英语写作提分的诀窍_英语写作指导作文汇总20篇

写作包括两部分，一是要求在35分钟内写一篇150字左右的短文，二是要求在10分钟内写一个50--60字的便条。这两部分均为命题作文，作文内容与大学生的日常生活、学习都密切相关，另外也有社会热点问题，比如环保、旅游、健身等，题目理解起来都比较容易。

短文写作部分文体为议论文，一般采用三段式的结构，第一段为论点，第二段为论据，第三段为结论。最高要求为文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，论据充分，论证严密，基本无语言错误。要想写好一篇文章，应该注意一下写作步骤：

1.审题：作文评分的第一个要求就是内容切题，因此审题特别关键。专业四级作文都是命题作文，而且多有中文提示或提纲，所以你首先应了解命题的基本要求，理解题目的真正意图，然后确定提纲中的关键词及各要点间的逻辑，整理自己的思路，对自己所想到的内容进行组织和全面安排。尤其对要讨论的问题，该涉及的内容，所需的事实、例证、阐述、说明和总结等，在头脑中形成一个整体的构思。

2.组织段落：构思好之后，根据构思的提纲，运用选好的材料，恰当地运用连词，合理安排段落，使文章条理清楚、内容连贯。段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的。各段的主题句在审题构思时就应基本形成，主题句确定下来，接着就是通过一系列的扩展句，来说明、论证或阐述主题句的思想。常见的段落展开方法有列举、举例、比较和对比、因果、叙述、归类、下定义等，考试时应灵活运用。

3.修改：也就是说要删除与主题不相干的内容，检查句子时态、语态等。特别应注意单词的正确拼写；字母大小写和标点符号；数的一致性（包括主语与谓语以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性）；指代关系（包括指代的一致性和代词的选用）；动词形式（时态、语态、语气）等方面。

关于考试过程中短文写作的时间分配问题。我们知道，短文写作的时间为35分钟, 要力争写完写好, 这就要求考生做到有条不紊，忙而不乱，充分发挥自己应有的水平。建议按照如下的方案分配时间: 审题1～2分钟；组织素材, 细节和关键词: 4～5分钟；起草: 20～25分钟；修改定稿: 4～5分钟。

最后要说明的是，从某种意义上来说，专业四级考试作文有其固定的写作格式、结构，而对于固定的题型，有固定不变的表达法。因此，大家有理由相信只要训练方法得当，搞好写作是不难的。大家不妨试试多背范文和常用句型，包括各类型作文的开头、结尾句、中间展开、过渡句，以及比较、图表说明等的常用句型和表达法，然后自己多动笔写一写，只要按这样的方法进行练习，相信在一定时间内就可以在写作上取得满意的分数。因为是三段式作文，写作的时候一定注意第一段提出的论点要简洁明了，开门见山；第二段的论据要能充分说明论点，论证条理清楚；第三段的结论要水到渠成，切忌草率，严谨完整的结尾是取得高分的保证。

便条写作最主要的是注意格式正确，交待清楚，比如请柬、贺信、道歉函等，要注意称呼、正文、签名等的格式，一定要把相关的时间、地点、原因及主要事件内容交待清楚。

人自生下来，情感、情绪就受到客观坏境的影响，受到偶发事件的牵动，感动就是人的感情受到冲击时的一种反应。

考生要想写好这篇文章，就需要从材料出发，充分调动生活积累，回忆曾让我们为之感动的人或事，景或情，力求从中选取内蕴丰富，值得我们咀嚼、玩味的材料，把它们组织到文章中来。此外在充分领会感动的内涵基础上，还要从全新的角度，选择一个新视角，去抒写真情。生活中处处涌动着令人感动的事情，只有善于用心捕捉，就能找到写作的切入点。

内容上，我们即可以写伟人的壮举，也可以写凡人小事;还可以写造化奇观，鬼斧神工。但切记，所写的这些都必须是令你感动的，能与读者用心交流的。要让读者感动，让生活感动，让世界感动。

写法上，既可以抒情，也可以议论。但组织起来的材料作为文章主体框架必须都是抒情、议论的基础，否则，所抒之情，所议之理，皆会成为无源之水，无本之木，这就起不到感染读者的作用，反而会让读者望而生厌。无论采取何种表达方式，都必须要把握住情感的基调，以真情感人，以深邃的思想感人。

总之，只要文章内容能恰当地围绕话题，阐发感动的深层内涵，表现积极的价值取向，就都符合要求。

[关于感动话题作文高考写作指导

当前，对于高考作文来说，首先要解决的问题，不是“怎么写”，而是“写什么”。很多考生拿到了作文题，往往不知道写些什么，脑子里似乎不存在所要写的东西。这到底是怎么造成的呢？高考满分作文，他们无一例外地写出了生活的丰富多彩，在写作上根本不存在“写什么”的问题。难道他们有不同于一般学生的特殊生活吗？一般来说，是没有的。要说他们与一般学生有什么不同，那就是他们的观察力和思考力比一般学生强，心灵比一般学生敏感，能够从生活中观察和感受到那些令人心动的东西。造成多数学生作文课上不知道“写什么”的原因，大概就是在这里。

那么，怎样解决“写什么”的问题呢？

叶圣陶早就说过，要在平时充实生活，丰富经验，增长阅历，养成认真观察、仔细认识事物的习惯，养成有条理地周密地推理判断的习惯。叶老还强调，“一个人要在社会上有意义地生活，本来必须要求经验和意思的精当、语言的确切周密。那并不是为了写文章，为的是生活。如果是为了写文章而去求经验和意思的精当，语言的确切周密，那当然是本末倒置。”这就是说，不是为了写作才去生活，才去丰富生活经验，而是为了生活才写作，写作是生活的一部分。如果能够把叶老的说法化为实践，那么“写什么”的问题不就迎刃而解了吗？从高考满分的优秀作文中，也可以看出，作者是怎样观察事物的，怎样思考生活的，怎样感悟周围人物的，怎样体验美好人性的。从这一切，我们不难获得关于“写什么”的启发。而对于“写什么”的问题已经基本解决的考生来说，“怎样写”则是需要解决的头等问题了。关于学习“怎么写”，鲁迅先生说过，“凡是已有定评的大作家，他的作品，全部就说明着“‘应该怎样写’”。这就是说，应该从大作家的经典作品中去学。在中小学生语文教材中，大都是这类作品，它们应该是我们学的重点。最近几年颁布的语文课程标准推荐的课外阅读作品，也应该作为学习“怎样写”的对象。从这些作品中，学习作者怎样立意，怎样选材，怎样谋篇，怎样遣词造句。平时人们都说阅读是写作的基础，杜甫说“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，有人说“熟读唐诗三百首，不会吟诗也会吟”，正是从这个角度上说的。

同学们不妨带着写作中的问题去阅读经典作品，如朱德熙先生所说：“重要的是得联系自己，要‘心中有我’，就是说要设身处地去想：这篇文章要是让我来写，会写成什么样子，照这样写是比原文好还是不如原文。如果不如原文，那是为什么？从这样的角度去分析文章，一定有很多收获，特别是从中悟出许多作文的道理来。”

然而，在自己写作的时候，“愈不把阅读的文章放在心上愈好”。因为“阅读的文章并不是写作材料的仓库，尤其不是写作方法的程式”(叶圣陶语)。自己写作文，材料来自于自己的生活，应该寻找适合自己的作文内容的写作方法。换言之，从阅读中学习写作，只是借鉴，绝不是生搬硬套。

词汇拼写错误较为严重，词汇选用上会有不当的情况。

应对策略就是平时阅读过程中注意单词拼写，关注单词使用语境，多积累高级词汇和句型。

语法掌握不好，句子的基本构成主谓结构掌握不清。

Due to the fact that the mental state, we have to keep a balance between the physical and the mental.

这句话中，due to the fact that后面需要接一个句子，而上句中只是一个名词性短语，所以错误。另外，between...and...需要连接两个名词短语，上句中形容词physical和mental后缺少名词性成分。改正为Due to the fact that the mental state plays a significant role, we have to keep a balance between the physical well-being and the mental health.

格式不正确，结构不清晰，汉语式英文思维太过明显，翻译的过程中常常不合英文写作要求。

应对的策略是多阅读范文，写作前列提纲，注意使用衔接词。

格式不正确常常出现在应用文中，有人会忘记写落款。这是我们在写作过程中特别需要注意的，否则格式错误就要相应的扣分。另外，有些文章结构不清晰，或者没有分段，或者段落之间的内容混乱。开头段就开始论述问题，第二段提出建议，结尾段又给出原因，逻辑混乱不清，抓不住重点。所以我们在写文章时一定要先打腹稿，明确行文结构和大概内容，这样在写作过程中才不至于不知道说什么，甚至瞎写一通。

总而言之，新大纲非常强调大家的英语写作技能，我们在平时的备考过程中一定要多进行英文文章的写作，养成良好的写作习惯，注意单词拼写、语法检查、逻辑结构，这样写出的文章才能过关。

1.1词汇方面

如果把写英语作文比作建楼房的话，英语词汇在英语写作中起着砖、瓦的作用，是句子的最基本的组成部分，所以词汇是我们高中英语教学中的重点，单词听写是课堂教学必不可少的一个环节，但学生的词汇量毕竟有限，遇到问题时，便会用汉语词汇去补充英语词汇的空缺。

例如：交通十分繁忙。误：The traffic is busy. 正：The traffic is heavy.

她和一位教授结婚了。误：She married with a professor.

正：She married a professor.

英语词语的词义往往比较复杂，并和汉语有着一定区别。这种不同就会会导致学生仅把写作当作一词一句的翻译来做，结果是事倍功半。

1.2语法方面

英语中难点就是时态，语态的掌握。英语中常用时态共十六种，语态分为主动语态与被动语态，语气有陈述语气与虚拟语气之分。不同的时态有它特有的句法结构。如现在进行时态使用be＋v－ing形式来表示。现在完成时则用have／has ＋p．p来表示。一般将来时则用shall／will／be going to＋v来表示。英语中时间意义的表达是通过动词的时和体来加以反映，而汉语中不存在时、体等，汉语则依靠表示时间的副词（如“曾经”、“正在”、“已经”、“将要”）作状语，或利用虚词“了”、“着”、“过”等作补语这一语法手段来体现，动词本身无任何变化。在英语中，“already”和“ever”常常用在完成时态之中，不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。学生常常把上述句子错译成“Yesterday I have been to the park．”“Five years ago，they have known each other．”又如在英语中，我们常常用否定前置来

讲话稿，是事务文书中的一种，是国家公务员在日常工作中经常写作的一个文种。其也是最先进入申论考试的一个事务文书的文种。

在2003年，中央和国家机关申论试卷中的第二题，就要求考生写一篇讲话稿。题目是：下面提供了两种讲话情境，请任选一种，为设定的发言人拟出一篇现场讲话稿或电视讲话稿。要求：根据选定情境，自拟标题。讲话稿不少于1000字。

这里，我们从申论应试的实际出发，主要谈领导讲话稿的写作。

●讲话稿写作指要

讲话稿，是为在某种场合讲话所写出的书面文稿。领导讲话稿，是一些会议的主要文件，属会议主要领导者使用的文种。有些会议不安排会议报告，讲话稿就起到了报告的作用。一般来说，讲话稿通常专门就某一方面的问题发表见解，文字内容集中，观点鲜明突出。

一、讲话稿的特征

1.内容的指导性。一般来说，领导的讲话都是为了针对某一时期的中心工作或某项工作，贯彻上级文件、会议或领导讲话精神，实施本单位的决定，对所辖单位或部门提出指导性意见。因此，领导讲话具有一定的指导性和权威性。应当看到，无论是对上级文件或领导讲话的诠释，还是对本单位决定的下达，完全都是通过讲话稿中所阐述的各种观点和政治见解来体现的。无疑，这就是对工作的布置和指导。

2.观点的论证性。讲话稿本身就是一种叙议结合的文体，而议论水平决定讲话稿的写作质量。因为讲话是在布置工作，是在宣传党的路线、方针、政策，所以工作的目的、意义、方法、措施等等都要阐述清楚。而要阐明这些问题，就必须站在领导的高度，从理论上进行启发性的分析和论述，有理有据地让人们知道为什么要这样做，怎样才能把这些工作做好。只有这样，才能达到动员广大群众投身于伟大事业中的目的。

3.表达的口语性。行文语言要通俗易懂，要口语化，这是讲话稿的典型特征。因为讲话稿是要当众讲给大家听的，如果语言艰涩难懂，人们就无法理解其中的内容，也就领会不了讲话的意义，当然也就达不到领导讲话的目的。所以，讲话稿的写作，只有朴素自然，形象具体，富于口语化，适合人们听觉接受的需要，才能同听众产生感情上的共鸣。

二、讲话稿的分类

按照使用范围划分，领导讲话稿可分为开幕词、会议主题报告、闭幕词、欢迎词、欢送词、祝词等。

按照会议性质划分，领导讲话稿可分为工作会议讲话、动员会议讲话、专题会议讲话、代表大会讲话、经验交流会讲话、纪念会议讲话、座谈讨论会讲话等。

三、讲话稿的结构

讲话稿的结构一般由标题、讲话日期、讲话人署名、称谓用语、正文等五个部分组成。

讲话稿的正文结构一般由开头部分、主体部分、结尾部分组成，要求观点明确、中心突出、层次清晰、逻辑严谨。

四、讲话稿的写法

1.标题。领导讲话稿标题的写法很多，比较灵活，主要有如下几种：

一是明确主旨式。标题明确指出讲话的中心内容或主旨，如《目前形势和我们的任务》。

二是直接点明式。标题直接点明在什么会议上的讲话，如胡锦涛总书记《在庆祝中国共产党成立八十五周年大会上的讲话》。

三是揭示性质式。标题清楚地揭示出讲话的性质，如《关于修改党章的报告》。

四是标明文种式。直接以文种作为标题，如《开幕词》、《闭幕词》。

五是通常正副式。正副式标题，通常正题揭示讲话主题，副题对讲话地点、性质等作以补充说明。

2.讲话日期。一般在标题下的括号内标明讲话日期，写清年月日。

3.讲话人署名。一般在讲话日期下标明讲话人的姓名。

4.称谓用语。称谓用语，就是讲话人对面前听众的称呼。类似于一般公文中的主送机关，在正文的第一行左侧，顶格写，后面用冒号。不同的讲话，称谓用语不同。在不同场合，应区别对待，根据惯例，要用尊称，以表示尊重。通常用“同志们”、“同志们，朋友们”为最多，一般用“同志们”即可。

5.正文。正文一般按开头、主体、结尾三部分安排。

开头。写导语，引出话题。开头的写作，有多种表达方式，可开门见山，直接提出问题或概括讲话内容，也可说明讲话的指导思想，还可以阐明讲话的重要意义等。行文要简洁有力，以吸引听众。

主体。是讲话的核心部分，要围绕讲话的主旨安排内容结构，展开话题。通过分析和论述，提出解决问题的主张和见解。行文形式不拘一格，可分成几个段落，层层递进，给人以一气呵成之势，也可列出几个方面问题分别进行论述，有理有据，突出中心，达到令人信服的目的。

结尾。总结全文，结束话题。形式多种多样，可做出结论，紧扣主题;或强调形势，提出希望等等。

五、写作注意事项

1.主题要鲜明。行文观点要正确、鲜明，围绕一个主题，把事情说深说透，要有理有据，用事实说话，要简明扼要，干净利落。态度明朗，实事求是，力戒空话、套话连篇，内容空洞无物。重点在于把握解决问题的针对性。

2.语言要得当。注意听众对象，把握行文语言。讲话稿必须做到口语化，不打“官腔”。行文时，用句不宜过长，修饰语要少，要通俗易懂。少用文言和方言，注意同音字和同音词的运用，等等。语言平易、用词得当、理据相辅的讲话，才能为听众所接受，收到良好的效果。

3.政策要落实。从某种意义上讲，领导讲话就是在宣传和落实党的方针政策，因此，行文时要注意政策的落实。内容中要写出人们最关心的问题和最需要解决的问题，针对这样的问题，按照党的方针政策，如何采取正确的措施，妥善地进行解决和处理，这才是广大群众最需要讲的东西。

●讲话稿写作例文

进一步加强领导干部作风建设

中共××省委书记 ××

同志们：

去年以来，我们认真贯彻胡锦涛总书记在中纪委七次全会上的重要讲话精神，紧密结合吉林实际，在全省开展了“树新风正气，促和谐发展”主题教育，认真解决领导干部作风方面存在的突出问题，取得了明显成效，在促进干部作风转变、优化经济发展环境、调动干部群众积极性等方面发挥了重要作用，为圆满完成全年各项工作任务、加快实现吉林全面振兴提供了有力保证。但必须看到，作风建设是一项重大的系统工程和长期的战略任务，不可能一蹴而就，必须一以贯之，坚持不懈地抓下去。当前，我省正处在体制转轨的关键时期、积蓄能量的爬坡关口、快速发展的启动阶段，既面临着难得的机遇，也面临着巨大的挑战。作风实则风气正，风气正则事业兴。如果没有各级领导干部的优良作风保证，我们就很难保持良好的发展势头，全面振兴的目标就难以实现;就很难更好地解决人民群众最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题，社会就难以保持和谐稳定;就很难有效开展党的思想、组织、制度建设和反腐倡廉建设，党的自身建设就难以取得实实在在的成效。现在，全省各级党委、人大、政府、政协班子都完成了换届。换届后各级领导班子、领导干部将展示出怎样的精神状态和工作作风，对吉林的下一步发展至关重要。在这个时期，进一步加强领导干部的作风建设，具有特殊的重要性、必要性和紧迫性。

省委决定，今年要以牢记宗旨、关注民生为基本要求，继续在全省深入开展“树新风正气，促和谐发展”主题教育，引导领导干部继承优良传统，心系人民群众，切实为群众办好事、办实事、解难题，让群众更多地享受到改革发展的成果，以优良的党风促政风带民风，促进平安吉林、信用吉林、和谐吉林建设，推动全省经济社会又好又快发展。

第一， 要不断强化执政为民的意识。……

第二， 要全力推进吉林发展振兴。……

第三， 要坚持不懈地为群众办实事、办好事。……

第四， 要坚决纠正损害群众利益的不正之风。……

第五， 要建立健全密切联系群众、保障群众利益的长效机制。……

在全省深入开展“树新风正气，促和谐发展”主题教育，是省委作出的一项重要决策。各级党委、政府要进一步提高认识，以更大的力度、更有效的措施，把这次主题教育不断引向深入。要把作风建设纳入党风廉政建设责任制，切实加强领导，认真研究部署，动员各方面力量，抓好落实。要充分发挥领导机关和领导干部的表率作用，从我做起，从自己所领导的单位做起，带头学习、接受教育，带头查摆、深入整改，带头干事、真心实意为群众排忧解难。要加强监督检查，把作风建设纳入巡视工作范围，及时发现和纠正领导干部作风方面的问题。要认真总结牢记宗旨、关注民生的先进事迹，充分发挥典型的示范导向作用。要加强舆论宣传，为推进领导干部转变作风、改善民生营造良好的社会环境。

●申论写作的提示

在申论写作中，运用讲话稿这一文种，考生主要应把握如下几点：

第一，要把握讲话稿这个文种的特点、结构、写法和注意事项。

第二，把握讲话稿在申论应试中的运用，主要是把握好讲话稿正文部分的行文层次，即如何引出话题、展开话题、结束话题。

第三，把握讲话稿与申论试题要求的结合点。申论应试，主要是要求考生针对概括出的主要问题提出解决问题的对策或方案，并加以论证。讲话稿写作中，也需要针对客观事实存在的问题，提出今后改进的做法和措施，而且也要对其进行必要的说理和论证，这无疑为考生写申论提供了借鉴。至于特定的背景(包括听众对象、氛围等因素)，就需要考生根据试题实际进行准确把握，灵活应对了。

一、写不同职业的人的作文类型

1.观察不同职业的人的工作，提高观察能力;

2.通过对不同职业的人的描写，表现他们的敬业精神;

3.通过观察和接触不同职业的人，学习他们的优秀品质。

二、写不同职业的人的参考题目

1.《马路清扫工》

2.《一个营业员》

3.《谢谢您，警察叔叔》

4.《一个平凡的人》

5.《一个难忘的人》

6.《街头小贩画像》

7.《好心人，你在哪里》

8.《跟爸爸去上班》

三、写不同职业的人的参考开头

1.《马路清扫工》的三种开头

第一种开头：每天早晨我去上学，最最难忘的，就是马路上的那些清扫工人。

第二种开头：马路清扫工，是最最平凡的一种职业，但谁能说它能够缺少呢?

第三种开头：是谁，清扫了我们的城市?是谁，美化了我们的城市?是谁，用一人脏换来万人洁?他，不是别人，正是我们的马路清扫工。

2.《一个营业员》的三种开头

第一种开头：那天，妈妈叫我去买一瓶酱油。

第二种开头：当我拿着钱走到那家商店的时候，这位营业员阿姨正在紧张地忙碌着。

第三种开头：“小朋友，你要买什么?”利民商店的一位阿姨热情地与我打招呼。

3.《谢谢您，警察叔叔》的两种开头

第一种开头：那一天，天上下着大雨。我因为怕迟到，路上太急了，不小心摔了一跤，把膝盖上的皮都摔破了。

第二种开头：在北寺塔有一位警察叔叔，姓陈，他待人特别温和，遇到行人有什么困难，他就及时地来帮助你。我就曾经得到过他的一次帮助。

第三种开头：“谢谢您，警察叔叔!”这是我发自内心的一声感激。因为如果不是警察叔叔的帮助，那天我可就麻烦了——事情是这样的……

4.《一个难忘的人》的两种开头

第一种开头：在我家的门口，有一位王阿婆，她是居委会的一位干部。为了周围居民的生活，王阿婆可没少操心啊!

第二种开头：王阿婆是我们居委会的主任，今年她不幸病逝了。但周围的居民只要一提起她，没有一个不是深切怀念的。

5.《街头摊贩画像》的两种开头

第一种开头：地点——景德路与养育巷交界的地方;人物——一个卖报的老人。

第二种开头：他是一个卖报的人，这时，正是下班的高峰，他忙得满头大汗。

四、写不同职业的人的参考词句

披星戴月/热火朝天/艰苦环境/风吹日晒/长年累月/善良憨厚/勤劳朴实/辛辛苦苦/勤勤恳恳/兢兢业业/起早贪黑/夜以继日/争分夺秒/全心全意/埋头苦干/忘我工作/勇挑重担/吃苦耐劳/任劳任怨/当机立断/一鼓作气/调查研究/井井有条/胸有成竹/旗开得胜/踏踏实实/善始善终

1.他是一个十分健壮的农民，面孔黑黑的，眼睛却很亮，微笑的时候，露出一口雪白的牙齿，一眼就可看出是一个老实的庄稼汉。

2.女售货员面带微笑，一对大眼睛灵活而明亮，让顾客感到家庭般的亲切和温暖。

3.沿街设摊的小商贩们一个个高声吆喝着，露着笑脸，向顾客殷勤地介绍商品。

4.从外表上看，他是一个过惯长期军队生活的人，不管什么时候，他的皮带都扎得严严实实，身子挺得像一棵松树。

5.挑山工宽厚的肩膀上压着200多斤的担子，衣领敞开着，露出那汗淋淋的脖子来。

6.那抡着大锤的胳膊白里透红，红里透紫，油亮亮，光闪闪，凸现出一块块肌肉来。

7.他的手背粗糙得像老松树皮，裂开了一道道口子，手掌上磨出厚厚的老茧。

8.她的工作帽是那样洁白，又大又白的口罩把大半个脸都遮住了，只露出一双大大的眼睛，她双手戴着大帆布手套，握着一把长长的扫帚，在一下一下地清扫着。

9.柜台后面站着两个服务员，身穿彩色蝙蝠衫和红色健美裤，戴着金项链和光闪闪的耳环。

10.女司机探出头来，人显得很精明，只是脸瘦了些，下颌有点尖长。

11.“小朋友，你怎么啦?”我哭着说：“我……我从山上摔了下来……”“别哭，别哭!”叔叔安慰着我，“有叔叔在，什么也不用怕!”

五、写不同职业的人的参考段落

1.我的叔叔二十来岁，是个码头工人，长方脸，脸色黑里透红，个儿挺高，长得很结实，叫人一看就知道是个身强力壮的小伙子。

(黑脸、高个、结实，用三个词语写出叔叔——码头工人的特征。)

2.我们在山下买登山用的青竹杖，遇到一个挑山工，矮个儿，脸儿黑生生的，眉毛很浓，大约四十来岁，敞开的白土褂子中间露出鲜红的背心。他扁担一头拴着几张木凳子，另一头捆着五六个青皮西瓜。

(用很短的句子来写，显得很流畅自然。)

3.大门开了，走进来一位年轻的邮递员。只见他全身衣服湿透了，裤腿卷得高高的，从膝盖到脚全沾满了泥水，好像刚从泥地里爬起来似的。他手里捧着一包用油布包着的邮件，顾不上抹脸上的雨水，对屋里人说：“晚报来了!”

(“好像刚从泥地里爬起来似的”这句话很有想象力，让人一读就明白邮递员当时身上是怎样地脏了。)

4.大爷是我们学校的自行车管理员。他高高的个儿，宽宽的肩膀，可惜背已经驼了。微黄的脸上布满了皱纹。他的手又大又粗，冬天开裂，像松树皮似的。在我们的眼里，他是一个古怪的人。

(“高高”、“宽宽”这些词叫叠词，用在文章里真是很生动呀!)

5.我校的宿舍里住着一位烧锅炉的老人，他已经七十多岁了，无儿无女，只他孤零零的一个人。在旧社会他受尽了磨难，吃尽了苦头，过度的劳累使他的背早就驼了，饱经风霜的脸上布满了皱纹。

(用“孤零零的一个人”比用“孤独的一个人”好，为什么呢?)

6.在集市边上的一棵松树底下，一位叔叔端坐在小马扎上。他身穿蓝军服，戴着羊皮帽，黑里透红的脸膛显得纯朴而慈祥，一看就是个挺和气的叔叔。面前摆着一筐红皮大鸡蛋，叔叔正笑盈盈地迎着向他走来的两位顾客。

(这段描写就像是一张照片对不对?)

7.身穿草绿色衣裤、头戴铜盔的消防员叔叔，个个英姿勃勃。他们迅速地跳下车;两名大个子叔叔冲在最前面，他们手拿塑料水管，旋风般地跑到不远处的给水站，接上水龙头，“哗——”一股银白色的水柱准确无误地喷进三楼的起火处。

(数一数，这里有多少个动词?哪两个用得最好?)

8.这位裁剪师傅是位老人，他戴着老花眼镜，头顶上头发已经没有了，脸上带着微笑，显得那么慈祥。这时，他正拿着软尺给一个小伙子量尺码，然后又把小伙子拿来的布料摊开，拿出一块画粉在布上横横竖竖地画了起来，连尺子都不用。不一会儿工夫，一张清晰的图就展现在我们的面前了。随后，他用干棉纱擦擦手，从抽屉里拿出一把崭新的剪刀，“咔嚓、咔嚓”地剪了起来，那速度真快，我真为他担心。但是那剪刀就像是长了眼睛一样，不偏不斜，顺着线向前跑。那姿势、那剪出的线条可真好看。真是巧手啊!我简直看呆了。

(其中有一句话描写老师傅的剪刀，写得真好，这是小作者善于表达的表现，你会怎样去描写呢?)

9.胖伯是爸爸的远房表哥，长得可福相哩!圆圆的脸上脂肪丰富，富有弹性，走起路来挺着个神气的大肚子，即使穿着衣服，也看得出里面的胖肉在抖动，要不然，怎么会有这么个雅号呢?不过，对一个厨师来说，这并不难堪，相反，倒是身怀掌勺绝技的标志。

(在这一段之中，有一句写得最富有特色，把胖伯的“胖”形象地突出出来了，是哪一句?)

10.为了掌握按摩技术，张医生不知在自己的身上做过多少次实验，从早到晚，十几个钟头练下来，胳膊肿胀了，手麻木了，但他全然不顾，数九寒天，大家连手都懒得伸在外面，而张医生的双手却在盲文版上来回地摸，十个指头冻僵了，磨出了厚厚的一层老茧，想到以后可以为更多的人解除病痛，为近视患者带来福音，张医生欣慰地笑了。是啊，经过张医生按摩过的病人，病情都有了不同程度的好转，我的视力也一次比一次有了好转，但又有谁知道，这里面包含了张医生多少的心血啊!

(小作者抓住了一双手来写，这是抓对了，为什么?)

六、写不同职业的人的参考题材

撞击大山的采石工人/劈山开岩的石匠/不畏风霜严寒的矿工/整年整月战斗在荒山野岭的护林工人/任凭风吹日晒的修路工/脚踏冰雪的筑路工/干得热火朝天的装卸工/披星戴月的运输工人/战斗在通红的炉火旁的钢铁工人/美化城市的园林工人/与风浪搏斗的老船工/在江岸绝壁匍匐前进的纤夫/笑脸相迎的营业员/高声叫卖的小商贩/饱经风霜的老干部/救死扶伤的医生/多才多艺的演员/日夜苦练的运动员/技术熟练的老裁缝/心灵手巧的木匠/描眉画唇的美容师/手脚麻利的售票员/能说会道的推销员/以车为家的列车员/声音柔和的广播员/剃头修面的理发师/忠于职守的保管员/有条有理的资料员/夜以继日的纺织工/火花闪闪的电焊工/翱翔蓝天的飞行员/烹饪菜肴的炊事员/主持公道的律师/高度警惕的巡警/严肃认真的法官/跑来跑去的记者

我们应该怎么写才能写好一件简单的事，下面是小编整理的怎样记叙一件简单的事，欢迎阅读。

在记叙文写作中，叙述好一件简单的事，这是一项基本功。练好这个基本功，以后进行复杂的叙事，也就有了基础。德国大作家歌德曾经说过：“一个人只要能把一件事说得很清楚，他也就能把许多事都说得清楚了。”那么，怎样记叙好一件简单的事呢?

一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。

如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了;“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

三、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。

一、用于驳性和比较性论文

1. In general, I don’t agree with

2. In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold water。

3. The chief reason why… is that…

4.There is no true that…

5. It is not true that…

6. It can be easily denied than…

7. We have no reason to believe that…

8. What is more serious is that…

9. But it is pity that…

10. Besides, we should not neglect that…

11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore…

12. Others may find this to be true, but I believer that…

13. Perhaps I was question why…

14. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to…

15. Though we are in basic agreement with…,but

16. What seems to be the trouble is…

17. Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…

18. It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that…

19. There is in fact on reason for us so believe that…

20. What these people fail to consider is that…

21. It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that …

22. Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages too。

23. The advantages of B are much greater than A。

24. A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into consideration。

作者以儿童的心理和儿童特有的眼光，站在小鸟的立场上，用童话的笔法抒写了自己对环境保护的认识。构思新颖奇特，语言优美生动，感情真挚动人。文章结尾呼吁紧扣题旨，突出中心。

亲情，顾名思义，就是亲人的情义。人，作为社会的人，首先并经常接触的是养育自己的生身父母，亲同手足的兄弟姐妹。正是血浓于水的亲情，谱写着我们的多彩人生，维系着这个社会的生存与发展。

在这方面，你一定有许多切身的感受，动人的故事，也一定有许多深刻的体验，独到的见解。

请以“亲情”为话题写一篇文章。

【思路点拨】

(1)“家庭·亲情”这类话题还可延展为这些话题：母爱、父爱、手足情、单亲家庭、代沟等。

(2)可以说，每一个高考作文题都与我们的家庭、亲情有着千丝万缕的联系。就从这几年的高考作文题来说吧，像“诚信”“心灵的选择”“感情亲疏和对事物的认知”“包容”“语言与沟通”“自我认识与他人期望”“家庭教育”“遭遇挫折与放大痛苦”等等，哪一个都可以从家庭、亲情的角度构思，而且都有以此为内容的高考满分文出现。所以，对于年轻的我们来说，在备考高考作文的过程中，你一定要加倍重视对家庭、亲情素材的梳理与运用。或许，你会在考场上有一份意外的收获，在最关键的时候，亲情会助你一臂之力。因为，每一个阅卷老师都不会面对真情而无动于衷的，情感，这种人类最美好的精神具有无与伦比的美与冲击力。没有人能抵挡得住它的撞击。然而，你也必需得注意，亲情来不得半点虚假，情感决不能被编造所代替。所以，当我们准备用自己的笔去抒写丰富的家庭生活，表达美好的亲情的时候，你必须做到：写属于我的独特生活，独特才能真实，独特才能新颖，独特才能精彩!

(3)家庭、亲情这个话题是很大的，而要用800字写好一篇文章非得从小处入手不可，在考场上一定要学会“化大为小”。可采用层层缩小的办法，以此题为例，“亲情”这个话题，可划为几类，如母子、父子之情，兄弟姐妹之情，祖孙之情等。可以再小到写父子之情，父子之情的表现方式很多，还需再次化小，要小到只写一件事，这件事一定要典型，然后集中笔墨写好这一件事，要写出波澜，写出故事的开端、发展、高潮和结局，再配以适当的抒情议论，文章就很有魅力了，切忌记流水帐。

(4)考场作文的素材怎样才能独特呢?唯有来自自己生活深处的东西才是独特的。还应注意，大多数人都有可能经历的事，即使真实，独特性却没有。写“亲情”，许多同学选择素材时常会落入一些俗套中，比如写自己大病一场、父母如何劳累，头发如何出现了白色，皱纹如何爬上了父母的脸庞。又比如写自己家境如何贫困，父母如何咬紧牙关供自己读书。此类素材尽管来自生活，但写的人太多，也就失去了感人的魅力。同学们要想一想，哪些是大家都可能经历的，哪些则是唯有我自己独有的，自己独有的东西，自然是鲜活的，有生命力的。这样的素材，才是我们应该选择的。

【例文】

我爱我家

在我家，爸爸自称学识渊博，无所不能，人称“博学先生”;妈妈则以“万能太太”自居，而我，则是个地地道道的“乐天派”，无论大事小事，我都要笑上两声。我们一家三口凑到一块，屋里便是笑声四溢了。

话说这一天，“博学先生”一不小心把我的随身听弄坏了，无论什么磁带放进去，拿出来，肯定是被搅得乱七八糟。嘿嘿，这让我那个自称“无所不能”的老爸损伤了不少脑细胞，他翻烂了使用说明，按遍了所有能按的键，就是不起作用。于是他呆呆地望着我自言自语道：“完了，它又该进修理厂了……千古罪人呀……”正说着，妈妈迈着四方步，慢条斯理地走进屋来，拿起随身听，不屑一顾地看了几眼，打开盒，捣鼓起来，一会儿工夫，递给爸爸道：“给，好了。”爸爸望着她，哪肯相信，冷笑了两声，试探性地把磁带放了进去。刹那间，优美的音乐从里面“流”出，而且音质似乎比原来更好，我不禁拍手称绝，再看看爸爸，他惊讶地望着妈妈，眼睁得滴溜圆，我真担心他的眼球会从眼眶里掉了出来。“好了，作为答谢，你洗一个星期的碗吧!”“万能太太”打着官腔道。“好，好”。爸爸一边作答，一边放下手中的随身听，走进厨房，洗碗去了。

不一会儿，妈妈哼着小调，走出屋来，见了我，高兴地唱道：“这周有人洗碗啦……”“好啦!唉，妈，你怎么修好的?”妈妈立刻闭上嘴，一甩头发，一扬眉毛——“保密”。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：写作文没有素材怎么行，一篇好的作文素材能让读者赏心悦目，让作者文思泉涌。下面是yuwenmi小编为备考的同学准备的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1、一只火鸡和一头牛闲聊，火鸡说：我希望能飞到树顶，可我没有勇气。牛说：为什么不吃一点我的牛粪呢，他们很有营养。火鸡吃了一点牛粪，发现它确实给了它足够的力量飞到第一根树枝，第二天，火鸡又吃了更多的牛粪，飞到第二根树枝，两个星期后，火鸡骄傲的飞到了树顶，但不久，一个农夫看到了它，迅速的把它从树上射了下来。

生存之道1：牛屎运让你达到顶峰，但不能让你留在那里。

2、乌鸦站在树上，整天无所事事，兔子看见乌鸦，就问：我能像你一样，整天什么事都不用干吗?乌鸦说：当然，有什么不可以呢?于是，兔子在树下的空地上开始休息，忽然，一只狐狸出现了，它跳起来抓住兔子，把它吞了下去。

生存之道2：如果你想站着什么事都不做，那你必须站的很高，非常高。

3、一只小鸟飞到南方去过冬。天很冷，小鸟几乎冬僵了。于是，飞到一大块空地上，一头牛经过那儿，拉了一堆牛粪在小鸟的身上，冬僵的小鸟躺在粪堆里，觉得很温暖，渐渐苏醒过来，它温暖而舒服的躺着，不久唱起歌来，一只路过的野猫听到声音，走过去看个究竟，循着声音，野猫很快发现了躺在粪堆里的小鸟，把它拽出来吃掉了。

生存之道3：不是每个往你身上拉大粪的人都是你的敌人。也不是每个把你从粪堆里拉出来的人都是你的朋友，还有，当你躺在粪堆里时，最好把你的嘴闭上。

4、从前，有两个饥饿的人得到了一位长者的恩赐：一根鱼竿和一篓鲜活硕大的鱼。其中，一个人要了一篓鱼，另一个人要了一根鱼竿，于是他们分道扬镳了。得到鱼的人原地就用干柴搭起篝火煮起了鱼，他狼吞虎咽，还没有品出鲜鱼的肉香，转瞬间，连鱼带汤就被他吃了个精光，不久，他便饿死在空空的鱼篓旁。另一个人则提着鱼竿继续忍饥挨饿，一步步艰难地向海边走去，可当他已经看到不远处那片蔚蓝色的海洋时，他浑身的最后一点力气也使完了，他也只能眼巴巴地带着无尽的遗憾撒手人间。

又有两个饥饿的人，他们同样得到了长者恩赐的一根鱼竿和一篓鱼。只是他们并没有各奔东西，而是商定共同去找寻大海，他俩每次只煮一条鱼，他们经过遥远的跋涉，来到了海边，从此，两人开始了捕鱼为生的日子，几年后，他们盖起了房子，有了各自的家庭、子女，有了自己建造的渔船，过上了幸福安康的生活。

一个人只顾眼前的利益，得到的终将是短暂的欢愉;一个人目标高远，但也要面对现实的生活。只有把理想和现实有机结合起来，才有可能成为一个成功之人。有时候，一个简单的道理，却足以给人意味深长的生命启示。

5、孔子的一位学生在煮粥时，发现有肮脏的东西掉进锅里去了。他连忙用汤匙把它捞起来，正想把它到掉时，忽然想到，一粥一饭都来之不易啊。于是便把它吃了。/刚巧孔子走进厨房，以为他在偷食，便教训了那位负责煮食的同学。经过解释，大家才恍然大悟。孔子很感慨的说：“我亲眼看见的事情也不确实，何况是道听途听呢?”

启示：推销生意是一种组织性质的生意，因为人多，人事问题也多。我们不时听到是非难辨的话，如某公司攻击另一间公司，如是者往往令人混淆是非，影响信心。因此找出事情的真相，不是轻易相信谣言，辛辛苦苦建立的事业才不会毁于一旦。

6、有个叫阿巴格的人生活在内蒙古草原上。有一次，年少的阿巴格和他爸爸在草原上迷了路，阿巴格又累又怕，到最后快走不动了。爸爸就从兜里掏出5枚硬币，把一枚硬币埋在草地里，把其余4枚放在阿巴格的手上，说：“人生有5枚金币，童年、少年、青年、中年、老年各有一枚，你现在才用了一枚，就是埋在草地里的那一枚，你不能把5枚都扔在草原里，你要一点点地用，每一次都用出不同来，这样才不枉人生一世。今天我们一定要走出草原，你将来也一定要走出草原。世界很大，人活着，就要多走些地方，多看看，不要让你的金币没有用就扔掉。”在父亲的鼓励下，那天阿巴格走出了草原。长大后，阿巴格离开了家乡，成了一名优秀的船长。

秘诀：珍惜生命，就能走出挫折的沼泽地。

7、有兄弟二人，年龄不过四、五岁，由于卧室的窗户整天都是密闭着，他们认为屋内太阴暗，看见外面灿烂的阳光，觉得十分羡慕。兄弟俩就商量说：“我们可以一起把外面的阳光扫一点进来。”于是，兄弟两人拿着扫帚和畚箕，到阳台上去扫阳光。等到他们把畚箕搬到房间里的时候，里面的阳光就没有了。这样一而再再而三地扫了许多次，屋内还是一点阳光都没有。正在厨房忙碌的妈妈看见他们奇怪的举动，问道：“你们在做什么?”他们回答说：“房间太暗了，我们要扫点阳光进来。”妈妈笑道：“只要把窗户打开，阳光自然会进来，何必去扫呢?”

秘诀：把封闭的心门敞开，成功的阳光就能驱散失败的阴暗。

8、雨后，一只蜘蛛艰难地向墙上已经支离破碎的网爬去，由于墙壁潮湿，它爬到一定的高度，就会掉下来，它一次次地向上爬，一次次地又掉下来……第一个人看到了，他叹了一口气，自言自语：“我的一生不正如这只蜘蛛吗?忙忙碌碌而无所得。”于是，他日渐消沉。第二个人看到了，他说：这只蜘蛛真愚蠢，为什么不从旁边干燥的地方绕一下爬上去?我以后可不能像它那样愚蠢。于是，他变得聪明起来。第三个人看到了，他立刻被蜘蛛屡败屡战的精神感动了。于是，他变得坚强起来。

秘诀：有成功心态者处处都能发觉成功的力量。

9、一个老人在高速行驶的火车上，不小心把刚买的新鞋从窗口掉了一只，周围的人倍感惋惜，不料老人立即把第二只鞋也从窗口扔了下去。这举动更让人大吃一惊。老人解释说：“这一只鞋无论多么昂贵，对我而言已经没有用了，如果有谁能捡到一双鞋子，说不定他还能穿呢!”

秘诀：成功者善于放弃。

10、某大公司准备以高薪雇用一名小车司机，经过层层筛选和考试之后，只剩下三名技术最优良的竞争者。主考者问他们：“悬崖边有块金子，你们开着车去拿，觉得能距离悬崖多近而又不至于掉落呢?”“二公尺。”第一位说。“半公尺。”第二位很有把握地说。

“我会尽量远离悬崖，愈远愈好。”第三位说。结果这家公司录取了第三位。

秘诀：不要和诱惑较劲，而应离得越远越好。

11、中国古代大哲学家老子，有一天他把弟子人叫到床边，他张开口用手指一指口里面，然后问弟子们看到了什么?在场的众第子没有一个能答得上。

于是老子就对他们说：“满齿不存，舌头犹在”意思是：牙齿须硬但它寿命不长;舌头须软，但生命力更强。

12、江南才子唐伯虎在江南一庙宇偶遇前来进香的秋香，一见钟情，遂生共结连理之意。为此，他一路跟踪秋香到太师府，又想方设法以伴读书僮的身份混进府，谋得了接触秋香的机会，后在府中多次接触秋香并表心意，均被秋香拒绝。有一次竟被秋香锁进柴房，但唐伯虎并不气馁，又请来好友祝枝山帮忙，在好友的指点下博得点秋香成婚的好机会，至此，江南才子好梦成真。唯一不太好的是唐伯虎在成婚后从太师府偷偷溜走不辞而别，显得不太有面子，不过，这也是他当时最好的选择。

启示：1、目标要明确;2、为实现目标措施要有效;3、要屡败屡战并适当时候请高人帮助，毕竟有时是旁观者清;4、完成目标美梦成真后可以适时跳槽，该走就走。

13、老和尚携小和尚游方，途遇一条河;见一女子正想过河，却又不敢过。老和尚便主动背该女子趟过了河，然后放下女子，与小和尚继续赶路。小和尚不禁一路嘀咕：师父怎么了?竟敢背一女子过河?一路走，一路想，最后终于忍不住了，说：师父，你犯戒了?怎么背了女人?老和尚叹道：我早已放下，你却还放不下!

启示：君子坦荡荡，小人常戚戚;心胸宽广，思想开朗，遇事拿得起、放得下，才能永远保持一种健康的心态。

想要写好英语作文都有哪些技巧呢?下面是语文迷网为大家提供的英语写作技巧，欢迎阅读参考。

一、写作决窍

总体把握，要点齐全;人称时态，逻辑清楚;

关键词汇，动词第一;组词成句，结构完整;

组句成文，连词增色;此路不通，绕道迂回;

字迹工整，留好印象;从句适量，高分有望。

二、写作步骤

1.认真审题。审题包括要点、格式、词数以及此篇文章要传递给读者什么样的信息，告诫读者什么(即写作目的)。

2.确定文体和时态。确定文体后，根据不同文体的特点和要求进行组织材料;同时确定出该篇文章的总时态与时态的变化。

3.写完要点，但不随意发挥。

4.先草稿，后抄写。

三、作文案例

[2004年全国中学生英语能力竞赛初赛初三组] (14分)

Choose one of your hobbies and write an article for the school magazine about it. Tell the magazine readers.

·What exactly your hobby is;

·When and how you became interested in this hobby;

·Why you enjoy your hobby;

·About your hopes and plans for the future.

写作要求：

1.根据所提供的内容，适当拓展想象空间，灵活地将提供的信息体现在文章中。

2.条理清楚，语句通顺，书写清晰、规范。

3.词数60-80.

[学生解答A]

My hobby is read books①.When I was seven years old.I became interested in reading books.I like needing books because there are a lot of useful things in books.I can learn a lot of knowledge from books. Books also② can teach me how to be a good person.Books even can solve many problems for me.I will read more good books to improve myself.

①改为reading books，动词作表语时应该用动名词。

②also的位置应放在can之后。

[点评]：档次9-11分。

①要点不全，漏掉最后一个要点。

②句子基本无误，能正确传递信息给读者但文章不流畅，句子与句子之间过渡不自然，给读者感觉在回答上述问题。

③有少量错误。

[学生解答B]

My hobby is reading.Reading books is very enjoyable.When I was young ,my mother used to tell me a story before.I went to bed every night.The stories were so interesting that I always felt they weren’t enough.So I began to read books by myself.Little by little I became interested in reading.I can learn much knowledge and many interesting things all over the world.When I read books,I can enjoy the beautiful sentences.At the same time I can improvemy writing.I want to be a writer in the future,so I must study hard and read more books so that my dream can come true.

①开门见山、点题。

②真情流露，理由充分。

③文中带圈的连词使用得恰当，使文章过渡自然、

④巧妙使用句型以表决心。

[点评]：档次13-14分。

①清楚表达写作目的，要点齐全。

②语言表达灵活多样，字里行间流露出真情实感，文章有感染力。

③恰当使用连词和从句，语言流畅，且无错误，是一篇高质量的作文。

[高分突破]

①文体：记叙文。

②要点：what → when →how → why → hope and plan for the future.

③时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时的自然变化。

内容具有开放性，但它也是“控制性”的写作试题，因此不能随意发挥，要善于抓信息，写完要点。选用这两篇学生真实习作，一是因为他们选材相同，二是因为他们都是英语成绩优秀的同学。同学B灵活使用连词so…that,so,little by little,when,so that等，恰到好处地使用新句型和短语used to,became interested in,come true……等，使内容丰富，读起来优美流畅。其实这些表达同学A也会，只是缺乏技术加工。通过这两篇作文点评，同学们便能悟出其中的奥妙。

四、培养途径

1.根据老师布置的写作内容，独立完成一篇写作。

2.与同伴合作，交流自己的写作，通过交流找出各自作文中写得好的地方和优美的句子，合作创造一篇新的文章，供大家欣赏。

3.找老师点评，请求老师指点，尤其是怎样润色。

4.自己纠错，写下反思。

五、备考演练

A

缙云山是重庆著名的游览胜地，每天有大量的游客。请你根据下面提供的信息写一篇报道，说明现在的游客在环境保护方面的变化。

写作要求：

1.词数在100左右。

2.条理清楚，语句通顺。

3.开头已写好，但不计入总词数。

Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest …

B

阅读电视广告词：“If we don’t save water,the last drop of water will be a tear-drop.”根据提示，写一篇60-80词的短文。

提示：

1.生活离不开水。

2.可饮用水在减少。

3.水污染严重。

4.应保护水源，再利用水。

思路点拨与参考答案

A. [思路点拨]：

①文体：记叙文。

②时态：一般过去时态，一般现在时态。采用正反对比的写作手法，增加感染力。

③写作目的：告诉读者保护环境的重要性。

Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest.Every day a lot of tourists come here to enjoy its beauty. But a few years ago,some of them paid no attention to protecting theenvironment.They threw their rubbish,such as plastic bags,fruit skins and waste paper on the ground.Sometimes they broke trees,picked flowers and killed birds. Some even made fires in the woods to cook food.How dangerous it was.Luckily,great changes have taken place here.Tourists are used to putting their rubbish into dustbins,and they are doing their best to protect the birds and plants as well.They bring their own meals instead of cooking to preventstarting a forest fire in the mountains.All these changes make us very happy.

B. [思路点拨]：

①夹叙夹议(说明现状，谈谈感想)。

②时态：一般现在时态。

③广告词的含义——水很重要，应保护和再利用(写作意图)。

Water is very important to humans.We can’t live without water.The water we can drink is falling.But some people don’t seem to care about it.They waste a lot of water.They pour dirtywater into rivers and lakes.Water pollution is getting more and more serious.So we must do something to stop the pollution.We not only protect the water but also find ways to reuse it.If we don’t do this,the last drop of water will be a tear-drop.

写游记，要注意了解情况，掌握可靠的材料，小编收集了游记作文的写作方法,欢迎阅读。

写好游记，首先，要抓住特点。我们参观游览一个地方，所见所闻很多，如果什么都想写，就什么也写不好，只能成为一篇流水账。江河湖泊，高山原野，亭台楼阁，各具风姿，要想抓住特点，就必须仔细观察和思考。比如以游黄山来说吧，它以奇松、怪石、云海、温泉这四绝闻名中外，有“震旦国中第一奇山”之称。我国唐代大诗人李白有一首咏黄山的诗，诗中说：“黄山四千仞，三十二莲峰。丹崖夹石柱，菡萏金芙蓉。”明代着名旅行家徐霞客说：“五岳归来不看山，黄山归来不看岳”，把黄山列为我国名山之冠。这就抓住了黄山的特点。每处风景胜地都有其特色，春夏秋冬，云雨风雪，气候不同，各有特点。清晨，在黄山之巅看一轮红日冉冉升起，令人心潮起伏、浮想联翩。朝霞笼罩下的黄山，丰姿俊采，格外妖娆。云飞雾绕，使整个黄山在寂静中呈现出一片动的美感。如果你们观察仔细了，就可以写得生动、具体，写出与众不同之处。

其次，记叙要有顺序。写游览过程，可以按时间先后顺序;描写景物，可以按空间位置的变换，先选准一个立脚点(或叫观察点)，或由远而近，或由近及远;或由外到里，或从里到外;或由左到右，或由右到左，“线路”清楚，让读者看了你写的文章，就如同跟着熟悉的“向导”亲临其境一样。比如游北京的潭柘寺。这座古寺依山而造，地形起伏，气象壮观。全寺建筑主要分为三个部分。在中轴线上，自前面的牌楼、山门、大王殿、大雄宝殿、三圣殿，直至最后的毗卢阁，升降错落，巍峨壮观。左路是庭院式建筑，有方丈院和行宫。万岁宫、太后宫，碧瓦朱栏，修竹丛生，流泉潺潺，是个幽雅别致的地方。右路是寺院式的殿堂组合，有楞严坛、戒坛和观音殿等，瑰丽堂皇，显得庄严肃穆。写游记介绍景物，一定要有个顺序，不能时而说东，时而道西，杂乱无章。

最后，要写出新意。“意”就是思想，“新意”，是说作文中应该有新鲜活泼、引人深思、发人感奋的思想。游记，不能仅仅停留在写景上，要把主题开掘得深一些，融情于景，寓深刻的思想于景物描写之中。大家都读过杨朔同志的《海市》，这篇游记的立意是：“朋友，我现在记的并不是那虚无缥缈的海市，而是一个真实的海市。”这个真实的海市，就是作者的故乡蓬莱，“它比起那缥缈的幻景还要新奇，还要有意思得多呢。”立意新颖而深刻，很值得学习。当然，游记的“立意”一定要和文章的内容紧密地联系在一起，不能为了追求“新”，而生搬硬套，或者牵强附会。

此外，写游记，还要注意了解情况，掌握可靠的材料，同学们到一个地方游览，如果有旅游指南一类的书，最好买一本，这里面有具体翔实的资料，既是一件纪念品，又可以作为写游记的参考

这是材料加命题的形式，首先我们必须注意材料的指向作用。材料先有一段引子，停下笔等，重点的在后边的引导性的话，“我们是否能从中看到父母的恩赐、社会的馈赠、世界的影子”这段话和前边的引子构成一种完整的意思，我们要停下来看看自己，反思自己，从自己身上找找一些东西，诸如“父母的、社会的”等。

看具体要求，以“看看我们自己”为题，首先对象是“我们”，是一个泛指概念，可以是以我为代表的一群，针对学生写作的要求，我们最好就是学生这一身份，以这一身份为代表的一代人，这样要求实际体现一种要求学生表达真情实感的意图，也让学生有话可说。当然，“我们“的外延是很大的，他也完全可以指我们人类，只不过对学生实际写作而言，要有更好的把握意识，表达难度相应较大。然后对“看看自己”的理解。就出题的意图看，“看看”应该是强调一种反思，而不是停下来看看风景。最后“看什么”呢?我们认为出题者在引导学生关注世界，关注现实，关注身边事。

每年中考的作文题常常是师生、家长以至社会关注的焦点，然而考后从阅卷部门获得的信息总是不尽如意，甚至很不如意。问题的原委应当到作文教学的过程中去寻找。

尽管作文题花样如何翻新，要求的文体总是记叙文。这是合理的，符合规律的。所谓记叙文就是记人、叙事、写景的，是人物、事件、景物的书面化，是人物、事件、景物的再现。所以好的记叙文首先必须记人、叙事、写景做到形象、具体、生动。这是一项从预初开始就必须渐渐具备的基础功夫。()然而我们的作文教学在最初阶段常常是忽略甚至是严重忽略了这项基础功夫的培养。没有或者欠缺了这项基础功夫，那么记叙文必然空话连篇瘦骨伶仃，不会给人予真切感，也不会让人感动，自然谈不上好的记叙文了。

那么这项基础功夫从哪里来呢?初中的作文教学一开始就要引导学生学会观察生活，培养观察生活的习惯与能力。记叙的形象、具体、生动，是观察的仔细与周全的必然反映。所以在这个阶段作文教学应当运用多种手段引导学生学会观察自己的生活，这是一个包罗万象的天地：教室里的设施，教学大楼的轮廓与色彩、升旗早操的各个环节，运动会的热闹又激烈场面，校院里的花草树木等等;渐渐再把他们的眼界扩大开去：车水马龙的街道，匆匆忙忙上下班的人群，新华书店里人们专注于翻阅与购书的神态，旅游景点的自然风光山水美景等等;渐渐地再引导他们观察一桩事情，一个事件，观察它们的起始、过程、结果，这就是引导他们学习叙事;再就是引导他们观察人，观察父母、同学、老师，观察他们的形态、言辞、以及处事为人的种种细节。这样，父母、同学、老师就都是他们心中活生生的形象，写在作文里就能栩栩如生。

在这个基础上，到了初中的后阶段就要让学生懂得，一篇真正优秀的记叙文还必须是富于内涵，能给人予启迪的。而这种内涵不是外加的，实质是观察生活的一种心得。比如花开了又谢了，冠军的道路，无奈的失败等等，任何事物发展变化都有它的固有依据，都有它内含的哲理。观察了，发现了，你的记叙文也就有了丰富的内涵了。

暑假期间，初三学生要想写出一篇好的作文，应该重视培养和提高自己仔细观察生活的习惯与能力，学习如何把人物、事件记叙得具体、形象、生动。

一、审题要清

看到考题后，先不要急于动笔，要仔细看清题目要求的内容。在自己的头脑中构思出一个框架或画面，确定短文的中心思想，不要匆匆下笔，看懂题意，根据提供的资料和信息来审题。审题要审格式、体裁、人物关系、故事情节、主体时态、活动时间、地点等。

二、要点明确

要点是给分的一个重要因素。为了防止写作过程中遗漏要点，同学们要充分发挥自己的观察力，把情景中给出的各个要点逐一罗列出。

三、列出提纲

为写作做好准备。根据文章要点短文的中心思想将主要句型、关键词语记下，形成提纲。

四、写顺全文

写短文时要做到五个方面：

1.避免使用汉语式英语，尽量使用自己熟悉的句型。

2.多用简单句型，记事、写人一般都不需要复杂的句型。可适当多使用陈述句、一般疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。不用或少用非谓语或独立主格结构等较复杂的句型。

3.注意语法、句法知识的灵活运用。语态、时态要准确无误;主谓语要一致，主语的人称和数要和谓语一致;注意冠词用法，例如：It takes Tom half an hour to go to school by bus.中的an不能写成a;注意拼写，例如：fourteen，forty，ninth等不要写成forteen，fourty，nineth等;注意标点符号和大小写。

4.描写人物时，要生动具体，可以选择使用下列词汇，例如：外形：tall，short，fat，thin，strong，weak，pretty等;颜色：red,yel-low，blue，white，green，brown，black等;心情：glad，happy，sad，excited，anxious，interest-ed等;情感：love，like，hate，feel，laugh，cry，smile，shout等。

5.上下文要连贯。同学们应把写好的句子，根据故事情节，事情发生的先后次序(时间或空间)，使用一些表示并列、递进等过渡词进行加工整理，使文章连贯、自然、流畅。同学们应注意下面过渡的用法：并列关系：and,as well as,or…;转折关系：but,yet,how-ever…;时间关系：when,while,after,before,then,after that…;因果关系：so，there-fore，asaresult…;目的：in order to，in order that，so as to,so that…;列举：for example ,such as…;总结性：in general,in all,in a word,generally speaking…

五、没有病句

中考作文时，由于时间紧、内容多，同学们出错在所难免。因此，改错这一环节必不可少。中考作文评卷是根据要点、语言准确性、上下文的连贯性来给分，根据错误多少来扣分。因此中考时花几分钟时间用来检查错误显得尤为重要。检查错误应从以下几个方面入手：(1)看字数是否达到要求，看有无遗漏要点。

(2)看文体格式是否正确规范。

(3)看有无语法或用词上的错误。

(4)看单词拼写、字母大小写是否有错，标点符号有无遗漏或用错等等。

(5)注意时态、语态、人称是否上下文一致。

六、先打草稿

考试中，书面表达应做到先打草稿，写完后多读几遍，检查是否有误，然后再抄到试卷上，注意字迹要工整，不涂、不画、不勾不抹，避免不必要的扣分。

我们经常写记叙文了，不知道你有没有总结去技巧呢?下面是小编整理的叙事文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

在会写记叙文之前我们首先要学会怎么去记叙好一件简单的事情

一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。

如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了;“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

三、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。

在写记叙文的时候，我们要有条理性，先要想好先写什么，后写什么，安排好记叙的顺序，不然就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。那么我们要怎么写才能让文章条理清楚呢

一、运用顺叙。

顺叙，是按照事物发生、发展的先后次序进行叙述。这样写，可以将事物的发展过程，有头有尾地叙述出来，来龙去脉，十分清楚。运用顺叙写成的文章，它的层次、段落和事物发生、发展的过程是基本一致的。

顺叙有以时间为顺序的，有以事物发展规律为顺序的，也有以空间变换为顺序的。在叙事性的文章中，大多是以时间为顺序和以事物发展规律为顺序的。

按时间顺序进行叙述时，必须严格地安排好顺序，写清楚叙述的时间。现实生活中任何事情都不会突然发生，它总有一个发生、发展的过程。因此，作者常常要根据事情发生、发展、高潮、结局这一事情发展的规律来进行叙述，文章的层次也是清楚、明了的。

当然，有的文章事情比较简单，因而不一定非要写出事情过程的四个层次(发生、发展、高潮、结局)。

二、运用倒叙。

倒叙，就是把事件的结局或某个最突出的片断提在前面叙述，然后再从事件的开头进行叙述。

需要指出的是，运用倒叙的写法，必须注意交代清楚倒叙的起讫点，顺叙和倒叙的转换处要有明显的界限、必要的文字过渡。这些地方处理不好，会使文章脉络不清，头绪不明，影响内容的表达。

三、运用插叙。

插叙是指在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于某种需要暂时中断叙述的线索而插入的关于另一件事情的叙述。

需要指出的是，在运用插叙时不能打乱原来的叙述线索，要注意与上下文的衔接。这样，文章的结构不仅富有变化，而且叙述事情的条理非常清楚。

材料中的故事出自希腊的《伊索寓言》，故事告诉人们：聪明的人应当事先考虑清楚事情的结果，然后才去做。不过，作为题意材料作文的素材，这道作文题又是很具开放性的，考生对材料理解的每一个侧面、每一个角度都可以看作一个话题，都可以构思作文，因而能让每位考生都有话可说，有事可写，有情可抒，有理可议。如果从公山羊的角度写，可以总结教训，谈“三思而后行”，谈“主见与轻信”，甚至可以谈“凡事预则立，不预则废”;如果从狐狸的角度写，可以获得启示，谈“困境中求生存”，谈“急中生智”，谈“借的智慧”;如果结合狐狸与公山羊来写，可以运用对比手法，谈谈“聪明与糊涂”或“合作”问题，等等。

由于材料中提到“公山羊指责狐狸不信守诺言”的事，考生很可能大谈“诚信”问题，然后搬出2001年高考的优秀作文来，走进宿构的误区，陷入抄袭的泥淖，以致“下笔千言，离题万里”。

一、 关于记叙文：

记叙文是指记人、叙事、写景、状物等类的文章，在表达方式上以记述为主，但往往也间有描写、抒情和议论，并没有截然的划分。它是一种形式灵活、写法多样的文体。古代的记、传、序、表、志等，现代的消息、通讯、简报、特写、传记、回忆录等，都属于记叙文的范畴。

二、知识点归纳：

(一)记叙文知识点归纳：

1、记叙的四种顺序：顺叙、 倒叙、 插叙、 补叙。

(1)顺叙：

按照事情发展的本来顺序进行叙述，依次从开端、发展写到高潮、结局，文章的层次、段落和事情发展的过程基本一致，这就是顺叙。顺叙是最常见的叙述方式。

(2)倒叙：

把人物、事件的结局，或人物经历、事件过程中最突出的片段，提到前面来写，就是倒叙。倒叙有造成悬念、引起读者兴趣、启发人们思考的艺术效果。

(3)插叙：

在叙述进行中暂停一下，插入另外一段事，然后再把原叙述继续下去，这就是插叙。插叙有追忆往事、补足有关情况的作用。

(4)补叙：

在叙述结束后，又对前面的有关情节进行内容上的补充，这就是补叙。

2、表达方式：叙述、 描写、 抒情、 议论。

(1)叙述：

把人物的经历、行为或事情的发生、发展、变化表述出来，就是叙述。

(2)描写：

用生动形象的语言，把人物的形态、动作、或景物的状态、特征等，具体细致地描绘出来，就是描写。小说中运用描写比较多，一般记叙文则只是在叙述中穿插一些描写。这些描写，按对象来划分、大体可归为人物描写和环境描写两类。

(3)抒情：

直接抒情：

作者或作品中的人物在文章中直接公开地表白自己的喜怒爱憎感情，就是直接抒情。这种抒情方式在诗歌和抒情散文中运用较多，一般记叙文不宜多用。否则令人产生做作、乏味之感。

间接抒情：

将感情渗透在写景、叙事、说理之中，边叙述边抒情，边描写边抒情，边议论边抒情，就是间接抒情。这是记叙文的主要抒情方式。采用这种方式抒情，可熔情、景、事、理于一炉，使文章更显得丰富多彩、富有情味。

(4)议论：

议论是论说文的主要表达方式，在记叙文中，它只是一种穿插在叙述和描写中的辅助手段，一般表现为对文中叙述的事物画龙点睛式地发表议论，即夹叙夹议。

3、记叙文六要素：时间、 地点、 人物、 事件的起因、经过和结果。

4、人物的描写方法：肖像描写、语言描写、行动描写、心理描写、神态描写。从描写的疏密来看又可分为概括介绍和细节描写。从描写的角度看还可分为正面描写(直接描写)、侧面描写(间接描写)等。

5、常用写作手法：象征、对比、(铺垫)、照应(呼应)、直接(间接)描写、 扬抑。

关于象征手法：

以茅盾的《白杨礼赞》、周敦颐的《爱莲说》为例，作者不是单纯地赞美白杨、莲花，而是借这些物来赞颂某些美德或具备这些美德的人。这种写作手法，通常称为“象征手法”。“象征手法”在诗歌、散文中是常见的手法之一。它一般用来赞颂美好的事物，体现作者对理想的追求，有时也可用来讽刺丑恶的事物，抨击不合理的现象，它既可以通篇运用，作者并不点明，由读者自己去体会象征的含义，也可以只用于某些章节片段，由作者直接点明象征的含义。恰当地运用象征手法，可以把抽象的精神品质，化为具体的可以感知的形象，从而给读者留下深刻印象;可以把不便于明说的意思含蓄地表示出来，赋予文章以深意，从而给读者留下咀嚼回味的余地。

(二)小说的要素：

小说是一种散文体的叙事文学样式。人物、情节、环境是小说的三个基本要素。

(1)人物：(主要人物的确定要看该人物能否表现小说的主题思想)

(2)情节：(开端 /发展 /高潮 /结局 )

(3)环境描写：自然环境、社会环境。

自然环境描写--(主要包括人物活动的时间、地点、季节、气候以及景物等。比如春夏秋冬，风雨云雪，以及山川，平原、草地、小河、公园等。)作用是为了表现人物的身份、地位、性格，烘托人物心情，渲染气氛等。

社会环境描写(主要是指人物所处的时代背景.以及小说中人物与人物之间的关系.如社会背景、历史背景、时代背景等。)作用是交代故事的时代背景，推动情节的发展。

小说中的环境描写与其它文体中的环境描写的区别在于，它是为塑造人物服务的，是人物个性形成乃至于人物存在的理由和依据;而其他文体中的环境描写一般没有这样的功效，至少这样的作用不是主要的。例如写景散文中有很多环境描写，并且以自然景物的描写为主，但它不一定以塑造人物为旨归，而往往是借助于景物描写直接抒发对这景物的感情，或者对这景物的象征物的感情。即所谓的“借景抒情”。

[中考语文作文知识之记叙文的写作指导

“习惯”和“习惯之后”既有联系又存在较大差别，二者都和“习惯”相关，而“习惯之后”更侧重于“之后”的内容。“习惯之后”，写作重点在于对“习惯”后的反思。譬如，可从以下角度思考：①“习惯之后”的关键在于有没有重新审视、修正或完全改变这一习惯。②“习惯之后”会产生什么样的影响或后果?(包括生活、心理、思维、人格等)

写作时要更多地倾向现实生活，在对现实生活的叙写、议论之中表达感悟或认知。可以写与“习惯之后”相关的故事，也可以选择合适的角度发表自己的见解。主题可褒、可贬，应作理性认识。可写“习惯之后”的喜悦与舒畅，也可以写“习惯之后”突显出的思维的定势、见识的平庸、审美的固化、自我的丧失、人格的沦丧、心理的扭曲等问题。