等。例如2005年中考作文题。

高考历年满分作文选

材料作文写作中需要注意的是：

1.要读懂材料。认真阅读材料，理清材料思路，明确材料指向，归纳材料要点，把握材料寓意，最终提炼写作中心。这是材料作文写作的关键，也是考场作文能否及格的第一步。

提炼中心练习。阅读所给文字，归纳写作要点：

小时候妈妈经常教育我们说：“滴水之恩，当涌泉相报。无论何时何地，都不要忘记别人对你的恩情，这才是做人的根本。”现在我也用妈妈这句话教育我的孩子，希望他做一个知恩图报、懂得感激的人。2002年6月的某一天，儿子放学回来，一进门就说：“妈妈，我们学校要给受灾地区捐款，这一次我捐100元。”“为什么？”“因为这次受灾地区有陕西省，我很担心周至县枣春小学的孩子们，还有我住过的老乡家是否被水淹了。妈妈，他们会被水淹死吗？还有那些可爱的小狗。”说着说着儿子的眼圈红了起来，我也被他感动了，于是从包里拿出100元递给他。他所说的地方是他2001年随星星河记者团采访过的地方。

这则材料只要找到点题句——希望儿子做一个知恩图报、懂得感激的人，即“感恩”，中心内容就迎刃而解了。

2.要联系实际。确定写作中心后，内容构思是要选择切入点，从身边小事、眼前情境、街头见闻等入笔，徐徐展开生活画卷，联系作者的学习、生活实际，写实事、抒真情、谈看法、说体会。

3.要力求出新。在文章观点无误的前提下，展开多角度的思考，突破思维定势，克服从众心理，独辟蹊径，力求写出人无我有、人有我新、摄人心魄的好文章。还是“感恩”的材料，一位同学的作文是这样开头的：

family，家庭。F代表爸爸，father；a代表和，and；m代表妈妈，mother；i代表我，I；l代表爱，love；y代表你们，you。把汉语的意思连在一起，就是“爸爸和妈妈，我爱你们”。

那晚，我和一个语文课代表，为了帮老师查点什么，晚上八点左右，才在同学们的关心声与道别声中，走出了校门。也就在此时此刻，我才想起我忘记把晚归的事情告诉给这个世界上最爱我，最疼我，最关心我的人——我那恩重如山的家人。

4.要锤炼语言，巧用修辞，力求使文章达到内容与形式的和谐统一。

5.避免材料作文跑题的方法是要注意开头、结尾的写法，做到首尾呼应，反复点题。

财富，指具有价值的东西就称之为财富，包括自然财富、物质财富、精神财富等。下面是语文迷为大家整理的关于财富的英语名言，希望对你写作文有帮助。

Betrand Russell, British philosopher 乞丐并不羡慕百万富翁，尽管他们一定会羡慕比他们乞讨得多的乞丐。

英国哲学家罗素.B.

He that has a full purse never lacks a friend. Even in a busy market, nobody cares to know a poor person.

Anonymors 富在深山有远亲;贫在闹市无人识。

无名氏

All good things are cheap, all bad things are very dear.

Henry David Thoreau, Ameican writer 一切好的东西都是便宜的，所有坏的东西都是非常贵的。

美国作家梭罗。H.D.

Apply yourself to true riches; it is shameful to depend upon silver and gold for a happy life.

Lrcius Annaeus Seneca, Ancient Roman Philosopher 要争取真正的财富，靠金银谋取幸福是不光彩的。

古罗马哲学家西尼加.L.A.

I would rather have my people laugh at my economies than weep for my extravagance.

Oscar ll, Swedish king 我宁愿让我的人民嘲笑我的的小气也不愿让他们为我的挥霍而哭泣。

瑞典国王奥斯卡二世

A penny saved is a penny gained.

Richard Brckminster Fuller.American srchitect 省下一分钱等于得到一分钱。

美国建筑师富勒.R.B.

Beggars cannot be choosers.

Du Bose Heywood, American writer 乞丐不能挑肥拣瘦。

美国作家海伍德.D.B.

Creditors have better memories than debtors.

Benjamin Franklin. American president 放债的比借债记性好。

美国总统富兰克林。B.

Economy is in itself a source of great revenue.

Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Ancient Roman Philosopher 节约本身就是最大的收入 .

罗马哲学家 西尼加，L.A.

Economy is the poor man s mint; and extravagance the rich man s pitfall. 节约是穷人的造币厂，浪费是富翁的陷阱。

英国作家 塔泊.M

Few rich men own their property.The property owns them.

Robert Green Ingersoll. American Iawyer 极少富人拥有他们的财产，是财产拥有他们。

美国律师英格索尔.R.G.

If you would know the value of money, go and try to borrow some.

Benjamin Franklin, American presudent 要想知道钱的价值，就想办法去借钱试试。

美国总统富兰克林.B.

I finally know what distinguishes man from the other beasts:financial worries.

Jules Renard, French playwright 我终于明白人与野兽的区别在于：人为钱而担忧。

法国剧作家勒纳尔.J.

If rich, it is easy enough to conceal our wealth, but, if poor, it is not so easy to conceal our poverty. We shall find it less difficult to hide a thousand guineas, than one hole in our coat.

Charles C. Colton, British clergyman 如果富有，藏富很容易;如果贫穷，掩饰贫穷却很难。我们不难发现隐藏1000个金币比遮盖衣服上的一个破洞来得容易。

英国画妆师科尔顿.C.C

An ounce of prudence is worth a pound of gold.

Tobias Smollett, British writer 一盎司谨慎抵得上一磅黄金。

英国作家 .斯摩莱特 .T.

All the splendor in the world is not worth a good friend.

Voltaire, French thinker 人世间所有的荣华富贵不如一个好朋友。

法国思想家伏尔泰

关于财富的英语谚语

A bashful dog never fattens.害羞的狗养不胖。(bashful:害羞的)

A beggar can never be bankrupt,乞丐永远不会破产。

A beggar s purse is a I ways empty.乞弓存不住钱。

A borrowed loan should come laughing home.向人借贷应微笑返还。(借钱乐还，再借不难)。 读书笔记

A clear fast is better than a dirty breakfast.宁为清贫，不为法富。 内容来自

A covetous man does nothing that he should till he dies,贪娶之人，死后方尽其义务。

A covetous man is good to none, but worst to himself,贪娶之人，对人无益，对己更损。 读后感

A covetous woman deserves a swindling gallant,贪娶女郎的绝配就是负心汉。

A fool and his money are soon parted,傻子存不了钱。 内容来自

A heavy purse makes a light heart,钱袋沉甸甸，人就轻飘。

A lamb is as dear to a poor man as an ox to the rich,的黑羊比富人的牛更珍贵。

A light purse makes a heavy heart.?中无钱心事重。

A man does not wander far from where his corn is roast i ng.人不会远离财富的来源。 内容来自

A man has no more goods then he has good of.只有享用财富，才算真正拥有财舍田。 读后感

A man may love his house we I I without riding on the ridge.有宝何必人前夸。

A man without money is a bow without an arrow.人无钱，犹如弓无箭。 读后感

A man without money is no man at all. 一分钱难倒英雄汉。

A man’ s wealth is his enemy,财富是人之患也。

应用文是人们日常生活中广泛使用的文体。它最突出的特点是它的实际应用性，应用文包括很广，如书信、通知、日记、海报、便条、启事、请柬、电报、合同等。应用文的语言应使用规范语言，重在实用，力求朴实、准确、简洁。

一、书信

书信我们分为两部分：信封和内容。

1、信封的写法。

英语信封正面的左上角，写发信人的姓名和地址。在信封的正面中央偏左一点，写收信人的地址和姓名。

英语信封上的地点名称由小到大，视其长短可占二至五行不等。

寄信人只写姓名，不写头衔。但是，收信人一般都在名字前加上头衔，以示礼貌和尊敬。对于没有官衔和学衔的人士，通常在姓名前写上Mr., Mrs.,或Ms.。

信封的写法，一般来说，很少出现在中考英语的作文中。

2、内容。

英文信一般可以分为下列几个部分。

1)信端(Heading)即写信人的地址和发信日期。

2)收信人姓名地址

3)称呼

4)信的正文

5)结束语

6)签名

有的时候，出题者会让考生写e-mail。e-mail的写法和书信的写法基本一致。只不过少了书信在信封上的繁琐。

二、发言稿

发言稿要注意以下三点：

1、发言的地点

2、发言的对象

3、发言的内容。

三、通知

通知的正文一般都是写在"Notice"以词之下，一般来说不必写称呼语和结束语。出同时的单位名称可以写在notice之上，也可以写在正文的右下角。

正文一般采用文章式，有时为了醒目，也可采用广告式。广告式要力求简明扼要，一个句子可分几行。每行第一个字母一般要大写。

四、启事

启事是一种公告式的应用文。团体或个人如有什么事情要向大家公开说明或对公众有什么要求，可将要说的话写成启事，张贴在布告栏上或登在报刊上。启事一般无固定格式，要求简明扼要即可。

五、海报

海报是一种带有装饰性的宣传广告。有时配以绘画图案。内容以影讯、展览、演出信息、友谊赛等为主。为了尽可能使更多的人知道，海报往往贴在醒目之处。

记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容，以叙述和描写为表达方式的文章。

以写人为主的记叙文，应该注意肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以及对细节的描写，考生应根据写作的要求，灵活掌握，突出重点。

以写事为主的记叙文，应该注意交待六要素(时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果)，应该注意描写先后顺序以及记事的相对完整，注意把握好事情的开始、发展、高潮及结局。

以与景为主的记叙文，应该注意景物的主要特征，景物描写的层次，以及人与物的情感交融。

记叙文写作要点如下：

1. 明确写作目的和叙述的中心思想，段落叙述始终围绕着主题而展开，避免空间的叙述和与主题无关的内容。

2. 一篇好叙述文需要直接或间接表达以下六个问题，即：when?该事发生的时间， where?该事发生的地点，who?人物角色是谁，what?发生的是什么事，why?该事发生的原因，以及how?事件的结果是如何造成的等等。

3. 一篇记叙文，无论长短如何都应该是一个完全独立的事实，因此，在下笔时必须明确：该从何处开始叙述，该在何处结束叙述，以及应该提供何种事实才能使叙述完整。

4. 写作顺序可以采用“顺叙”、“倒叙”和“穿插叙述”的方法，但初学者最好采用“顺叙”的方法进行训练，以情节发生时间的先后为序。

记叙文高考指引

记叙文是高考书面表达中比较常用的一种形式。

1)记叙文要写作者比较了解的人或事物。

2)仔细审题，看准题目要求，确定文章的主题。文章的内容、结构、层次及所用语言都应围绕主题进行。

3)具体详细地描述。要使文章有说服力，叙述就必须繁简疏密相间。详细具体的描写有助于读者对所叙述的人物或事件等有个深刻的印象。

4)写作时要避免句子单调、毫无花样。这就要求写作时长短句结合，注意衔接词的运用。

5)叙述要生动。要使文章叙述生动，具有吸引力，必须请注意词汇的选择，时态的运用以及上下文的一致问题。词语的运用应注意是否恰当、通顺、简洁和准确。时态的运用应注意上下文的相关性、连续性，要与表达的内容一致。

6)叙述的顺序。大多数情况下叙述都是按照事情的发展及时间的先后进行的，但有时也可以采用其它顺序，如倒叙、插叙等。

7)人称。一般说来，记叙文用第一人称或第三人称来叙述。用第一人称叙述的优点是：文章比较生动、形象，使读者有身临其境的感觉，因而加强了故事的真实感和感染力。其缺点是，描写的范围受到限制。一篇文章中，由于角色的变化，人称也要随之而变，但应注意前后一致性。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

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