关于英语说明文的写作方法【热门20篇】

很多小学生不会写小学作文，常常想了很久才会憋出一句话来。那应该怎样提高学生书写小学作文的效率呢。在下面的文章中，我们就为大家讲述了提高学生书写小学作文的效率的方法。

激励是提高学生书写小学作文的效率的方法。

教师要善于运用评价，拨动学生的情感之弦，激发他们强烈的表达欲望。及时鼓励，哪怕只是一个好词、一个好句子或只是片言只语，都能诱发他们潜藏的情感。在学习园地、校园板报栏、学生作文集上，发表学生的一两篇作文，在课堂上范读他们的习作……对他们无疑都是一种莫大的鼓舞。

儿童作文大多是表述“儿童语言”，幼稚但又富有情趣。教师要常常蹲下身来，用心去倾听学生的心灵，用眼去观察学生的生活世界，以儿童的认知水平接纳、赏识学生，从而激发他们的写作热情。

体验也是提高学生书写小学作文的效率的方法。

生活是创作的源泉。

在习作指导中，要倡导向生活开放的习作素材观，指导学生重视生活这个源头活水。从生活中去摄取，学生的习作就不会坐而论道，闭门造车。

要利用孩子们爱玩的天性，引导他们在丰富多彩、生动活泼的课余活动中选择习作素材，在游戏中完成习作。可组织内容丰富的班队活动，如参观、游览活动，智力竞赛、问答比赛、辩论会、小记者采访活动、文娱表演活动等，教师抓住这些机会让学生进行习作练习。只要学生玩得开心、玩得高兴，就会写得轻松，写得愉快。

四级的考试路数越来越向雅思靠拢了，万一考到十年间只出现过两次的图表类作文该怎么办？没关系，现在小编就教你搞定四级图表作文的方法。

一、柱状图写作技巧

1. 柱状图写作注重比较和对比，也就是说需要横向总结所有柱状图表的共性特征，也要分别描写各个柱子的个性特征。

2. 有两种写作方式：其一是对不同时间段内的数据进行比较，适合于数据代表的物体较少且时间界限明确的情况。另外是对单独数据的全程描述，适合于描述数据对象很多且时间划定不清晰的情况。

柱状图数据描述句型举例：

1) the bar chart shows the changes in the numberofover the period fromto

该柱状图描述了在年之年间数量的变化。

2) the bar chart provides some interesting dataregarding

该柱状图为我们提供了有关有趣数据。

3) this is a bar chart which describes the trend of

该柱状图描述了的趋势。

4) As can be seen from the diagram，great changes have takenplace in

从柱状图中可以看出，发生了巨大变化。

二、曲线图写作技巧

1. 曲线图是动态图，解题的切入点在于描述趋势；

2. 在开头部分对整个曲线进行一个阶段式的总分类；

3. 趋势说明。即，对曲线的连续变化进行说明，如上升、下降、波动、持平。以时间为比较基础的应抓住“变化”：上升、下降、或是波动；

4. 极点说明。即对图表中最高的、最低的点单独进行说明。不以时间为比较基础的应注意对极点的描述。

曲线图数据描述句型举例：

1) The line chart depicts the changes in the number of……over the period from 2010 to 2013．

该曲线图描述了从2010年到2013年……数量的变化。

2) The chart provides some data regarding thefluctuations of…… from 2000 to 2004．

该曲线图描述了从2000年到2004年……的变动。

3) The graph，presented in the curve diagram，shows the general trend in…….

该图以曲线图的形式描述了……总的趋势。

三、表格图写作技巧

1. 表格与饼图一样，都是静态图。切入点在描述分配；

2. 表格题考查列举数字的能力和方法。通过举一些有代表性的数据来说明问题；

3. 横向比较。介绍横向各个数据的区别、变化和趋势；

4. 纵向比较。介绍纵向各个数据的区别、变化和趋势；

5. 不需要将每一个数据分别说明，突出强调数据最大值和最小值；

6. 对比时要总结出数据对比最悬殊的和最小的。

表格图数据描述句型举例

1) This is a table which illustrates……

这个表格向我们展示了……

2) this table shows the changing proportion of a & b from……to……

该表格描述了……年到……年间a与b的比例关系。

3) the table shows the general trend in……

该表格以描述了……总的趋势。

4) this is a table showing……

这是个表格，描述了……

纵观历年的高考书面表达，其文体题材各异，有书信、口头通知、简介、日记、自我介绍、记叙文、描写文、说明文、看图作文等，不同的体裁需要考生应用适当的篇章结构，将题目所提供的信息清晰、明了、准确，逻辑合理地表达出来。

篇章结构在语言表达中起着非常重要的作用，同样的信息点会因为不同的表达顺序传达出不同的信息。层次分明，逻辑合理的篇章结构会让读者在很短的时间内获得并准确理解题目所规定的信息;而叙述顺序混乱，前言不搭后语的篇章则让人一头雾水，不知所云何物。当然，后者是失败的表达，即使作者在写作的过程中使用了再漂亮的词汇和句型，混乱的文章结构也不会让读者准确领悟作者的意图。

记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。

记叙文的写作要素：

1 要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where, when, what, who ,how，给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。

2. 事情的叙述可以按时间或空间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，从而理解文章主题。

3. 时态通常使用与过去有关的时态，如一般过去时。

记叙文的篇章结构：

开头 the beginning——交待必要的背景。如：时间、地点、人物等。

中间 the middle——交待故事情节(事情的主体)。如：事件的发生、发展和前因后果。(可以使用表示时间或空间的连接词，使文章连贯。 如：at first…then…few minutes later…)

结尾 the ending——事情的结果或感想、愿望等。(所表达的感想或愿望应与所记叙的内容有关系，起到扣题或点题的作用，使文章结构紧凑)。

例如NEMT2000

假设你是李华，正在美国探亲。2000年2月8日清晨，你目击了一起交通事故。警察局让你写一份材料，报告当时的所见情况。请根据下列图画写出报告。

注意：1. 目击者应该准确报告事实

2. 词数100左右

3. 结尾已为你写好

散文，是一种自由、灵活的抒写见闻感受的文体。以下是小编给大家整理的散文写作方法的内容，欢迎大家查看。

散文，是一种自由、灵活的抒写见闻感受的文体。能够让我们通过一个十分精粹、亲切的形式，读到作者对于人生或自然的感悟。阅读和欣赏散文，既要细心领会作者对于人生或自然的感悟，又要认真分析作者用以表达这种感悟的形式。

一、散文的特点

内容上：是作者把自己对生活的感悟或至深的生活经验，通过状物、记人、写景等方式表达出来。所谓自我感悟，也就是对事物的特殊意义和美质的发现、认识。

形式上：(1)以个人抒情为主，把抒情、叙述、议论熔为一炉;(2)从细处落笔，小中见大;(3)从侧面暗示，发挥读者的想象力;(4)行文自由，结构灵活。

综合以上两点：散文的特点是“形散神不散”。阅读散文时，要透过“形”抓住“神”，体会作者所要表达的思想情感，要抓住文章的结构和线索(文脉)，要注意欣赏优美的语言。

二、散文分类

记叙散文：以记人、叙事、状物、写景为主的散文。这类散文，还有的侧重是记写一定的风物、场景。作者对它们不是纯客观的描述，而是将外物与内情融合起来，以表达一定的思想、抒发一定的感情。

抒情散文：以抒发感情为主的散文，它主要是抒发作者对现实生活的感受、激情和意愿。抒情散文抒发的是怎样的感情，如何抒发，都与文章揭示的思想意义是否深广有极大的关系。

议论散文：以议论为主的散文。它说理，往往借助于事例的简述，形象的描绘和感情的抒发来进行，文学色彩很浓。它同一般议论文一样，要求观点鲜明、概念准确、说理充分、层次明晰、以理服人。但是，它不需要逻辑推理，严密论证。常见的文学性很强的随笔、杂感等短小精悍的文章，皆属此类;作者常常借助于对古今故事、花鸟草虫等具体事物的描叙来说理，显得妙趣横生并富于感情。

三、 散文的线索

散文构思的线索，一般常见的有：以情为线索;以理为线索;以物为线索;以空间为线索;以行为为线索;以文眼为线索。有的文章不但有明线，还有暗线，线索的特征有：在结构上贯穿全文，时隐时现，有明显的标志(或是标题本身，或在文中反复出现)。

四、散文的语言

散文的语言感情色彩浓厚，委婉含蓄，声调和谐，表现力强。在分析时，要特别注意它在语言环境中的特定含义，要结合上下文，结合作者的思想感情，结合文章的语言风格，甚至修辞，才能既理解词语的表层意义，又理解其深层含义。

五、 散文的意境

意境是客观生活、景物与主观思想、情感相熔铸的产物，具有含蓄深邃的美。优美的散文可谓“无韵之诗”，其意境可以与诗相媲美。阅读散文时，就要善于通过自身的感受，进入散文所描绘的意境中去。不能忽略了语言的揣摩，要调动丰富的想象，结合自己已有的知识、情感，获得主观体验，才能达到思想的共鸣与升华。

六、散文的表现手法

常见的表现手法有：象征、托物言志、对比烘托、欲扬先抑、寓情于景、借物喻人、联想想象、设置悬念、借景抒情、渲染、修辞等。

(1)象征

散文往往运用象征的写法，象征就是托物喻义，即通过一定的具体形象来表现一种深远的意义。这里的“具体形象”——“物”就是本体，与之相对应的事物就是象征体，“深远的意义”就是象征意义。

(2)托物言志

就是借物喻人，是散文中写景状物的重要方法。也就是把所写的景物或景象拟人化，赋予它人的思想情感和志向，

(3)对比烘托

在散文中，为了突出作者所写的对象，作者往往运用对比烘托的写法。

(4)欲扬先抑

文似看山不喜平，散文更讲究波澜，要赞美某种事物，先表达对它没有好感;想歌颂某个人物，先说他的不足等等，然后根据情节的发展，达到歌颂与赞美的目的，而且使这种歌颂与赞美得到强调。

七. 散文的思想内容

散文中深刻的意蕴是依附于含有一定象征意味的具体事物。写人的散文，可以分析人物与环境之间的关系，结合作者对人物的态度、感情来理解作品的思想内容;叙事散文，可以分析人物在事件中的表现、场面细节把握作品内容;写景状物抒情，要分析行文线索、写法、象征意义，从而了解作品的思想内容。

八、散文的写法

散文是一种最随意的文体，谁爱怎么写就怎么写，从来没有一定之规。而且在同一位作家的笔下，这一篇往往绝不同于另一篇。再者，散文从来都是论“篇”的，一篇一个主题，一篇一个立意，一篇一种结构。最后出集子时，往往也是把近年所写的一批都拿来，仔细比较一下，同时也筛选一下，从中梳理成几大组，最后拟定一个书名——也就定稿和出版了。——不错，上述就多是以往的做法。读者阅读时也同样随意，可以从头读起，也可以从中间任何一篇开始阅读。

近年又出现了一种姑且可以称之为“大散文”的文体。首先取材要大，其次开掘要深，篇幅当然也就比较长了。一本这样的大散文集，通常有十来(几)篇大散文也就“撑”得很“满”。但大散文却不那么好写，因为写作前的准备要艰苦，要调查和研究有关的历史资料，写作中也要引经据典，煽情或辩理更要洋洋洒洒……写好了固然赢得大效果，一旦写不好，读者就会说作者是无病呻吟。

​导语：要想写好英语作文，我们平时就得多练习，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1)现象法：引出要剖析的现象或者问题，然后评论。

Recently the rise in theproblem/phenomenon of ... has caused/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwideconcern. 近来(...)的问题/现象已经引起了广泛的关注。

2)比较法：通过对过去、现在两种不同的倾向、观点的比较，引出文章要讨论的观点。

For years, ...had been viewedas .... But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ..., people....

多年来(...)被认为(...)但是现在人们又有了新的看法，随着(...)增长，人们(...)

3)对立法：先引出其他人的不同看法，然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法，适用于有争议性的主题。

When asked about..., thevast/overwhelming majority of people say that …. But I think/view a bitdifferently. 当被问及(...)大多数人们会说(...)但是我却不这么认为。

4)观点法：开门见山，直截了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法。

Now people ingrowing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept / (be aware)that... 现在越来越多的人们开始认识到/接受(...)

5)引用法：先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法，来引出文章要展开论述的观点!

"Knowledge ispower." This is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared bymore and more people. “知识就是力量”这是培根的名言，这句名言开始被越来越多的人们分享。

6)故事法：先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣，引出文章的主题。(少用)

I have a friend who ...Should he ...? Such a dilemma we are often confronted with in our daily life. 我有一个朋友(喜欢赌钱等)，他应该(...)吗?在这种进退两难的境地下，我们要面对应付日常生活。

下面是语文迷小编整理提供的100个英语写作句式，欢迎大家阅读参考。

1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，校园里进行着广泛的争论。

52. By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。

53. Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必须承认，由于学费和书费日益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。

54. Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

因此，业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。

55. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。

56. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

现在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。

57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious.

人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。

58. At the same time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.

同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。

59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

60. In the second place, there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.

第二方面，失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。

61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.

成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

62. According to a recent survey, a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.

根据最近的一项调查，越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。

63. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.

通过以上讨论，我完全相信，随着现代社会的进步，幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。

64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.

近些年，国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。

65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.

许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。

66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.

但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。

67. As for me, Im firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制，理由如下：

68. In addition, in order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.

另外，为了吸引旅游者，大量人工设施被修建，这对环境是不利的。

69. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

由于缺乏独特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。

70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

近些年，父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。

71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。

72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。

73. In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。

74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。

75. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。

76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

当别的孩子在玩耍的时候，很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。

77. Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。

78. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管额外学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。

79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与玩耍的平衡，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

现在，父亲或母亲留在家里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。

81. Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。

82. However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

然而，这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑，他们指出，孩子总是呆在家里，和父母在一起，是不健康的。

83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力，但是必须承认，与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比，他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。

84. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出如下结论：尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的，但是这样做的缺点远大于优点。

85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园，这将对孩子，家庭，甚至整个社会产生深远的影响。

86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

只要一提起艺术和文化项目，一些政府领导就会兴奋不已，他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园，城市中心漂亮的雕塑，还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中，没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。

87. But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

这是真的吗?这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首位。

88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。

89. Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

然而，很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。

90. From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

通过以上讨论，我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面，基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。

91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点，将会付出他们无法承受的代价。

92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势，这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。

93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。

94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

必须指出，农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加，并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。

95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献，然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响。

96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场，他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。

97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences, information and knowledge with peasants, which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.

建议政府应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平;应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验，知识和信息，这些将有助于发展农村经济。

98. In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.

总之，我们应理智考虑这一问题，重视农民的生活。任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life, parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people, including teachers and experts in education, should pay considerable attention to this problem.

尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分，然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人们应该认真对待这一问题。

100. As for me, it is essential to know, at first, what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.

我认为，首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题。

导语：命题作文，一般是指出题者给出一个既定的题目，要求应试者根据这个给定题目进行写作。以下是小编为大家精心整理的高考命题作文的写作方法，欢迎大家参考！

(一)命题作文的出题形式

通常情况下，命题作文所给出的既定题目，可以是一个完整的题目，也可以是一个不够完整、缺少部分词语的题目，因此，我们可以把命题作文分为全命题与半命题两大类。

1、全命题。

是指出题者给出一个完整的题目，让应试者按照题目要求写作。这种命题是一种传统的作文考查方式。如《比金钱更宝贵的》、《学然后知不足》等。这类命题作文在写作时，关键之处在于如何审题，抓住题眼。一般说来，只要理解了题目的涵义及出题者的意图就比较容易写作，就议论文而言，全命题作文的立意一般都会在题目中有所提示（或暗示），有的题目实际就是直接点明了主题，如《开卷有益》，这样，作文选材的范围也就相对比较明确，不会无从下笔。

2、半命题。

是指出题者给出一个不够完整的题目，应试者自己必须先补全题目才能写作。这种半命题作文，是一种比较灵活的考查方式，应试者有较大的自由。应试者在考场上可以根据自己占有材料的情况确定选材的范围，根据自己的思考所得确立主题，以保证选取自己比较熟悉的内容来写。如《难忘》、《在我心中》、《论文凭与》等。这类命题在写作时，首先必须补全题目，然后才能根据所补题目文字的涵义进行审题、立意，关键之处在于如何补全题目。由于这种命题给了应试者选材、立意方面很大的自由性，因而应试者应该尽量利用这一自由，选取自我最熟悉、最有话可说的内容来补题，这样，作文的立意与选材就会相对比较容易了。

(二)命题作文的写作过程

应试作文是一种在特殊情境下进行的写作活动，这决定了它不同于通常意义上的写作，因此，应试作文的具体写作过程也与一般的自由写作有所不同。应试作文中的命题作文的具体写作过程，主要包括审题、立意、选材、布局、行文、修改等环节；而对于半命题作文还必须有一个“补题”的环节，半命题作文在审题之前必须先补全题目。

1、审题。

所谓“审题”，就是对所给题目中文字所蕴涵的有效写作信息进行分析研究，从而把握出题者的出题动机，抓住作文的中心问题。审题的关键是寻找“题眼”，也即寻找题目中的关键词语。如《比金钱更宝贵的》一文的写作，在审题时，应试者应该首先寻找题目文字中的关键词语“宝贵”，抓住了这一题眼，然后就可以选择作文写作的范畴了。你认为比金钱更宝贵的究竟是什么呢？是生命，还是友情？是人格，还是享受？一旦你选定了其中一方面，接下来的立意、选材就会非常轻松了。

2、立意。

“意”，即文意、主题，是写作主体在文章写作中通过各种具体材料所表达出来的中心意思，就议论文而言就是文章的中心论点。主题是文章的灵魂，主题决定着文章写作的构思、行文及修改活动，文章材料的选择、结构的安排、表达方式的选用及语言的遣用等，都必须围绕主题的表现进行，都要服从、服务于主题表现的需要。

文章的主题决定着文章价值的高低，因此，一篇优秀文章的主题应该尽量做到明确、正确、深刻、新颖，这是文章主题的四个基本要求。

所谓明确，就是要求文章的主题应该清楚明白，使读者通过阅读能够准确地理解并把握，不至于产生歧义，甚至不知所云。普通写作者在一篇文章之中常常什么都想说，写出的东西却什么也没说清楚，含糊不清。清人刘熙载认为：“凡作一篇文，其用意俱可以一言蔽之。”说的就是这个道理。明确，是与集中分不开的。主题集中才能保证其明确。

所谓正确，就是要正确地反映客观事物的本质及其发展规律。主题是写作者对客观事物的主观看法，这种看法只有是符合事物发展规律的认识才是正确的，不能是对事物本质及其规律的错认或歪曲。主题正确，还要求写作者必须站在代表先进生产力的阶级的立场上，以正确的人生观、世界观、价值观看待事物，保持先进的认识和高尚的思想情怀。

所谓深刻，就是指文章的主题要有一定的思想深度，不能仅仅停留在一般意义的正确上，而应该进一步开掘，力争深入地反映事物的本质及其内在规律，让读者从中得到启迪，受到教益，从而深化对事物的了解和认识，给读者留下永难忘记的印象。深刻的主题不是靠作者空洞的说教或人为的拔高实现的，而是通过具体材料揭示出来的，主题的深刻性应该寓于真实、典型的材料之中。鲁迅作品中深刻的反对封建礼教的主题正是这样体现的。

所谓新颖，就是文章的观点见解要有新意，要“见人所未见，发人所未发”，而不是人人皆知的道理。新颖，并不是标新立异，只要善于抓住客观事物的特征、避免一般化，善于发现新问题、提出新问题并能联系实际进行分析，就能写出主题新颖的文章来。新颖的主题，一是可以通过选择新鲜的现实材料来实现。现实生活中新近发生的事件，本身就是“人所未见”的，很容易“发人所未发”。选择现实生活中发生的新鲜感人的材料，不仅可以发掘新颖的主题，还可以加强文章的时代感。二是可以通过变换立意的角度来实现。对于为人熟知的材料，变换一个角度去思考问题、分析问题，会有新的发现，会得到新的启示。

立意，就是确立主题。就议论文的写作而言，文章的主题（中心论点）一般都会在作文题目中有所提示，如《谁说“班门”不能“弄斧”》，这类文章在写作时，立意这一环节一般不需要再多做思考；但并非所有的题目都是如此，如《论文凭与学识》、《学与思》等。关于《论文凭与学识》，一般的应试者在立意时容易简单化，把论点确立为“学识比文凭重要”这一层面，这实际是审题不严的结果；比较好的立意应该是学识与文凭双重：有文凭没有学识不行，在当前有学识没有文凭也不行。这样的立意在写作时，关键是如何论证后者，如能结合当前职场招聘的现实加以具体阐释，文章会达到一定的深度。

一般意义上的文章写作，在立意时应该尽量遵循以下原则：

A符合材料事实。一篇文章的主题是通过具体材料提炼出来的，而不是写作者随意臆想的，它首先要求符合材料本身的事实，应该是具体材料的本质的真实体现。这样确立的主题也才是可信的，文章也才能具有真实感人的力量。

B反映事物本质。符合事实的主题不一定能够反映事物的本质，一个正确的立意，应该既真实又能揭示事件的本质。普通写作者易于对生活中的事实现象的表象所左右，而不能透过现象反映其本质，因而在写作时常常做出客观的描述，然而往往是简单的罗列，流于表象，不能挖掘到事物本质的真实，这样的立意是不好的。

C体现时代精神。文章的内容是随着时代的变化而变化的，文章的立意也应该体现出鲜明的时代特征。时代性是文章主题的一个重要特性。白居易曾说：“文章合为时而着，歌诗合为事而作。”文章的立意就应该紧扣时代脉搏，把握时代的律动，力争写出具有强烈时代气息、反映时代生活本质的优秀之作。《红楼梦》、《祝福》等作的立意无不如此。在公务员考试的应试作文中，更有必要紧密联系实际，着眼于社会现实，加强文章的时代性。

3、选材。

“材”，即材料，是写作主体从生活和学习中积聚到的供写作之用的一系列事实现象、理论依据和主观感受方面的信息。在议论文中，就是指用来证明论点的各种论据。

在文章写作中，一方面，材料是形成观点、提炼主题的基础。任何文章写作都有一定的主题，主题无论大小，都是在具体材料的基础上形成的，是对一定的客观材料进行提炼的结果；另一方面，材料又是说明观点、表现主题的支柱。一定的主题必须通过一定的材料加以表现和支持。有了充足翔实而又典型的材料，才能使文章血肉丰满，表现力强；反之，文章就会空洞无物，缺乏感染力。

材料是文章的血肉，一篇文章的内容充实与否，就是文章写作选材成败的具体显现。因此，在文章写作过程中，选材就显得尤为重要。那么究竟该如何选择材料呢？

其次，选材必须遵循一定的原则与要求。文章写作中，选材的总原则是要围绕主题选材。这也是选材的最基本要求，文章如何写作都必须遵循这一原则。从这种意义上说，议论文写作中的选择材料实际上就是为了证明论点选择论据，只有论据确凿、充分，才能很好地证明论点。而要做到这样，选材还必须符合以下几方面的要求：

（1）真实。所谓真实，即要求所选取的材料（论据）要确实可信，而不能有半分虚假。这是选材的最基本要求。一般文章要求的材料真实，也就是要选取生活中发生、存在的实实在在的事件、现象或确凿可信的理论依据。前者应该和客观事物的本来面貌、实际情况相符，后者应该是科学、合理，经得起推敲和论证的。议论文的写作，更应该注意所选事实论据或理论论据的真实可信程度，只有这样才能以无可辩驳的力量说服人。

(2)典型。所谓典型，即要求所选的材料（论据）具有代表性，而不是单纯的个别事例。典型材料是既有共性又有鲜明个性的事例或理论，能够深刻地揭示事物的本质及其发展规律，有力地表现主题。只有这样的材料，才能以一当十，具有很强的说服力。

(3)新颖。所谓新颖，就是新鲜别致，即要求所选材料应尽量新鲜或角度独特，能够使读者耳目一新，获得全新的体验与感受，而不要人云亦云，拾人牙慧。应试者在写作议论文时，应该尽量从自我的观察与阅读中选择那些人所未云的论据。要发现新鲜的材料，首先必须时时关注现实生活中发生的新生事物，其次是寻找别人没有用过或不常使用的材料，再次还可以变换选择的角度使旧材料出新貌。

一、北理工翻译硕士考研复习指导

1．基础英语：

基础英语选择题考的特别细致，没有专门的教材，还是重在平时积累，凯程老师在讲课过程中特别重视对于考生基础知识的积累。凯程老师会对考生的阅读理解进行系统的训练。阅读理解也是偏政治，凯程老师会重点训练同学的答题速度，培养同学们阅读答题技巧，针对作文这方面，凯程老师也会对考生进行一系列的训练，让同学们勤加练习，多做模拟作文。

2．翻译英语：

翻译硕士基础这门课是需要下功夫的，英汉词条互译的部分完全需要你的积累，主要是词汇量和分析抓取能力。凯程老师会对学生的这两个方面进行很完善的训练。

凯程老师总结了以下提升翻译技巧的方法，供考研学子参考。

词组互译：大多考的都很常见，所以多看看中英文的报纸还是有好处的。

英汉：对文章的背景有一定的了解是最好的，如果没有，就需要体现出自身的翻译素养。翻译也要注意文风，语气之类的，要符合原文的风格。

凯程老师也很重视答题技巧，在此凯程名师友情提示大家，最好在开头就能让老师看到你的亮点，不管怎样至少留下个好印象。不管风格怎么变，翻译功底扎实，成绩都不会太差。所以还是提高自己翻译水平，才能以不变应万变。

3．百科：

先说说名词解释。这道题考得知识面很全，可能涉及到天文、地理、历史、法律、政治、中外文学、中外文化、音乐、翻译专有名词等，准备起来比较棘手，但是凯程老师会给学生准备好知识库，方便学生复习。百科的准备，一要广泛，二要抓重点，尤其要重视学校的参考书目，同时凯程也会提供凯程自己的教材及讲义来帮助大家。

接下来是应用文写作。其实这个根本不用担心，常出的无非是那几个：倡议书、广告、感谢信、求职信、计划书、说明书等，到12月份再看也不晚。但要注意一点，防止眼高手低，貌似很简单，真到写的时候却写不出来，所以还是需要练习的，凯程老师会在学生复习过程中对应用文的写作进行系统的训练。另外，考试的时候也要注意格式、合理性，如果再加上点文采，无异于锦上添花。

最后说说大作文。这个让很多同学担心，害怕到考场上无素材可写，或者语言生硬，拼凑一篇，毕竟大学四年，写作文的机会很少，早没有手感了。所以，凯程老师会针对这种情况，让考生从复习开始时，就进行写作训练，同时也会为考生准备好素材。

最后，注意考场上字体工整，不要乱涂乱画，最好打上横线，因为答题纸一般是白纸。

二、北理工翻译硕士考研的复习方法解读

（一）、参考书的阅读方法

（1）目录法：先通读各本参考书的目录，对于知识体系有着初步了解，了解书的内在逻辑结构，然后再去深入研读书的内容。

（2）体系法：为自己所学的知识建立起框架，否则知识内容浩繁，容易遗忘，最好能够闭上眼睛的时候，眼前出现完整的知识体系。

（3）问题法：将自己所学的知识总结成问题写出来，每章的主标题和副标题都是很好的出题素材。尽可能把所有的知识要点都能够整理成问题。

（二）、学习笔记的整理方法

（1）第一遍学习教材的时候，做笔记主要是归纳主要内容，最好可以整理出知识框架记到笔记本上，同时记下重要知识点，如假设条件，公式，结论，缺陷等。记笔记的过程可以强迫自己对所学内容进行整理，并用自己的语言表达出来，有效地加深印象。第一遍学习记笔记的工作量较大可能影响复习进度，但是切记第一遍学习要夯实基础，不能一味地追求速度。第一遍要以稳、细为主，而记笔记能够帮助考生有效地达到以上两个要求。并且在后期逐步脱离教材以后，笔记是一个很方便携带的知识宝典，可以方便随时查阅相关的知识点。

（2）第一遍的学习笔记和书本知识比较相近，且以基本知识点为主。第二遍学习的时候可以结合第一遍的笔记查漏补缺，记下自己生疏的或者是任何觉得重要的知识点。再到后期做题的时候注意记下典型题目和错题。

（3）做笔记要注意分类和编排，便于查询。可以在不同的阶段使用大小合适的不同的笔记本。也可以使用统一的笔记本但是要注意各项内容不要混杂在以前，不利于以后的查阅。同时注意编好页码等序号。另外注意每隔一定时间对于在此期间自己所做的笔记进行相应的复印备份，以防原件丢失。统一的参考书书店可以买到，但是笔记是独一无二的，笔记是整个复习过程的心血所得，一定要好好保管。

三、北理工翻译硕士复试分数线是多少？

2015年北理工翻译硕士复试分数线是355分，政治和外语最低55分；业务课1和业务课2最低83分。

北理工翻译硕士复试的笔试科目有:中译英、英译中。

北理工方医生硕士复试面试内容有如下两项:

1、口试：包括就所给题目发表自己的观点和看法；

2、听译：英译汉、汉译英。

考研复试面试不用担心，凯程老师有系统的专业课内容培训，日常问题培训，还要进行三次以上的模拟面试，确保你能够在面试上游刃有余，很多老师问题都是我们在模拟面试准备过的。

四、北理工翻译硕士考研初试参考书是什么

北理工翻译硕士初试参考书很多人都不清楚，这里凯程北理工翻译硕士王牌老师给大家整理出来了，以供参考：

庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。

叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》，北京：清华大学出版社，2001。

张培基，《英译中国现代散文选》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999。

杨月蓉，《实用汉语语法与修辞》，重庆：西南师范大学出版社，1999。

叶 朗，《中国文化读本》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2008。

卢晓江，《自然科学史十二讲》，北京：中国轻工业出版社，2007。

夏晓鸣，《应用文写作》，上海复旦大学出版社，2010

提示：以上书比较多，有些书的具体内容是不需要看的，凯程授课老师届时会给大家详细讲解每个重点的内容，减少大家盲目复习。

五、北理工翻译硕士辅导班有哪些？

对于翻译硕士考研辅导班，业内最有名气的就是凯程。很多辅导班说自己辅导北理工翻译硕士，您直接问一句，北理工翻译硕士参考书有哪些，大多数机构瞬间就傻眼了，或者推脱说我们有专门的专业课老师给学生推荐参考书，为什么当场答不上来，因为他们根本就没

有辅导过北理工翻译硕士考研，更谈不上有翻译硕士的考研辅导资料，考上北理工翻译硕士的学生了。

在业内，凯程的翻译硕士非常权威，基本上考清华北理工翻译硕士的同学们都了解凯程，凯程有系统的考研辅导班，及对北理工翻译硕士深入的理解，在北理工深厚的人脉，及时的考研信息。凯程近几年有很多学员考取了北理工翻译硕士，毫无疑问，这个成绩是无人能比拟的。并且，在凯程网站有成功学员的经验视频，其他机构一个都没有。同学们不妨实地考察一下。

六、北理工翻译硕士英语笔译专业介绍

北理工翻译硕士学费总额是1.6万元，学制二年。

北理工翻译硕士的奖学金政策如下：

国家助学金硕士6000元/年；

学校助学金硕士4000元/年；

学业奖学金覆盖比例超过40%，硕士8000元/年。

另外，优秀研究生还可申请国家奖学金及社会捐助奖学金。学校还设有助教、助管、助研岗位，供研究生选择。

北理工翻译硕士英语笔译方向考试科目如下：

①101思想政治理论

②211翻译硕士英语

③357英语翻译基础

④448汉语写作与百科知识

七、北理工翻译硕士就业怎么样？

当今，MTI翻译硕士作为新生的专业越来越“热门”，由于社会对翻译硕士专业人才需求量原来越大，所以每年报考翻译硕士的考生数量成倍增长。据北理工发布的2014毕业生就业质量报告显示，北理工翻译硕士毕业生总体就业率达到了98.44%。

而且当前，国内专业翻译人员较少，而且小语种众多，一般来讲每人可精通仅一两种。加之各个行业专业术语繁多，造成能够胜任中译外的高质量工作人才明显不足。所以翻译硕士可以说是当前较为稳定的热门专业之一。

由此来看，北理工翻译硕士就业前景非常不错，北理工翻译硕士的含金量很大，现在经济贸易的国际化程度越来越高，对翻译的需求也是很大的，这种专业性人才是非常有市场的，只要能力够就业很轻松，工资也很高。

八、北理工翻译硕士难度大不大，跨专业的人考上的多不多?

近些年翻译硕士很火，尤其是像北理工这样的著名学校。2015年北理工翻译硕士的招生人数为16人。总体来说，北理工翻译硕士招生量相对较大，考试难度相对不高。根据凯程从北理工研究生院内部的统计数据得知，北理工翻译硕士的考生中90%是跨专业考生，在录取的学生中，基本都是跨专业考的。

在考研复试的时候，老师更看重跨专业学生的能力，而不是本科背景。其次，翻译硕士考试科目里，百科，翻译及基础本身知识点难度并不大，跨专业的学生完全能够学得懂。即使本科学翻译的同学，专业课也不见得比你强多少（大学学的内容本身就非常浅）。凯程考研每年都有大量二本三本学生考取的，所以记住重要的不是你之前学得如何，而是从决定考研起就要抓紧时间完成自己的计划，下定决心，就全身心投入，要相信付出总会有回报。在凯程辅导班里很多这样三凯程生，都考的不错，主要是看你努力与否。

九、如何调节考研的心态

稳定的心态：其实我觉得只要做到全力以赴，然后中间不徘徊、不彷徨，认定目标，心态基本上都是稳定的，成功的学生，除了刚开始纠结于考不考得上这个问题紧张心绪不稳定之外，后来都挺稳定的，至少从表面上看上去是这样的，或许内心深处还是不太稳定的，而且偶尔还是会出现抓狂的情况，不过很快就好了。

效率与时间：要记住效率第一,时间第二，就是说在保证效率的前提下再去延长复习的时间，不要每天十几个小时，基本都是瞌睡昏昏地过去的，那还不如几小时高效率的复习，大家看高效的学生，每天都是六点半醒，其实这到后面已经是一种习惯，都不给自己设置闹铃，自然醒，不过也不是每天都能这么早醒来，一周两周都会出现一次那种睡到八九点的情况，我想这是身体的需要的，所以从来也不刻意强制自己每天都准时起来，这是我的想法，还有就是当你坐在桌前感觉学不动的时候,出去听听歌或者看看新闻啥的放松放松。

坚定的意志：考研是个没有硝烟的持久战，在这场战争中，你要时刻警醒，不然随时都会有倒下的可能。而且，它不像高考那样，每天都有老师催着，每个月都会有模拟考试检验着。所以你不知道自己究竟是在前进还是在退步、自己的综合水平是在提高还是下降。而且，和你一起的研友基本都没有跟你考同一个学校同一个专业的，你也不知道你的对手是什么水平。很长一段时间，都感觉不到自己的进步。而且，应该在自己的手机音乐播放器里存一些特别励志的歌曲，休息期间可以听听，让自己疲惫下来的心理瞬间又满血复活。在凯程，不断有测试，有排名，你就知道自己处于什么位置，找到差距，就能充足能量继续复习。

最后，无论以何种方法复习，考生都要全身心投入，这样才能取得好成绩。相信广大考生对于北理工翻译硕士都有自己的理解，也希望以上内容能够给考生带来帮助。凯程考研祝大家考研顺利!

一分耕耘一分收获。加油！

提高小朋友的写作技巧，这好象是一个老大难问题，一直以来都困扰着众多的同学、老师和家长。大家都觉得，要提高写作的能力是一件很不容易的事。

国外的小朋友一样有这方面的困扰，不少小朋友也苦于不会写作。针对这个问题，教育专家詹妮弗-李提出了一些建议供大家参考。

给小朋友准备一个恬静、亲切的环境，作为写作的专用区域。当然这里面要具备一些必要的设备：书桌、字典、笔、一些纸，假如可能的话还可以准备一台电脑。这些准备不只是必要的，同时还可以由此告诉你的小朋友，你认为写作是一件有意义的、特别的活动。

小朋友需要机会去尝试写各种各样类型的文章，而不是只盯着一种文体来练习。

你可以让小朋友给他的好朋友写一封友好的信，给玩具公司写一封信提出自身的一点要求，或写一封邀请亲戚来吃饭的信。这样小朋友可以看到自身写作真的取得了效果，就会对写作发生好感。

另外一个鼓励小朋友写作的好方法，就是让他写日记。这种方法可以协助小朋友形成写作的个人风格。但你和小朋友要约定好，别的家庭成员是否可以读他的日记。假如你答应小朋友不看他的日记，那么就一定要维护他的隐私。

还有一个可以协助提高小朋友写作技巧的方法——电脑软件。现在有很多出色的软件，里面提供故事的开头、想象画以和段落结构的建议等内容，这些都可以激发小朋友自身写作的愿望和灵感。

许多小朋友都经历过写作的瓶颈状态——即脑子里一片空白，不知道写什么好的情况。比方小朋友被要求写一个有发明性的故事，但他不能想出有什么有趣的东西可写。这时家长就可以协助小朋友了。可以给小朋友一本笔记本，记下平时突然发生的奇特想法，家人开的玩笑，或者是描述一幅以前的具有纪念价值的相片。也可以让小朋友从杂志中获得有用的点子。

一旦小朋友决定了一个文章的主题，就应该让小朋友先写一下草稿或是打一下腹稿。这样可以保证所有要写的重要细节都包括到文章里去了，并且可以调整文章的结构，你还可以就草稿跟小朋友一起谈论，寻找最好的写法。在学校里，老师也用各种方法，协助小朋友在开始写文章之前，先组织好要写的内容。

家长还可以和小朋友一起朗读不同文体的好作品，比方诗歌、小说、新闻故事甚至是一封有趣的信，只要是小朋友会感兴趣的东西都可以。无论是大人还是小朋友，在阅读了大量的好的作品之后，都会在写作上学到很多东西。

通过阅读，家长可以问小朋友：“你喜欢什么样的作品？不喜欢什么样的作品？”“文章的作者能抓住读者的注意力吗？”“你觉得这个题目有意思吗？”这样可以提高小朋友的兴趣。鼓励小朋友认识到写作是一个不时发展的过程，写作水平也不是一成不变的，而是可以通过努力不时提高的。告诉小朋友可以从对已有作品的改写、缩写、扩写中，开始自身的写作。

小朋友需要在完成自身文章之后的一、两天，甚至更长时间以后，再回头看看。这样做可以让小朋友用一种全新的眼光来看待自身的作品，发现其中的错误和被遗漏的细节。

一个作家在写作时要考虑，自身写的内容是否切题？所有的细节都包括进去了吗？描写太多会不会显得罗嗦？小朋友虽然不是专业作家，但这些问题也需要想一想。

让小朋友把自身完成的文章大声地读一遍，假如他自身不能发现其中的明显错误，那么就需要有人为他再读一遍，好让他自身意识到错在哪里。还要注意小朋友在文章中有没有错别字。

爸爸妈妈还要为坚持小朋友的写作积极性做一些努力。比方在小朋友犯错误的时候给他一些口头上的批评，但注意重点在为小朋友指出错误，而不是教训他。还可以把小朋友的好作品贴在墙上，让每一个来家里的人都能看见，这对小朋友是一种奖励。这样小朋友很快就可以体会到写作的重要和乐趣了。那么他的写作水平就自然会提高。

词汇写作的学习方法是怎样的呢？下面是小编整理的词汇写作的学习方法。

词汇写作的学习方法

第一步：学习关联词

1. 何谓关联词

关联词是指一些能够指明句与句之间逻辑关系的词。有些关联词可以连接从句与主句，有些关联词可以连接独立的两个句子。

2. 学习关联词的方法

对于关联词的学习，朗阁海外考试研究中心建议考生按照其表示的逻辑关系来分类学习，具体逻辑关系如下：

①表示举例

a case in point， after all， as an proof， as an illustration， as an example， for example， for instance， in particular， just as， namely， specifically， to illustrate， to demonstrate

②表示增补

additionally， along with， also， as well as， besides， equally， even， furthermore， in addition， just as， moreover， not only…but also…， what‘s more

③表示强调

above all， as a matter of fact， indeed， in fact， most important， obviously， to be sure， truly， undoubtedly， without doubt

④表示比较

by comparison， equally， equally important， in comparison， in the same way， in the same manner， likewise， similarly

⑤表示让步

admittedly， after all， all the same， although， even so， in spite of， nevertheless

⑥表示结果

accordingly， as a result， consequently， for this reason， hence， in this way， so， therefore， thus.

⑦表示转折

although， but， despite， except for， though， however， in spite of， instead， nevertheless， on the other hand， otherwise， rather than， though， yet.

⑧表示结论

as has been noted(mentioned， stated)， at last， finally， in a word， all in all， in brief， in conclusion， in short， in sum， in summary， to conclude， to sum up ， to summarize.

3. 学习关联词的作用

①增强表达的地道性

英文是显性的语言，它完全不同于隐性的中文。因为英文中的逻辑几乎都是跃然纸上的，显露在外的。然而，中文几乎不要求逻辑，是隐晦的。所以，朗阁海外考试研究中心建议考生在英文写作词汇的学习中，首先要积累的就是英文中能够直接说明句与句之间逻辑的关联词，同时摒弃中文表达不强调逻辑的习惯。

②增强论证的流畅度

议论文中最难写的部分往往是支持句。很多考生把作文架子搭起来之后，就一筹莫展了。而熟练使用关联词是很好的解决问题的方法。因为支持句实际上，就是通过一些论证方法将其表达出来，而常见的论证方法有举例论证、因果论证、对比论证等。那就不难发现，熟练使用关联词可以帮助考生更好的扩展支持句，做到文章有理有据而且流畅清晰。

第二步：学习题干核心词

1. 何谓题干核心词

雅思议论文题目虽多，但是可以按话题分为八大类：教育，科技，环境与动物，媒体与广告，政府，工作与生活，语言与文化，法律与犯罪。在每个话题的题目中，会有一些出现频率比较高的名词即为：题干核心词。

2. 学习题干核心词的方法

对于题干核心词的学习，建议考生从写作机经入手，可以选择朗阁出版的《最新雅思高分范文》，这本书按照话题将历年考题进行了分类整理。

第一步：找出写作机经的实意词

第二步：积累实意词的近义词

下面以教育话题为例，具体讲解一下学习题干核心词的方法。

「学习方式」

Students at schools and universities learn far more from lessons with teachers than from other sources (such as the Internet and television)。 To what extent do you agree or disagree?

「高等教育」

Some people think university education should prepare students for employment. Other people think university has other functions. Discuss both views and what do you think the function of university education.

「课程的安排」

Some people believe that teenagers should concentrate on all school subjects， while others claim that students should focus on the subject that they are best at or that they find interesting. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

以上黑体字部分为实意词。找到实意词之后，考生可以借助词典或其他工具积累近义词或同义词。

题干的核心词

1. 学生种类：

Teenager： Adolescent， Juvenile (formal or law)，

University students： Undergraduate， postgraduate

2. 教育层次：

Basic education： Grade school， elementary school， (6-12)， junior school， senior/high school

Post-school education， tertiary education， advanced education， higher education

3. 课程：

Curriculum， course， subject， programme

4. 网络学习：

Online learning， tele-education， virtual class， distance learning， e-learning

3. 学习题干核心词的作用

①增强审题的准确性

写作评分标准的第一项为task response，要求考生的作文要扣题去写。但是，有一部分考生由于词汇量不够题目都看不明白，那么作文必然走题。通过复习写作机经积累题干核心词可以大大降低走题的可能性，保证审题的准确性，因为写作题目题干的一些核心词往往不会改变。

②快速扩展开头段

万事开头难这句俗话在写作中也有体现—考生会在写作的开始不知道如何下笔。开头段的目的实际上最重要的就是引出主题，而题干就是在引题，但是考试有规定题干不能照抄。那么，题干核心词的近义词就有大用处了，它们可以帮助考生快速改写题干，完成开头段引出主题的任务。

议论文写作是几种常见文体中要求较高的一种。下面语文迷网整理了一些写作方法，希望对你有帮助。

一、议论文的文体特点和写作要求

英语议论文同中文议论文一样也是以议论的方式，通过摆事实、讲道理来阐述自己观点的一种文体。高中英语议论文是一种限制性的写作, 其论点、论据、论证都必须十分明确，学生必须结合题目要求来阐述相关观点。

议论文的结构可分为三个部分：1、引言段引出一个令人关注的问题或明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么，支持什么，反对什么。 2、主体段对提出的问题进行分析、推论、并运用归纳法、演绎法和类比法等进行论证，取得以理服人的效果。3、结论段可以用两三句话来结束文章，同时要注意重申论点，与引言段呼应，但不能照搬原话。务必做到论点明确、要点齐全、论证严密、结构严谨、层次分明、首尾呼应。

二、议论文的写作方法与技巧

一)、审好题

人们常说：“磨刀不误砍柴功”。审题是写作的开始，是写好作文的前提条件，“好的开始是成功的一半”，议论文写作也不例外。只有明确题目要求，确立观点，确定论证方法及全文段落安排，才可能成功写出一篇好的议论文。如果写偏了题，再精心的构思、再好的语言表达也是枉然。审题主要包括六个方面：一是判断议论文所属类型。英语议论文根据命题特点，从形式上来看可分为如下类型: ①“一分为二”的观点。如：“轿车大量进入家庭后，对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”。②“两者选一”的观点。如：“乘火车还是乘飞机”。③“我认为……”型，如：“你对课外阅读的看法”。④“怎样……(how to)”型，如：“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”。⑤ 图表作文，通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法(杨家贵，2005)。二是确立该文的论点或作者须持的观点，以及支撑论点的道理和事实。三是确定全文所包括的要点。四是确定段落数及每段适用的连接词、过渡句，使文章连接紧凑、过渡自然、层次分明。五是选择全文主要时态及各段适用的其它时态。六是判断该文的格式，是书信还是短文。审题完毕，随即列出提纲。

二)、注重主题句的设置

主题句又叫中心句(topic sentence)，是段落的论点，限制段落中议论的范围，是整个段落的纲领。主题句必须要正确，要明确表明作者赞成什么，反对什么。主题句在一篇百来字的议论文中好比“画龙点睛”，帮助作者分层次阐述自己的观点，让读者快速了解作者的观点。

1、确定主题句的位置

英语议论文的主题句宜设在段首第一句，这是由以下两个因素决定的。1)、主题句出现的位置有三种情况：①在段首，以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要，这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落;②在段末;③段中(高长梅，2000)。2)、英语民族的思维特点是常采用路标式(直线式)篇章结构，即主题句在段首。

2、写出好的主题句

好的主题句具有以下特点：①有一定的概括性，普遍性而不是罗列具体事实。②句意明确而不是模糊不着边际。③让人有话可写而不是给出无可辩驳的事实。④不以问题的方式出现，也不要同时表达两个以上的观点。笔者要求学生写了以下的主题句：

1)Staying up late is bad for our health.

2)The more cars, the better?

3)There are two reasons why some people are fascinated by Super Girls and two reasons why some dislike them.

4)Beijing is famous for the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Imperial Palace and other places of interest.

5)a. Tom is a middle school student.

b. Tom is a hard-working middle school student.

6)Living in small cities is better than living in big cities.

然后让学生对照主题句的特点，他们一致认为1)、5)b、6)为好的主题句。在实践和对比中，学生学会了如何写好的主题句，并且运用到议论文写作中，收到较好效果，见以下实例(下段黑体部分是主题句)。

Everyone lives by selling something. For example, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to calculate the true value of services which people perform for us. The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.

由此可见，好的主题句能帮助作者阐明观点，起到提纲挈领的作用。作者围绕段落的中心论点，运用多种方法展开论证，达到以理服人的效果。

三)、用好连接词和过渡句

从行文需要出发选用恰当的连接词、过渡句可使整篇文章文句流畅，句意转换自然，同时使表达合乎逻辑，文章结构严谨。倘若一篇议论文的段落里不乏高级词汇和复杂语法结构，但缺少了连接词、过渡句的润色而不能从一个观点自然地过渡到另一个观点，或段落里的各论据(supporting sentence)连接松散，势必削弱论证的效果，就算不上一篇好的议论文。下面分别说明如何有效运用连接词与过渡句。

1、句与句的连接词

连接词通常由连词、副词、介词短语和插入语等充当。如何有效使用连接词，使句意连贯、紧凑，以体现文章良好的严密的论证逻辑?

2.段与段的过渡句

过渡句帮助作者展示文章的条理和层次。恰当运用过渡句能使表达锦上添花。当文章从一个层次转换到另一个层次，或由一段内容转入另一段内容时需要用过渡句。恰当有效的运用过渡句，效果明显(见下文，题目及要求略，黑体部分为过渡句)。

Wearing school uniform every day spreads an order over many schools. Is it good or bad for students? Different people, however, have different opinions on this matter.

Some people say that it has a bad effect on developing students’ personal character. According to them, students are tired of wearing the same clothes every day, which is hard to tell who’s who. Furthermore, the cost of the school uniform is not low as many people think. With the bad quality, it’s not well worth the money.

However, as a popular saying goes: “Every coin has two sides.” Others argue that it is good for students. In their opinion, wearing school uniform will prevent students from wasting so much money on clothes and the time on catching up with the fashion. In addition, it’s easy for the teachers to recognize the students. There is no doubt that wearing school uniform every day is good for students.

In short, I firmly support the view that we should wear school uniform.(康珍，2005)

上文黑体部分综合体现了恰当、有效运用连接词和过渡句的最佳效果。全文行文流畅、衔接自然、条理清楚，浑然不觉作者是在套用各种连接词和过渡句。因此，非常有必要熟记一些常用典型的议论文过渡句，使议论文结构严谨，论点清楚，行文流畅。

1)引言段的常用过渡句

Recently we had a heated discussion on…, Opinions are various among different people.

Different people have different opinions on the question of …

They differ greatly in their attitudes towards …

Different people hold different views/opinions on this matter.

Although most people think… I believe…

此类过渡句能迅速引起读者注意，自然而然地引出全文要讨论的话题，或者开门见山地阐明文章的论点。

2)主体段的常用过渡句

Some may hold the view that… because… But others have a negative attitude. From their point of view…

Some people think that… While others believe…

Some people are for the idea of… because… But some people are against the idea of… because …

本文所指议论文的主体段可以是一段也可以是两段。通过正确使用过渡句，文章思路清晰，结构清楚，显示作者严谨思维，增强表达效果。

3)结论段的常用过渡句

As far as I am concerned, I totally agree with the statement that…

Therefore, it’s easy to draw the conclusion that…

As a consequence/result, I firmly support the view that…

Taking all these factors into consideration, we may reach the conclusion that…

To sum up/in a word/in conclusion/in short/above all/in general/ generally speaking, I still hold the view that…

运用过渡句的提示作用进入结论段，作者或是重申论点，或是强调论点，以便加深读者对全文的了解和深刻认识。

英语议论文范文：

Should Examination Be Abolished (取消)?

The examination system has come to be the main theme (主题)of modern education. One should take an examination andsucceed in passing it before he could be admitted， promoted or graduated. As it plays so important a role in the realm of education (教育的领域) it is under much criticism (评论) as to its validity (有效性) . People who are in favour of it try to develop this system more; those who are against it believe that such a system should be abolished. Should examination be abolished? In my opinion it should be.

Many people think that an examination is the only means to test knowledge， but， in fact， that is not true. A few questions given in an examination could by no means cover the whole field of the subject. Thus those who are able to answer them may be the poorest of the students and yet happen to know just a few points about that subject.

Id like to say that， because of the existence of the examination system， students pay so much attention to gaining high marks， that they often forget the chief purpose of education. The so-called clever students devote (贡献) themselves to the study of textbooks only. They， of course， know nothing but the skeleton (梗概) of knowledge. The end and aim of education， however， is to enable students to learn how to live. To do this， students must get themselves to do all kinds of training， physicalas well as mental. The present examination system has discouraged students from making such an attempt.

Moreover， since the students try so hard to put their lessons into memory in as short a time as possible， psychologically (心理上来看)， they soon forget the whole subject as soon as the examination is over. Surely this is one of the greatest wastes ever made in the history of civilization.

Lastly， in order to get high marks， there is a great temptation (诱惑) for students to cheat (作弊) in an examination. Indeed， such a practice becomes the means to the end. They cheat their teachers， their parents and also themselves. Such a tendency would impair (损害) our moral standards (道德标准) .

Therefore， I am of the opinion， in conclusion， that the examination system should be abolished.

导语：写记叙文，不论是侧重记人，还是侧重叙事，都离不开写人。人物形象是文学作品的主体，在记叙中塑造感人的人物形象是写作的主要任务。下面我们来主要说说怎么写人。

在具体写作过程中，不少同学对作文望而生畏，在刻画人物时不是感到无从下笔，就是人物刻画苍白无力，毫无特点。造成这种现象的原因固然很多，而缺乏一定的写作方法与技巧也是很重要的原因之一。那么，怎样才能写好人物呢?写好人物有哪些方法和技巧可循呢?

要写好人物，首先就要在日常生活中注意观察各式各样的人，对人物的言谈举止，外貌心理，生活习惯，兴趣爱好等，都要细心观察。升入中学以后，社会生活更加丰富，接触人物更加广泛，除了亲朋好友外，我们还应该留心观察各种人，主动地去熟悉他们，了解他们。生活是创作的源泉，在实际生活中，通过广泛的观察、接触，积累起大量的生活素材，这就为自己的写作准备好了丰富的材料，一旦动起笔来，便不会感到无物可写。

其次，要写好人物，还要掌握描写人物的基本方法，这对写好人物很有帮助。人物描写包括肖像描写、语言描写、行动描写、心理描写、细节描写等，下面分别谈一谈。

肖像描写：

肖像描写即描绘人物的面貌特征，它包括人物的身材、容貌、服饰、打扮以及表情、仪态、风度、习惯性特点等。准确而适当的肖像描写，可以突出人物的精神面貌，使人物形象更鲜明，从而有助于表达文章的中心思想。写外貌是为塑造人物、开掘人物的内心服务的，绘形以传神，外貌描写一定要突出人物的特征。

语言描写：

人物的语言是人物的独白或对话。“言为心声”，描写人物的语言，能够直接表现人物的思想感情和性格特点。不过我们运用语言描写时，一定要注意让人物的语言符合人物的身份，精选那些最能表现人物性格特点的话，反映出人物的个性来，用个性化的语言去塑造个性化的人物。

行动描写：

是对人物行为和动作的描写。任何作品中的人物，总是在一定的具体环境中活动的，要使笔下的人物活灵活现，就必须选择有代表性的具体行动来描写。成功的动作描写，可以交代人物的身份、地位，可以反映人物心理活动的进程，可以表现人物的性格特征，有时候还能推动情节的发展。

心理描写：

是指在文章中，对人物在一定的环境中的心理状态、精神面貌和内心活动进行的描写。心理描写能够直接说明人物在想什么，最直接地表现人物的精神面貌，揭示其思想。作家杨朔说：“看见一个人的外表容易，想看见一人的内心却是非常困难的。而看不见一个人的内心，我们不能说认识了这个人。”这段话不仅表明了心理描写的不容易，而且说明了它的重要性。因而我们要努力掌握心理描写的方法，使我们笔下的人物有血有肉，有灵魂。

细节描写：

是指抓住生活中的细微而又具体的典型情节，加以生动细致的描绘，它具体渗透在对人物、景物或场面描写之中。成功的细节描写往往蕴含着深刻的意义，如果在我们的文章中有一二处生动具体的细节描写，往往能给读者留下深刻的印象，产生巨大的艺术魅力。

以上几种描写人物的方法，在写作时要因文而异，综合运用，根据具体情况灵活掌握，更好地为表现人物的思想性格服务。

此外，环境描写对很好地塑造人物也非常重要。环境描写包括社会环境和自然环境的描写。社会环境描写，指的是对特定的时代背景及人物生活环境的描写。恰当的社会环境描写可以交代人物的生存环境、社会关系，还可以交代作品的时代背景，为下文人物性格描写做铺垫。

自然环境描写主要包括人物活动的时间、地点、季节、气候以及景物等，对表现人物身份、地位、行动，表达人物心情，渲染气氛都具有重要作用。

要写好人物，对中学生来讲，最好的方法是认真阅读好的作品。在课本中，有不少古今中外文学大师们写人的精品，在同学的作文里，也不乏写人的佳作，我们要精心阅读，用心揣摩，体会这些作品的写作方法、表现形式，在写作时有意识地学习运用，久而久之，就可以掌握写作技巧，提高写作能力。本书选取部分同学的优秀作文，结合课本中的教材，对一些写作知识进行讲解，相信会对同学们有所帮助。

由于人们生活经历、知识状况不同，对事物的看法存在差异，抒发出来的感情必然也不一样，下面抒情作文的写作方法，仅供参考。

借景抒情是一种常用的写作方法，其特点是寓情于景，情景交融，它是通过对景物的描写来抒发自己的感情。例如《第一场雪》里说：“荷！好大的雪啊！山川、树木、房屋、全都罩上一层厚的雪，万里江山变马了粉妆玉砌的世界。”字里行间流露出作者对大雪的喜爱。

尽管如此，由于人们生活经历、知识状况不同，对事物的看法存在差异，抒发出来的感情必然也不一样，因此根据具体情况，联系自己的实际，有的放矢，才能借助于景色描写，抒发出自己的真实感来。

下面的故事对我们很有启发：

从前，有一个秀才与县官、财主一起饮酒。这时外面正下着大雪，秀才 提议吟诗助兴，谁如果接不上，就罚酒三杯。秀才先吟第一句：“大雪纷纷落地。”县官想自己的转：一切都是皇上给的，感激之情油然而生，便接口吟道：“一片皇家瑞气。”财主想显示一下自己的财富，接下去吟了第三句：“再下三年何妨？”正在此时，一个又冻又饿的农民正好从屋前走过，听到这话心想，下三年岂不要把我饿死？就气愤地说：“真是吃饱放屁！”话虽粗俗，但却在理。

面对同一雪景，四个人由于经历、处境不同，抒发的感情也就截然不同，但是他们抒发的感情却是十分真实可信的，都符合各自的身份。

一、代入法

这是进行英语写作时最常用的方法。同学们在掌握一定的词汇和短语之后，结合一定的语法知识，按照句子的结构特点，直接用英语代人相应的句式即可。如：

1. 他从不承认自己的失败。

He never admits his failure.

2. 那项比赛吸引了大批观众。

The match attracted a large crowd.

3. 他把蛋糕分成4块。

He divided the cake into four pieces.

二、还原法

即把疑问句、强调句、倒装句等还原成基本结构。这是避免写错句子的一种有效的办法。如：

1. 这是开往格拉斯哥的火车吗?

Is this the train for Glasgow?

还原为陈述句：This is the train for Glasgow.

2. 他是因为爱我的钱才同我结了婚。

It was because he loved my money that he married me.

还原为非强调句：Because he loved my money, he married me.

3. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。

So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.

还原为正常语序：Light travels so fast that we can hardly imagine its speed.

三、分解法

把一个句子分成两个或两个以上的句子。这样既能把意思表达得更明了，又能减少写错句子的几率。如：

1. 我们要干就要干好。

If we do a thing, we should do it well.

2. 从各地来的学生中有许多是北方人。

There are students here from all over the country. Many of them are from the North.

四、合并法

就是把两个或两个以上的简单句用一个复合句或较复杂的简单句表达出来。这种方法最能体现学生的英语表达能力，同时也最能提高文章的可读性。如：

1. 我们迷路了，这使我们的旅行变成了一次冒险。

Our trip turned into an adventure when we got lost.

2. 天气转晴了，这是我们没有想到的。

The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.

3. 狼是高度群体化的动物，它们的成功依赖于合作。

Wolves are highly social animals whose success depends upon their cooperation.

五、删减法

就是在写英语句子时，把相应汉语句子里的某些词、短语或重复的成分删掉或省略。如：

1. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。

This typewriter is very cheap and fine indeed.

注：汉语表达中的“价”和“物”在英语中均无需译出。

2. 个子不高不是人生中的严重缺陷。

Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life.

注：汉语说“个子不高”，其实就是“不高”。也就是说，其中的“个子”在英语中无需译出。

六、移位法

由于英语和汉语在表达习惯上存在差异，根据表达的需要，某些成分需要前置或后移。如：

1. 他发现赚点外快很容易。

He found it easy to earn extra money.

注：it在此为形式宾语，真正的宾语是句末的不定式to earn extra money。

2. 告诉我这事的人不肯告诉我他的名字。

The man who told me this refused to tell me his name.

注：who told me this为修饰the man的定语从句，应置于其后。

3. 直到我遇到你以后，我才真正体会到幸福。

It was not until I met you that I knew real happiness.

注：not...until...为英语中的固定句式，其意为“直到……才……”。

七、分析法

指根据要表示的汉语意思，通过进行语法分析和句式判断，然后写出准确地道的英语句子。如：

1. 从这个角度看，问题并不像人们一般料想的那样严重。

Seen in this light, the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose.

注：分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，由于the matter与see之间为被动关系，故see要用过去分词seen。

2. 我没有见过他，所以说不出他的模样。

Not having met him, I cannot tell you what he is like.

注：如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，且与逻辑主语是主动关系，则用现在分词的完成式。

八、意译法

有的同学在写句子时，一遇见生词或不熟悉的表达，就以为是“山穷水尽”了。其实，此时我们可以设法绕开难点，在保持原意的基础上，用不同的表达方式写出来。如：

1. 汤姆一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。

Tom was upsetting the other children, so I showed him the door.

2. 有志者事竟成。

Where there is a will, there is a way.

3. 你可以同我们一起去或是呆在家中，悉听尊便。

You can go with us or stay at home, whichever you choose.

所谓分门别类，就是根据事物的特征，按照一定的标准，将其分成不同的类别，一类一类加以说明。运用这种技法，至少有三点好处：一是可以显示被说明对象的轮廓，给人以概括性的了解；二是可以区分出各个类别的差异，帮助人们掌握被说明对象的特征；二是头绪清楚，层次分明，容易让人接受和了解。可见，分门别类说明事物或知识，可以使复杂的内容清晰化，深奥的知识明朗化，是一种运用频率较高的好方法。

分门别类法在具体运用中，就篇幅而言，大致有两种情况：

一是通篇运用。即在全文中，以分类说明技法为主，其他方法服务于它。例如《食物从何处来》这篇说明文，就采用了这种分门别类的方法。文章共13个自然节，除开头3节和结尾1节外，其余9个自然节就是由分门别类构成的。文章将生物获得食物的途径和方法分为两种。一种叫自养。绿色植物都属于这一类。它们自己把无机物制造成有机的食物，满足生长的需要。另一种叫异养。所有的动物和大部分微生物都是这一类。它们自己不能制造食物，靠植物来生活。文章以生物获得食物的途径和方法为分类标准，先说自养，后说异养。提纲挈领，清晰明了，文章之所以用分类的方法说明，是因为这种知识和观察涉及范围广，问题比较复杂，内容多，而一经用了这种方法，就使之概括严密，条理分明，易于被人们理解和掌握。

二是罗列相垒。即在文章的若干段落中，将有关内容分门别类地列出，句式整齐，语势明畅，富有节奏感和韵律美。例如《谈笑》一文，就运用了这种说明技法，请看其中的两段文字：论其声音，哈哈，嘻嘻，嘿嘿，吓吓，噗哧，哑然还有咯咯之类，大约用来形容少女的银铃般的笑声。笑嘻嘻，笑迷迷，笑盈盈，笑吟吟，又是各有一副神情意态。这两段文字，从声音和神情意态两个方面，分类进行说明，每一类中，又分为若干小类，前者7类，后者4类，罗列汇集，点到为止，简明而又干脆，给人以清晰的印象。

运用这种方法要注意两点：一是要按一定的标准分类，标准不同，类别就应不同，若将标准不同的内容放在一起，就会交叉重合。二是分类有主次，不能平分秋色，有了主次，重点详略也就突出了。

准备一些适合自己的SAT写作例子可以帮助大家在SAT写作考试中节省很多时间并取得好的效果。那么SAT写作例子该如何准备呢?下面小编就为大家整理了关于SAT写作例子准备的相关信息，供大家参考。

很多SAT考生在开始准备SAT写作例子的时候都有些漫无边际，四处撒网的感觉，其实，如何才能找到一个自己用的顺手，又有广泛的用处的SAT写作例子也不是短时间内就可以的。大家在准备SAT写作例子的时候，可以从下面的步骤开始：

开始从多本SAT参考书中搜集作文题目，并对这些题目进行分类，然后针对不同类别的题目准备不同的例子。

每一类题目都能准备2-3个例子，再举一反三之后，便能很有效的应用到几乎所有题目了。而且这样做的好处是，大家可以对SAT写作题目可以应对哪种类型的SAT写作例子做到心中有数，再找例子就方便了。

其次，选择SAT写作例子的时候尽量选择一些国际性的，而且是美国人所知道的。这是从SAT考试的特点入手的，因为SAT写作评分的毕竟是美国人，所以在平时学习生活中，多积累一些关于美国或者西方国家的人文、历史、社会等知识，多用一些关于西方的SAT写作例子是十分重要的而且有技巧的。

再次，不建议大家用个人的例子去论述整篇文章，因为个人的例子往往缺乏说服力，很PERSONAL，考官也不一定会认可你所论述的。所以大家在准备SAT写作例子的时候，可以准备关于自己的例子，但是不能应用在全篇。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：很多同学谈英语作文而色变，大家似乎都特别怕写作。其实要把英语作文写成高分不外乎就是多背，多看，多练，多积累，多仿。趁着还有时间，建议考生要抓紧复习提升，下面是高分作文写作的方法，17年的考生认真看看。

一、了解意图，抓住精髓

近年来的大作文非常玄妙，值得细品。首先，很可能大作文正在经历由时事向哲理过渡的重大变革，这在2001年、2002年、2004年、2007年、2009和2010年真题上表现得最为明显。其次，出题人将尽量用图画来表达意图，而不借助或少借助图中或图旁的文字，这样意义表达的会更深刻，对考生的思考力和判断力的要求也就更高。第三，图画的含义深刻，可以接受的解释也较多，但要想取得高分，必须紧扣图画，把握住其中的精髓，最深刻地表达其核心的意义。

二、扣紧主题

写大作文时切记要扣紧主题，切不可离题太远，导致最后回不来或时间不够写不完。另外，各部分之间的比例应适当，第一段不要太长。与主题相关的关键词语一定要用对，否则会影响分数。

三、看清要求

有的同学一看到写“网络”，就立即联想到这方面最火爆的话题“网络成瘾”，将主题确定为此。有的同学干脆将之转变为自己看到过的文章——“网络的利与弊”。这些都是不正确的做法。写大作文时，首先要减少语言的错误，提高语言的准确性。语言错误有许多种，有的是小错误，甚至可以忽略不计，而有些是大错误，是让老师看到后不得不扣分的错误。另一方面就是增加闪光点，除了结构清晰外，闪光点主要指好的词、词组或句型，一是使用恰当，二是要有变换。上述这两点都不容易，而结合起来就更难了。如果文章分为三段，那么起始段、结尾段和中间段落的开始部分是非常关键的。对于背诵的好词、词组和句型，一定要和具体的行文联系起来，融入到文章中去，不仅要用对，还要用好，避免给人突兀的感觉。

四、避免投机取巧

近年来，有些考生有投机的心理，结果却很惨烈。有的考生准备了万能模板，直接往上套，这样的效果并不好。正如有的较为激进的阅卷老师所说，这些考生是想通过不诚实的手段得到不属于他的东西，这样的人应该得到惩罚。实际上这些考生中有的水平还不错，如果坚持依靠自己，咬紧牙关奋力拼搏的话，结果会是不错的。

综上所述，对于作文这一部分来说，大家应该首先了解不同文章的特点和规律，而后用心地学习范文并进行模仿，然后练习全文写作并请老师批改再细细揣摩。相信通过这样的过程，大家的写作一定会有长足的进步。

Read this material, I want to thank the teacher in the article, he used a seemingly clever way to actually savage and absurd the students on the unforgettable lesson, but also gave me a strong shock.

"Only accept people tell you something" learning state, not only the students, between me and my classmates around the passive, also It is quite common for, learning method is blind, the result is inefficient and low efficiency, not to mention the creation of.

The practice of curriculum reform, we have gradually realized that students should become the main body of learning; learning knowledge should become the subject of learning; learning knowledge should be abundant, widespread, and not just "people tell you things"; learning methods in addition to "accept", also should including self-study, exploration and discovery...... After reading this material, we should be more active and active in the change of learning state.

Obviously, we should not only "learn", but also "learn to learn".

英文名称是Application letter。它通常分为几种类型，包括索取公司应聘申请表及详细资料的不带的求职信，附简历的应征求职信，试探性的求职信等等。 那么，英文有哪些呢？

递交求职信的目的是用求职信来吸引阅读者，而不是一种形式或习惯。打开装有求职信的信封，首先看到的就是求职信，它是表现应聘者个性的工具，想象一下，如果对方看到的是连折叠都不齐整的信纸，还有好心情看下去吗？而结构松散的信会让人觉得写信者条理不清晰。语法拼写或标点的错误太多，则会让人觉得此人办事容易出错，对工作不负责任，公司是不会聘用这样的人的。通常一封求职信的阅读时间是30秒，在这30秒内能体现的实际上是你的风格。而每一个公司都喜欢聘用专业作风很强的有能力的员工。

在招聘广告中，常要求有意申请者可致电或致函索取公司的申请表格。索取这类申请表格的求职信一般都比较简短，格式参照范例。 得到申请表格后，仔细填写后一般与简历一起交给公司。申请表格的填写。

附简历的应征求职信具有向招聘者说明简历和具体求职内容的作用。简历中你已经将自己的职业经历或教育情况列表说明了，在求职信里就应着重表达自己的意见。在求职信里要简短地对简历中提到的与应聘职位有关的职业经历和技能加以说明。但是，只是简单的重复简历里的内容是不够的。要把简历里没有的内容充分添加进去，显示出与其他应聘者的差别。你需要表达的观点是：渴望、确信、真诚（I am keen, I am clear and I am sincere)。在第一段里，陈述你渴望得到这个空缺职位，第二段说明你已了解这项工作和公司的要求，说明你为什么认为你符合它们的招聘条件。第三段讲清你本人希望在何时面试，何时可以上班。第四段采用能使公司相信你对这项工作真正有兴趣的语句结束这封信。

典型的求职信格式是：你的地址写在信纸的右上方，地址下面是写信日期。信纸左上角要写上接受你求职信的人的姓名和尊称其下面是该公司的名称和地址。再下面就是招聘广告中给出的其他相关代码。

试探性的求职信是你主动发给你感兴趣的公司的，这类希望渺茫的却经常能出人意料的取得成功，因为这种申请求职的方法表现出了申请人本身的能力、勇气和激情。

试探性求职申请信应该简洁，讲清楚你对该公司感兴趣的原因，写明你具备的资格以及你认为会引起该公司注意的任何品德。邮寄申请信时，要把也一起寄去。你还需要知道公司里人事经理或部门经理的名字，把直接信寄给他会更有效一些。

可能在很长的一段时间里，你收不到任何回音，那么可以断定该公司目前没有你申请的空缺职位。

话题作文是比较自由的一种写作文体，也是比较难以抱我中心的一种写作类型，以下是小编整理的话题作文常见写作方法，欢迎参考阅读!

一、把握文体

话题作文往往不限文体，允许考生自由发挥。但是，不限文体并不等于不要文体。话题作文的“文体不限”其实是指不限于一种文体，让学生有选择文体的自由。

当你选定了一种文体时，还得按照这种文体的特点来谋篇布局进行写作。有的同学观察能力强，生活积累丰富，不妨将生活中精彩的片断撷取出来写成一篇生动感人的记叙文;有的同学想象丰富，长编写故事，不妨写写童话、寓言或科幻小说;有的同学逻辑思维能力强，擅长推理，不妨写成一篇理据充分的议论文;有的同学感情细腻丰富，不妨写成一篇优美抒情的散文，肯定会非常出色。

二、缩小范围

话题作文只提供写作的话题，而没有中心、材料、结构、文体、语言等等的限制;给了考生一个比较开放的构思空间，使考生能最大限度：地发挥想象力和创造力。但是，如果不注意把握话题，缩小写作的口子，就会出现“下笔千言，离题万里”的毛病。因此，不管所给的话题多么宽泛，我们都要善于缩小“包围圈”，要选择一个小小的切人口，如一件事、一个人、一样物品、一种感受、一点看法等等，集中笔力加以突破，把你所选择的话题角度写细写深写透，做到“以小见大”。

三、拟好题目

标题是文章的“眼睛”。俗话说：“题好一半文”。话题作文允许自己拟题目，因此，我们要努力提高拟题水平，力争使自己拟的题目准确、凝炼、含蓄、新奇，使阅卷老师“一见钟情”。

四、善子联想

话题作文是一种开放性的作文形式，要求考生放开手脚，尽情地驰骋在想象的空间，善于多方位地展开联想，这样，才能生发出丰富多彩的思路来。比如话题 “风”，你可以联想到自然界的风：微风、大风、狂风、飓风、龙卷风等等;你还可以联想到社会风气：拍马风、送礼风等等;你可以联想到一种像风一样的流行时尚：金庸热、韩寒热等等;你甚至可以联想到假如你是风，假如你遇到风等等。

五、写出新意

话题作文既然是应试作文，总得给评卷老师一个好的感觉，得-个好的分数。因此，写出特色、写出新意是十分重要的。我们在写作时，要善于“独辟蹊径”，也就是要求我们在立意上要有特的感悟，不入云亦云;选材上要有独到的眼光，不陈题旧话;构思上要独具匠心，不四平八稳，波澜不惊语气上要有独到的魅力，不平铺直叙泛泛而谈。