英语写作提分的诀窍_英语写作指导作文热门20篇

写好这篇作文，要注意以下几个问题：

（一）什么是感恩。

宽泛的说就是对别人所给的帮助表示感激。它的情感比感谢要深切、要厚重、要丰沛。

（二）对谁感恩。

这个问题其实就是这篇文章的主要写作对象和范围。

在写作范围上同学们一定要拓宽选材空间，可以思考的范围有：回顾历史，放眼社会，倾听大自然，展望未来。

在写作对象上同学们要倾注丰富情感，可以寄托的情感的载体有人、物、景、事等。

（三）感恩的原因。

这是这篇作文的写作缘由。感恩，充实着我们的生活；感恩，塑造着我们的心灵；感恩，

使世界变得美丽；感恩，使我们拥有爱心，天天拥有感恩之心是多么幸福、清净的境界。但现代社会中有很多缺乏感恩的表现：对父母辛苦的无动于衷、对老师付出的漠然置之、对动物受伤的冷眼相待、对别人危难的缺乏同情、对民族忧患的缺乏关注。。。。面对这些现象，我们可以展现自己与写作对象之间发生的事件交往、情感交流和独特体悟。很多事情、很多情感值得我们写入作文。可以参考的有：

1父母亲的爱惜、呵护

2老师们的指导、教诲

3朋友间的关心、提醒

4陌生人的帮助、风险

4大自然的恩赐、赋予

5失败后的鞭策、启迪

6祖国、民族的强壮、哺育

（四）怎样感恩

感恩，不像你想像得那么遥不可及，它做起来也很简单。以下给出几个小材料，通过这几个小材料，总结下我们可以借鉴的感恩的做法：

一．为何国王把王位传给第三个儿子？

有个国王有三个儿子，他很疼爱他们，但不知传位给谁。最后，他让三个儿子回答如何表达对父亲的爱。大儿子说：我要把父王的功德制成帽子，让全国的百姓天天把您供在头上。二儿子说：我要把父王的功德制成鞋子，让普天下的百姓都知道是您支撑他们。三儿子：我只想把您当做一位平凡的父亲，永远放在我心里。最后，国王把王位传给了第三个儿子。

通过这则材料我们总结出的是：

感恩需要真诚，它应该来自心灵的深处。

二、小女孩为何获得雷鸣般的掌声？

老师正在做一次如何感恩父母的调查。一个同学马上说：等我长大的时候，我要送一套很大很大的别墅给他们。其他的同学露出惊奇和羡慕的目光。另一个同学接着说：我要请爸爸妈妈出去旅游，南极的冰川和北极的极光就是我送给他们的礼物！其他的同学传出不小的赞叹声。只有一个女孩怯怯地说：我要给妈妈洗头，让让她的长发飘逸起来空气在这一刻凝固了，教室里静得能听见心跳声。为什么？老师不解地问。在一次车祸中，妈妈的双手致残了，只有我给她洗头对妈妈来说，洗头是种幸福！教室里爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。

通过这则材料我们总结出的是：

感恩需要爱，它是幸福的另一种表达。

感恩需要细心呵护，它应该来自平凡的生活。

三、奥运会冠军顾俊的感人之处何在？

《江南时报》报道，载誉归来的奥运会冠军顾俊回到家乡无锡，得知父亲顾德元所在的无锡第四纺织机械厂正遇到贷款难题，便毫不犹豫地拿出自己的16枚金牌，给父亲拿去作为贷款抵押。如今，这家企业蒸蒸日上。当职工们共拿出20万元奖励她时，顾俊却说：我为家乡人民做些事情是应该的没有家乡的哺育，就没有我的今天。

通过这则材料我们总结出的是：

感恩需要提升境界,它应该来自博大的胸怀。

四、国手拒绝回国原因哪般？

釜山亚运会之前，中国篮球协会召回在美国打球的王治郅，准备将他与姚明、巴特尔组成固若金汤的防线。然而，由于害怕经济利益受到损失，这位无人能替的国手最终没有回国效力。比赛的结果可以想象，我们以几分之差屈居亚军

通过这则材料我们总结出的是：

感恩应该远离冷漠，拒绝自私，对心胸狭窄勇敢地说不。

[如何指导感恩话题作文的写作

阅读下面的材料。根据要求作文：

美国女作家海伦·凯勒，从小双目失明，她凭着超人的意志和智慧，成为被世人所仰慕的一颗明星。下面是从她写的《假如给我三天光明》中摘录的一些语段，读后按要求作文。

要是人们把活着的每一天都看作是生命的最后一天该有多好啊！这就更显出生命的价值。如果认为岁月还相当漫长，我们的每一天就不会过得那么有意义，有朝气，我们对生活就不会充满热情。

只有那些瞎了的人才更加珍惜光明。事情往往就是这样，一旦失去了的东西，人们才会留恋它。

我有这样的想法：如果让每个人在成年后的某个阶段瞎上几天，聋上几天该有多好。黑暗将使他们更加珍惜光明，寂静将教会他们真正领略喧哗的欢乐。

我多么渴望看看这世上的一切，如果说我凭我的触觉能得到如此大的乐趣，那么能让我亲眼目睹一下该有多好。奇怪的是．明眼人对这一切却如此淡漠！那点缀世界的五彩缤纷和千姿百态在他们看来是那么的平庸。也许人就是这样：有了的东西不知道欣赏，没有的东西又一味追求。

请你思考一下这个问题：假如你只有三天的光明，你将如何使用你的眼睛？想到三天以后。太阳再也不会在你的眼前升起，你又将如何度过那宝贵的三日？

请以感悟光阴为话题作文。

注意：

①立意自定；

②文体自选；

③题目自拟；

④不少于800字。

【写作指导】

光阴就是时间。关于光阴的名言，古今中外很多。比如，盛年不重来，一日难再晨。及时当勉励，岁月不待人。（陶渊明）莫等闲，自了少年头，空悲切。（岳飞）花有重开日，人无再少时。（关汉卿）我以为世界上最可贵的就是‘今’，最易丧失的也是‘今’。因为它最容易丧失，所以更觉得它可贵。（李大钊）时间，就像海绵里的水一样，只要你愿意挤，总还是有的。（鲁迅）你热爱生活吗？那么别浪费时间，因为时间是组成生命的材料。（富兰克林），这些都说明要珍惜时间。分析本话题提供的材料，从多角度说明时间之珍贵：如果把活着的每一天都看作生命的最后一天，生命就更有价值，对生活就会充满热情；失去的东西才知道留恋；如果每个人耳聋、眼瞎上几天，就会更加珍惜光阴；每个人都应珍惜自己所拥有的，因为时间无情；如果一个人的生命只有最后几天或只有三天的光明，应怎样度过？将名言和本话题所给的材料结合起来，选择一个自己较易把握的角度，选择自己擅长的文体．写出有特色的文章。

可写成议论性文章，也可写成记叙性文章。可以叙写自己的亲身经历、体验和感受，也可以编述故事、童话、寓言等。还可写成散文、诗歌、戏剧等文体。

“大自然中的启示”的作文

首先我们了解这次习作的要求：选择对某一种动物、植物或自然现象的进行观察发现，把观察发现中的活动经过、亲身感受和体验写出来。这次作文要求表现出热爱自然、善待自然的思想感情及勇于探索大自然奥秘的精神风貌。

写作思路提示：

大自然是我们赖以生存的家园，它教会我们怎样生活；教我们明白生命的意义和真谛。如果你细心地思考一下，你获得许多大自然给我们的启示：从动物身上的启示所发明的：人们模仿鸡蛋外形的特点，建造了拱形桥；受鸟儿飞翔的启示，发明了飞机，从植物身上的启示所发明的：从茅草划破手指，发明了锯；月圆月缺这种自然现象，常常代表亲友的团聚、离散；蚂蚁和蚜虫，表现出为生存而合作互助；从蜜蜂身上我们也可看到团结、分工的精神?..以上这些启示数不胜数。你只要细心观察、勤于思考一定会发现大自然众多的秘密。

写作要领和注意事项：

本次习作有两个要领和需要注意的环节：

一、它和我们写状物文章略有不同。状物文章一般具备物品的外观（形）和用途（习性），再加上能托物言志即可。但本次习作不但要写动、植物的外形、自然现象等表象东西，更重要要把发现的本质特征——例如：原因、原理、性质、解决问题的办法等写出来。

二、结尾要把自己受到的启示写出来，也就是把分析研究后的结论、观察发现后的见解写出来。也可以写出观察活动后心得体会。

三、注意写作顺序：有两种顺序供参考:

1.按照以观察——发现——启示为重点线索来写；

2.按照由果转到因的逻辑顺序来写。即：先说明什麽给了我启示，在讲述怎麽给了启示的过程。

习作提纲示例：

啄木鸟给人类的启示

开头：简单的介绍啄木鸟是一种什麽动物。如：森林卫士

中间：写我的疑问：啄木鸟为什麽不怕震？

写我是怎样发现啄木鸟不怕震。（略写，简单带过即可）

写我如何一步步寻找啄木鸟不怕震的原因。是通过查资料，还是问老师，还是上网，还是问爸爸、妈妈；然后引用事实依据来解释原因。（详写）

结尾：写啄木鸟给人类的启示。

啄木鸟的奥秘

世间万物丰富多彩、美不胜收，而且有着千丝万缕的联系。如果细心观察，用心思考，就有可能发现事物的奥秘。今天，我就通过实地观察，查找资料发现啄木鸟是怎样啄木的。下面，就让我告诉你们吧！

啄木鸟的身体构造适合攀缘树木，它们的翼短而钝，不适宜快飞和远飞。腿短而有力，脚趾二向前，二趾向后，善于攀缘树木。尾呈楔形，羽轴很硬，并富有弹性，在树上爬行或啄木时，尾是支柱。

啄木鸟的嘴直而有力，像凿子。它的行动速度非常快。它们通过叩树声音辨别树干里是否有害虫，一旦察觉树干内有虫，就会把舌头伸进树干里，将它勾出吃掉。啄木鸟的舌头很特殊，长14厘米，细长而柔软，能伸出口外，好像装有弹簧一样能伸能缩。据统计，在树木中过冬的害虫，95％都将被啄木鸟消灭，真不愧是“森林医生。”听了我的介绍，你们应该知道啄木鸟是怎样啄木的了吧！

发现，让我快乐无比。

《XX的启示》《XX（一种现象），你是我的老师》《感悟XX（一种现象）》

《由XX想到的》《直接以观察到现象为题》

精彩好词参考：

仿生学超声波转基因多功能扫描仪

现代化特异功能奥妙无穷

认识自然利用自然自然规律保护自然和谐自然奇思妙想浮想联翩生态平衡

濒危物种创新精神和煦春风春风拂面春风温柔春风清凉秋风凉爽金风送爽

千姿万态若有若无或散或聚飘荡不定游来游去时厚时薄云海茫茫瞬息万变

一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + haveever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

例句：

Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。)

例句：

We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...)

例句：

There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道...)

例句：

It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的...)

例句：

There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的优点是...)

例句：

An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create (produce) any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...)

例句：

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此...以致于...)

例句：

So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然...)

例句：

Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}

虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more+ Adj + S + V ~~~(愈...愈...)

例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.

你愈努力，你愈进步。

The more books we read, the more learned we become.

我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。

十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借着...，..能够..)

例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (..使..能够..)

例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.

听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ (我们绝对不能...)

例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

十五、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是...的时候了)

例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

十六、Those who ~~~ (...的人...)

例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

十七、There is no one but ~~~ (没有人不...)

例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.

没有人不渴望上大学。

十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...)

例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.

既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。

十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的)

It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的)

It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的)

例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

二十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是...的原因)

例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I dont like it.

夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式.(过去...年来，...一直...)

例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.

过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。

例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ (...是值得的。)

例句：It pays to help others.

帮助别人是值得的。

二十四、be based on (以...为基础)

例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.

社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的)

例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 (让...明白...事)

例句：We should bring home to people the valueof working hard.

我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。

二十七、be closely related to ~~ (与...息息相关)

例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.

做运动与健康息息相关。

二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving= make it a rule to + V (养成...的习惯)

We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~(因为...)

例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.

因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么...!)

例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!

How important a thing it is to keep our promise!

遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

三十一、Leave much to be desired (令人不满意)

例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

我们的交通状况令人不满意。

三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ (对...有很大的影响)

例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.

抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

三十三、do good to (对...有益)，do harm to (对...有害)

例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。

Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ (对...造成一大威胁)

例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。

三十五、do ones utmost to + V = do ones best (尽全力去...)

例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.

我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

The winter solstice, the winter solstice as the "holiday" in han dynasty, the rulers to congratulate ceremony known as "He Dong", official holidays, routine officialdom popular each "winter" worship custom. "Were" has such records: "before and after the winter solstice, the gentleman place static body, baiguan, scenes, and then pick an auspicious day Chen save trouble." So on the court and off to rest, to the army on standby, frontier retreat, business travel out of business, family and all distinctions to food, visit each other, a joyous festival "place static body". When in the six dynasties, the winter solstice is called "the age", people to elders to extend holiday greetings to your parents; After the song dynasty, the winter solstice festival gradually become the sacrifice to ancestors and gods.

Tang and song period, the winter solstice is to worship the day of worship ancestors, the emperor held outside the day to worship, the people in this day to the parents or elders worship. Ming and qing dynasties, the emperor have to worship, of "winter solstice jiao days". There has to be given to a emperor, table officials ritual, but also to each other for congratulations, like New Years day.

Winter festival also called yesterday, hand in winter. It is one of the 24 solar terms, is a traditional festival of China, have "the winter solstice as big as a year". Winter solstice supplements, is Chinas traditional customs, folksay: fill a lump-sum winter, in the coming year without pain. Summer volts, winter lump-sum. The winter solstice mend, nutrients.

冬至到了，汉代以冬至为“冬节”，官府要举行祝贺仪式称为“贺冬”，官方例行放假，官场流行互贺的“拜冬”礼俗。《后汉书》中有这样的记载：“冬至前后，君子安身静体，百官绝事，不听政，择吉辰而后省事。”所以这天朝廷上下要放假休息，军队待命，边塞闭关，商旅停业，亲朋各以美食相赠，相互拜访，欢乐地过一个“安身静体”的节日。魏晋六朝时，冬至称为“亚岁”，民众要向父母长辈拜节;宋朝以后，冬至逐渐成为祭祀祖先和神灵的节庆活动。

唐、宋时期，冬至是祭天祀祖的日子，皇帝在这天要到郊外举行祭天大典，百姓在这一天要向父母尊长祭拜。明、清两代，皇帝均有祭天大典，谓之“冬至郊天”。宫内有百官向皇帝呈递贺表的仪式，而且还要互相投刺祝贺，就像元旦一样。

冬至节亦称冬节、交冬。它既是二十四节气之一，是中国的一个传统节日，曾有“冬至大如年”的说法。冬至进补，是我国传统风俗，俗语云：三九补一冬，来年无病痛。夏养三伏，冬补三九。冬至补一补,一年精气足。

要点：实际上中考英语写作就等于两个字，翻译!因为中考英语写作一般会给出几个要点，要求必须在文章中有所体现。文章写的再好，只要缺少要点就会扣分。所以要点，也就是文章的第二段内容，要做到全，围绕中心。

结构：中考最流行的结构就是三段式，深受各地区中考英语写作阅卷老师的喜爱。为什么尼?因为这种结构十分清晰。“观点——要点——总结”让人一目了然。三段式的第一段：简单明了，开门见山，不超过2句话，如，我们想表达小强很强壮，第一段直接说XQis extremely strong。观点明确，这一句足矣。

第二段：分2-3点说为什么他强壮。1. 每天吃10顿饭，He has ten mealseveryday!详举吃的是什么。2. 每天运动2小时，He does exercise 2 hours a day!详举做了什么运动。

第三段：经过第二段的论证，可以得出结论。但请注意，不能完全照抄第一段，要有升华。也可以提出希望和建议等。如，Howstrong and robust XQ is!I hope to be him one day!

逻辑：这里的逻辑实际指的就是逻辑词。最常用的就是表示递进的，转折的，总结的逻辑词等。递进：除了first，second，third，finally等还可以使用高级点的，如first of all(首先)，in addition，whatsmore，moreover(都是另外的意思)，in a word，all inall(表示总结的)。转折：but，yet，however等。真正有经验的阅卷老师会很注意这些逻辑连接词，因为这些词体现了这个文章的思路。

语法：其他几点都不是硬性的要求，不那样做不能说是错，只能说是不好，但是语法却是硬性的。如，单词的使用，时态等。

亮点：当我们将前八个字都做得很完美的时候也只能得到一个二等文的上。要想得到一等文，最后两个字，亮点至关重要。大家设想如果我们是阅卷老师。有两篇写人美丽的作文摆在我们面前，都是结构清晰的三段式，要点都很全，都用了一些逻辑词，都没有语法错误，但是A篇只用了beautiful，good-looking，B篇却用到了attractive，charming，catching等，我坚信正常人都会给B篇高分的。这些高级一点的词汇，词组，句型便是我们得到一等文的最有力的绝招。所以，以后写英语作文要养成一般词汇限量用的好习惯。

一、平心静气，成竹在胸

考场作文的心态很重要，特别是看到自己平时没有准备的，心中没有底的作文时，有人不免要慌乱，你要告戒自己，作文是猜不到的，很正常，但我努力思考，我肯定又是熟悉的，要有自信，对自己说我能写好，成功与失败很大程度上决定于心理素质，要平心静气，努力思考，要成竹在胸，写好作文。还要不断地给自己以积极的暗示，一般的同学不妨这么

想：千字小文何足惧，写出佳作大有希望。

二、仔细审题，把握材料

从近几年高考来看，作文命题是话题作文，它包括：材料，话题，限定条件。这种“限而不死”的作文形式，其优越性日渐为人们所认识。因此，按提供的材料认真审题，就成了考场作文的起点，也是写好考场作文的关键。

话题作文的题面通常由话题材料、写作话题和注意事项三部分组成，其中材料是话题的依托，话题是写作的中心，注意事项是对写作提出的补充要求。审题时，这三部分都要认真揣摩，万不可顾此失彼。

三、文题简洁，准确醒目

文题是文章的眉目，“文好题一半”。一个好的题目，可以概括全文的内容，可以体现全文的思路，可以蕴涵全文的主旨，可以表明全文的特色，能给人清新脱俗、耳目一新的感觉，能一下子抓住读者的注意力、激发起仔细阅读的兴趣，能使文章起到眉目传神的妙用。考场作文的文题应力求简洁凝炼，形象生动，拟题原则是“小”“准”“新”，能展示文采，先声夺人。常见的文题有三种类型。1、采用原话题的原词句，并不多加改造。如《心灵的选择》《小议诚信》。2、在对原话题理解的基础上，所拟文题或明确主旨，或概括内容，或体现思路，或表明特色，如《高扬道德的大旗》、《失败是种难言的美丽》。3、采用一定的修辞方法，常见的如比喻《用语言连缀心灵的星空》，夸张式《世界很小是个家》，引用式《你不该安静地走开》(歌曲)、《忙兮忙兮奈若何》(诗句)，反问式《21世纪你美吗》，情景式《滑铁卢上空的雄鹰》，符号式《出发+拼搏=到达》，呼告式《妈妈，我想对你说》，对比式《英雄无用武之地与英雄有用武之地》。这三种情况以后两种为好。

四、凤头引蝶，立意新颖

古人写文章很讲究开头，称之“凤头”，西方的谚语也这样说：好的开头是成功的一半。对于一篇800字左右的考场作文来说更是如此，往往开头便决定了整篇文章的大体走势，定下了文章的基调。同时，一个好的开头也增加考生写好下文的信心。开头的方法有很多，但究竟如何开头需要因文而定，因人而定。只要能够使阅卷者更好地理解和把握文章，且富有感染力和吸引力，就是成功的文章开头。

立意时一要善于“化大为小”，口子要小，要善于在一个大的、宽泛的范围内，“择其一点，不及其余”，也就是只写“大范围”中的“某一方面”，给自己提供了一个充分发挥、具体表现的好舞台，这样才能在小篇幅内写出立意鲜明集中、内容具体充实的好文章。二要善于“以小见大”，从小的方面表现深刻的主题。这就要求我们在选择“小的方面”的时候，注意所选方面的“现实性、针对性、典型性”。

立意对文章写作的成败至关重要，应该在准确、深刻、新颖、独到上下工夫，最好能体现出创新意识，这就需要有见地、有胆识，善于避开人云亦云的观点，跳出陈陈相因的窠臼，表现出自己对社会、对人生的真实感受和认识。如果想写出认识深刻的的文章来，就要“见人所未见，发人所未发”。要做到深思，就必须由此及彼、由表及里、由浅入深(由个别到一般)，透过现象深入本质，揭示问题产生的原因，要辩证分析，自己观点具有启发作用。

五、快速构思，编列提纲

快速构思是写作成功的关键。快速构思的过程，实际是一个快速调遣材料表达中心的过程。文章中心的表达因文体而异，议论文重在明确，用材料证明;记叙文贵在含蓄，让事实说话。无论写什么体裁的文章，表达中心的材料都是必不可少的。材料是文章的血肉，没有材料，文章的内容便丰富不起来;有了材料而不加选择，文章的思想也深刻不起来。因此，选用什么样的材料表达中心，便成为考场作文构思的首要问题。

安排材料的过程，实际上是一个组织文章结构的过程。从整体上看，采用什么样的结构形式，遵循怎样的写作思路，都要根据不同的文体特点通盘谋划，就局部而言，哪些在前，哪些在后，哪些该详，哪些该略，也都要根据行文的需要妥当处置，这样，材料的安排才会有条不紊，井然有序。此外，文章怎么开头，怎么结尾，如何组织段落和层次，如何进行过渡和照应，也要精心进行设计，只有这样，文章的结构才算得上严谨和完整。成功的构思使所写的文章能向人们揭示某种隐藏在客观事物里或社会表象深处的道理。只有深入构思，才能由此及彼、由表及里的对客观事物或社会表象得出清晰而深刻的认识，才能写出观点新颖、结构与角度不落俗套的佳作。

以上构思的全过程，可以用一份简明的提纲来表示。提纲是文章内容的浓缩，也是行文思路的体现，要在考场上快速成文，列一份明晰的构思提纲是非常必要的。一些考生写话题作文时常常复制话题，原地打转，或者东拉西扯，文意散漫，有这样一份提纲控制，有利于防止这类毛病的发生。提纲的大致形式为：开头，如何扣题;中间各段主要写什么，分几层写;结尾如何照应开头，如何深化、强调主题等。“胸中有全局，笔下有路数”，作文才有可能一气呵成。

六、认真行文，发挥水平

提纲对作文有搭桥引路的作用，在行文阶段，更要高标准、严要求，继续活跃思维，一鼓作气，把文章写得尽全尽美。比如写议论文，一般说来，开头的文字能起到交代提出问题的背景，摆明自己的观点，提挈下文的作用即可。核心和主干部分，应以相当的篇幅和文字来证明自己提出的论点，阐发深刻的道理。它要求考生以严谨审慎的态度、清晰不紊的思路和简洁流畅的文字正确地反映出自己的独到见解。同时，还要选择恰当的论述方式，总述、分述合理安排，观点、材料紧密结合。论述中力求观点明晰、判断准确、推理严密、论证过程合乎逻辑等。结尾是作文从提出论题到论证论题的水到渠成的自然终结，是全文收束部分，要干净利落，避免节外生枝或画蛇添足。

一、作文题目

请以“其实很简单”为题，写一篇不少于600字的文章，文体自选(诗歌除外)。文中不得出现真实的校名、人名。

二、审题

1、“其实很简单”是省略主语的陈述句式，如可以补上“快乐”、“幸福”、“关爱”、“感恩”、

“尽孝”、“成功”……

2、理解文题中“其实”暗示的要求：“其实”指这个问题从表面上看似乎很难，其实并不难。它暗示了行文的情节应该设计为起初认为是那样，后来因为某一际遇，明白了是那样。

三、选材、立意

1、幸福其实很简单，幸福就是带着满足的心生活，就是能够关爱别人，就是能够谅解别人，就是能够理解别人，你读懂了，你用心体会了，你就会觉得幸福其实很简单。

2、快乐其实很简单，原谅自己或别人可以原谅的过错，不要一味地内疚后悔或漫骂责怪，让你的心情轻松起来。

3、感恩其实很简单，对亲人做一些力所能及的事情，表示对他们的关爱，这就是感恩。比如：为亲人端茶、送饭、嘘寒问暖用来回报亲人，表示对他们的关爱。

4、成功其实很简单，把我们人生征途中的目标具体化一些，以坦荡的心情迎接挑战，相信你我一般的凡人，也可以取得成功，因为成功其实很简单。

四、写作构思

1、写一件事的作文：生活中什么其实很简单，为什么说它其实很简单，用生活中具体的事例来说明它的简单，最后再谈谈自己的感悟。

2、以镜头剪接的方式，再现生活的精彩，最后再以简洁的语言点明中心。

五、范文示例

(一)其实很简单

尽孝，其实很简单。

父母的恩情深似海，我相信每个人都有颗尽孝的心，可是许多人都认为尽孝需要一大笔财富，因而他们觉得尽孝难，“难于上青天”。其实，尽孝是极其简单的，父母所想要的并非是无尽的物质享受，他们所想要的仅仅是你力所能及的，哪怕是一个发自内心的浅浅的微笑。

对此，我深有感触。

上初中以来，因功课紧张，我从不动手干家务，母亲身兼多职，洗衣煮饭打扫样样不离手，父亲则义无反顾地承担着家庭重担。每每看到他们脸上滑过的汗水，我总默默许下心愿，我将来一定要有所成就，好好孝敬父母，但这太难太遥远了。

那天中午放学，恰巧母亲外出，父亲正蹲在地上工作着，他那专注的眼神都集中在手里的零件上，谁也无法打断他。我越过这熟悉的场景，直奔入厨房寻找“能量来源物”。令我大失所望的是，锅里空空如也。我肚子里“空城计”已唱了一遍又一遍，顿时我生气极了：“到底是钱重要还是我重要，只顾挣钱不顾我!”我又气又饿地走出厨房，本想大发脾气，但看到父亲那矮小的身影，蹲在地上的他已完全失去幼年时在我心里那高大如山似的形象。我蓦地发觉：父亲老了。于是，心中的气早已抛到九霄云外，感恩之情油然而生。

我知道，这段时间对父亲来说，是犹如红军过草地时的艰难时期，不仅要忍受饥饿，还要完成这艰难的工作。我为啥不下厨煮饭给他们吃呢!说干就干，我操起很久未碰的厨具，洗菜、切菜、炒菜，做这一切时，我都觉得是那么的温馨与幸福。因为我的心里藏着一个给父母的惊喜。

“开饭喽!”随着我一声吆喝，父亲已放下手头事在洗手了，母亲也已归来。这时，我才发现父母脸上那熟悉的欣慰的笑容，“孩子长大了!”我高兴极了，一次举手之劳竟能让父母如此欢喜。

我相信，每一个赤诚忠厚的孩子，都曾在心底向父母许下“孝”的宏愿。相信来日方长，相信水到渠成，相信自己会有功成名就，衣锦还乡的那一天，可以从容感恩。可惜，他们忘了，忘了时间的残酷，忘了人生的短暂，忘了世上有永远无法报答的恩情。

“百善孝当先”。尽孝并不要等到辉煌腾达时才能做到，父母最想要的，正是那份最真最实在的行动。尽孝，其实很简单。

(二)幸福原来如此简单

幸福，有的人一生在追求，一生感觉不到幸福;有的人从未刻意追求幸福，却时刻品尝着幸福;有的人在别人眼里已经很幸福了，而他自己却体会不到;有的人在他人看来很不幸福，而他却觉得十分幸福。幸福说到底，只是一种感觉，有感觉了，也就幸福了。

一

一位在他人眼里很有身份、很有地位的人，一位在他人眼里什么都不缺、什么都拥有的人，一位在他人眼里很高贵、甚至很难接近的人，突然有一天，他的同事，他的朋友，他的邻居都发现，这位有身份、有地位的人，每天一大早，却在他们家的卫生间，大桶大桶地洗着孩子的尿布，洗好后，又来到自家的阳台，一块一块认真而又细致地洒好，下午再一块一块地迭好。他的妻子自豪地说，丈夫在洗尿布时，一边洗、一边哼着小调，那神情，严然做着一件十分开心、十分快乐的事。有人说，他完全可以用尿不湿的，他完全可以找个保姆的，他的父母，他的岳父岳母也说，他完全可以让老人做这些事的。但他不需要，他对他们说，他要自己做，他觉得他应该这样做，他是父亲，他从洗尿布中，享受到了做父亲的快乐和幸福。

二

也许，我们很多人都有过这样的经历。

在一片泥地上，两个孩子，一个男孩，一个女孩，他们正在用他们的小手，尽情地玩着泥巴。他们捏泥人，做泥团，用泥巴做一顿丰盛的宴席，小女孩还用比小男孩更加灵巧的小手，捏了很多很多的泥巴花。然后，把捏好的小工艺品整整齐齐地排列好，比他们家中自个的小房间收拾得整齐得多。小男孩还提议，两个人共同做一个恐龙，尽管他们并不知道什么是恐龙，只知道有恐龙这个东西。但是，他们硬是用自己的小手做好了恐龙。当他们完成后，两人一起舒心地站起来，象两个大艺术家一样，欣赏着自己的作品。此时此刻的他们，那幸福的神情，只有他们自己能够体会得出来。在那一刻，他们是这个世界上最幸福的人，他们也一定没有想到，为了他们的幸福，今晚，他们的父母又需要花很多的时间去洗衣服了，因为，他们身上的衣服沾满了泥巴。

三

一对中年农村夫妇，丈夫陪同妻子到城上大医院看病，晚上，他们来到城市的某个公园。

这个大门旁写着公园的公园，其实并不是公园，而是城市男女青年谈情说爱的地方。当他们向着公园的深处走去时，只见一对对青年男女，搂着的搂着，抱着的抱着，亲着的亲着，更有一些女青年，躺在男青年的怀中，说着话，撒着骄，一副陶醉的样子。起初，他们有点不适应，看到城市小青年的动作，他们的脸身微微有些发烧。他们走路也十分小心，唯恐他们走路的声音太大，引起男女青年们的不满。渐渐地，他们被小青年们的行为感染，丈夫拉起了妻子的手，妻子尽管有点不好意思，但还是接受了丈夫亲热的动作。当他们也在一个没有其他人的地方坐下来，妻子把头靠在丈夫的身上，丈夫搂着妻子的肩膀时，只听妻子轻轻地对丈夫说道，这是我一生中最幸福的时刻。

四

在上班的路上，我每天都要从一个垃圾箱前走过，每天也都能看到一个中年妇女在垃圾箱中寻找着在她看来值钱的东西。一年365天，天天如此，刮风下雨，一天也不拉下。时间长了，她也认识了我，遇到我时，还朝我笑笑，我也朝她笑笑。

我为她的精神所感染。一天，我问她，为何不去找一个工作做。她好象很无奈，也好象很无所谓地说，找不到，也不想找了。我又问她，一天能有多少收入。她告诉我，有十多块钱一天的，也有多一些的，能够供孩子读书就行。只是她又告诉我，孩子马上要考大学了，成绩还不错，如果能够考上大学，可能钱就不够了。

这一天，我刚刚路过垃圾箱，准备去上班。突然，看到一位邻居急匆匆地走向垃圾箱，说是有东西被爱人扔到垃圾箱中了。我问是什么，他没说，但从他的表情中，一定是重要的东西。果然，捡垃圾的中年妇女告诉邻居，你刚才把一个装着钱的信封摞到垃圾箱中了，她正在等着他呢。邻居很感动，抽出几张百元现钞准备给哪个捡垃圾的，但被拒绝了。但是，在哪位捡垃圾的中年妇女的脸了，我却看到了她从未有过的幸福。

五

在我们小区，有一对老年夫妇，都近八十岁了，女的得了中风，腿脚不灵活。但是，每天夫妇俩都要到外面转上几个小时，春夏秋冬，一年四季，从不中断。老头背上背着一张小凳子，一只手扶着老伴，一边轻轻地讲着什么，慢慢地，慢慢地，在他们熟悉的、已经不知走了几百遍的路上走着。每走上一段，老头就放下背上的凳子，让老太坐下，然后轻轻地用手在老伴的背上拍着，每逢天气较热时，还从口袋中拿中一杯水，在休息时给老伴喝着。此时此刻的老伴，就会很深情地望着老头，那眼神里充满着年轻人所无法体会的温情和感激。每当我看到他们时，我都会生出一种难以言表的感情，原来幸福是如此简单。

幸福其实很简单，幸福就是带着满足的心生活，就是能够谅解别人，就是能够理解别人，你读懂了，你用心体会了，你就会觉得幸福其实很简单。

说明文写作历来是学生的难点，难点一在于把握不住文体特点，会写成记叙文或四不像文体;难点二在于学生选取的说明对象过于平淡，毫无特征;难点三在于语言十分乏味，难以引发阅卷老师阅读兴趣。针对以上情况，笔者进行了初中事物说明文写作指导。

一、请看作文题

请以“我的 ” 为题，写一篇事物说明文

要求

1.要抓住说明对象的特征。

2.要合理地安排说明顺序。

3.要采用恰当的说明方法。

4.不少于600字

二、抛砖引玉——老师写“下水文”

老师以同一题目写作两篇作文，一篇为记叙文，一篇为说明文，直观地指导学生区分记叙文和说明文文体的区别。

1、例文一：我的“老人机”

唉!我悲催的“老人机”!

一日，阳光明媚，春风宜人。我意气风发地上着“赏析刘禹锡”，我大声地吟唱着：“种桃道士归何处，前度刘郎今又来，哈哈，刘禹锡呀刘禹锡，你……。”“你”还未完,oppo独有的来电铃声“啦啦啦啦啦”响起，全班同学抿着嘴，你看看我，我看看你，笑容都被按在诡异的眼睛里。只有傻乎乎的万科憋红着脸，指着我的包说：“刘老师，你的电话响了。”

可悲，我的oppo-ulike ，我的新手机呀，洁白的手机外壳，多彩的手机屏保，还有特意从台湾故宫博物院带来的翠白玉手机链呀!伟大的班主任角色，为了让全班同学不带手机，我曾故作姿态说，我上课也绝不带，若手机铃声在课堂上响起，我自愿罚缴一个学期。我大步走向我的包，迅速拿出我的手机，完全不在乎地说：“等我拿出电话卡，手机给保管员吧，王子犯法都与庶民同罪，何况一介老师!”就这样我用起了我婆婆淘汰不用的一款“老人机”。

这款“老人机”可真土呀!馒头一样的外形，系着一根土蓝色的绳子，挂在脖子上，人整个成了一个傻老太太。

一日，“三·八”来临，网上疯传打折，办公室的女人们都亢奋了，胡洁老师眼睛都不转死盯电脑，口里喃喃说：“淘宝’亲’，京东‘亲’，哪个更亲?皇冠、钻石、几个钻……”，坐在离她不到三米的我顿时感觉“你看我时很远，你看云时很近”，连问：“什么意思，什么意思?”她头也不回，冷冷地说：“用老人机的人，跟你说了也白说。”我气愤地说：“机老我不老。”“老”字还未出口，我的老人机“铃铃铃铃铃铃铃”地狂响，办公室一片爆笑。

唉!我悲催的老人机!

2、例文二：我的“老人机”

我有一款“老人机”，顾名思义，就是专门研发出来供老人使用的手机。

首先从外形来看，它极其符合老人使用。它既不是流行的滑盖的，也不是时尚的翻盖的，而是直板的，乍一看，就像一个馒头。它长约11厘米，宽约5.5厘米，重约200克，塑钢的材质，这款手机拿到手里大小、重量适中，防滑耐磨。手机的正面是由屏幕和键盘两部分组成。屏幕上不似其它时尚手机般菜单栏里充斥着游戏、qq显示、闹钟、网络连接、蓝牙等，它的屏幕只有两项内容，一是硕大的时间显示(但无日期，完全没有星期几，对于老人来说每天都是星期天);二是温度显示(提醒老人注意天气变化)。键盘按键的大小是普通按键的3倍左右，数字似乎是用刀刻的，给人的触觉是凹凸有致，无论你的眼睛是老花还是近视，都完全可以仅凭触觉拨打电话。手机右边有个凹槽，突起的部件是开关，只要向上推，一道白光就会射出，原来是个手电筒。左边也有个凹槽，两个突起像多余的耳朵似的玩意是调节音量的。翻到背面，有个橘红色的按键特别显眼，上面刻着“sos”,往上一推，就会发出尖利的报警声(对突发心脏病或处于各类危急状况下的老人极为有用)。手机的最下端也有一个凹槽，是挂着手机链的，只不过，这条手机链巨长，就像开全国人代表大会代表证的绳子，为土蓝色。它的作用可不是美观，而是挂在老人的脖子上，以防丢失手机或丢失老人。

这款手机不光是外形能满足老人需要，功能更是如此。例如在“工具箱”栏下有个项目是“我的位置”，里面有具体的经度、纬度、高度、精度、当前位置，如果你即刻打开，会看到经度115.917259度，纬度28.670116度，高度75米，精度3971米，当前位置中国江西省南昌市青山湖区新魏路45号附近。“工具栏”下还有一个项目是“超级保姆”，里面有“买菜时间”、“吃药时间”、“接孩子时间”、“晨练时间”，手机到了固定时间会自动响铃及时提醒老人。如果拔出手机中的无线电线就成了一个标准的收音机，方便老人在晨练或傍晚散步时收听。最奇特的功能是它强大的来电铃声，只要铃声一响，大约方圆100米内你也可以清楚听到。

这样一款极具特色的“老人机”，你心动了吗?

三、学法指导：说明文和记叙文的区别

1、从内容上，说明文是介绍对象的形状、性质、成因、关系、功能、价值等属性，而记叙文是叙述人物的经历和事物发展变化，以写人、叙事、写景、状物为主要内容。

2、在表达方式上，前者是说明为主，后者是记叙和描写为主。

3、从目的上看，前者是让人们认识一种事物的特性，后者是为了表达作者的一种感情和感悟。

4、语言上，前者是准确、周密，而且语言的风格一般是平实，也有生动活泼的，但是为了服务于说明事物的需要，让人容易理解和接受。而后者是利用多种修辞手法，使文章非常生动，给人一种美的感受。

四、学法指导——怎样能写出一篇规范的事物说明文

说明文的写作要点：

1.要抓住说明对象的特征

2.要合理地安排说明顺序。

3.要采用恰当的说明方法。

4.语言要准确、简洁、通俗。

五、如何写出生动的说明文

1、穿插一些修辞手法

2、精美的语言

3、运用描写

4、例文展示：

我的一件工艺品

盘虬交错的根雕，洁白飘逸的羽扇，璀璨夺目的灯饰……工艺品在日常生活中无处不在。多数人误认为它们只是华而不实的装饰。其实不然，我家床头的小夜灯就是一件集美观和功能于一身的工艺品。

这盏小夜灯外型极其小巧玲珑，长宽不过一分米的身量，不仅不占空间，而且轻便容易携带，还不及一枚鸡蛋重。更让人过目不忘的怕是它独一无二的设计。普通夜灯大部分只是一个光溜溜的灯光，插上电源就会发出惨白的光。可这盏夜灯偏偏与众不同，一千多片大小不一的水晶薄片以各种各样的角度被乳白色万能胶疏密有致地粘合在一起，成为一颗剔透的爱心，晶片间的缝隙仿佛埃菲尔铁塔的留白，神来之笔间传递出无限韵味。别以为这仅仅是为了好看。瞧，由晶片组成的表面不单单可以使发出的光强弱交织显得华美脱俗，还能使人在使用时手与凹凸不平的灯面增大摩擦力，利于抓握而不易掉落。不过，即使摔了几下也不必担心，因为晶片灯面具有一定弹性，从约两米高的空中重重跌下，小夜灯也可以毫发无损。

这都不算什么，更神奇的还在后面。当某个漆黑的夜晚你打开小夜灯，你肯定会惊异地发现它在变色，有如变奏的焰火，时而嫣红，时而粉紫，不一会儿又在黑暗中焕发出一朵鹅黄。这是怎么回事呢?原来，在晶片灯面内部安有一枚直径大概一厘米的灯泡，这可不是普通灯炮，经过设计师改装后可发出十种颜色的光。由于灯面为半透明体，其颜色自然就随透过它的灯泡色光的不同而改变了。这样别出心裁的夜灯，用它研究物理学中色彩的奥秘也丝毫不在话下。

且慢!现在就认为已经参透了这盏夜灯的玄机还为时过早。翻过夜灯，观察它的底座。底座就在灯心形造型的背面，像是把那颗完美无缺的心削去了一部分。不要以为这就会破坏其美感。这个底座安置的位置正好使不规则的心形与桌面有了一个相接点，不仅正好掩饰了这个缺口，还增强了小夜灯的稳定性。最令人拍案叫绝的是，小小的底座上居然容纳着三样东西：开关、纽扣电池盒以及约三毫米的微型支架，真是麻雀虽小，五脏俱全。这样既不会让夜灯拉着一条长长的电线而大煞风景，也避免了晚上夜起时灯不能随人而动的麻烦。由此足见设计师的良苦用心。

我经常喜欢在睡前点上小夜灯，静静地凝视它柔和而绚丽的光芒。这是心灵手巧的设计师智慧的结晶。想必将来还会有更多这样集美观与功能于一身的工艺品出世，超越前人，为我们的生活增添乐趣。

记叙文在高考作文中越来越受到青睐是大家有目共睹的，相对于议论文来说，记叙文有其自身的优势，因为考生受思维能力和阅历的限制，很难在有限的时间内写出有真知灼见的文章的；而记叙文则不同，只要把事情说清楚或者把人写活就可以了。

虽然任何一种文体本身没有优劣之分，只是相对于特定年龄阶段的高中生来说，散文是最好写的，因为现在高考的文体不限，导致很多学生不分文体，而散文形式 自由，是融记叙、议论、抒情、说明和描写等于一体的。并且散文题材广泛，凡是日常生活中的所见所闻所感所思均可入题。因此，我们认为，记叙文写作可以散文 化，由于它取材广泛，摇曳多姿，艺术表现形式丰富多样，如同五彩斑斓的风景画，让人陶醉，让人喜爱。

在记叙文写作时，应防止犯以下的错误：

一、记叙文容易写成流水账。

很多学生在写记叙文时不能把握好哪里该详写哪里该略写，哪里需要浓墨重泼哪里需要惜金如墨，因此没有轻重主次之分，把事情原原本本的写下来。又因为受字数的限制（800多字），本身有没有细节描写的意识，所以写出的记叙文往往只有结果而无过程。

二、记叙文容易犯叙事低幼化的毛病。

由于受生活阅历的限制，学生一写作文就无话可说，在抓耳挠腮之余，不得不求助于珍藏在记忆深处的童年时代或小学生活。当然不是不可以写童年或小 学，而是需要注意叙述角度和口吻的把握，很多同学在叙述的时候完全变成了一个七八岁或十几岁的孩子了，所思所感幼稚的很。要记住，有些事情以儿童 的眼光来看可能很有趣，可能是刻骨铭心的，但现在所写的文章是给成年人来看的（阅卷老师），因此此类文章得分很低。

三、记叙文一旦追求写出波澜容易走上不合理虚构的歧途。

现实生活很平淡，少有惊天动地的事情可写。而作为考场作文，平铺直叙的文章是不可能得到阅卷老师的青睐的；而学生为了叙述的引人入胜，为了结果的 出人意料，往往会无中生有，编造故事。由于生活阅历的缺乏，生活常识的匮乏，所编的故事常常破绽百出、捉襟见肘。因此记叙文写作就陷入两难的地步：不 虚构吧，情节平淡，不能引人入胜；虚构吧，生活经验不足，细节不真实，也难以引人入胜。

记叙文散文化的优点：

一、散文表达方式的多样化，不至于写出被人贬为文体不分的四不像的文章。

由于话题作文的不限制文体，导致了很多学生文体不分。在写作时没有问题意识，写出的文章就四不像。而散文则不同，她可以记叙，可以抒情，可以议论， 可以描写，可以说明。如果以叙事为主，就是叙事散文；如果以抒情为主，就是抒情散文；如果以说理为主，就是说理散文。不至于被阅卷人评为记叙文不像记叙 文，议论文不像议论文而得分不高。

二、散文的特点是形散而神不散，因此记叙文可以围绕一个话题，方便考场构思。

考场时间有限，环境特殊，一般很难进行缜密的思维，更不用说写出令人拍案叫绝的文章了。但是散文可以凭借文体自身的优势，进行发散思维，只要事物有那么 一点联系都可以被写进文章，只要适当的点一下题，就不会被人贬为跑题。并且，如果思维能够全方位发散，说不定还被认为是有创造、有新意的一类文呢。

三、在记事、抒情和议论中，可以阐发一点小感悟和小哲理，容易写出自我独特感受。

文章关键是写出个性。如果写记叙文，学生年龄相仿、阅历相当，所经历的事情相似，很难写出新意来；如果写议论文，高中生分析能力受认识水平、生活阅历限 制，往往是观点加材料，罗列事例，缺少分析，尤其缺少辩证分析，这样的议论文平淡无奇，很容易让阅卷老师产生厌烦感。因此，散文则可以根据自己的所思所 感，写出一点小感想，抒发一点小哲理，个性的表达自己的看法，写出个性，写出新意。

例如下面一段文字，就是记叙文散文化的佳作：

我曾站在故乡坍圮了半壁的城墙上，望着披着袅袅晨雾的日出，听着黛绿色树影中呼啸而过的火车声响，独自彷徨，忽然看见稻田里那绰绰弯曲的背影，想起不远 处耕种的爹娘，手心的汗浸透了这薄薄却很沉重的几张素宣，心中悄悄旋起一股小小的龙卷风。无论我所向往的地方，是绝域萧条的山川大江，还是细雨潺潺梦境跌 落的山冈，是铁血班驳的断章还是沉默的寂亡，是逶迤的一马平川还是弯曲踞蹐的千沟万壑，是波涛汹涌惊涛骇浪，还是像我以前那样徒增马齿一如既往的凭依栏 杆，一任阶前点滴到天亮。

无论怎样，我都不想再对未来的天堂多做幻想，我也想许下亘古不变的诺言，我也想抛开一切荒芜与苍凉，我也想 象惊寒的大雁一样摆个大大的人字，兀傲的让眼皮下庸碌的万物抬头仰望。可是谁来告诉我，谁能？谁允许？连时间都会不屑的讥讽我，休想。嘴角蜷缩着一丝苍凉 的苦笑，我何尝不是那些昂着头仰望的庸碌中的一颗沙砾。突然想起张爱玲《倾城之恋》中白流苏对范柳原说的一段话，你们外归的人好，初次瞧见这里的人事， 再坏些，再脏些，是你外面的人，外面的东西。你若是混在那里头长大了，你怎么分的清，哪一部分是他们，哪一部分是你。

A man was going to the house of some rich person. As he went along the road, he saw a box of good apples at the side of the road. He said, "I do not want to eat those apples; for the rich man will give me much food; he will give me very nice food to eat." Then he took the apples and threw them away into the dust.

He went on and came to a river. The river had become very big; so he could not go over it. He waited for some time; then he said, "I cannot go to the rich mans house today, for I cannot get over the river."

He began to go home. He had eaten no food that day. He began to want food. He came to the apples, and he was glad to take them out of the dust and eat them.

Do not throw good things away; you may be glad to have them at some other time.

【译文】

一个人正朝着一个富人的房子走去，当他沿着路走时，在路的一边他发现一箱好苹果，他说：“我不打算吃那些苹果，因为富人会给我更多的食物，他会给我很好吃的东西。”然后他拿起苹果，一把扔到土里去。

他继续走，来到河边，河涨水了，因此，他到不了河对岸，他等了一会儿，然后他说：“今天我去不了富人家了，因为我不能渡过河。”

他开始回家，那天他没有吃东西。他就开始去找吃的，他找到苹果，很高兴地把它们从尘土中翻出来吃了。

不要把好东西扔掉，换个时候你会觉得它们大有用处。

从两则材料中可以概括出两个看似矛盾实则不矛盾的观点：一切都会过去;一切都不会过去。首先要思考现实生活中哪些东西可以让其过去，如人生的痛苦、心灵的创伤、一段不如意的生活境遇等都可以让其过去，，从而以一种乐观的心态来对待人生。其次要思考哪些东西是不会过去的，如流传千古的文章、思想、文明的碎片等，都会穿越历史时空，影响一个民族，甚至全人类，因此，对于这些东西，要珍惜，要保护，要传承。据此，我们根据第一则材料可以得出“一切都会过去，包括苦难、痛苦等，所以我们要乐观面对生活，珍惜现在”的立意;根据第二则材料可以得出“虽然时间会泯灭一切，但精华永存”的立意;而综合分析两则材料，会得出“逝去与永恒”这一立意，此为最佳立意。

高考即将到来，语文作文对成绩的影响是很大的，大家一定要多看多练，提升作文水平。小编收集了临场作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

1、拿到考试卷，如果完成了基本的填写姓名等程序以后，可以先看看作文题，注意既然要看，就要看得仔细，以免没看清楚，引起错觉，影响后面的正式审题、答题。可以先看有一个准备，但不要先写作文。因为作文太耗时间和精力。考试开始的时候是精力最好的时候，这时候要用来解决前面的基础题。等到正式准备做作文时，还要仔细看题，要确保万无一失!

2、时间安排

花60分钟时间写作文是比较适当的，用8-10分钟构思很重要。因为，一旦写到一定字数发现思路不好，无论时间还是空间都来不及了。相信高考作文审题难度不大，但一定要审，之后再构思基本框架，根据自己的习惯，写个关键字的提纲(自己能看明白就行，主要的立意，哪些材料，还有哪些名言等)，开头部分最好在草稿纸上写好，修改，再誊抄。一定要仔细研究题目，审题不慎，满盘皆输。

3、标题

标题是文章的眼睛，也是阅卷教师对文章的第一印象，自拟题目，要确切、精练、生动、新颖、有意蕴。但坚决不能刻意求新，弄巧成拙!更忌涂改。当然，如果是命题作文，就不必为此烦神了。

4、文体

高考作文通常是“文体不限”(也有要求写议论文和记叙文)，但不代表没有文体，用什么文体写作，就要符合该文体的要求。记叙文要三分之二的篇幅落足于叙述，议论文反之。写记叙文，叙事务必清楚，情节设置或曲折或感人，不能是演绎中心的流水账;注意运用景物渲染和细节刻画、首尾呼应、伏笔过渡等写作技法。议论文，中心要突出，观点要鲜明;文章思路要清晰：或并列，或正反对照，或递进;论据要充分，表达要简洁，要懂得根据论点裁剪材料。还可以采用书信体，但务必符合书信格式，不能出现真实姓名和地点，要情真意切。

5、内容：精彩的构思必须用丰富的内容来支撑，丰富的内容必须紧扣主题。

要注意文章的主题不要偏离社会的主流价值观。虽然现在强调高考作文只要能够自圆其说，怎样的观点都可以，但这里必须有个度，这个度就是社会的主流价值观。不要触及敏感的政治事件，少谈宗教、政治话题，不要单纯发牢骚，不要写早恋、文革、批判政府无能等敏感话题。记叙文最好要有细节描写。推己及人，以情动人。议论文切忌大话、套话、废话，要避免空发议论，无情而“抒情”，无病呻吟，滥提口号，乱发号召，空表决心等等。议论文必须有分析，如果只是材料的堆砌就不叫议论文。

6、结构

高考作文的思路，务必清晰。除掉首尾，中间部分可以采用段首点题的方式，彰显文章的思路;也可以采用小标题的方式组织文章(慎用!)。另外，文章的段落安排，一定不能出现少于五段的情况。最好在5—8个自然段。

7、开头和结尾

考场作文最忌含蓄。高考作文的开头和结尾，必须做到开头起笔入题，结尾点明主旨。要确保开篇简洁，语句通畅，绝对不能出现病句和错别字，书写上也不能涂抹。要充分利用首因效应，在开篇给阅卷者留下良好的第一印象。开篇字数不宜过多，最多五句话，并且一定要有点明文章中心的句子。开篇确立的主旨，一方面要符合题目要求，另一方面必须贯穿全文。切不可前后矛盾。

文章的结尾也是阅卷看得相对仔细的地方。结尾亦不能草率。也要精心构思。或卒章显志，点明主旨;或画龙点睛，升华主题;或预留空白，引发想象或思考;或点题，首尾呼应。

8、语言

应试作文的表述要朴实大方，干净利索。严禁文白夹杂;严禁使用别人看不懂的方言;严禁使用别人看不懂的词汇;少用长句多用短句;尽量避免欧式的语言表述方式;多引用名言警句;引用流行的通俗歌曲歌词;但要注意：在作文中不要插上几句英语或网络语言(广东明令禁止采用)。总之，表达要符合现代汉语的语言规范，要简明、连贯、得体，要准确、鲜明、生动。

9、字数

应试作文一定要看清字数的要求，一定要写够数量或稍微超过50—100字才好。全文不要超过900字，写多了容易画蛇添足。

10、书写与卷面

书写要认真，卷面要整洁。不写繁体字、不写不规范的简化字(注意不要把“己”写成“乙”，注意修改的要求)。特别是民间流传的简化字，可以算作错别字，要扣分的。尽量写楷体字，一笔一画清清楚楚，不要写草字。标点符号，注意格式。近年高考作文评分标准中，“字体工整”是一项重要的评分细则。一般不要求写得好看，但要求书写整齐易辨认。总之，书写规范，卷面整洁，给阅卷老师留下好印象，至关重要!

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

评论，针对于事物进行主观或客观的自我印象阐述。评论易让人听到不利于自己的一面，因此评论的话语容易产生对方的逆反心理。小编收集了有关评论的写作指导，欢迎阅读。

顾名思义，评就是评断是非、真伪、美丑;论就是议论、说理;评论就是对社会生活中的现象、问题进行评断和议论。社会生活丰富多彩，社会现象纷纭复杂，同学们在接触社会过程中，难免会有所触动，会就某些社会问题或现象提出看法，把这些看法写成文章，就是社会生活评论。

评论有多种，如时事评论、思想评论、经济评论、文学评论等等，社会生活评论不能与它们并列，它只是确定一种写作范围。它与第五册的社会生活小论文也有区别，不如小论文讲究学术性。这种评论，可以是洋洋数千言的大块文章，也可以是寥寥数百字的短文。一部分杂文、随笔、漫谈也可以归入此类。它针对人们的思想、作风以及认识等，或表扬，或批评，用以引导人们的行为，具有时效快，针对性强，说服有力的特点。

评论社会生活现象，一要真实，二要具体。要在对材料作具体分析的基础上，得出结论，避免离开事实泛泛而论。写作时要注意下面两点：

一、积极关注和投身社会生活，要有社会责任感。

写社会生活评论，不是为写而写，要对社会有用。社会生活有积极的方面，比如助人为乐、见义勇为;也有消极的方面，比如不正之风、封建迷信。同学们要多观察、多思考，做生活的有心人。特别是即将毕业的高三文科学生，无论是升学还是走向工作岗位，都应对周围世界保持一种新鲜感和敏锐感，明确自己对社会的一份责任。要善于创造性的发现和提出问题。一则新闻报道，一场体育比赛，一项科技发明，都可能触发写作的灵感。很多时候，从生活中激发写作的愿望和动机，酝酿写作的情绪和感受，往往比单纯了解一些写作技巧更为重要。这是写好社会评论的基础。在这个基础上，主要是选好评论的对象，确立论题，前几册学过的选择角度，提炼论点的方法，都用得上。

二、严密结构，巧用评析方法。

社会生活评论属于议论文，所以议论文写作的常规方法仍适用。比如，提出问题——分析问题——解决问题的结构方式;摆事实、讲道理，正反对比，比喻说理，辩证论理等论证方法都可以灵活运用。例文二就采用了“瞻前顾后”的构思方式，通过历史回顾，打开了思路，从现实中漂流长江的一件事，联想到历史上登山、游山等诸多事，并归纳出贯穿其中的，中华民族不畏艰险、勇敢拼搏的精神。

同学们写作评论容易犯的毛病，一般是就事论事，仅停留于摆问题，罗列现象，没有分析，往往是观点+论据，论据与论点之间缺乏推理过程;或者是认识片面，失之偏颇，往往以点带面，以偏概全，绝对化、极端化，没有把握好评论的分寸。这些都需要注意克服。

例文一

老想着有别人

吕叔湘

文明礼貌月又开始了，想谈谈日常生活中不太被人注意的一些小事情。事情虽小，却小可以见大。

您要是夏天早晨到某个公园里走走，有时候您会听到背后忽然大喝一声，让您吃一惊。原来那位同志是在一边散步一边喊嗓子。再往前走一截路，您又会遇到凉亭里有人在唱戏，一般有胡琴伴奏，有的时候还有鼓板。按说公园里应当保持安静，唱戏喊嗓子都应当另找地方。这使人联想到“史无前例”时期的高音喇叭，叫城外的人往城里躲，城里的人往城外躲。幸而这已经成为过去了。可是工厂或是学校，用大喇叭做广播操或召开大会，因而惊动四邻八舍的事情，也还没有绝迹。至于在办公室里高谈阔论，在宿舍里打儿骂妇，叫周围的人不得安宁，那更是天天可以遇到的。还有人走出房间顺手关门，用的是挥拍打球的姿势，不等门关上先撒手，bang的一声叫房间里的人吓一跳。

所有这些事情，都是由于脑子里只装着自己，没有装着别人。上面说到的都跟声音有关，再说些声音以外的事情。刚才提到关门，一般的门以外有弹簧门，有人猛推弹簧门出去，撒手不管，走在他后面的人挨上了，只能自认晦气。走路的时候遇到的威胁是很多的。比如在副食品商店门口或是汽车站附近，您常常可以看见地上满是香蕉皮。又比如走在人行道上，前边有三五人一字摆开，漫步说笑，您在他们后边只能亦步亦趋，干着急。至于小胡同里踢小足球，十字路口打羽毛球，那也是常常会遇到的。

跟走路无关的事情也不老少。比如跟人约好时间，偏要迟到五分钟，想的是“与其我等他，宁可他等我”。又比如给人写信，写上许多只有自己认得的字，叫别人猜这猜那。又比如把刀子、剪子递给人家的时候，自己拿着把儿，把尖儿冲着对方。这一类小事情还可以举出很多。

有人说，讲文明礼貌要抓大事，这些小事不值得计较。我说不然。大事小事，思想基础是一个。你是只想到自己啊，还是也想到别人，或者首先想到别人。老想着有别人，形成好习惯，生活上常常想到别人，工作中也就自然而然地想到别人——想到顾客，想到用户，想到来信、来访的人，想到一同工作的同志，想到应当为之服务的人民。说是日常生活中不想到有别人的人，在工作中会念念不忘“为人民服务”，我不敢说绝对不会有这种事情，但是我要说：“怕是未必!”

本文举例丰富，既生动活泼，又有说服力。

文章说：“事情虽小，却可以小中见大。”看看作者是从哪些方面论证这个问题的?

全文不过千字，用了十多个事例，想想作者是怎样处理材料的。

人们常说，“文无定法”，此话并不错。然而，面对初学写作的初中生，教一些基本的写作知识，有步骤地进行写作训练，这对提高他们的写作水平，使其少走弯路，是完全必要的。

一、指导学生学会观察

生活是创作的源泉。中学生写作文，也不能脱离生活。中学生的生活是丰富多彩的，可是有相当一部分学生，一提起写作文就有畏惧心理，总觉得无话可说。这是为什么呢？归根结底是平时不留心观察。写作时冥思苦想，也写不出好文章来，只有去胡编乱造了。而虚构的作文是不真实的，自然没有感人的力量。可见，观察生活是写作的前提。只有全面、细致、认真地观察生活，才能直接从生活中获取鲜活的写作素材，为写作提供丰富的营养。指导学生学会观察生活，不仅能培养学生的生活热情，写好作文，而且对学生将来从事社会科学和自然科学的研究，以及从事其他工作，也是大有裨益的。

怎样观察生活，对初一学生来讲，是个难题。作家艾芜在指导初学写作的同志时说：“要练习我们的眼睛，善于观察人的动作、态度和表情。练习我们的耳朵，善于听取别人讲话的语句、声调和他的特殊用语。”这就是说，观察生活，一是要看，二是要听。

初一学生天真活泼，好奇心强，富于激情，乐于参加活动。尤其是他们刚进入中学的时候，想了解中学的校史、设施，特别是很想了解老师和同学。抓住他们这一心理特点，开学不久，我就让他们自选一位任课教师作为观察对象。观察的内容是：年龄、性别、身高、体型、脸型、肤色、发型、衣着打扮（颜色、款式、质地）、表情，特别是眼神，以及老师上课的语言和动作等。观察的时间是四个星期。对观察的要求是：

第一，要抓住人物的特征。人物的外貌、性格、感情各不相同。只有抓住观察对象的与众不同之处，才能写出人物的个性，才能避免“千人一面”的弊端。

第二，观察要细致。所谓细致，不是说在观察人物时不分主次，而是要发现观察对象与别人不同的细微之处。不同性格的人，说话、做事时的表现是不同的。人物的一个动作，一丝微笑，往往带有性格化的特征。所以，观察必须细致入微。观察得越细致、越深入，印象就越清晰，理解就更深刻，描述就更具体、更生动形象。

第三，比较观察。有比较才有鉴别。比较的目的是求异。在观察时，要抓住老师在各种情形下所表现出来的不同特征，即生气时、高兴时、严肃时……言谈举止和精神状态的不同点。这样，才能使人物形象跃然纸上。

四个星期后，每个学生都按要求写了观察笔记。写作之前，我再次强调，描写必须突出人物特征，不要求面面俱到。在我的指导下，大多数学生的作文，对老师的描写颇为生动逼真。

例如王瑞琦同学，在描写数学郭老师的外貌时，突出了老师眉毛和眼睛的特征。她是这样描写的：“他的眉毛非常黑，长得像两个锐角三角形，挺有个性。眼睛不大，可很有神。”她在写郭老师上课时，突出了“教学有方”的特点。文中写道：“每当我们上数学课时，班上总是很活跃，时时传出爽朗的笑声。最有趣的是提问。郭老师叫同学回答问题时，嘴角总是微微向上翘，流露出一丝笑意。有的同学答错了，一见老师的表情，以为自己答得挺不错，竟很得意，就稀里糊涂地说起来，惹得大家哄堂大笑。有的同学答对了，郭老师反会问上一句：‘对吗？’这个同学也就犹豫起来。在这种情况下，郭老师就会让同学们互相讨论，最后他才把正确答案告诉我们。这样，既能让我们认真思考、活跃思维，又能使我们对所学的概念有了深刻的理解。”这篇作文之所以写得成功，关键是观察的细致。

为了进一步调动学生写作的积极性，巩固在观察中的收获，我要求学生认真总结观察的过程和体会。王瑞琦同学总结道：“我是数学课代表，与郭老师接触得多，我不放过每一次见面的机会，认真观察他的外貌，我发现他的眉毛很有特色。他给我的主要感受就是提问时很有趣。所以上课时，我就仔细观察他提问时的神态、说话的语气、语调以及动作上的一些特点。如果我不用心观察，就无法获得具体的感受与认识，也就不能把人物的外貌及性格特征真切地表现出来。”通过这次作文，同学们都尝到了观察的甜头，作文时再不愁没有可写的了。

二、写熟悉的人和事

指导学生写作，我还要求学生写自己熟悉的人和事。因为熟悉的人和事，都是自己了解透彻、认识深刻、感受深切的，写作时就能准确地把握住写作对象的个性特征，就能写得真实自然，生动形象，具有感人的力量。

日常生活中，学生接触最多的是父母、老师和同学。因此，学生对他们的外貌、性格、爱好、思想品质等了如指掌，描写时自然容易抓住人物的特点。但是要想让学生把人物写得有血有肉，还必须在写法上给他们以具体的指导。我的具体做法是：

第一，写人物说了什么，做了什么。

描写人物大体是从外貌、语言、动作和心理入手。但是在一篇写人为主的记叙文中，这四个方面并非要全写，有时外貌和心理可以不写，当然，要根据具体情况而决定。然而人物说的话、做的事必须要写，而且还要写得具体、真切。否则，就难以表现人物的思想品质或精神风貌。

第二，写人物怎样说的，怎样做的。

写人物说话，要写出在不同场合说话时的表情、姿态和神色。写人物做事，要一步步地写出人物的动作，或处理问题的方式方法等。不管是语言描写，还是动作描写，都要符合人物的年龄、身份、职业、习惯等，否则就会平平淡淡、干干巴巴，不能表现出人物的个性化特征。

第三，让人物自我表演。

学生写作前，我强调指出写人物说话、做事，最好让人物自己说、自己做。作者要像故事片中的导演，在幕后指挥，让人物自我表演。而不要像纪录片中的解说员，自己一味地介绍。这样，笔下的人物才富有立体感，才能产生“如见其人”、“如闻其声”的良好效果。

例如沈静同学的作文《一位让我敬爱的人》，描写的人物是我校的张校长，作文选取了两个事例，表现张校长对工作认真负责、关心同学的好品质。其中的一个事例是这样写的：“星期六上午我们也得上课。早晨，我早早来到教室，刚脱下外衣，就冷得打颤。一个声音在我耳边响起：‘冷吗？教室里暖气热吗？’那么亲切。我回头一看，原来是张校长。她走到暖气前，摸了摸，摇摇头，显出几分焦急和不安……快上课了，张校长又来了，对我们说：‘同学们，这几天冷，大家要多喝热水，有条件的要每天喝两袋板兰根，预防感冒，记住了吗？要当作业来完成。’然后用手扶了一下眼镜，到别的班去了。”这篇作文，注意让人物自我表演，所以，给人留下了较深刻的印象。

指导学生写熟悉的事，我主要是让他们写自己经历的事。学生自己是参与者，对事情发展的全过程以及各个阶段的特点，都十分清楚，写起来自然比较容易。尤其能够把自己的感受与认识写进去，从而揭示出事情的意义。那么，怎样叙事才能具体、真切呢？我是这样指导的。

第一，要交代清楚记叙的要素。

记叙的要素包括时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过和结果。叙事时，要交代清楚什么时间、什么地点、什么人物、什么事情以及事情发生的前因后果。这六要素，只有在不妨碍别人看明白的情况下，才可以省略其中的一两个。

学生在叙事时，一般都能写清时间、地点、人物、事情的起因和结果，却往往把事情的过程叙述得非常简单、空泛，不能给人留下什么印象。为解决这一难点，我就强化训练学生写好事情的发展过程，力求在短期内，达到一定的效果。

第二，写好矛盾冲突和结局。

由于年龄、时代的差异，学生在家里会与家长发生矛盾冲突，在学校会与老师、同学发生矛盾冲突，即使自己，也会在思想上产生矛盾冲突。经过双方的共同努力或自己的觉悟，矛盾冲突最终会得以妥善解决的。我要求学生写作文尽量写好事物发展过程中的矛盾冲突，并且力争写出出人意料之外，又合乎情理之中的结局，使文章曲折动人，富有吸引力。

例如罗飞雪同学的作文《一字之争》，就写得很好。他在作文中写道：他爸爸让他背诵唐代贺知章的诗《回乡偶书》。当他背到“乡音无改鬓毛衰”时，他爸爸严肃地批评他，为什么把“衰”字读成“ｃｕī”了。罗飞雪听了，很委屈地说：“爸，是您错了，（衰）字在这里就读（ｃｕī）。”他本以为父子之间又得来一场面红耳赤的唇枪舌战。而他爸爸却搬出几本字典、词典，与他一同查找，结果费了一个半小时的时间，也没有查到。罗飞雪就不耐烦地说：“爸，算了吧，就听您的念（ｓｈｕāｉ）吧。”他爸爸听后，反而更加严厉地对他说：“什么叫算了，做学问，就要老老实实，认认真真，有错必改！”他只好硬着头皮继续查找。两个小时过去了，他爸爸忽然捧着《古代汉语》高兴地叫起来，说这里就是读（ｃｕī），“爸爸错怪你了，向你认错！”作文最后写道：“爸爸是个工程师，知识渊博，竟然向我认了错，可在‘认真’二字上，我却输给了爸爸。”这篇作文写得成功的根本原因是把矛盾冲突表现得合情合理，结局出人意料，作文的主题也突出了。

三、片断写作训练

写整篇作文固然重要，但费时较多。因此，在指导学生写整篇作文的同时，我还指导学生写片断练习，以突出写作训练的重点，二者交叉进行，不断提高学生的写作能力。

所谓“片断”就是一篇文章中的一段。一篇完整的文章都由不同的片断组成。所以，写好片断对写好整篇文章是很有帮助的。

怎样写好片断呢？我向学生提出四点要求。

第一，要围绕一个中心写。因为是片断，内容要集中，不能漫无边际地写。

第二，要真实。必须写自己的亲身经历或写自己的观察所得，不能脱离生活，编造离奇的故事。

第三，要具体。写出自己所看到的或听到的情景，不能空洞无物。

第四，要写出自己的点滴感受。也就是要赋予片断一定的思想意义。

初一学生年龄小，能力有限，面对纷繁的大千世界，往往不知从何下笔。我就出一些题目，如《街头见闻》、《早晨》、《招待客人》等。有时，我规定出写作范围，如场面描写、心理描写等，让学生自拟题目。但无论命题，还是自拟题，都必须按照我提的四点要求去写。

经过反复的训练，取得了可喜的成绩。例如李峥同学写的《街头见闻》，全文是这样的：

下午，在放学回家的路上，我看到了一个可爱的小女孩。她看上去只有六、七岁，红润的脸庞上，有一双明亮的小圆眼睛，翘着小鼻子，穿着一件花毛衣。她手里拿着一封信，蹦蹦跳跳地跑到邮筒前，信上的字迹歪歪扭扭。她踮着脚尖，刚要投入，忽地又把手缩了回来，用小手轻轻地抚摸着信封。而后，她又踮起脚，当她再一次投放的时候，她又犹豫了。接着，她又把信很快地抽了回来，在信封上面轻轻地吻了一下，才投进信筒。之后，才蹦蹦跳跳地跑远了，一个小花点消失在我的视野里。

我猜测着，她的信是寄给谁的呢？但我深信，无论是寄给她远在外地的父母，寄给抚养她长大的奶奶，还是寄给她的伙伴，她的真挚的感情，都会使那个人感动的。她不是把我这个与她素不相识的姐姐都给感动了吗？

这篇片断把小女孩投信时，那欲投又舍不得投的矛盾心理，描绘得惟妙惟肖；小女孩纯真的感情，着实令人感动。这个小片断虽不足四百字，却像一幅画面，展现在读者面前，颇有感染力。这是作者细心观察、用心体会生活，并按老师要求认真写作的结果。

像这样真实具体、清新简洁的片断还很多。如梁丽华同学的《等》、王雪莉同学的《钥匙终于找到了》，都通过多侧面的描写，层层深入地写出了自己的急切心情。郑铁同学的《送别》，描述了爸爸在南昌火车站送他和妈妈回北京时，一家人难舍难分的场面，都很真切感人。

写小片断的效果如何呢？对此，我曾做过调查。大多数学生认为，写小片断自己确定中心，自己选材、费时不多，自由灵活，能提高观察能力，有话可说，又为写大作文积累了材料，对提高写作水平很有帮助。

四、教学生自批作文

修改文章是写作的重要环节。鲁迅先生说：“写完后至少看两遍，竭力将可有可无的字、句、段删去，毫不可惜。”他在《我怎样写起小说来》这篇文章里又说：“我做完之后，总要看两遍，自己觉得拗口的，就增删几个字，一定要它读得顺口。”这是鲁迅先生修改文章的经验之谈。然而，学生写完作文，往往一遍也不检查，一字也不修改，就匆匆交给老师。这样马马虎虎，主要是写作态度不端正。但是，学生不会修改文章，也是个实际问题。

就修改文章而言，并没有什么固定的方法。初一学生写作能力很有限，让他们自己修改文章，就更加困难了。所以，必须教给他们一些方法。

第一，是朗读。让学生明白只有读，才能发现错别字和不合语法的病句。语感是最好的“老师”。所以，学生写作文后，我让他们放声读两遍。有时，还让他们录音，然后放录音，听听是否有词句的错误。听到有问题的地方，用笔划出来。这种方法简单、易做，学生乐于接受。

第二，介绍词句修改的具体方法。

1、删。删去多余的字、词、句，使语言简洁明快。如：“我从没到过世界公园，这一次还是头一次到世界公园。”头一次到世界公园，当然以前没到过。因此，“从没到过世界公园，这一次”，都应该删掉。

2、增。增加一两个或几个字，使语句明确、生动、流畅。如：“他拉开门，拿出一听可乐。”拉开什么门呢？不明确。“门”前面应该增加“冰箱”两个字。再如：“老师生气了，看着我。”在“看着我”前应加上“瞪着眼”三个字，就能生动地表现出“老师生气”的样子。

3、调。调整语序，使表达合乎逻辑。如：“我生日那天，姑姑送给我很漂亮的一件毛衣”。”“很漂亮”这个短语，是修饰毛衣的，而不是修饰“一件”的，应调到“毛衣”的前面，才合情理。

4、换。换个词或句子，使表达更严密。如：“对如何减轻学生课业负担的问题，我们争吵得很激烈。”对严肃问题发表看法，用“争吵”来表达是不妥当的，应换成“争论”或“争辩”。

5、改。作文中的错别字和标点符号的错误，应认真对待，予以改正。

以上是给学生所讲的五种修改方法，所举例句，都是学生自己用我讲的方法修改的。在修改中，我要求学生运用教材中介绍的修改符号，予以改正。在学生自改的基础上，再让学生互改。两人或几人一组，相互评论，取长补短，共同提高。

至于对作文的选材、立意、结构等进行修改，由于初一学生水平的限制，暂没有提出更高的要求。我只要求学生写作之前，列出提纲，确定好中心，选好材料，安排好结构，然后按提纲作文。

谈及写作训练,学生认为就是勤练笔,其实不然。英语的听、说、读、写四种能力是密切相关、相互渗透的。听和读是领会理解别人表达的思想,说和写是用言语表达思想。写的能力要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高,而写的训练又能进一步提高听、说、读的能力。因此,写作训练应该贯穿于英语教学的全过程,才能真正提高学生的写作能力。

一、多读

“读是写的前提,写是读的升华”。一般而言,听和读的量必须数十倍地多于说和写的量,才能较自如地在口头上或书面上表达自己的思想。一方面,大量阅读可以提高阅读能力,扩大词汇量,另一方面,它还可以增强英语语感,对英语写作起着潜移默化的作用。只有当阅读量达到一定程度时,才能找到写好文章的语感。我们可以选择适合学生的读物,如英文报纸(《英语周报》、《21世纪报》)、杂志(《中学生英语园地》)、科普文章、书虫等(水平较高的学生可读小说原著)。大量阅读是学生接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增强记忆力的一种有效途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种有效方法,非常有利于写作。实践证明,学生平时课外阅读面越广,阅读量越大,运用英语表达的能力就越强。

二、多背

英语和汉语存在很大差异,语法规则和句子结构是不同的,很多学生在写作过程中难免会受到母语的影响,出现一些Chinglish(中式英语),而且有些语法规则也把握不准,谓语动词常出现“be+do”的错误形式或缺少谓语的现象。所以,背诵模仿是行之有效的手段之一。

(一)背课文

在多年的教学实践中,我坚持让学生背诵部分课文,较长的文章选背一两段,下节课抽查背诵,或进行默写。《新概念英语2》中很多英语短文通俗有趣,我给学生挑选其中一部分让他们背诵、默写,对培养学生的语感很有效。

(二)背范文

英语写作一般包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文及开放性作文写作。我经过筛选,找出每种文体各五篇文章,同时,我也注重搜集一些好的范文和习作要求学生背诵。通过熟背精彩段落,使学生逐步掌握英语基本的表达方法,有助于模仿。而且,通过这些范文,学生可熟练掌握各种体裁的写作技巧,这是学生写好作文的一条捷径。经过一段时间的训练,学生就会有内容可写、写得出来。

三、多写

除了以上对学生进行读、背训练,还要对学生进行动手训练。学生只有通过写才能知道自己的不足与缺陷,毕竟说和写是两回事。

(一)改写课文

教师可要求学生把Reading缩写成一篇一百字左右的短文,也可让学生把对话改写成记叙文(如项链),这也是进一步理解课文的手段。一般在学完一个单元,学生熟练掌握课文之后,再做这一步,让学生尽量使用本单元的短语句型,同时,也要学着套用背诵的句子。

(二)写英语周记

让学生写英语周记,这是很多老师训练学生写作的方法。有些英语写作不好的学生,往往不坚持写或应付了事。对这样的学生,教师要严格要求,督促检查。对学生的每篇周记,教师都要认真批改。周记不必拘泥于形式,学生可以自由发挥。开始可以写简单的几句话,要求学生多用学过的词组、句型,多套用和模仿。逐渐地,学生会写多些,也会越写越流利,错误也会越来越少。

(三)每周练习写一篇作文

教师挑选一至两篇习作打在投影仪上,师生共同修改,然后让学生将改写过的文章抄写在作文积累本上。这样日积月累,学生考前只要翻翻自己的“作文本”,即可胸有成竹,这个习惯一定要养成,对学生会有很大帮助。

(四)限时写作训练

近年高考试题包容量大,知识覆盖面广,这就要求学生在做题时必须注意速度和节奏,而高考书面表达从时间分配上看,最多也只能是30分钟左右的时间,学生必须在有限时间内完成作文,并且要意思连贯,无严重语法错误。为达到这一要求,每届学生从高一开始,就应定期做限时写作训练。

四、多积累

(一)积累词汇

词汇是说话写作的必需材料,掌握词汇量的多少,是衡量一个学生英语水平高低的“标尺”。《教学大纲》规定的词汇是最基本的词汇,必须熟记。我在多年的教学中,每堂课都坚持让学生默写或听写单词,要求学生根据中文意思,写出单词的拼写形式、词类和词形变化。这就使学生积累了大量的词汇,为高考书面表达打下坚实的拼写基础,避免了因单词拼写错误而丢分。

(二)积累句型

我在平时授课过程中,让学生把重点句型记录在作文积累本上,随时翻看和背诵。如写观点类文章常用的Some share the view that...,Others hold the opposite opinion that...,The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages,As far as I’m concerned,以及常用到的定语从句、倒装句、非限、非谓、同位语、强调句型等。

(三)积累文章

学生背过的篇章、写过的作文,尤其是各种体裁的范文习作,要分类整理粘贴在作文积累本上,经常拿出来朗读背诵。我教过的学生,都积累了大量的范文习作,考试时可做到有备无患。

通过长期的写作训练,我狠抓学生基本功,学生的写作水平明显提高。我所教班级在每次考试中书面表达平均分都在同类班级之上。总之,英语写作训练是综合能力训练之一,写作能力的提高需要通过循序渐进的训练才能达到。听、说、读、写几方面的训练是相辅相成的,它们互相促进、互相制约,在平时教学中教师要合理安排,有机穿插,这样才能让学生“下笔如有神”。

Since ancient times first, laba is used to worship our ancestors and gods (including the goalkeeper, door god, house, kitchen, JingShen) sacrifice ceremony, praying for harvest and good luck., according to the si ji jiao, features "records, la is the" age of December, and get together to share everything without cable also."Dynasty called LaRi jia ping, shang dynasty to the qing si ", the zhou dynasty as the "big wax";Because the held in December said the month for the twelfth month, called the Greek festival this day LaRi.LaRi of pre-qin period after the winter solstice of the third day of the Buddhism was introduced later, at home in order to expand the influence by lines of traditional culture on the laba festival as the Buddha into way.Buddhism prevailed, followed the Buddha into day and LaRi fusion, known as a magic weapon "festival" in the field of Buddhism.Northern and southern dynasties began to fixed in the day.

According to the load: "three xu-gou after the winter solstice day god Greek festival."Visible, the third xu-gou days after the winter solstice was LaRi.Since Buddhism after intervention, LaRi change on December 8, since xiangyan into the vulgar.

自先上古起，腊八是用来祭祀祖先和神灵(包括门神、户神、宅神、灶神、井神)的祭祀仪式，祈求丰收和吉祥。据《祀记·郊特牲》记载，腊祭是“岁十二月，合聚万物而索飨之也。”夏代称腊日为“嘉平”，商代为“清祀”，周代为“大蜡”;因在十二月举行，故称该月为腊月，称腊祭这一天为腊日。先秦的腊日在冬至后的第三个戌日，后来佛教传入，为了扩大在本土的影响力逐附会传统文化把腊八节定为佛成道日。后随佛教盛行，佛祖成道日与腊日融合，在佛教领域被称为“法宝节”。南北朝开始才固定在腊月初八。

《说文》载：“冬至后三戌日腊祭百神。”可见，冬至后第三个戌日曾是腊日。后由于佛教介入，腊日改在十二月初八，自此相沿成俗。

中考英语试卷写作的分数各个省市有所不同，一般在15-20分之间。下面从阅卷老师的角度分析一下中考英语作文的得分点和扣分点。2.字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。

中考英语试卷写作的分数各个省市有所不同，一般在15-20分之间。下面从阅卷老师的角度分析一下中考英语作文的得分点和扣分点。

中考英语作文对考生的要求有四点：1、内容要完整。 2、语句流畅。3、没有语法错误。4、书写规范。能达到上述要求的作文，都会得到相应的高分。

一：先看一下扣分点：

1.内容方面：要点缺失，可酌情扣分。比如中考作文“I want to do something for my school”，若没有写一件具体的事情，是要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻，没有实际内容，也会扣1-2分。

2.字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。

中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。但是60字的作文能不能得高分?从我们拿到的实例作文来看，16分以上的作文，没有少于75字的，甚至少于80字的也少之又少。当然，也极少有超过100字的，因为中考试卷的短线格一共80个，在格子下面大约还有2行的空间，可以加20字左右，再多阅卷人就很难看清了，也会影响卷面的美观。所以，同学们如果想让作文得到高分，最好是让字数在75-100字之间。

3. 语法和拼写错误：每个扣0.5，重复错误不计;

4. 标点错误：每4个扣0.5.

二：加分点

除了这些扣分点，还有一些得分点：比如说作文的组织结构分，就是根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。

只要文章中有1个亮点，基本就可以争取到1分(3分的文采分是很难全部拿到的)。而这1分的亮点，是可以提前准备的。例如，有一些“万金油”式的复杂句型，例如强调句型、only相关的倒装句等，只要同学们多操练几次，几乎是一定能用到作文当中，从而为自己争取到这1分。

其次就是卷面分

很多家长[微博]和同学，尤其是部分书法并不是十分整洁的同学，都会关心是否真的有“卷面分”的存在。虽然在阅卷标准里面并没有卷面分这一项，但是这个分数却真切地反映在了同学们的分数里面。

据阅卷老师的经验，在阅卷的时候并不是按这3个部分逐项打分的，而是在第一遍读完全文之后，心里已经形成了一个“印象分”，然后再细读第二、三遍，把印象分分配到各个打分部分。因此，这个“印象分”就非常重要，而同学们的书法，也正是在这个环节，影响到了自己的分数。所以初三的考生，如果书法不好，一定要注意。所谓的书法并不需要写的很漂亮，符合3个简单的标准即可：没有斜体、没有连笔、涂改较少。

屠格涅夫曾经说过：“不会宽容别人的人，是不配受到别人宽容的。但是谁能说自己是不需要宽容的呢?”在生活节奏不断加快、竞争日益激烈的年代，我们都在为自己的生存而宛如蜜蜂采花般地忙碌着，很少顾及彼此之间的沟通交流。我们常常在生活中因意见、观点或利益相左而产生矛盾，也难免因一些琐碎小事而产生误会、磨擦，在这种情况下，唯有宽容理解之心才能解决这一切。

请你以“理解”为题写一篇作文，文体自选(诗歌除外)，字数不少于600字。

在读过一篇文章或一本书之后，把获得的感受、体会以及受到的教育、启迪等写下来，写成的文章就叫“读后感”。以下是小编给大家整理的初中生读后感的写作指导的内容，欢迎大家查看。

一、读后感的概念

读后感的概念有两重含义：一是真实的、不受任何约束的读后感，二是一种作文的体裁，考试时要接受各种条件的约束。下面这篇读后感，就接近于第一种读后感。写这种读后感，主要是给自己看的，一定要真实，有什么感想(当然感想应当有意义，值得一写)就写什么感想，与心得笔记不同，它要展开来写，尽量像一篇文章，尽量写得生动、实在、深刻。一般应当写清楚读了什么，有什么感想，联想到了什么，对自己有什么作用等。它不追求文体、格式框框，写起来也可长可短。

二、读后感的写法

写读后感最重要的一点是要读出所读书籍或者文章的“眼睛”，它是你展开来写的基础、中心和出发点，这个问题我们已经在上一讲里说过了，这里就不多讲了。其次，写读后感，有它一定的规矩，有的书上把它归纳为“引、议、联、结”，四个字，想公式一样。对于这些规矩我们不可以不学，考试时只要内容有创意，套用这种公式未尝不可;但我们也不要受其所限，写成千篇一律的“八股文”，也可尝试在结构上有自己的创意，有自己的个性。但不管怎样，读后感也离不开“读”——对原文的引述、概括、评价等等，离不开“感”——自己的感想。只要把这两个字表达好了，就是好的读后感。

三、写读后感的基本技巧

在读过一篇文章或一本书之后，把获得的感受、体会以及受到的教育、启迪等写下来，写成的文章就叫“读后感”。

读后感的基本思路如下：

(1)简述原文有关内容。如所读书、文的篇名、作者、写作年代，以及原书或原文的内容概要。写这部分内容是为了交代感想从何而来，并为后文的议论作好铺垫。这部分一定要突出一个“简”字，决不能大段大段地叙述所读书、文的具体内容，而是要简述与感想有直接关系的部分，略去与感想无关的东西。

(2)亮明基本观点。选择感受最深的一点，用一个简洁的句子明确表述出来。这样的句子可称为“观点句”。这个观点句表述的，就是这篇文章的中心论点。“观点句”在文中的位置是可以灵活的，可以在篇首，也可以在篇末或篇中。初学写作的同学，最好采用开门见山的方法，把观点写在篇首。

(3)围绕基本观点摆事实讲道理。这部分就是议论文的本论部分，是对基本观点(即中心论点)的阐述，通过摆事实讲道理证明观点的正确性，使论点更加突出、更有说服力。这个过程应注意的是，所摆事实、所讲道理都必须紧紧围绕基本观点，为基本观点服务。

(4)围绕基本观点联系实际。一篇好的读后感应当有时代气息，有真情实感。要做到这一点，必须善于联系实际。这“实际”可以是个人的思想、言行、经历，也可以是某种社会现象。联系实际时也应当注意紧紧围绕基本观点，为观点服务，而不能盲目联系、前后脱节。

以上四点是写读后感的基本思路，但是这思路不是一成不变的，要善于灵活掌握。比如，“简述原文”一般在“亮明观点”前，但二者先后次序互换也是可以的。再者，如果在第三个步骤摆事实讲道理时所摆的事实就是社会现象或个人经历，就不必再写第四个部分了。

四、写读后感应注意的问题

第一是要重视“读”

在“读”与“感”的关系中，“读”是“感”的前提、基础;“感”是“读”的延伸或者说结果。必须先“读”而后“感”，不“读”则无“感”。因此，要写读后感首先要读懂原文，要准确把握原文的基本内容，正确理解原文的中心思想和关键语句的含义，深入体会作者的写作目的和文中表达的思想感情。

第二是要准确选择感受点

读完一本书或一篇文章，会有许多感想和体会;对同样一本书或一篇文章，不同的人从不同的角度思考问题，更是会产生不同的看法、受到不同的启迪。以大家熟知的“滥竽充数”成语故事为例，从讽刺南郭先生的角度去思考，可以领悟到没有真本领蒙混过日子的人早晚要“露馅”，认识到掌握真才实学的重要性;若是考虑在齐宣王时南郭先生能混下去的原因，就可以想到领导者要有实事求是的领导作风，不能搞华而不实，否则会给混水摸鱼的人留下空子可钻;再要从管理体制的角度去思考，就可进一步认识到齐宣王的“大锅饭”缺少必要的考评机制，为南郭先生一类的人提供了饱食终日混日子的客观条件，从而联想到改革开放以来，打破“铁饭碗”，废除大锅饭的必要性。

一篇读后感，不能写出诸多的感想或体会，这就要加以选择。作为初学者，就要选择自己感受最深又觉得有话可说的一点来写。要注意把握分析问题的角度，注意联系自己的实际情况，从众多的头绪中选择最恰当的感受点，作为全文议论的中心。