关于英语说明文的写作方法汇总20篇

写文章都是具有针对性的，比如说写给什么样的人看;写文章也是有目的性的，比如通过文章要解决一个什么样的问题。小编收集了说明文写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、抓住事物特征，把握说明中心

任何事物都有其自身的特征，它是区别于其他事物的标志。写说明文时只有抓住事物的特征，才能把被说明事物准确清晰地介绍给读者，让人们对事物有确切的了解。抓住事物的特征进行写作，也就是抓住了说明的中心。当然，事物往往有多方面的特征，想在一篇说明文里面面俱到地加以介绍是不可能的，只能根据需要一次谈一两个特征。例如：鸭与鸡都是家禽，都会走路，都有两翼，都可以做肉食。但要写一篇关于鸭的说明文，就要抓住鸭区别于鸡和其它家禽的特征。与鸡相比，它喜欢在水上生活，尾部能分泌油脂;有一双掌状的蹼，会划水;嘴又长又扁，等等。抓住鸭的这些特征进行说明，就可以使人对鸭的生活习性和外形有了一个清楚的认识。不同的事物固然有各自不同的特点，同类事物也往往有着差异，这些差异也就是它们的特征，写说明文时要紧紧抓住这些特征。如《中国石拱桥》一文写的是赵州桥和卢沟桥，两桥都是石砌的拱桥，相同的地方很多，但也各有特色。茅以升先生就抓住了它们各自特色，进行对比说明，使读者认识了两座桥的不同形状、结构和艺术风格。

抓住事物特征，把握说明中心，这是写好说明文的一个基本要求。要做到这一点，关键是要对事物进行深入细致的观察、分析、比较、研究，做到真正熟悉被说明的事物，并且掌握这一事物本身的特点和规律。只有这样，才能很好地说明事物。

二、针对具体情况，选好说明角度

写文章都是具有针对性的，比如说写给什么样的人看;写文章也是有目的性的，比如通过文章要解决一个什么样的问题。例如，写关于落花生的说明文，如果读者对象是农民，目的又是为了向农民传授栽培落花生的技术，那么，就要根据落花生的生长规律，从如何栽培才能夺高产的角度去说明，重点说明怎样选种、选地、播种、施肥、管理等。如果对象是厨师或食品加工厂的工人，目的又是为了介绍如何加工食用落花生，那么就应侧重说明花生仁的营养价值以及如何加工、配料才能使花生仁更加可口等等。我们中学生在写说明文的时候，可先设想为谁而写，这样就能针对具体情况进行说明，不至于把文章写得散乱无章，目的不明确。

三、讲究结构安排，做到条理分明

文章的条理性是客观事物、事理本身特点、规律在文章结构上的反映。说明文解说事物、阐述事理就要按这些关系来安排说明次序，使之层次清楚、主次分明。例如，四川大邑县“地主庄园陈列馆”中的“收租院”里，有若干泥塑人物像，……。这些画面相对独立，是并列关系。地主收租时设有四道关口，依次是验谷关、风谷关、过斗关、算帐关。每个交租农民都要过四关。从第一关到第四关，是先后关系，这些个别的实例共同揭露地主对农民进行残酷剥削和压迫的罪恶，这就是“收租院”的总体概貌。这个总体概貌与各体实例成为总分关系。《收租院解说词》一文就把握了这些关系。采取先总后分的写法，开头扼要地介绍了地主刘文彩残酷剥削和压迫农民的罪恶，接着按照泥塑画面排列顺序，分别介绍，突出了有压迫和剥削就必然有革命和反抗的基本思想。

并列关系的事物，还要注意方位顺序，或从上到下，或从前到后，从左到右，从外到内，从近到远，等等，只有按照这些顺序去写才能条理清楚。例如《故宫博物院》全文是介绍一座古建筑群，作者按照先总后分的办法，条理明了地介绍了这座雄伟的建筑群。写建筑物局部时，层次也十分清楚。如写太和殿的一段，先从外后到内，介绍大殿外面时又按照从上到下的顺序，由天空到殿顶直到台基。介绍其内部时又按从中间到两旁，从前到后，由上到下，由远及近的顺序依次说明，给人以清晰的印象。

介绍生产过程的说明文，应按生产的时间顺序说明;介绍植物生长的说明文应考虑其生长顺序，依次说明，当然不管哪类说明文都应注意主次分明。

四、注意语言艺术，提高说明效果

说明文语言的特点是朴素平实，且常使用专门术语，容易给人枯燥乏味的感觉。为了提高说明的效果，必须在语言上下一番功夫。说明文的语言不在于堆砌华丽的词藻，而在于用语确切、精当、通俗、风趣。

怎样才能做到这一点呢?

首先，在仔细观察事物，透彻了解事物特征的基础上选用最能确切地反映客观事物的词语加以说明，尤其要注意恰当选用限制范围大小、表明条件关系之类的词语。如《中国石拱桥》中说到卢沟桥：“桥宽约八米，路面平坦，几乎与河面平行”。一个“约”字说明桥面并不恰好是八米，这里只取约数;一个“几乎”说明路面平坦的程度基本上与河面平行，但还不是完全平行。《看云识天气》中“天空的薄云，往往是天气晴朗的象征;而那些低而厚密的云层，常常是阴雨风雪的预兆”。这里形容云的形态特征的词语和表明时间性的词语配合用，十分确切，十分精当。

其次，要注意掌握和运用好必要的专门术语，防止说“外行话”，例如“航天”和“航空”是两个不同的概念，飞机在大气层内飞行，称为航空;卫星、飞船在大气层外飞行称为航天。它们是采用不同的飞行器在不同的空间来完成飞行任务的。写文章时必须注意诸如此类的区别。

再次，适当运用比喻、拟人、拟物等修辞手法。例如《中国石拱桥》一文开头：石拱桥的桥洞成拱形，像天上虹。用“虹”来比喻石拱桥，很形象生动，使读者清楚地了解了石拱桥的外形特征。再如《大自然的语言》中，作者用比喻、拟人的手法说明“花香鸟语，草长莺飞”都是大自然的语言，劳动人民根据这些现象掌握季节规律，安排农事。这段文字由于运用了比喻、拟人等修辞手法，不仅通俗易懂，而且生动有趣，饶有兴味。

导语：When there is no hope there can be no endeavour.下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Actions speak louder than words.

事实胜於雄辩。

Adversity leads to prosperity.

逆境迎向昌盛。

A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.

吃一堑，长一智。

A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难朋友才是真朋友。

A friend is a second self.

朋友是另一个我。

A friend is best found in adversity.

患难见真友。

All time is no time when it is past.

光阴一去不复返。

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy; all play and no work makes Jack a mere boy.

只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子要变傻;尽玩耍，不学习，聪明孩子没出息。

A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.

远亲不如近邻。

An idle youth, a needy age.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

Business before pleasure.

事业在先，享乐在後。

Diligence is near success.

勤奋近乎成功。

Diligence is the mother of good luck.

刻苦是成功之母。

Diligence is the mother of success.

勤奋是成功之母。

Education has for its object the formation of character.

教育的目的在於培养品德。

Every brave man is a man of his word.

勇敢的人都是信守诺言的人。

Every man is the architect of his own fortune.

每个人都是他自己命运的建诛师。

Every man is the master of his own fortune.

每个人都是他自己的命运的主宰。

Failure is the mother of success.

失败是成功之母。

Faith will move mountains.

精诚所至，金石为开。

Friendship ---- one soul in two bodies.

友谊是两人一条心。

Grasp all, lose all.

贪多必失。

He alone is poor who does not possess knowledge.

没有知识，才是贫穷。

Health is above wealth.

健康胜於财富。

Health is better than wealth.

健康胜於财富。

He who does not advance falls backward.

不进则退。

Honesty is the best policy.

诚实是上策。

Hope is life and life is hope.

希望才有人生，人生要有希望。

Idle young, needy old.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

If you dont aim high you will never hit high.

不立大志，难攀高峰。

I might say that success is won by three things: first, effort; second, more effort; third, still more effort.

成功之道唯三点∶努力、努力、再努力。

Improve your time and your time will improve you.

珍惜时间，时间才会珍惜你。

In doing we learn.

行而知。

Industry if fortunes right hand, and frugality her left.

勤勉是幸福的右手，节俭是幸福的左手。

In lifes earnest battle they only prevail, who daily march onward and never say fail.

在人生的搏斗中，只有日日前进不甘失败的人，才能获胜。

It is dogged does it.

天下无难事，只怕有心人。

Judge not according to the appearance.

不要以貌取人。

Labour is often the father of pleasure.

勤劳常为快乐之源。

Learning without thought is labour lost; thought without learning is perilous.

学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。

Like tree, like fruit.

有其因必有其果。

Manners make the man.

礼貌造就人。

Never neglect an opportunity for improvement.

抓住大好时机，切莫等闲错过。

Never too old to learn.

学到老，学不了。

No great loss without some small gain.

塞翁失马，安知非福。

No one can call back yesterday.

往日不复返。

No sooner said than done.

言而必行。

No sweet without some sweat.

不劳则无获。

Nothing is difficult to a man who wills.

世上无难事，只怕有心人。

Nothing is impossible to willing mind .

有志者事竟成。

Nothing is impossible to the man who will try.

天下无难事，只怕不努力。

Nothing is really beautiful but truth.

只有真理才是真美。

No time like the present.

只争朝夕。

One cannot put back the clock.

光阴一去不复返。

Overdone is worse than undone.

过犹不及。

Paddle your own canoe.

自立更生，自食其力。

Perseverance is vital to success.

不屈不挠是成功之本。

Second thoughts are best.

三思而行，再思可也。

Selt-trust is the essence of heroism.

自信是英雄的本色。

Self-trust is the first secret of success.

自信是成功的首要秘诀。

Success belongs to the persevering.

坚持到底必获胜利。坚持就是胜利。

Success grows out of struggles to overcome difficulties.

成功来自於克服困难的斗争。

The first element of success is the determination to succeed.

成功的首要因素是要有成功的决心。

The more a man knows, the less he knows he knows.

懂得越多，就越知道自己懂得不多。

Union is strength.

团结就是力量。

Virtue is a jewel of great price.

美德是无价之宝。

Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses.

浪费时间是一切花费中最奢侈豪华的费用。

When there is no hope there can be no endeavour.

没有希望就不会努力。

Without a friend the world is a wilderness.

没有朋友，世界就等於一片荒野。

You cannot judge a tree by its bark.

人不可貌相。

议论之美在于理趣，但理趣并不排斥形象性，写议论文不一定非得走板着面孔训人，愤世嫉俗说理的路子。朱光潜说：说理文要写好，也还是要动一点感情，要用一点形象思维。考场作文的议论说理多一些可感的形象，能把抽象的道理讲得通俗生动，增强可读性；同时，考场议论文多一些形象化说理，与高考作文发展等级的不少要求相契合，能使文章文质兼美，也易于赢得阅卷老师的青睐。这里，笔者就议论说理如何增强形象性进行例谈。

一、借象寓理

就是借形象阐释道理。议论说理时先进行形象描绘，然后借形象阐释社会意义，从形象中概括出普遍规律；或者描述形象细节，为论据材料中的人物增设具有画面感的场景，达到形象阐述的效果。试看下面的片段：

1.江河涌进大海，大海高奏着激昂的涛声，张开宽广的胸怀接纳。大海的涛声不是笑话江河的细小，不是嫌弃江河浊流滚滚，而江河也因为大海的宽广胸怀而甘愿长途跋涉，一路欢歌奔向它的怀抱。于是，大海的包容成就了尼罗河的坚持和亚马孙河的丰沛，成就了珠江口的开阔和钱塘潮的壮美大海让流进它的每一条江河都显示出自己的亮点，而胸怀宽广，悦纳百川也成就了大海的亮点。所谓亮点，其实是包容的胸怀孕育出的美丽风景。

2.巍巍青山之下，粼粼濮水之滨，庄子席地而坐，持竿垂钓。风拂起，树影摇曳，滤下点点星光，清波泛起，水中的面容化作层层涟漪，向四方远远散去。水波微动中映出了两位衣冠楚楚的风尘大夫。他们身负楚王的重托，欲以高官之位来拜请庄子。但庄子持竿不顾，婉言相拒：往矣，吾将曳尾于涂中。庄子是聪慧的，他深知，虽然欲望满足的背后有无以言说的成就感，但无欲守候的背后却是圣者般的宁静与祥和。

片段1借大海悦纳江河这一形象阐释亮点，其实是包容的胸怀孕育出的美丽风景这一普遍的社会意义，新奇而又令人信服，形象与理趣兼备。

片段2借助想象复活濮水垂钓的场景，形象描述中暗寓坚守心灵的宁静这一主旨，充分展示了作者的形象思维能力和语言驾驭功底。需要注意的是，在运用借象寓理的方法时，一定要在描绘形象、复活场景之中凸显主旨，否则就会显得华而不实、主旨不明，效果适得其反。

二、缘事说理

指先叙述故事或事件，然后自然生发议论，揭示道理。运用这种技法，选取的故事或事件本身应蕴含一定的道理，常用的为寓言故事和哲理故事。试看下面的片段：

清早，狐狸欣赏着自己在晨曦中的身影，说：今天我要用一头骆驼做午餐。整个上午，它奔波着寻找骆驼。但是正午太阳照到头顶的时候，它再次看看自己的影子，于是说：一只老鼠就够了！像狐狸这样的心态，在现实生活中大有人在。对自己认识不足，要么自我膨胀，要么无根据地认为自己无能。成长路上的我们就有这样的经历。曾经，我们被家人宠着，以为自己拥有整个世界。有一天，我们发现，我们并非时时有人在乎，甚至被漠视如同草芥，有些事情，我们无论多么努力都无能为力，于是，我们感到沮丧甚至自卑。我们多么像那只认不得自己的狐狸。很多时候，我们需要的是正确认识自我既看到自己的长处，也认识到自己的不足，为自己的人生准确定位。尼采曾经说过：聪明的人只要能认识自己，便什么也不会失去。正确认识自己，方能使人生的航船不迷失方向，才能充满自信地去迎接机遇和挑战。

这一片段借狐狸关于午餐的定位，引出青少年成长中盲目自大与盲目自卑的心理，点出正确认识自我，进而论述正确认识自我的意义，这比直接论述多了几分形象性，给人的印象也深刻得多。

再看下面的片段：

陈寅恪到清华大学任教，得力于梁启超的举荐，但他们经常为一些学术问题争执不下。一天，梁启超刚上班，同事说:陈寅恪又要和你干仗了!梁启超看到学报上有一篇陈寅恪的文章，读完后，梁启超笑道:这小子总是和咱过不去，咱要再写一篇好好和他过过招。同事道:梁先生，这陈寅恪在含沙射影骂您啊!梁启超脸黑了下来，说道:陈先生的为人我是知道的。请以后不要以小人心腹揣度君子胸怀!梁启超和陈寅恪为了学术分歧互不相让争，体现了对学术真理的孜孜追求和不人云亦云的个性精神。两人在工作和生活中相互提携,相互尊重和信任不争，体现了君子之风。争与不争的境界，值得后辈学者在景仰敬佩中深思。

引述故事后，作者懂得从争与不争两个层面分析，将其中蕴含的学术精神与为人处事两方面的道理鲜明地揭示出来，让故事充分燃烧，体现了缘事说理的纯熟技巧，增强了说理的形象性。需要提示的是，缘事说理，要注意叙议结合，不可以叙代议。

三、类比引申

也叫比较类推，是指借助相关联想，由一类事物所具有的某种属性，可以推测与其类似的事物也应具有这种属性。它可以收到寓抽象于具象，化深刻为平易的效果。试看下面的片段：

1.成熟总是意味着经历时间的打磨，比如经冬的麦子，经过季节的变化、温度的起伏，才终于灌浆饱满，成为供养我们的粮食；成熟也意味着经过世间所有高温，或承受涅槃般的煎炒，或默默躲进蒸笼，才成为食物。所以人的成长，也意味着要经历一些艰难和磨砺，承受得住挫折和打击，耐受得了煎熬与寂寞，才会成为一个褪去稚嫩和迷惘的人，成为一个成熟的人。

2.合作才有双赢，这正如紫藤萝和篱笆的关系，如果紫藤萝选择了独自生长，那么它只会终生匍匐于地，无法汲取高处的阳光，开出最美的花朵；如果篱笆选择了独自站立，那么它只能默默无闻地渐渐朽去，无法在世上留下最深刻的印记。但恰恰它们选择了合作，一个献出生机，另一个献出身躯，于是成就了一道靓丽的美景。所以，合作求取双赢，是以你所长补我所短，以我之力足你之需，是将双方的优势融合，以求取双方利益的兼顾。

片段1由麦子和食物的成熟说到人的成长成熟，形象可感，避免了空洞的说教；

片段2借紫藤萝和篱笆演绎出合作求取双赢的论述，给人印象深刻。需要提示的是，运用类比引申，要善于由此及彼，善于相关联想，学会选择具象性的事理来类比。

四、运用比喻

喻巧而理至，运用比喻是形象说理常用的方法，它能使深奥、抽象的道理通俗化、形象化，如把盲从权威比喻为让奔马踏过自己思维的草坪，留下的只会是一片思想的狼藉，这样的议论就显得格外精警。先秦诸子散文中大量使用这种方法，如荀子《劝学》通篇以比喻说理，形象贴切。从联想方式看，类比引申是运用相关联想，比喻运用的是相似联想。请看下面的片段：

1.低调，不像高粱那样，将穗子高高伸起，见人就点头微笑，而是像玉米，将果实隐在腰间，让人难以发现；低调，不像桃杏那样，将姹紫嫣红挂在枝头，引人注目，而是像桂花，将细小的花朵藏在枝叶丛中，暗里飘香；低调，不像太阳花那样，对着太阳不住地微笑，而是像夜来香，在夜间将芬芳暗暗送给人们。低调，是一种品格，一种风度，一种修养，一种智慧的做人姿态。

2.如果你为错过太阳而哭泣，那么你也将错过群星。是啊，有的人也许已经错过了太阳，但前面还会有群星。生活是用来经历的，太多的驻足只会带来更多的延迟，只会造就更多的后悔。昨日已是黑白相片上温馨的影子，明天是永远盛开在彼岸不可企及的花朵，只有今天才是可以书写的竹简。现在辛勤的汗水将是未来幸福的阶梯，用心经营每一天，才应该是我们可以把握的人生。

片段1说低调不像高粱桃杏和太阳花，而像玉米桂花和夜来香，用六种植物正反设喻，点明低调，是一种品格，一种风度，一种修养，一种智慧的做人姿态的道理。

片段2用太阳群星比喻生命的精彩，将昨天比作黑白相片上温馨的影子，将明天比作盛开在彼岸不可企及的花朵，将今天比作可以书写的竹简，比喻丰富，用语生动，形象鲜活。一般地说，运用比喻不宜作为说理的主要方法，可以适度运用，恰当点缀。

攻克英语写作：滴水穿石，积累成章

考研作文作为考查考生语言表达等综合能力的题型，是考研英语的压轴戏。考生在日常复习中应更趋向于积累。考研作文的复习和提高是与一些科学的学习方法和有效的学习技巧分不开的，在此，万学海文考研英语辅导专家提供大家一些练习方法及技巧，希望对同学们有所帮助。

考研作文分为大、小两类。小作文多以应用文体裁为主，例如求职信、感谢信、辞职信，道歉信等，这类作文不需要复杂华丽的文采修饰，表意明确就可以了；大作文的题型多是通过图片或者提示文字，要求考生完成提示所透视出来的问题。命题范围，从近几年看，都比较倾向于当前社会热门话题或观念。

一、欲速则不达，步步行进

想要达到一定的程度，首先要向这个程度看齐。就写作来说，如果你想将自己的作文水平提高到一个质的飞跃，首先你要懂得去吸取别人文章中的精华。这个吸取精华的过程就是阅读。只有多阅读，才能够培养起良好的语感，才会知道如何去构思，如何去质疑别人的观点，表达清楚自己的意思。正所谓"读书破万卷，下笔如有神"。无论何时，大家都勿急躁，因为"跑"得好的前提是"走"，

作文这种慢火候才能提高的题更是如此，一步一个脚印才是写作稳步提高的策略。

近些年写作考题的内容和主题，基本都与当年的热点话题有一定的关系，所以平时多阅读英语报纸、杂志，能够帮助你掌握更多的话题资源。对于比较热点、比较重要的主题，可以有目的地进行搜集整理。阅读的过程也应该讲究方法，应该以泛读与精读结合的方式进行学习。一些好的文章建议你读过以后做英文阅读笔记（即观后感）。在读与写的过程中，你的写作水平自然会得到快速提高。

二、在研读中背记

除了读与写，还要进行适当的背。背诵是积极备战快速提高写作成绩的一条捷径。建议考生可以选择历年真题中的写作佳文，先是研究，思考人家是怎么构思，怎么写的，获得高分的闪光点在哪。再在理解的基础上记忆，更能够在无形中增强你的表达能力。同学们也可以拿一些英语原著名篇来读、背，这样可以加强自己的语感，使自己的表达更加地道。

三、每周一练，积累成章

表达能力需要考生平时多一点练习，给自己制定一个写作计划。一周至少练习一篇文章。在加强写作练习之后，你的文章才能够 "成章"。因此，实际动手的能力至关重要。平时训练的重点应该锁定在文章是否切题，行文是否表意明确、通顺，有无语法错误等。另外，一定要给每一次行文限定一个可行的时间。并且，按照这个时间严格要求自己完成。

如果你能够找到范文，然后在练习之后进行比较，效果会更加明显。假使没有范文作为标样，建议你可以找英语水平较好的同学看一看。也许评看你作文的这个考生英语水平不是很高，但个人看别人文章的缺点很容易看出来。如果条件允许，找老师请教一下最好。

掌握好的方法加之持之以恒，相信最后的成功一定属于你，继续坚定的考研信念，自信满满的走下去。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

一篇文章有一个好的开头能影响到一篇文章的好与次，下面是小编分享的小升初作文开头写作方法，一起来看一下吧。

一、开头抒发真情实感

例：母亲，您是一股清澈的甘泉!我是一棵绿油油的禾苗;您是早晨的太阳!我是一株刚冒出嫩芽的小草;您是湛蓝的大海!我是一条小小的鱼儿……妈妈呀!请接受女儿的这份爱!作文的题目是《……笑了》，小作者写自己为妈妈做了一件事情，看到了妈妈欣慰的笑。在开头中使用了排比、比喻的修辞直抒胸臆，赞美了妈妈，也表达了对妈妈的感恩之情。抒发了真情实感，打动读者并引起了下文。

二、开头突出文章中心

例：一直以来，我有一个高远的梦想，就是能挺起胸、昂起头，做一个成功者!然而，殊不知，没有洒下汗水的土地怎能收获丰收的喜悦?没有精心培育的大树怎能长得叶繁枝茂?只有坚持不懈、永不言弃，才可以到达成功的彼岸!

作文的题目是《成功其实离我们很近》，小作者在文章开头就点明了文章的中心，写出了要想取得成功就要“洒下汗水”、就要“精心培育”;只有坚持不懈、永不言弃才能成功。开头直接进入主题，使中心突出，读者读起来也容易抓住要领。

三、紧扣作文题目写开头

例：成功时，我会听到妈妈的声音：“孩子，你是我的骄傲!”失败时，我会听到妈妈的声音：“别灰心，下次一定行!”骄傲时，我会听到妈妈的声音：“你还可以做得更好!”……

作文的题目是《声音》，小作者紧紧围绕“声音”两个字开篇，“声音”一词出现三次，每一次还都直接写出了“声音”的具体内容。让读者感受到成长中的小作者在关键的时候总会得到来自妈妈的赞扬、鼓励、提醒的声音!显示了审题和遣词造句的能力。

例：生命是一段牵挂的行程，即使是一把伞，也是父母对儿女一份暖暖的爱。在人的一生中，有许许多多是可以淡忘的，但是有些东西却无法忘却，譬如这生命中的伞。

这是一篇课外阅读《生命中的伞》的开头，作者紧紧围绕自己的题目中“生命”和“伞”开篇，强调了一把蕴含父母之爱的伞令作者终生难忘，开篇点题，引人深思。

四、开头渲染环境气氛

例：冬季，雪花翩然飘向大地，窗外是一个粉妆玉砌的童话世界，眼前是一片晶莹的白，我的思绪也如同轻灵的雪花，舞动起来。

作文题目是《财富》，小作者写了雪花纷飞的冬季里妈妈关爱自己的一件事，通过这件事感悟到伟大的母爱是一笔最大的财富。开篇描写了特殊的自然环境，渲染了气氛，为后文对人物的描写，事情的记叙做了铺垫。

例：夜好静好静，月光悄悄洒进我的房间，我躺在床上，想着白天的事情，久久不能入睡。

作文题目是《我做的对》，小作者写的是有一定朗诵水平的自己在朗诵比赛的复赛中被淘汰了，心情不好，但当进入决赛的同学需要帮助练习时，自己经过思想斗争，毫无保留地去帮助同学。同学在比赛中胜出，自己在分享别人的快乐的同时也慨叹自己做的对。文章开头只一句话，描写了“静静的夜”，“悄悄洒进房间的月光”，营造了一个恬静的夜晚，一如小作者“做对了”后那颗坦然、满足、平静的心境。

五、结合文章内容写开头

例：小时候，听外婆讲过吃到双黄蛋的人运气好、有福气，偶尔吃到双黄蛋的我总是高兴得不得了。前一段时间尽管我一直很努力，但学习成绩总是不理想，很是郁闷。最近，爸爸为我准备的早餐中总会出现双黄蛋，每次爸爸惊喜地把双黄蛋端给我看时，我就会拥有一份好心情，学习状态也越来越好。在我庆幸双黄蛋带给我好运的时候，我发现了爸爸为我“制作”双黄蛋的秘密……

作文题目是《这就是幸福》，小作者的这篇文章是写父亲为了调整孩子的心情，故意买小鸡蛋制作出“双黄蛋”给孩子吃，孩子发现了“秘密”后被父亲感动，也感悟到自己的幸运、福气与双黄蛋无关，自己的幸福是父亲用爱给搭建的。文章的开头将这件事的内容基本概括了一遍，令读者对文章的内容有所了解。

不管是作文本身，还是开头，都没有固定的写法，就看作者用什么样的方式让各种重要的元素串联起来。有些人习惯在开头设置些悬念，有些人习惯开门见山点题……不管怎么写开头，都要符合文章的中心思想。大家根据小升初作文的具体要求，灵活运用吧，尽量寻找出一条适合自己的开头方式。

第一种方法

1首先是要在纸张正上方中间写上醒目一点的标题，一般直接写保证书就可以了，但是如果涉及专门类别的保证书那还要加上一些前缀，多数出现在专业工作领域上，比如企业工厂一般都是写生产安全保证书，卫生食品部门则是会写卫生安全保证书等等，学生则有可能写学习保证书。

2正文开始前有个抬头，顶格写上对保证书送达方的称呼，一般送达方为保证人的上级、服务方、或者长辈，所以如果是写给个人，在称呼上最好带点尊敬，最好能带上他的专业称谓，比如某某老师某某先生/小姐等等，然后在称谓后面加上冒号。

3正文开始要空两格，一般正文写清楚两点就可以了，第一点就是写保证书的原因是什么，第二点就是你要做保证的具体事项、具体行为、具体时间等等，比方说一位学生写保证书，第一点，写的原因是他在班级里打伤了同学，第二点，他保证在该学校读书期间不会和班级里的同学打架，保证认真学习等等，这样保证书的正文主要内容就齐了。

4在保证书的结尾最好再一次强调一下实现保证目标的决心，可以写上以上保证绝对做到等话，然后再用此致敬礼等礼貌用语结束正文，如果是写给不固定的服务对象的保证书，可以在结尾处写上希望用户监督批评等话。

5最后是落款，落款一般都是写在保证书的右下方的，署上保证人单位的全称(一定要写全称，表示对送达方的尊重)或者个人的完整姓名，并署上发文的日期。

其他方法

1另外还有一种保证书，就是常见的使用、维护、处理某些东西的保证书，这个一般只需要写上使用、维护、处理者以及物品的基本信息，再写上保证正确使用、维护、处理该物品即可，不需要其他内容。

2另外还有一种保证书其实就相当于说明书，是将某产品或者某服务的具体内容进行详细说明，有些可能再在后面加上一句以上信息保证属实，一般常见某些物品鉴定。

单位领导：

您们好!

我在****店外场工作有将近一年的时间了。现担任****店外场副组长。自从从事这项工作后，我学到了不少东西，为了今后的工作做的更好，能够及时的得到领导和同志们的帮助。我在今后的工作中保证做到以下几项。

第一，要自觉学习业务，学习上面的有关精神，时刻不忘自己工作和思想上觉悟的提高。

第二，要时刻不忘自己的责任，要尽职尽责的做好工作，要做到在岗一分钟，做好六十秒。

第四，要尊重领导，团结同事，努力创造一个团结和睦的集体。

第四，自愿遵守**市**区**娱乐有限公司制订的各项规章制度。

第五，做到对于公司专业知识工作流程熟悉掌握，熟悉操作。

第六，做好自己本职工作，管理好自己区域，积极完成各项上级分配下来的工作。

第七，对待顾客要求自己与员工做到不说不尊重之语 不说不友好之语 不说不耐烦之语 不说不客气之语。

第八，树立强烈的服务意识，富有进取和创新精神。

各位领导同事，以上是我的保证书，请大家监督我。

此致

保证人：

中考命题作文包罗万象，大家知道如何学好作文吗？以下是为大家分享的中考半命题作文写作方法，供大家参考借鉴，欢迎浏览!

题型解析

半命题作文就是命题时限定题目部分内容，学生根据要求将题目补充完整，然后再进行写作的作文命题形式。其灵活度介于话题作文与命题作文之间，既有所限制又不失开放性，能较为真实地反映学生的写作水平。纵观近年来全国中考，半命题作文作为一种传统的命题形式，越来越受到人们的青睐。在四种常见的作文类型中，半命题作文是最不容忽视的，也应是我们备考练习的重点内容。下面是归纳的几种常见命题形式：

一是前空型。如“_____是我致胜的魔杖”、“    的种子在我心中种下”、“____的岁月”、“____刷新着我的生活”等。

二是后空型。如“因为有____”、“错过    ”、“追寻那渐远的____”等。

三是中空型。这类题型要联系前后内容，确定写作的方向。如“有     陪伴的日子”、“留一份____给你”、“藏在____里的精彩”等。

四是“两空”型。这种命题要运用一定的联想和想象，把空缺之处补充完整。如“因为

我更        ”、“为____画上____”等。

解决策略

半命题作文写作，关键在于高明补题、精心构思。如果思维闭塞、缺乏创新，都是按照同样的思路去命题，则容易出现“干人一面”、千“空”一“词”的雷同题目现象。如何把半命题变为有利于自己发挥特长的命题，可以说是一种技巧和艺术。因此，要掌握半命题作文的补题技巧，写作时才会做到游刃有余、收放自如。

第一步：仔细斟酌 补好题目

1.准确理解，辨清题意

写好半命题作文，最重要的是拟好题目。我们应对题目认真审度，理解每个词语或句子的意思。如“我读    ”，从句子成分来分析，明显地缺少了宾语，加上宾语这就行了吗?不行。还要抓住至关重要的关键词。把握住了关键词语，也就掌握了正确理解题意的钥匙。题目中的关键词语，有的明显，有的隐蔽，有的甚至是命题者故意设置的迷惑和干扰因素。上面例题中的“读”就是关键词语，重点扣住“读”的程度或过程，把最能反映特殊爱好而自己又沉醉其中的那个事物名称填上就行了。如《我读四大名著》《我读澜沧江的浪花》《我读妈妈那颗期盼的心》等等。

2.细处入手，以小见大

如果拟题过大，往往难以下笔。以“善待 ____”这一半命题作文为例，不少考生运用散文化的笔法，写《善待生活》《善待他人》《善待时间》《善待大自然》……显然，要在如此短的篇幅中，写深写透一个主题，写起来不易把握，更不易写出自己的真情实感。要想使文章有深刻的立意，最好采用以小见大的手法来写，这样才能使文章内容充实，主题深刻。如选取生活中你最为心动的一个场景、印象最深的一件事、最受感动的一个细节，用自我独特的情感体验，去表现最动人的情感，这样的文章更容易得高分。因此补题要避免雷同，要从小处切入，才能写得具体，写得生动。如以《善待地球》为题，可以选取有代表性的场景，抓住几个真实的、震撼人心的镜头，注意细节取胜，让人感受到地球被毁坏的惨状和大自然警钟长鸣的力量，挖掘出深刻的立意。

3.诗意命题，匠心独具

在生活中，每个人都会在不经意时错过一些美好的、珍贵的、受益的东西。它可能是一位好友，一段真情，一片风景，一个物件，或者是一句真诚的劝说，一次难得的机遇，一声礼貌的道谢……而这一切错失的背后，应该都有一段刻骨铭心的故事与非同寻常的意义。请将你的故事与感悟写出来与大家分享。请以 “曾经错过的____”为题，写一篇不少于600字的记叙文。

近几年来，诗意化的命题逐渐走进了中考作文，成为一道亮丽的风景，但也因此增加了审题和构思的难度。考生要将诗意化命题的象征义、比喻义、引申义挖掘出来，使作文立意深刻含蓄。如上述命题，大多数考生补题为：一段友情、一次机遇、一个道歉等。如此补题易于构思行文，但均出自提示语中，造成雷同，毫无特色。我们不妨展开想象，化实为虚，补出新意。在文题的横线上补上：一轮明月、一米阳光、那个季节、那缕芬芳、暗香盈袖的日子、梦想拔节的日子……这些文题新颖生动，既富有诗意，又蕴有理趣，能激发读者美好的遐想。

第二步：理清思路 立意出新

不难看出，半命题作文的立意，实际上往往与作者的补题构思同步进行。考场作文立意水平的高下决定着作文的成败，而立意水平的高下又取决于作者平时的生活积淀和感悟人生、提炼思想的水平。下面谈谈半命题作文立意的三点要求：

1.准确。准确是前提，立意不准，全盘皆输。求准，首先就是要准确理解文题中的关键词语：也有人称之为“题眼”“题魂”。立意前须把握题中已有的修饰或限制性词语，准确理解已给文字的含义十分重要。同时，半命题作文如果有引语，往往以精辟优美、寓意深刻、情感浓郁的语句导人作文情境，或阐释，或举例，或提示，往往有着激发写作情思、界定选材范围的作用。

2.新颖。即对题中已有概念的理解要避开一般层面而取题意允许的新层面。例如“拒绝____”一题，一般考生在横线上补充上“自卑”“儒弱” “平庸”“自我封闭”等宾语，构成动宾短语，这类文章都含有自我审视和校正的色彩。有的考生却能避开这一般模式，机智地补出别具一格的题目，闪烁出与众不同的文学色彩、哲理色彩，如《拒绝再玩》《拒绝长大》《拒绝末日》等。在求新的同时，所补题目须利于我们选用自己熟悉的、有感情、有特色的题材，这样就能做到有材料可写，有情可抒发。

3.深刻。这不是指故作高深，而是指由表象进入本质，由感性进入理性。例如作文题“我多想____”，你若补“唱”，则文章未免肤浅；你若补 “飞”，这比“唱”可能要好一些，但也流于一般。其实所补写的内容可实可虚，可近可远，你只要大胆发挥想象，尽可以游览于草木山水之间，徜徉于琴棋书画之中，关键在于你是否有较为丰富深刻的人生思考。例如有位考生拟题《我多想把你留住》，作者从运河水当年的清澈、宁静写到现在的浑浊、喧嚣，写到了人对大自然的毁坏，也感悟到世态沧桑和“水如人生”的哲理，平中见奇，于一般中见深刻。

第三步：明确要求 写出特色

有的半命题作文前有引语，要谨慎审视，提取关键词语和切题联想。在文题的后面，往往都有一个“要求”，常对诸如写作范围、角度、文体、字数等方面作了一些限定。审这些要求的方法与全命题作文的相同，此不赘述。

写作要不要学习写作方法和技巧?我们不妨先看看古今大家的观点。梁代文艺理论家刘勰认为写作是有"术"的，他说:"文场笔苑，有术有门。务先大体，鉴必穷源。"(《文心雕龙·总述》)他还说:"执术驭篇，似善弈之穷数;弃术任心，如博塞之邀遇。"由此看来，刘勰是非常看重"执术"。他所谓"术"，就是为文之"法"，强调了研究掌握"术"(写作方法)的重要性。没有写作技法想获得成功，就像赌博一样，只能靠运气。

写作方法和技巧

1.阅读优秀的作品:这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。

如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。

优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。

尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

2.尽可能多的写:每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。

你写得多了，也就写得好了。

学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。

写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。

只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

3.随时随地记下你的灵感:随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片)，当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。

当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。

灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。

我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

4.专门的写作时间:每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。

对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。

无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。

每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。

若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

5.随便涂鸦:面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。

你会想:我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧!先生，千万别这样。

马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。

只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。

像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是:开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

6.集中精神:写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。

写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。

即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏(没有其他软件得干扰)的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。

关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。

清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

7.先计划，再写: 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。

在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。

每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴;然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲;等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。

这里，有一个构思小说的三部曲，可以参考这个:Snowflake Method.

8.创新: 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。

你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。

渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。

试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

9.修改: 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。

这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。

但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。

好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。

看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。

修改的目标是:更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

10.简明扼要: 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。

一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。

一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。

记得:简单就是力量。

11.富于感染力的句子:在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。

但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。

而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

12.获取别人的反馈: 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。

他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。

认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

13.是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜:就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。

你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。

你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。

如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。

若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。

所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

14.采用对话式的文体: 很多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅(没有叹生词)。

这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。

刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。

也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则(就像我的前一句那样)。

因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。

若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。

你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

15.好开头和结尾: 开头和结尾是文章的重点。

特别是开头。

如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。

所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

写作结尾小技巧

技法1：卒章显志法

【例1】亲情是一种动力，它能让你走进“独上高楼，望尽天涯路”的境界;能让你拥有“衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴”的执著;能让你品味“报得三春晖”的快乐。

作者以诗意的语言解读亲情的内涵，揭示亲情的力量，把亲情的魅力展示得情感飞扬。卒章显志，主旨鲜明。

【例2】“无论在人生中会遇到什么样的困难，永远都不会放弃，做一个生活的强者!”——这就是我的承诺。(中考作文《这是我的承诺》的结尾)

在文章的结尾，作者非常明确地表达出“我的承诺”的内容，既紧扣文题，又揭示出文章的主旨，可谓卒章显志，曲终奏雅。而且，这一句饱含激情、掷地有声的话语，显示出作者坚强的决心、豪迈的气概，可爱，可敬。

技法2：藏而不露法

【例1】母亲坐在桌前开始吃我为她煮的那碗寿面，我也坐在一边看着她。忽然，我看见两颗晶莹的泪珠滑落在碗里。我问：“妈妈你怎么啦?”母亲抬起了头，哭了。(中考作文《妈妈的生日》的结尾)

文章结尾的描写藏而不露，字里行间流露出母亲因孩子的懂事、“长大”而幸福得落泪的欣慰之情。

江苏省南通市的中考作文《天籁——记一次蛙鸣》，小作者从“独鸣”、“散鸣”、“齐鸣”等多个角度描写了不易捕捉的蛙声，使之诗意化、人格化。并且在“齐鸣”中，议论、抒情与感悟人生相协调，点出文旨“唱出生命的赞歌”。

最让人欣赏的是文章的结尾：“倾听，心听。欣赏，心赏。”它运用了谐音双关的手法，道出文章“倾听”的特质——人与自然的对话与沟通。这个精练而又耐人寻味的结尾，把读者引入一个无限广阔的空间，让读者去感悟，去遐想!

技法3：画龙点睛法

【例1】春天像刚落地的娃娃，从头到脚都是新的，它生长着。

春天像小姑娘，花枝招展的，笑着，走着。

春天像健壮的青年，有铁一般的胳膊和腰脚，领着我们上前去。(课文《春》的结尾)

作者用比喻突出了春天三个特点：新、美丽、有力量，从全新的角度以精辟的语言，总结了全文，揭示了文章的主题。

【例2】马克思的一生，是光辉的一生，也是刻苦学习的一生。他的勤奋学习的精神，是永远值得我们学习的。(《马克思的好学精神》一文的结尾)

结尾对马克思的一生作了概括的、高度的总结，并且点明了题旨。

【例3】朋友，别忘了，做人要从学会说“不”开始，对于失败，对于挫折，对于侮辱，对于强权，要勇敢地说“不”。(2007年山东省青岛市中考作文《做人从学会说“不”开始》)

结尾既总结了全文，也点明了文章的主旨。

技法4：抒情议论法

【例1】我望着这群充满朝气的哈尼小姑娘和那洁白的梨花，不由得想起了一句诗：“驿路梨花处处开”。(课文《驿路梨花》的结尾)

结尾抒发了作者赞颂雷锋精神已成为每个人的自觉行动的情怀。

【例2】亲爱的朋友们，当你坐上早晨第一列电车驰向工厂的时候，当你……他们确实是我们最可爱的人!(课文《谁是最可爱的人》的结尾)

不仅充分表达了作者对志愿军战士的爱和赞颂之情，而且对读者有强烈的感染作用。

【例3】是啊!做人要从学会放弃开始。放弃，是我心中一首永恒的诗;放弃，是我生活中一曲五彩的歌;放弃，让我心中的天堑变通途。(2007年山东省青岛市中考作文《做人从学会放弃开始》)

作者用诗一般的语言抒发了自己对“放弃”的深深理解和感悟。

技法5：警世醒目法

【例1】动物是我们的朋友，但是却有很多人把它们作为美食。他们虽然大饱口福了，但被吃掉的却是中国和谐的自然环境，更是生态平衡啊!想到这些，我茫然了：我们在吃中国?我们在吃中国!(2007年江苏省扬州市中考作文《吃在中国?在吃中国!》)

小作者高瞻远瞩，告诉世人：你们是在吃中国啊!这是多么警世醒目的语言啊。

【例2】但是，一切已太迟了，太迟了……(《当地球剩下最后一只猴子》)

作者通过地球上最后一只猴子的自述，大胆而真实地幻想了人类是如何一步步走上灭绝之路的。触目惊心的恶果字字千钧，具有震聋发聩、撼人心魄的警世醒目之力。

技法6：设问存疑法

【例1】人之立志，顾不如蜀鄙之僧哉?(课文《为学》的结尾)

以问号作结，寓浓烈的感情于朴素的文字之中，发人深省，给人以深刻的印象。

【例2】“从这么一个开端，这么一个结局里，聪明人难道看不出道理来吗?”(《金融家》的结尾)

采用了反问的形式，这就使结尾不仅深刻有力，而且耐人寻味。

【例3】有一篇中考优秀作文《简单与不简单》，在列举了种种“简单与不简单”的现象，分析了“简单与不简单”的辩证关系之后，文章结尾时，作者写道：

我们每个人的身上都同时有着简单和不简单，问题是我们该追求什么样的简单和不简单。朋友，你说呢?

作者巧妙地提出了“该追求什么样的简单和不简单”的严肃的命题，引发读者思考，启示人们作出正确的抉择，追求有意义的人生。作者尽管没有明说，但引人深思，催人警醒。

技法7：添加后记法

【例1】后记：携反省一起上路，才能在上帝关上门后，发现他留出的另一扇窗。(2007年河北省中考作文《携反省一起上路》)

作者用这个后记使文章新人耳目，画龙点睛，发人深省。

【例2】如中考作文《鲁迅先生，只有一个》的后记：先生正等着我们走出浮华的海面，款款地步入他的心房，与他进行灵魂深处的交流!

在文章的主体部分，作者通过比较尽显鲁迅及其作品的非凡价值，表现出对社会冷落鲁迅的愤慨，进而呼吁我们去亲近和阅读鲁迅及其作品。而后记部分则换了一个角度，以鲁迅先生的视角，呼吁我们与他交流，使文章进一步敲击着读者的心扉，从而走近鲁迅。可以说，这一段后记，堪成画龙点睛之笔，与文章的主体部分互为补充，相得益彰。

技法8：出乎意料法

这种结尾不是按照故事情节的通常逻辑来处理人物的结局，而是用意想不到的结局来安排人物的最终命运，而且在这时候戛然而止，让人在目瞪口呆之余，不禁感叹作者的奇思妙想、生活的荒谬诡谲。如大家熟知的《麦琪的礼物》的结尾就非常出人意料，大大增强了小说的艺术感染力，被称为欧·亨利式结尾。

技法9：首尾呼应法

【例】

[首]都说生活的船不能没有理想的帆，都说生活的理想就是为了理想的生活，而理想的生活中最快乐的时光，便是梦想的花季。

[尾]花季中，我希望自己能永远记住先哲的那句良训：生活的船不能没有理想的帆，生活的理想就是为了理想的生活。

技法10：景物烘托法

如中考满分作文《雨中品读》结尾：风停了，暴雨也结束了，太阳重新露出了笑容。隔在两代人之间的那扇玻璃也被雨后的那片残阳熔化了。太阳在远处逐渐隐去，消失在一片晚霞中，两者混为一体，没有距离。

技法11：引用诗句法

如中考满分作文《生活，使我懂得了放弃》的结尾：“野芳发而幽香，佳木秀而繁阴，风霜高洁，水落而石出”，15年来，生活让我懂得了放弃!为了我的理想，为了更多的人可以读书，我必须放弃!

技法12：展望未来法

即在叙述现状之后，结尾展望未来，鼓舞人心，激励斗志。这样的结尾应紧扣题目，照应开头，衔接文章的重点和主体，不仅能引起读者对全文的回味，加深对文章中心思想的印象，而且会使读者受到启发和鼓舞。

写作时要注意，如果文章开头是点明中心，结尾一般采用展望未来的方法，同时，展望的内容一定要与文章的中心思想有关，切忌生搬硬套。

技法13：虚实错位法

每当夜间疲倦，正想偷懒时，仰面在灯光中瞥见他黑瘦的面貌，似乎正要说出抑扬顿挫的话来，便使我忽又良心发现，而且增加勇气了，于是点上一支烟，再继续写些为“正人君子”之流所深恶痛疾的文字。(课文《藤野先生》的结尾)

文章借幻像使虚实错位，把实有的感受抽象化，从而提升作品的格调，这就是使用虚实错位法的结尾。

也可借梦境使虚实错位，如《荔枝蜜》的结尾：“这天夜里，我做了个奇怪的梦，梦见自己变成了一只小蜜蜂。”通过写梦，将文章的寓意推到更高层次，深化了主题，升华了意境。

技法14：留白拓展法

路过幸福，让我感到生命的可贵;路过幸福，让我感到生活的充实;路过幸福，让我感到人生的快乐。朋友，请放缓你的脚步，睁大你的眼睛，敞开你的胸怀……

这是中考满分作文《路过幸福》一文的结尾，采用抒情性的留白，拓展文意，让人回想。留白拓展法就是在作文的结尾有意留下一定的空白，让读者在意犹未尽的氛围中发挥想象，荡开思绪。除抒情性留白，也可设疑留白，如中考满分文《哈哈镜中的我》：

何必要让自己狭小的视角不公正地评价一个人、伤害一个人，何必要熄灭风中的烛光，何必要让所有的孩子都成为一个模子里刻出来的无个性的模型?

以问句结束，余音绕梁，启迪读者进行思考，深化了文章的内涵。

技法15：再现情境法

我在朦胧中，眼前展开一片海边碧绿的沙地来，上面深蓝的天空中挂着一轮金黄的圆月。我想：希望是本无所谓有，无所谓无的。这正如地上的路;其实地上本没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。(课文《故乡》的结尾)

结尾处再现优美的情境，既是对前文的照应，也是对作品主旨的强调，表达了鲁迅对踏出希望之路的信心。

也可用典型的形象再现，如《背影》的结尾：

我读到此处，在晶莹的泪光中，又看见那肥胖的，青布棉袍，黑布马褂的背影。唉!我不知何时再能与他相见。

再现父亲买橘背影，真切感人，引起读者强烈共鸣。

解决方法题型

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径

1.问题现状

2.怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）

In recent days，we have to face I problem——A，which is becoming more and more serious. First，——（说明A的现状）。Second，——（举例进一步说明现状）

Confronted with A，we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing，——（解决方法一）。 For another ——（解决方法二）。 Finally， ——（解决方法三）。

Personally， I believe that ——（我的解决方法）。 Consequently， I‘m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ——（带来的好处）。

在整一张语文卷当中，作文占的比例分数是最高的，下面是小编为大家整理的高考满分作文的写作方法，希望能帮到您！

第一：全

全即文章的结合呼应，给人完整感。阅卷人的心理，对文章的开头、中间、结尾很看重，特别是结尾的结构呼应或者主题升华的语言等等。

第二：亮

亮就是试卷上的亮点。亮点是多方面的，字迹端正、卷面整洁是其中第一要着。文章无错别字，没有明显的病句，没有明显的涂改痕迹，行款漂亮等等，都会让阅卷老师一翻到试卷就精神大振，产生好感，不忍心打低分。

第三：显

由于时间关系，高考阅卷老师不能细细揣摩文章，也不能明晓考生的作文功底，考生要特别讲究一个“显”字。

首先，文章的主旨要明了，平时作文，有学生喜欢写些含蓄的文字，以求文学的含蓄美，也得到了老师的青睐，甚至发表了不少的文章，但是高考场上不能这样做，太含蓄了，就会使文章走进隐讳的死胡同，短时间内难以让人读懂，就很容易被阅卷老师误认为离题打入冷宫。

其次，文章的分论点最好用分段的方式明确摆出，开头、中间、结尾都要顾及体现自己中心思想的语句，最明显的方法就是把它们放在段首，好让阅卷者一目了然。

第四：虚

虚就是虚构。高考作文能写实固然好，但由于我们长期处在学校——家庭两点一线的生活方式，很难发现生活中真实动人的故事。高考作文要求有创新，必然把原本平淡无奇的事情编得生动曲折。

第五：简

简即简笔勾勒。高考的一般议论文也好，一般记叙文也好，最好需要多种材料的荟萃，这样信息量大，以符合“内容充实”的要求，因而不欢迎一些时间、地点、人物、发生、发展、高潮、结局俱在的材料啰嗦记叙。

如果在高考作文的时候，能够很好的把握上面五个字，那高考作文将有可能获得满分。

(一)简略写出自己阅读过的书籍或文章的内容，然后写出自己的意见或感想。明确的说，就是应用自己的话语，把读过的东西，浓缩成简略的文字，然后加以评论，重点的是(着重)提出自己的看法或意见。

(二)将自己阅读过的文字，以写作技巧的观点来评论它的优劣得失、意义内涵，看看它给人的感受如何，效果如何。

(三)应用原文做导引，然后发表自己的意见。比如我们可以引用书中的一句话做为引导，然后发表见解。

(四)先发表自己的意见或感想，然后引用读过的文章来做印证。

(五)将读过的东西，把最受感触、最重要的部分做为中心来写;也可以把自己当做书中的「主角」来写;也可以采用书信的方式来写;更可以采用向老师或同学报告的方式来写。

要熟练说理的艺术，必须懂得基本的论证方法，就事论理法的论证的方法。写作议论文如果不善说理，也就是不善论证 。所谓论证，就是运用典型的论据来阐明论点和证明论点的方法，可以说，论证方法运用 恰当，论点、论据之间的逻辑关系紧密，论文也就深刻有力，下面介绍一些常见的论 证方法。

所谓就事论理法，就是人们常说的用事例进行论证，通过对具体事例的分析，揭示其蕴含的 普遍意义。这种方法可以运用正面事例进行论证，也可以运用反面事例进行论证，如：

《小议“知错就改”》

廉颇与蔺相如的故事大家都知道吧！渑池会上，蔺相如立了功，回国后，赵王 任命他做上卿，位在廉颇之上。廉颇不服气，瞧不起蔺相如，还说要羞辱他。而蔺相如不予 理会，以国家大事为重。廉颇听说以后，觉得蔺相如很宽厚，就赤膊背着荆条亲自到他家请 罪。他们从此成了同生共死的朋友。这就是传颂千古的“将相和”。

蔺相如的宽宏大量暂且不说，廉颇的知错就改就很令人佩服。

人无完人，这是大家都相信的，每一个人都或多或少有一些小毛病和错误，但很多人的小 毛病和错误都没能改掉，理由是：改不了。有的人明知自己错了，却不想去改，也许 碍于面子，出于自尊心，也就将错就错了。这些人都没能像廉将军那样知错就改。难道廉将 军就没有自尊心吗？只要想改正错误，其它的因素就不重要了。只是人们没有意识到知错就 改的必要性。

千里之堤，毁于蚁穴。这已经是听得耳根都生茧子的一句话。如果开始有了蚂蚁，那怕是多 一些，能够被除去，那么也不至于千里之堤都毁了吧！人有错误和缺点没关系，只要下决心 去改正，那就会日臻完善的。如果不去改正，天长日久就会因一错再错而铸成大错，到那 时就悔之晚矣。

鲁迅先生小时候，有一次为了给母亲抓药上学迟到了，受到老师批评（老师是不知情的）。自 那天起，鲁迅再也没有迟到过，仍然天天去抓药，却总是早早的到书塾去。他当时并没因为 有理由，而且是正当理由便不去改正它。这也是知错就改的一个好例子。

总之，知错就改有利于自己的提高，要做到这一点，既容易也不容易，关键是看你怎样面对 人生，面对自己的过失。终身求善知美者必以闻过修身为大德；否则，诿过贻患，不但注定 成不了大事，还可能引来蚁穴溃堤的难堪。（孙楠）

在这个习作中，作者运用了将相和的故事和鲁迅先生小时候的故事这样两个正面典型事例 来证明“知错就改”的重要性。像前面我们提到的习作《坚持就是胜利》一文中，还运用 了反面的事例进行论证。这都是就事论理法的运用。

首先写散文诗不难，但是，能写出好的散文诗却非常难。散文诗的作者既要懂得写诗，又要懂得写散文。诗和散文的特点都要了解和掌握。诗的音节、对仗、格律和诗的凝练，虽说未必深入钻研，但诗的情绪、诗的跳跃节奏、诗的凝聚概括，这些都是散文诗本身形式所必须的。另外，还要谙练散文的抒情和议论，把散文中的这些因素和特点汲取到散文诗中来，使得散文和诗的特点自然有机地揉和到散文诗中，这就是写散文诗必须具备的基本功。除此之外，无捷径可走。

在优秀散文诗中，艺术手法凝重、婉约而显阴柔之美，其文偏重于诗;艺术手法明快、坦直而具阳刚之美，文则偏重于散文;又因它既不是诗也不是散文，而是诗和散文两者的结合，是一种新型的文体。

其次，是散文诗的文体。大概可分为：哲理(寓言)体、抒情体、叙述体。

哲理寓言体有运用寓言对话形式来写散文诗，通俗、活泼，寓言有深刻的比喻，思想性强，可防止空泛。

抒情体写作形式多样，是通过一个情景、一个事物侧面或侧面的一个点、一个片断抒发作者的思想感情。与抒情散文的不同在于它的跳跃性、片断性，是一个独立的点、独立的片断。由于是抒情散文诗，其情感、情调、意境、想象、幻觉主观成份浓郁，通体显隐约含蓄。抒情散文诗愈有作家独特的个性，感情就愈深刻真挚动人。此类散文诗如果解决不好与时代、实际生活相结合问题，一是情感不够而显得苍白无物，或主旨不明无积极意义;二是散文诗写得看不懂，或把情感隐藏起来，或写出自己也说不清楚的莫名其妙的东西，还自觉高超“朦胧”。我们说艺术的比喻、含蓄、隐约，要通过感情的形象表达，这才是艺术的技巧，与那些看不懂说不明的东西是风马牛不相及的。

叙述体散文诗是把叙述的景物、人事放在第一位，客观通过描绘一定场景、片断的情节来表达自己的情感。特点是明朗、粗犷、结合现实较紧。生活气息浓。初学写作者从叙述体入手，以此为基础藉以情感抒发，再上升到一定哲理。此类散文诗一要防止情景事物停留表面描述而发掘不深;二要防止就事论事。

以上三种文体有时是互相交替的，哲理、抒情、叙事融为一体也常见。

再次，谈谈散文诗的主题思想。主题思想是作品的灵魂和统帅，决不能忽视散文诗的思想性。有人甚至名家也说过散文诗不可能反映大的主题思想，这是误区。散文诗如果只是短小，起一种“生活中的小摆设”的作用，那么，散文诗就走进了一条狭小的死胡同，也就没有强大的生命力。事实并非如此，近些年来散文诗的创作者在形式上、内容上进行了成功的实践和突破，反映重大深刻主题的优秀散文诗长卷层出不穷，散文诗的革命必将推动散文诗质的飞跃。再说，我们写一些容量小的散文诗，也可以做到“小中见大”，反映较大、较多的内容，问题是要求我们精于选材，善于选材。选取题材一个侧面，取题材侧面一个点，而且是最典型最本质的侧面和点，也就是说用题材最小最本质的一部分，来反映题材的全部内涵。这是短小散文诗的优越性，散文诗作者必须遵循这个创作规律。散文诗要通过情景(意象)、事物，形象地、生动准确地反映作品的主题思想。反对公式化、口号式和生硬地在作品中写主题思想以及僵化的说教，这些都不是艺术。优秀的散文诗是艺术性和思想性的统一。有位散文诗名家说过这样的话：散文诗的作者是爆破手，摄取最少的最优质的炸药，爆发出最大的热能。要做到这一点，只能从生活中感受和挖掘深刻的主题思想，进行最优质的典型的题材选取。

第四，说说散文诗的结构。散文诗的结构是最严谨的，形散神聚。题材是精选的典型的一个侧面或一个片断，可把一、二个(或更多的)精选出来的典型侧面、片断结构在一起，就能够准确表达作者主题思想，构成一篇完整的散文诗。禁忌拖泥带水，禁忌出现无意义画面，禁忌含有多余废笔。散文诗结构特征是跳跃性，诗化的跳跃是扩大容量必然的要求。要从一个联想飞跃到另一个联想，要从一个场景迅速转换到另一个新的场景，意象摇曳、叠加，贯穿连结的是相通的点。不能繁琐地从头说到尾，不能平淡、空洞、言之无物。散文诗的结构美是片断到片断，是一、二个(乃至多个)点的巧妙连接，是跳跃的美和暂歇的美，是给读者以无限想象的空白美。散文诗结构中，一个片断接一个片断，这种跳跃性在读者情绪中留下短暂的空白，也叫暂歇。这是散文诗独特的空白美。

第五，散文诗的语言和思想情感。散文诗同其他文学样式一样，也是语言艺术，而且是要求更严、标准更高的语言艺术。驾驭文字、培育情感、发掘主题是散文诗作家基本的文学素养。散文诗的语言如何?如何寻求散文诗形式和内容的统一?这方面的探索和研究必将反作用于散文诗的取材和反映的思想感情。散文诗作者的思想情感是最终决定一篇散文诗的好坏和成败的关键。决定散文诗取何材、写什么东西，从何角度写，如何写都要受作者的思想情感的支配，特别是散文诗要通过浓厚的作者思想情感去反映事物。如何培育思想情感，是一个如何写好散文诗的根本性问题，要从复杂平凡的生活中发掘新生的美好事物，获得尖锐的眼光、独到的思想、深刻的情感，才能在主题思想酝酿、艺术表现手法、言语文字运用上得心应手。

感谢信是重要的礼仪文书，是向帮助、关心和支持过自己的集体（党政机关、企事业单位、社会团体等）或个人表示感谢的专业书信，有感谢和表扬双重意思。一方受惠于另一方，应及时地表达谢忱，使对方在付出劳动和贡献后得到心理上和精神上的收益，它是一种不可少的公关手段。

感谢信是得到某人或某单位的帮助、支持或关心后答谢别人的书信。感谢信对于弘扬正气、树立良好的社会风尚，促进社会主义精神文明建设有着重要意义。根据寄送对象不同，感谢信可以分为三种：一种是直接寄送给感谢对象，一种是寄送对方所在单位有关部门或在其单位公开张贴，还有一种是寄送给广播电台、电视台、报社、杂志社等媒体公开播发。

【格式写法】

感谢信的结构一般由标题、称谓、正文、结语、署名与日期五部分构成。

1．标题。可只写“感谢信”三字；也可加上感谢对象，如“致张子鸣同学的感谢信”、“致平安物业公司的感谢信”；还可再加上感谢者，如“赵明康全家致××社区居委会的感谢信”；

2．称谓。写感谢对象的单位名称或个人姓名。如“××交警大队”、“刘自立同志”。

3．正文。主要写两层意思，一是写感谢对方的理由，即“为什么感谢？”二是直接表达感谢之意。

（1）感谢理由。首先准确、具体、生动地叙述对方的帮助，交代清楚人物、时间、地点、事迹、过程、结果等基本情况；然后在叙事基础上对对方的帮助作恰贴、诚恳的评价，以揭示其精神实质、肯定对方的行为。在叙述和评价的字里行间要自然渗透感激之情。

（2）表达谢意。在叙事和评论的基础上直接对对方表达感谢之意，根据情况也可在表达谢意之后表示以实际行动向对方学习的态度。

4．结语。一般用“此致敬礼”或“再次表示诚挚的感谢”之类的话，也可自然结束正文，不写结语。

5．署名与日期。写感谢者的单位名称或个人姓名和写信的时间。

【基本要求】

1、感谢的事由概括叙述感谢的理由，表达谢意。

3、写清对方的事迹：具体叙述对方的先进事迹，叙述时务必交待清楚人物、事件、时间、地点、原因和结果，尤其重点叙述关键时刻对方给予的关心和支持。

3、揭示意义：在叙述事实的基础上指出对方的支持和帮助对整个事情成功的重要性以及体现出的可贵精神。同时表示向对方学习的态度和决心。

4、结语：写感谢信收束时表示敬意的话、感谢的话。

5、落款：感谢信的落款署上写信的单位名称或个人姓名，并且署上成文日期。前者在上，后者在下。

【注意事项】

内容要真实

评誉要恰当感谢信的内容必须真实，确有其事，不可夸大溢美。感谢信以感谢为主，兼有表扬，所以表达谢意时要真诚，说到做到。评誉对方时要恰当，不能过于拔高，以免给人一种失真的印象。

用语要适度

叙事要精练感谢信的内容以主要事迹为主，详略得当，篇幅不能太长，所谓话不在多，点到为止。感谢信的用语要求是精炼、简洁，遣词造句要把握好一个度，不可过分雕饰，否则会给人一种不真实、虚伪的感觉。

【感谢信与表扬信的区别】

两者都是对别人的某种行为的肯定与表扬。但侧重点不一样。表扬信是侧重表扬某人，表扬某人做了什么好事，可以不是当事人自己写；而感谢信则是表达对某人帮助的感谢，是当事自己写的。

【感谢信范文】

尊敬的ｘｘｘ领导：

我是ｘｘｘ驾驶员，20ｘｘ年10月24日下午，我在北海路与北宫东街路口附近办事时，不慎将随身携带的手包丢失，里面放有身份证、驾驶证、现金、银行卡以及部分重要资料，过了半小时发现后，再到原处去找，包早就不见了。正在我万分着急，并且对找回包不报什么希望的时候，驻地交警大队给我打来电话，告诉我包被一位女士捡到，并交到了交警部门，交警部门又根据包内信息联系到了我。领回我的包后，经过多方打听，才知道这位拾金不昧的女士是ｘｘｘ，事后，我想单独拿出现金表达谢意，但ｘｘｘｘ坚决不接受，并且一再表示这是自己应该做的。

今天，我怀着万分感激的心情，写这封信，不但是为了表达对ｘｘｘ的感谢，对她拾金不昧高尚行为的敬佩，也是为了表达对贵院领导的感激之情，ｘｘｘ之所以能这么做，正是得益于贵院领导的正确领导和大力倡导，得益于贵院有充满正能量的院风院纪和积极向上的医院文化。在此，向贵院领导和翟女士表示衷心的感谢和崇高的敬意，祝愿贵院的医疗事业蒸蒸日上、蓬勃发展，祝愿各位身体健康，事业顺利！

张X

20ｘｘ年10月27日

说明文以知授人，知识性是它的主要特点。如下是小编给大家整理的说明文说明方法的使用，希望对大家有所作用。

一、说明文的概念：

说明文是以说明为主要表达方式的一种文体，或介绍事物的状态、性质、功能；或阐明事理，目的是给人以知识。

二、说明文的分类：

按照不同的标准，说明文可分不同的类别。

1．通常，依据说明对象与说明目的的不同，把说明文分为事物说明文和事理说明文两大类。说明对象是具体事物，说明目的是使读者了解、认识这个或这类事物的特征，我们称之为事物说明文，如《松鼠》、《中国石拱桥》等；说明对象是某个抽象事理，说明目的是使读者明白这个事理，我们称之为事理说明文，如《死海不死》、《向沙漠进军》等。其实，在一篇说明文中，介绍事物与阐释事理往往是交错使用的。

2．我们还根据说明语言的不同特色，表达方式的使用情况的不同，把说明文分为平实的说明文和生动的说明文两种。生动的说明文又叫文艺性说明文。

三、说明事物要抓住特征：

所谓特征是这一事物区别于其他事物的标志。只有抓住特征才能说明白这一事物或事理的独特之处。

四、说明的方法：

为了把事物特征说清楚，或者把事理阐释明白，就要使用恰当的说明方法。常用的说明方法有如下9种。

1．举例子：为了说明事物的情况或事理有时光从道理上讲，人们不太理解，这就需要举些既通俗易懂又有代表性的例子来加以说明。如(中国石拱桥)把古代的赵州桥和卢沟桥作为具有代表性的例子，对我国建设石拱桥历史的悠久、成就的杰出作了说明。

2．分类别：要说明事物的特征或事理，从单方面往往不容易说清楚，可以根据形状、性质、成因、功能等方面的异同，把事物或事理按一定的标准分成若干类，然后依照类别，逐一加以说明。如《向沙漠进军》一文将沙漠进攻的方式分成游击战和阵地战两类。

3．列数据：数字是从数量上说明事物特征或事理的最精确、最科学、最又说服力的依据。如《死海不死》一文用大量的数字说明死海之所以浮力大的原因，非常清晰。

4．作比较：为了把事物或事理说得通俗易懂，有时可以从人们已有的感性知识出发，利用人们生活中熟悉的事物或事理作比较，从而唤起读者的想象，获得一个深刻的印象。如《人类的语言》一文将鹦鹉、猩猩的语言与人类的语言作比较，得出只有人类才有真正的语言的结论。

5．下定义：为了突出事物或事理的主要内容或主要问题，常常用简明扼要的语言给事物下定义。这是说明事物特征或事理、揭示事物或事理的本质的一种方法。如《统筹方法》一文，开头就给统筹方法下了定义：统筹方法，是一种安排下作进程的数学方法。这个定义既指明了统筹方法的本质--数学，也指明了统筹方法的应用特点--安排工作进程。这样，就把统筹方法和其他的数学方法区别开来了。

6．打比方：打比方就是修辞方法中的比喻。在说明文中运用打比方的方法，可以使人们不了解的事物或抽象的事理变得具体、生动、形象。如《中国石拱桥》中石拱桥的桥洞成弧形，就像虹，让读者更形象、更清晰地了解了石拱桥的特点。

7．画图表：有些事物的关系抽象而复杂，仅用文字说明还不能使读者明白，这就需要附上示意图，或按比例精确绘制图，如产品设计图、军事行动路线图等。有时，被说明的事物项目较多，也可制定统计表，将有关数字分别填入表中，使人看了一目了然。如《统筹方法》一文，画了三幅箭头图，配合文字说明．使统筹方法更加具体可信。

8．作诠释：这是对事物进行解释的一种说明方法。下定义与作诠释的区别是：定义要求完整，即定义的对象与所下定义的外延要相等，并且要从一个方面完整地揭示概念的全部内涵；而诠释并不要求完整，只要揭示概念的一部分内涵就可以了，并且解释的对象与做出的解释外延也可以不相等。词是能独立运用的最小语言单位这个定义，主语与宾语的内涵与外延完全一致，可以颠倒。即说能独立运用的最小的语言单位是词也行。而铀，是银白色的金属，则是诠释，其内涵与外延都不相等，铀的外延要小于银白色的金属的外延，因而主语与宾语不能倒过来说，即不能说银白色的金属是铀。作诠释不仅可以用来解释概念、定理、定律等，也可以用来解释事物或事理的性质、特点、功用和原因等。作诠释的语言虽不像下定义那样要求严格，但也须简明、准确、通俗易懂。如《死海不死》一文这大概就是死海得名的原因吧。用的便是作诠释的说明方法，这里的死指的是鱼虾草木的死，因为死诲咸度很高，生物不能生长，所以叫死海，这就部分地揭示了死海的特征。

9．摹状貌：就是通过具体的描写揭示事物的特征，有助于把被说明的对象说得更具体、生动。如《中国石拱桥》中这些石刻的狮子，有的母子相抱，有的交头接耳，有的像倾听水声，千态万状，惟妙惟肖。这样的说明显得十分生动、活泼。

五、说明的顺序：

有条有理地说明，才能把事物的特征或事理介绍清楚。常见的说明顺序有。

1．时间顺序：即以事物发生、发展的时间先后来安排说明顺序，从而写出事物的发展变化情况。这种顺序一般用于人物的生平介绍、科学观察记录，说明事物或事理发生、发展或制作过程一类的说明文。如：《从甲骨文到缩微图书》一文是按从古到今的时间顺序写的。《活板》一文是按活板制作的程序写的。

2．空间顺序：即按照事物的空间存在形式，或从外到内，或从上到下，或从前到后，或由远及近依次进行说明。这种说明顺序，一般用于说明事物的形状、构造特征。如《人民英雄永垂不朽》一文，按照瞻仰的路线由远及近、由低到高，先四周后正中，先台阶后碑身、碑座等依次进行介绍。

3．逻辑顺序；即按照事物或事理的内部联系成人们认识事物的过程来安排说明顺序。事物的内部联系包括因果关系、层递关系、主次关系、总分关系、并列关系等；认识事物或事理的过程则指由浅人深、由具体到抽象等等。如《死海不死》一文，由现象到本质(成因)揭示了死海的特征，并介绍了死海的现状和未来，层层深入，逻辑条理十分清楚。

六、说明文的语官：

说明语言的准确性，是说明文语言的先决条件。表示时间、空间、数量、范围、程度、特征、性质、程序等，都要求准确无误。说明的实用性很强，稍有差错，会失之毫厘，谬以千里。特别要注意说明文中使用的术语和修饰限制性的词语，它们往往体现了说明语言的准确性。如我国的石拱桥几乎到处都有，其中几乎对到处都有作了限制，意思是接近于到处都有，因为事实上不可能到处都有。在准确的前提下，说明的语言有的以平实见长，有的以生动活泼见长。

七、说明文的结构：

说明文常用的结构模式有两种。

1．总分式：包括总--分、分--总、总--分--总等，事物说明文多用总分式，其分的部分又常按并列方式安排。

2．递进式：事理说明文多用递进式结构，一层一层地剖析事理。

要学好写英语短文，就必须经常练习写作。记日记是提高书面表达能力的有效方法之一。日记是每日生活的记载，是一种记事文体。

一、日记的格式

英文日记通常由书端和正文两个部分组成。日记常以第一人称记下当天生活中的所见、所闻、所做或所想的事情。中、英文的日记三格式大致一样。英语日记的书端 是专门写日记的日期、星期和天气的。左上角是日期(年、月、日)、星期。右上角写上当天的天气情况， 如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Windy，Snowy，Cloudy等。

1、日期表达有多种形式。年、月、日都写时，通常以月、日、年为顺序，月份可以缩写，日和年用逗号隔开。例如：

A)September 1，2004或September 1st，2004也可省略写成Sept. 1，2004或Sept. 1st，2004;the 1st of September in 2004(月份不可以缩写)

B)只有月、日：September 1或September 1st(月份可以缩写)

C)只有年、月：September 2004或the September of 2004(月份不可以缩写)

以上的1或1st都应读作the first.

2、星期也可以省略不写，可将其放在日期前或后，星期和日期之间不用标点，但要空一格，星期也可缩写。如：

Saturday，October 22nd，2004;October 22nd，2004 Saturday

3.天气情况必不可少。天气一般用一个形容词如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Snowy 等表示。写在日期之后，用逗号隔开，位于日记的右上角。如：

Saturday，March 4，2004，Windy;1st January，2004，Fine

二、日记的要求

日记的正文是日记的主要部分，写在星期和日期的正下方，可以顶格写，也可以内缩3至5个字母的空间。由于记载的内容通常已经发生，谓语动词多用一般过去 时。但也可根据具体情况，用其它时态。如：记叙天气、描写景色，为了描写生动，可以使用现在时，以表现当时的情景。再如文后发表感想或评论可用现在时态或 将来时态。记日记力求简单明了，有连贯性。若有文字提示，则应重视提示，把握要点。在句式上尽量使用简单句，以防繁杂，造成语法、句型错误。

三、日记的类型和训练

日记分为记事型、议论型、描写型和抒情型。建议大家在学习写日记的过程中，可按以下步骤进行：

①将一天所经历的主要事情和过程依次简要地记下来，不附加任何感情色彩，这是最简单的记日记的方法;

②阅读别人的日记，并利用所学过的句型来表达个人在一天中观察到的或感受到的事情。

「范文与点评」

March 12th，2003，Tuesday Sunny (Fine)

Today is Tree Planting Day. At 7∶30 in the morning，all the students in our class met at the school gate. We walked to the park. Miss Gao and other teachers went and worked with us. All the students worked very hard，and we planted about 200 trees. Though we were dirty and tired，we still felt very happy.

这是一篇记叙型的日记。结构严谨，中心突出，有选择地记录当天的见闻(人或事)，并加以分析和评论。

（一）采访是消息写作的基础

采访不仅是消息写作的基础、也是所有新闻体（尤指新闻报道体裁）写作的前题和基础，新闻消息的写作方法。要写消息，要写出好的、有新闻价值的消息，首先要求记者深入细致地采访，占有丰富、典型而真实的材料。这就要求记者要有较强的新闻敏感，善于获取新闻线索，掌握基本的采访方式、方法，有熟练的采访技巧。要求记者全身心地投入到实践中去，眼观六路，耳听八方，“上天”有路，“入地”有门，巧问详听，勤记细想，在有限的时间地进行成功的采访，为消息写作做好准备、打下基础。

采访和写作的关系非常密切。看起来是先有采访、后有写作，前者是认识实际的过程，后者是反映实际的过程，而实际上，采访能力强自然有助于写作效率的提高，而写作能力强，则可做到在采访中心中有数、心里有底、针对性强，从而提高采访的效率。

（二）消息的结构

消息的结构通常指两个方面的意思。一是指消息的构成，即一篇消息稿内容上的结构成分，一般由标题、消息头、导语、主体、背景、结尾几部分组成。二是指消息的结构形式，即作者对已过滤的新闻材料进行总体性安排或布局的方式。

消息的结构形式主要有以下几种：

1、倒金字塔式结构

倒金字塔式结构是一种头重脚轻，虎头蛇尾式的结构，它把最重要的材料放在篇首，最不重要的材料放在篇末，从导语至结尾按重要性程度递减的顺序来组织安排新闻材料。它的主要特点是：

（1）打破了记叙事件的常规，在材料的时间特征上，往往呈现以下公式：

首先是“总体性倒叙”。即将最后结果或后发生的却富有吸引力的材料，置于篇首。

其次是“局部性倒叙”（即“倒叙中的顺叙”）。即在局部性倒叙中又用顺叙说明过去一段时间内，“开始如何，后来又如何”。

最后是“总体性顺叙”。即“现在正在如何，进一步又如何”。

（2）它按重要性程度来安排材料，决定段落层次的顺序。常呈现为“重要”、“次重要”、“次要”、“更次要”、“补充”、“进一步交待性材料”的顺序。

（3）它的导语常是直叙型的部分要素导语，它包含了最重要的事实，又往往具有相对独立性，可独立成章，变成“简明新闻”或“一句话新闻”。

（4）对事件过程的叙述往往较简略，每段文字都很简要。

倒金字塔式结构便于受众迅速掌握全篇之精华，满足受众尽快获取最新消息之需求；便于记者迅速报道新闻，将最重要的新闻事实，最先发出去；便于编辑选稿、分稿、组版、删节，如在版面不够时，可从后往前删，无须重新调整段落。但它也易于造成程式化、单一化的毛病，而且，它比较适宜写时效性强、事件单一的突发性新闻，而用它来写非事件性新闻、富有人情味、故事情强的新闻，就不太适合。

例如：

中新社北京九月五日电

中国中青年新闻工作者的最高奖“范长江新闻奖”从今年开始进行评奖，以后每两年评选一次。

记者从中国记协和范长江新闻奖基金会今天举行的新闻发布会上了解到，凡在评选年度不超过55岁的中青年专业新闻工作者均可参加评选。评选范围包括正式批准登记的报纸、通讯社、广播电台、新闻时事类刊物和新闻电影等单位的新闻编辑、记者、播音员（包括节目主持人）以及从事新闻理论研究、新闻教育的专业人员，青年文摘《新闻消息的写作方法》。

首届“范长江新闻奖”最多评选采编人员10名，是否设提名奖待定。评选结果将在明年第一季度公布。

据悉，海外新闻工作者参加评选的办法另行拟定。

范长江新闻奖基金会主席、新华社社长穆青任评选委员会主任。评选委员会由新闻界专家和知名人士组成。

2、时间顺序式结构

此结构形式又叫编年体结构。也有的称其为金字塔式结构，其实并不准确。时间顺序式结构通常不一定有单独的导语，往往按时间顺序来安排事实，先发生的放在前面，后发生的放在后面。这种结构叙事条理清晰，现场感强，且很适合写那些故事性强、以情节取胜的新闻，尤适合写现场目击记。其缺点是开头平淡，难以一下子吸引受众；消息的精华也可能淹没在长篇的叙述之中。

例如：冻死的孩子重新复活

美国威斯康星州一个名叫麦肯罗的孩子，今年只有二岁半。一月十九日，在家里人没有注意的情况下，他穿着一身睡衣，只身来到零下二十九度严寒的室外。家里人发觉后把他抱回屋里时，麦肯罗的一部分血液已经‘冻结’，手脚也都僵硬了。当他被送往医院时，体温已下降到十五点五度。但是，在经过了包括使用心肺泵等先进设备抢救以后，麦肯罗竟然奇迹般地复活了。像这样处于低温状态下的人能够死而复生，在世界上是没有先例的，就是参加抢救麦肯罗的医生也对此感到惊叹不已。

现在，除了他的左手可能会留下由于冻伤后遗症引起的轻度肌肉障碍以外，其它恢复都很正常，估计三、四周内，即可恢复健康。

3、对比式结构

此种结构重在通过对比，揭示差异，从而突出新闻主题。如《人民日报》1982年7月18日关于顺义啤酒厂和青岛啤酒厂的报道就用的这种结构。此则消息首先用的是对比性的标题。

两个厂为什么建设一快一慢？

权力下放争主动dd顺义啤酒厂一年建成投产

婆婆太多难办事dd青岛啤酒厂扩建扯皮两年

然后是对比性的导语，在对比性的导语下，又用了两个对比性的小标题：

“顺义厂：地方有主动权，领导重视，各方配合”。

“青岛厂：婆婆太多，公文旅行，相互掣肘”。

最后，又有一个对比性的结尾：

“两个厂情况如此悬殊，发人深省。”

4、提要式结构

此结构通常把新闻中最重要的事实概括到导语中，然后将多项需并列出示的内容以提要形式，用数字程序一一分列出来。有时也可不用数字标示，而用“dd”引出各个要点。

5、问答式结构

此结构多用于记者招待会的报道。记者应善于组织问题，报道内容应忠于原意，行文时，也应注意内容的连贯和层次的明晰。

6、积累兴趣式结构

此结构通常在开始设置悬念，使受众逐渐增加对事件的兴趣，最后形成高潮。因其材料的趣味性从导语至结尾递增，故名积累兴趣式。又因其要求设置悬念，故又有人称之为悬念式结构。它尤其强调将最精彩的、出人意料的材料置于消息结尾。如：

婚礼唁电

新娘寻死觅活

春节前夕，解放军某部三连战士肖建军，收到“父病故速归”加急电报，匆匆赶回山西省临汾老家。

跨进门，却见室内张灯结彩，墙上贴着大红“喜”字，小肖一下愣住了。母亲将他拉在一边说：为能使你参加大哥的婚礼，我瞒着家里人发了封假电报，你可要保密。母亲的一片“苦心”，使小肖只好撒谎骗父亲和家里人说自己出差顺路回家。

2月8日哥哥结婚。婚礼程序完毕。亲朋好友正在推杯换盏，频频敬酒时，邮递员送来一封电报，小肖父亲接过连忙展开，只见上写：“闻建军父不幸病故，三连全体官兵致电表示沉痛哀悼。”其父气得浑身颤抖，遂质问儿子。在坐的新娘弄清原委，“哇”的一声大哭冲出门去，头撞墙寻死，多亏众人相劝事态才未扩大。其母悔恨地说：“都怪我荒唐行事，闯下大祸”。

2、散文式结构

就是吸收散文在结构和表达等方面的特点，材料和层次安排自由、灵活，语言表达不拘一格。如郭玲春写的《金山同志追悼会在京举行》一文即是如此。

下面是由小编收集的锻炼思路的方法，欢迎阅读。

(1)拓展法。目的是为了求广、求新、求异，使思维活跃而开阔。思路可作如下拓展：

一是平面拓展。平面拓展主要包括顺向、逆向、纵向和横向等。顺向是指沿着人们惯常的思维轨道来思考，反之则为逆向。纵向是指按时间顺序或事物发展过程来思考，横向则为将不同的事物加以比照联想。例如，一则手表广告词的写作，既可从“准确、耐用、美观”作正向构思，又可从“该公司在各地的维修人员闲得无聊”作反向思索;既可对其作发展、换代历史作纵向介绍，又可从它与其他牌子手表的比较中作横向说明。

二是立体拓展。立体拓展是将平面拓展重叠交叉起来，建构起立体交叉的文章框架。这种方法适用于调查报告、经济分析、专业论文一类较为大型的文章。

三是发散。发散是指由一点向四周辐射的开放式思维方式，即对一个问题从多个角度引出思路。既要从宏观上作全方位的考虑，又要从微观上找出各个零散的无系统的思考方向之间的有机联系。如写关于“如何扩大产品销路”的文章，就可围绕“如何”二字引出“运用科学管理”、“提高员工素质”、“加速品种更新”、“改善广告方式”、“做好售后服务”、“开辟国外市场”等多条辐射思路，然后再对各个思考方向之间的内在联系加以考察。这样就可以加大思维跨度，弥补单向思维没有涉及的空白，健全文章的结构，丰富文章的内容。

(2)挖掘法。

目的是为了求深，使文章有内涵、有深度。多向拓展思路之后，就应迅速将广思变为深思。深思指的是层层挖掘，寻根刨底，纵深推求，由外在到内在，由现象到本质，由具体到抽象;或由现实追溯过去，由结果探求原因，乃至更深层的缘由。例如，对“如何认识市场经济”这一问题进行思考，可以从市场经济与商品经济的关系，社会主义市场经济与资本主义市场经济的区别，计划经济与市场经济的关系，如何发展社会主义市场经济等几个方面加以论述，也可向深处挖掘。向深处挖掘的方法如下：

一是在探讨上述第一个问题时，先对两个概念分别加以解释，再进一步区别其特征，然后更进一步挖掘过去提商品经济、现在又提市场经济的原因。

二是探讨上述最后一个问题时，可先论述社会主义市场经济的提出是具有战略意义的理论突破，并分析其原因，然后深入思考如何发展社会主义市场经济。在论述“如何发展”的具体策略时，对每一个方面再进行纵深推求，在这些步步深入、层层递进的开掘中将问题论述明白，最后顺理成章地得出结论。

(3)控制法。目的是为了求得集中——对多向的、支离散乱的思维活动加以搜索，以形成一条清晰。严密、连贯的思路。控制法主要包括以下方面内容：

一是筛选。筛选是指对多种信息和大脑中闪现的种种想法进行重重筛选，然后加以归类，形成多层次的文章框架的思考方法。筛选的优点是便于先集中内容相似的材料，然后从中筛选出需用的东西并形成相应的观点。对总结、典型经验、调查报告等文书的写作构思较为适用。

二是综合。综合是指在多向思考中迅速挑出最切实际、应用性强的几项加以综合，然后从中提炼出最佳议项。综合的优点是使文章有新思想、新提议，同时又切实可行。它适用于可行性研究、决策、建议、计划等文书的写作。推测，是将盘根错节的各种信息、各类条件和多条“初步思路”按一定的规律进行多次清理和推论，从中导出由小到大的层层假说，并由此构成一幅明晰的“思路图”。三是推测。推测的优点是可直观地审视和比较有关条件及现象，推理过程一目了然。它较适用于可行性研究、市场预测、经济分析等文书的写作构思。

(4)梳理法。以拟写提纲的形式将思路理清。定型。这是锻炼思路的一种极为有效的方法，有助于快速成文。梳理法包括以下两方面内容：

一是标明主题，用“主题句”把构思时确定的主题列在提纲首位，以统领下面各项;二是安排层次，用概括的文字逐层排列，由小到大。由粗到细地展开思路。

〖训练目标〗

1、训练学生快速构思，快速写作的能力

2、训练学生感受、思考自己的身边生活并表达出来的能力

〖设题背景〗

初一学生的课堂上经常会发生一些小风波，比如，与老师冲突，课堂上同学之间打起架来，又或者是出现一些本不该在课堂上发生的事，通过设计一次写作，一举三得，既训练学生快速构思成文的能力，又训练学生感受思考和表达身边的事，还对学生进行思想和纪律教育。

〖题目与要求〗

题目：课堂上的小风波

要求：

1、事件记叙清楚完整，有自己的感受

2、600字以上

3、40分钟以内完成

〖作文指导〗

请选择其中最近在课堂上发生的一次小风波（本不该在课堂上出现的，它的出现使课堂的正常秩序出现了中断），记叙这次的发生的原因、经过和结果以及当时你的心理活动，过后的看法等等。

附：快速作文评分细则

文章本身：50分

字数与速度：50分

600字40分钟50

字数每多100字5分，少50字扣5分

时间每快3分钟加5分，每慢3分钟扣5分

英语一考生要在三十分钟内写出160-200个词汇的文章，英语二的考生需要完成150个词汇左右的文章。写作时要求主题突出、结构清晰、文字通顺、连贯性好，祛除语法错误。在考试过程中，考生能在有限时间内详细解读考题设问要求，并匠心独运的构想、拟题、列提纲，最后完成一篇考场佳作，这需要前期十分认真的备考。

在写作中，考生要特别注意文章的中心思想是否切题，论据是否足够充分，如不充分则要对论据详细展开。句语句、段与段连接要自然，逻辑关系清晰明晰，切忌不要出现与主题无关的句子。人称、时态等细节处要保持一致，单词拼写、大小写以及标点也要注意到位。

由于近些年图画作文较热，是考研英语写作中出现频率最高的一类文体，我们来重点学习一下这种文体的写作方法。

图画作文通常是给出一幅或多幅漫画或图片，所给图画多反映当前的热点社会现象或热点社会现实。这类作文难度较大，要求考生首先仔细剖析图画内容，并通过文字形式将图中所包罗的思想内容准确无误地表达出来。大家可将此类作文转化为三段或四段式的提纲作文写作。

1、认真审题

在审题时，考生要在认真剖析图画所反映的内容以及出题者出题意图的前提下，通过表层含义剖析图画真正想要说明的问题是什么，深入研究图画的表层含义和深层含义，从而挖掘出其深层含义以确定文章的中心思想。

2、确定写作重点

认真审题后，考生就要确定写作重点了，根据剖析和研究的结果列出提纲并安排段落。确定每一个段落的主题和写作重点，考生要根据题目要求对选材进行筛选。

3、确定写作提纲

如何列提纲，即考生对题设材料的剖析得出结论后形成的基本框架结构，漫画标的主题、directions中的要求包罗了哪些内容，文章段落应该如何组织，基本提纲确定了的基础上，才能思路清晰、行文流通。