关于英语说明文的写作方法（实用20篇）

常见的说明方法有：举例子、分类别、下定义、摹状貌、作诠释、打比方、列数字、列图表、引用说明。

①、举例子：通过举具体的实例对事物的特征/事理加以说明，从而使说明更具体，更有说服力。

②、分类别：对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明，使说明更有条理性。③、作比较：把______和_____加以比较，突出强调了事物的特征/事理。

④、作诠释：对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明，使说明更通俗易懂。⑤、打比方：将______比作______，从而形象生动地说明了事物的特征/事理。⑥、摹状貌：对事物的特征/事理加以形象化的描摹，使说明更具体形象。

⑦、下定义：用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示，从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。

⑧、列数字：用具体的数据对事物的特征/事理加以说明，使说明更准确更有说服力。

⑨、列图表：用列图表的方式对事物的特征/事理加以说明，使说明更简明直观。⑩、引用说明：引用说明有以下几种形式——

A、引用具体的事例；（作用同举例子）

B、引用具体的数据；（作用同列数字）

C、引用名言、格言、谚语；作用是使说明更有说服力。

D、引用神话传说、新闻报道、谜语、轶事趣闻等。作用是增强说明的趣味性。（引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用。）

说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等；也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。

说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等；说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。

说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：

1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。

2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。

3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。

4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。

小朋友一般都喜爱小动物，看了小动物以后总想把它们写下来，那么到底该怎样观察描写小动物呢，下面是小编整理的动物观察作文的写作方法，希望对你有帮助！

1、注意观察描写动物的外形。

例如我们学过的《壁虎》，作者分步向我们介绍了壁虎的外形。脚一像爬山虎的脚;头三角形;嘴，看不清;眼睛非常机灵;尾巴又长又细;身披着花纹。这是按照从下到上，从前到后，先局部后整体的顺序，比较详细地观察了壁虎的外形特征，反映出壁虎是一种机灵的小动物。观察描写动物的外形还可以直接从整体上概括动物的外在特点。例如喜鹊的羽毛大部分黑而带绿，只是肩和腹部有白色羽毛，显得朴素洁净。喜鹊的体态轻盈优美，鸣声清脆响亮，有使人喜悦的感觉。这段话就是从整体上概括了喜鹊的三个外形特点。

2、注意动物的活动情况。

在习作训练中，我们不仅是从动物的外形上去认识动物，还需人从动物的活动方面去观察、了解动物，这样才能全面认识动物、写好动物。观察了解动物的活动情况，首先必须掌握动物的一般活动规律和一些特殊的动态。例如，海参靠肌肉收缩而蠕动，乌贼、章鱼，利用水的反推力前进，这是海参、乌贼、章鱼在行动方面的特点。两牛相斗，总是用双角猛顶;两鸡相争，总是用嘴相啄，这是牛、鸡搏斗的特点。总之，无论是哪一类动物，都有它们各自的活动特点，只要仔细观察各种动物的活动特点，我们就能得心应手地写出来。

3、在观察中注意发现动物的习性，抓住动物的习性特点写。

欲话说："鸡吃谷，牛吃草，猪吃糠，各有所好。"这是它们的食性爱好;"翠鸟水上飞，大雁列队行，蝙幅黄昏出，公鸡天亮鸣。"这是它们活动的规律。夏天，狗伸出舌头散热，冬天，蛇、蛙等藏在地下冬眠。这是狗、蛇、蛙适应气候的本能。平时，我们就可以从这些方面去观察各种动物的生活习性，并按一定的顺序写下来。

写好观察作文，还有一个好办法，那就是运用六觉：视觉、嗅觉、味觉、听觉、触觉和心理感觉，通过多种感觉，可以把观察到的物体写得立体化，形象生动。

1、审题：审题是做到切题的第一步。所谓审题就是要看清题意，确定文章的中心思想、主题，并围绕中心思想组织材料。

2、进行构思，列出简单的提纲，打造文章之骨架：审好题、立好意后，就要写提纲，打造文章的骨架。文章布局要做好几件事：安排好层次段落，铺设好过渡，处理好开头和结尾。

3、扩展成文：根据字数多少扩展成篇。扩展的内容一定要紧扣主题，千万不要写那些与主题不相关的内容。展开的方式包括：顺序法、举例法、比较法、对比法、说明法、因果法、推导法、归纳法和下定义等。可以根据需要任选一种或几种方式。

在这一步骤中还需注意三方面问题：

1、确保提纲中段落结构的思路与各段主题句的一致性。只有这样，才能保证所写段落不偏题、不跑题。

2、要综合考虑各个段落的内容安排，避免段落内容的交叉。

3、用好连接词，注意段落间、句子间的连贯性。要做到所写文章层次分明，思路清晰，文字连贯，就需要在句与句之间、段与段之间架起一座座桥梁，而连接词起的正是桥梁作用。

在扩展的过程中也有些窍门，以下几点可供参考：

1、在整篇文章中，避免只是用一两个句式或重复用同一词语。英语中存在着极为丰富的同义词，准确地使用同义词可以给读者清新的感觉。同时要灵活运用各种句式，如倒装句、强调句、省略句、主从复合句、对比句、分词短语、介词短语等，从而增加文章的可读性。

2、使用不同长度的句子。如果一个意思用一句话写不清楚的话，通过分句和合句或用两句、三句来表达，增强句子的连贯性和表现力。

3、改变句子的开头方式，不要总是以主、谓、宾、状的次序。可以把状语至于句首，或用分词等。

4、学会使用过渡词。递进furthermore，moreover，besides，in addition，then，etc ;转折however，but，nevertheless，afterwards，etc ;总结finally，at last，in brief，to conclude，etc ;强调really，indeed，certainly，surely，above a11，etc ;对比in the same way，just as，on the other hand，etc。

5、确定文章用第几人称写，基本时态是什么。使用人称时人物不能张冠李戴或指代不明。时态要尽量保持一致。

检查修改：要检查复核，不要写完了事。

要留时间通读全文，修改可能出现的错误。检查上下文是否连贯，句子衔接是否自然流畅。检验的标准主要是句子是否通畅，该用连词的地方用了没有，所用的连词是否合适，是否有语法错误，主谓是否一致，动词的时态、语态、语气的使用是否正确，词组的搭配是否合乎习惯，是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误等，还有就是注意卷面整洁。

可归纳为：中心突出，主题明确;层次清楚，条理清晰;表达

导语：小编给大家介绍一种写作方法，叫平行叙述法，下面小编跟大家细说，附带优秀例文给大家参考~欢迎阅读~

平行叙述法，是指分别叙述发生在同一时间不同地点的事件或人物活动的写作方法。

运用平行叙述法作文，一般有两种方式：

一种是并列平叙，即“花开两朵，各表一枝”。对于同时发生而又联系紧密的，揭示同一主题的几件事，先叙述一件后，再叙述另一件，让几件事同时并行展开，并列向前发展。

另一种是交叉平叙。即把两件或两件以上的事，两条或两条以上的线索，交叉地进行叙述。例如，通讯《为了六十一个阶级弟兄》，运用平行叙述法，记叙了平陆事件中各个部门为六十一个阶级弟兄的生命而全力抢救的经过，集中地反映了社会主义时代人民团结友爱，互相协作，彼此支援的共产主义风格，歌颂了党对人民的关怀和社会主义制度的优越性。

运用平行叙述法，可把头绪纷繁、错综复杂的事件叙述得纵横交错，井然有序;可突破时空局限，使文章境界开阔，容量扩展。运用平行叙述法，必须服从主题表达的需要，必须理清时空线索，将事件发生、发展的时间起讫、空间变换交代清楚，使其经纬分明、行止自如。

优秀例文

退休之前

小李今天特别忙，一会儿把锣呀、鼓呀从学校礼堂的后边搬到前边靠舞台的地方，一会儿把放在台上的桌子、椅子揩一揩，把雪白的台布拉拉平，一会儿又看看电灯的线路是不是很正常。一切都没有问题了，又双手捧起放在桌子上的镜框，用手绢轻轻地擦着，望着镜框上四个绒绣的大字——“光荣退休”，她想咧嘴欢笑，可泪水又在眼眶里打转。是啊，小李今天的心情，真是又高兴，又难过，她就要送别自己敬爱的朝夕相处的钟老师了。

学校里的老师和小李班级里的同学，已经来得差不多了。小李越来越焦急，她问党支部书记：“时间快要到了，钟老师怎么还不来?”支部书记也有些奇怪，对小李说：“你去找找看吧。”

小李纵身一跃，从一米高的台上轻盈落下，两根小辫一甩，眨眼间便跑出了礼堂。

小李急匆匆跑到办公室门前，正好和从里边出来的一个同学撞了个满怀，便问道：“钟老师在里面吗?”

“钟老师不是在大礼堂吗?”

“嗨，正因为不在，我才跑来找她的。”

“哪，要么还在美术组?”那个同学惊异地说：“先前，钟老师找我和其他两个同学谈了一会儿，嘱咐我们注意体育锻炼，学习要踏实，不要贪多求快，要把基础打好。谈完后，她又说，美术组在出黑板报，她要去看看。”

“那好，我到美术组去找她。”小李要知道钟老师的去向，便急忙掉头跑去。

小李一阵急跑，来到了美术组，可是哪里有钟老师的人影?小李刚想问，眼珠一转，黑板报上“努力学习科学文化知识”几个熟悉的大字，闯入眼帘。“这不是钟老师的笔迹吗?她一定在美术组的办公室里。”小李高兴地猜想着，一下推开了美术组的房门。

“你找谁?”房间里空无一人，问话的声音从背后传来。

“找钟老师。”

“噢，早走了。”

“早走了，嗨!”眼看开欢送会的时间要到了，她真是急坏了。

那么，钟老师究竟在哪儿呢?

在语文教研组办公室，两位女老师已经谈得久了。她俩靠得这么近：年老的抚摸着年轻的背，年轻的拉着年老的手;那白头发，戴眼镜，额头上刻着深深的皱纹的老师，正是小李到处寻找的钟老师。

钟老师扶了扶眼镜，继续说道：“你接我的班，开始一定有不少的困难，不能急躁，有问题要多问问其他的任课教师，也要多找同学谈谈，这样，你会很快熟悉情况、搞好工作的。”她边说边从腰包里掏出几个本子，递给年轻的女老师，“这是我对几篇课文教学的一些看法;这是同学们平时测验成绩的记录;这是我了解到的同学们的思想动态。另外，语文试卷最后一道题，还需讲一讲，虽然大家回答得不错，但条理不够清楚。嗯嗯还有一件事，你最好早些解决。”钟老师说着，从本子中抽出一张班级学生的座位表，指着说：“这两个，还有这两个，座位要调前几排，他们的视力差，坐在后面看不清;这两个同学，要调后几排，这学期他俩个子长得快，坐在第一排影响后面同学的视线……”

那位年轻的女老师心情十分激动。此刻，她对“忠诚于党的教育事业”又有了进一步的认识。

“蟩”的一声，门打开了，小李和支书冲了进来。

“哈哈，果然在这里。”支书高兴地叫道。

“钟老师，嗨，都几点了，还在这儿!”小李一见钟老师，生怕钟老师再跑掉似的扑上去，拉住她的手臂。

钟老师一看表，离开欢送会的时间只差两分钟了，便笑着说：“啊呀，谈着谈着，竟连时间都忘了。”她边说边用手绢擦去小李额上的汗珠：“让你找得汗也出来了。”

欢送会开始了，支部书记大着嗓门说：“同志们，同学们，欢送会开始!先由学生代表给钟老师戴光荣花。”

在一片雷鸣般的掌声中，小李捧着那朵鲜红鲜红的大红花，走到钟老师面前，恭恭敬敬地给钟老师戴上，又把镜框递给钟老师。钟老师双手捧着镜框，泪水在眼眶里打转，她望着无数张欢笑的脸，一个字一个字地说道：“我爱这崇高的称号——人民教师。”

大红花，映红了钟老师的脸。

与其他文体相比，英治议论文的结构一般较为固定，有下列几个部分组成：

1.提出需要议论的议题;

2.摆出正反两方面的观点;

3.表明作者持何种态度;

4.论证自己观点的正确性从而使读者接受自己的观点;

5.小结。

在具体写作中要注意下列几点：

1.议题的提出要开门见山，不要拖泥带水，啰啰唆唆

2.正反两方面的观点一般都要摆出，有时也有只强调一种观点的，那么这就等于将上述第二点和第三点合在一起了

3.作者的观点必须鲜明，不能模棱两可

4.论证自己的观点是议论文的最关键的部分。论证手段与英语说明文中的一些写作手法相同，常用的有罗列法、举例法、因果法、比较法等等。

5.对于较长的英语议论文还可以在文章结尾时对全文要点作一小结。

下面这篇学生作文是较为典型的一篇英语议论文：

Should Examination Be Abolished (取消)?

The examination system has come to be the main theme (主题)of modern education. One should take an examination andsucceed in passing it before he could be admitted， promoted or graduated. As it plays so important a role in the realm of education (教育的领域) it is under much criticism (评论) as to its validity (有效性) . People who are in favour of it try to develop this system more; those who are against it believe that such a system should be abolished. Should examination be abolished? In my opinion it should be.

Many people think that an examination is the only means to test knowledge， but， in fact， that is not true. A few questions given in an examination could by no means cover the whole field of the subject. Thus those who are able to answer them may be the poorest of the students and yet happen to know just a few points about that subject.

Id like to say that， because of the existence of the examination system， students pay so much attention to gaining high marks， that they often forget the chief purpose of education. The so-called clever students devote (贡献) themselves to the study of textbooks only. They， of course， know nothing but the skeleton (梗概) of knowledge. The end and aim of education， however， is to enable students to learn how to live. To do this， students must get themselves to do all kinds of training， physicalas well as mental. The present examination system has discouraged students from making such an attempt.

Moreover， since the students try so hard to put their lessons into memory in as short a time as possible， psychologically (心理上来看)， they soon forget the whole subject as soon as the examination is over. Surely this is one of the greatest wastes ever made in the history of civilization.

Lastly， in order to get high marks， there is a great temptation (诱惑) for students to cheat (作弊) in an examination. Indeed， such a practice becomes the means to the end. They cheat their teachers， their parents and also themselves. Such a tendency would impair (损害) our moral standards (道德标准) .

Therefore， I am of the opinion， in conclusion， that the examination system should be abolished.

学生不愿写作文很大程度是由于学生对于作文有一种畏惧、厌烦的心理，认为作文是一项高难度的思维创造，认为没有什么可以写的，不知该怎样写。教师在指导学生作文时，要从各方面入手，消除学生对作文的畏惧感，激发学生的写作兴趣，提高学生的写作能力。

一、扩大阅读，丰富知识，为学生作文创作奠定基础。

作文是各种知识的综合运用，没有丰厚的知识，很难写出思想深刻、内容丰富、新颖别致的好作文来，所以教师要教育学生，要多读课外书籍，特别是那些名著，甚至自然科学知识，也要了解一些。正如培根所说“读史使人明智，读诗使人巧意，数学使人精微，博物使人深沉，伦理使人庄重，逻辑与修辞使人善辩”。为了更好地引导学生阅读和作文，教师可组织一些读书班会或专题沙龙，让学生交流读书心得体会，或以讲故事、开辩论会等形式来锻炼口才。再通过办手抄报、校园黑板报等形式提高学生的书面作文水平。学生在广泛阅读中，从古今中外名著和大量诗文中汲取了健康的思想和艺术精髓，同时也积累了大量词汇和第二手作文材料。通过阅读，学生视野开阔了，知识丰富了，思维活跃了，再不会为“无米之炊”而苦恼。

二、感悟自然，认真观察，培养学生的观察能力。

作文教学要激发学生的情感，启迪学生的悟性。在感悟中培养学生的观察能力，大自然中的一草一木、社会生活中的平凡小事，都可引发我们的思考。可是，面对美丽的大自然孩子们却无动于衷，或虽感到美，却又写不出来。生活中每天发生的事情非常多，孩子们往往求大，忽略了身边值得关注的小事，所以，也造成了无话可说，无事可写的情况。对农村学生来说，农村的风景优美，乡土气息浓厚，美丽的大自然又孕育了千姿百态的动植物。这既是作文教学的直观教具，又为作文教学提供了取之不尽、用之不竭的写作素材。教师利用这种优势，引导学生仔细观察，使他们“见景生情”。把这种情景教育引进小学作文教学中，会收到事半功倍的效果。如写一写家中养的鸡，教师可引导学生观察鸡吃食、鸡打架、鸡下蛋等等，帮他们列出观察项目，学生就会有目的的观察，写作时就不会无话可说了。让学生每天回忆发生的事，说一说、议一议，久而久之，学生就知道了什么事是有价值的了。事不在大小，在事情的内容。指导学生写自己熟悉而又真实的生活，而不是写那些“虚构生活”，让学生知道，说真话、写事实、叙真情就是作文。

三、激活思维，标新立异，培养学生的想象能力。

作文教学的每一个环节都离不开想象力。用想象力激发学生的写作兴趣。根据儿童少年的生理心理的特点，他们想象逐步从无意想象发展到有意想象，想象的兴趣浓厚。现在的世界是多彩的世界，小学生在做作文时应该多发挥想象力，来描绘未来的世界和多彩的生活。让学生张开想象的翅膀，任思维驰骋，想象力应该贯穿整个作文教学之中，没有想象力，学生作文思路就会闭塞，内容空洞，立意不新。所以学生的写作欲望靠想象来燃烧，观察力靠想象来培养，立意新颖靠想象去创造，思路靠想象去拓展，人物形象靠想象去塑造，语言的色调靠想象去渲染。

总而言之，作文教学要努力走进学生的内心世界，贴近现实生活，以人为本，趣字当头，重视写作灵性的启发和培植，在实践中求发展求提高。罗伯特·艾文斯认为，只要学生把作文看成是一种“自我放纵”，不受条条框框的限制，看到什么、听到什么、想到什么就如实地写什么。熟练地掌握写作技巧就不是什么难事了。

一、话题作文审题指要

近几年高考全国卷考查的都是话题作文。话题作文为发挥考生的写作才能而缩小了限制性，加大了自主性，相对材料作文而言，题面的要求说得比较明白，所以审题难度有所下降。但是，如果考生审题意识淡薄，既不重视把握题目内涵，也不注意审清要求，还是会造成“一着不慎，满盘皆输”的严重后果。这方面的教训并不少。比如2017年上海卷要求以“忙”为话题写一篇文章，按理说不存在什么审题障碍，但仍有考生出现偏差，例如写成“帮忙”。“忙”的内涵应该是显性的，变成复合词“帮忙”，也就改变了它的本来涵义。另外，有考生由上海方言中的“帮帮忙”、电话术语“忙音”等切入话题，也都偏离了“忙”的原意。2017年高考分省命题，共涌现出九道话题作文，考生审题不准、偏离题意的情况依然突出。像全国卷一的话题为“出人意料和情理之中”，可能是引出话题的玻尔的回答（“因为我不怕在学生面前显露我的愚蠢”）让部分考生难以理解，于是他们就反复考虑这句话，在这句话上大做文章，大谈“愚蠢”“聪明与愚蠢”“天才与愚蠢”“成功与愚蠢”，以致与话题谬以千里。有必要提请考生注意，话题作文审题时应做到三点：

首先要全面。即凡是命题者给出的材料、提示语、要求或注意事项，都要一一看明白，不能遗漏。与材料相比，命题人给出的提示语更应认真阅读。比如2017年高考试题的提示语是“也许不是人人都会碰上这种生死的抉择，但是每个人却常常遇到、见到、听到一些触动心灵需要作出选择的事情”。这就交代得很清楚，试题用登山者的故事作为材料，但并没有限定考生一定要写生死抉择或帮助别人的题材，所以也就不一定按照这个故事的帮人救人的道德观念、价值观念来立意，事实上，许多心灵的选择是不属于帮人救人的，有一大批优秀的考场作文没有写帮助他人，而是从自己的阅读和生活中寻找素材，同样产生了以理服人、以情感人的艺术效果。

其次要吃透话题的内涵。比如面对“假如记忆可以移植”，要明确以下几点：（1）“记忆”是指“保存在脑子里的过去事物的印象”，不是“思维”“性格”“精神”，当然更不是“身份”“地位”“面貌”。（2）“移植”在这里是指“将机体的一部分组织转移到另一机体上的一种医疗手术”，不是“克隆”“复制”，也不是单方面的“删除”，而是有“移”有“植”。通过这样的分析，就不会闹出移植爱因斯坦记忆后自己也长出大胡子之类的笑话，也不会写出“借尸还魂”等荒唐故事了。（3）“假如”，表明这是一个假设的判断，即已经假定这是一种“事实”，接下来只能对由此而产生的结果作出判断和评价，而不必对移植技术本身的可能性、可靠性发表什么意见，决不能死抠住材料中“当然，人的记忆移植要比动物复杂得多，也许永远不会成功”，自说自话地以“记忆是不能够移植的”为观点作文，否则得分必然少得可怜。又如写“纪念”，要弄清：不能把它等同于怀念，因为它不仅仅是内心情感的涌动，还是思想与行动的结合，即“用一定的方式对人对事表示怀念”。

近年来，关系类话题作文是高考测试热点中的热点。对于此类试题，审题时须将两者（甚至三者）之间存在的关系揭示出来，不可偏废，否则就有可能偏离题意。从何处着手呢？搞清各自所属的领域或范畴，搞清各自的本质、特点，更要搞清这两者在何时何地、何情何景下有何联系——是直接影响还是间接影响，是正面作用还是负面作用；是显性关系还是隐性关系，是偶然联系还是必然联系；是单向联系还是多向联系，或者是互动关联、互为条件、互为因果，等等。搞清关系之后，再从中挑选出自己准备准确表达的一种关系，进而形成观点或判断，并以此来构思作文。

最后一点，要围绕话题选材。根据话题范围确立主题后，还要精选材料，充分表现主题，这样才算真正符合题意。有些考生没有注意这一点，作文开头也能抓住话题，但主体部分却不能围绕中心行文，这也是不符合题意的表现。

二、命题作文审题指要

（一）咀嚼含义。即弄清题目的意思。比如2017年北京卷要求“以‘转折’为题”作文，“转折”的意思是“事物在发展过程中改变原来的方向、形式等”（《现代汉语词典》）。可见，这是一个中性的名词性概念，古今中外，称得上有“转折”的人与事都可入文，且不分是向好处转，还是向坏处转——向好处转可以提供经验，向坏处转可以提供教训。但是从审题上看，“转折”不同于“转变”“转化”“挫折”，更不同于一般的“变化”。又如以“自嘲”为题作文，须用辩证的眼光审视题目——自嘲作为一种正视尴尬、自我宽慰的人生态度是值得提倡的，但如果失去了一个度，就会转变为自卑和颓废，会沦落为阿q式的心理麻醉。

（二）明确重点。即要找出“题眼”。比如“我的财富”，重点在“财富”，而财富包括物质财富和精神财富；“近墨者未必黑”，重点在“未必”，不能把“近墨者未必黑”混同于“近墨者不黑”；“今年花胜去年红”，重点在于一个“胜”字，隐含着“今年”与“去年”的优劣比较。

（三）确定范围。即弄清题目对文体、时间、地点、数量、对象和内容等方面的要求。比如“我的财富”，内容上应扣住“我”来展开；“我们生活在同一块土地上”，“同一块土地上”应指比较广大的地域，假如写教室、宿舍、家庭等很小的范围，就不够切题。

三、材料作文审题指要

（一）努力抓住“关键词”。材料作文一般有多项“指令”，这些“指令”往往以“关键词”的面目出现，考生应当努力抓住这些“关键词”。比如2017年福建卷要求“把图给你的联想或感悟写成一篇900字左右的文章”，有三个“关键词”巧妙地“嵌”在试题中——“请你联系提示文字”的“联系”，“对它们加以比较”的“比较”，“联想或感悟要与两幅图都相关”的“都相关”。“联系提示文字”，启发考生准确而深刻地理解“规范”与“新颖”、“稳定”与“多变”、“周长短，面积大”与“周长长，面积小”等彼此间的关系；“比较”“都相关”，则要求兼顾两幅图，而不能只说一幅。那么，怎样抓“关键词”呢？南京师大何永康教授的建议是：一要一个词、一个词地在心中默读考题，强迫自己定下心来，把试题中的每一个字看清楚。二要在找出“关键词”后，先用铅笔把它们圈出来，这样可以有一个“物质依托”，防止在“心里盘算”时丢三拉四；审题结束后，再用橡皮把铅笔圈过的痕迹擦去。

（二）尽可能多地找出材料的含义，准确确定论点。材料作文的材料绝大多数是多义的，单义的材料十分少见。比如“达·芬奇画蛋”的材料，至少有三种含义：一是“天才出于勤奋”，二是“要练好基本功”，三是“名师出高徒”。找出材料的多种含义后，应注意通过比较鉴别，选出你认为最直接、最佳的一条来，作为将写的作文的主旨。试以1995年高考试题为例。这一年所给材料是寓言诗《鸟的评说》（“麻雀说燕子/是怕冷的懦夫/燕子说黄鹂/徒有一身美丽的装束/黄鹂说百灵/声音悦耳动机不纯/百灵说最无原则的/要算那鹦鹉/鹦鹉说喜鹊/生就一副奴颜媚骨/喜鹊说苍鹰好高骛远/苍鹰说麻雀寸光鼠目……”）。本则材料含义甚多，选择时千万不能抓住其中的某一个局部，由此扯开去，讲到其他问题（比如由“黄鹂”“徒有一身美丽的装束”，讲到要追求心灵美）。正确的做法是：由个别到一般，抓住材料中七种鸟共同存在的带有倾向性的问题，那就是——要全面地、辨证地、正确地对待他人和自己，不能“看别人一块疤，看自己一朵花”。这是材料最直接的含义。此外，还可以察“前因”（为什么会这样），探“后果”（这样会带来什么结果），确立“要以正常的心态待人”“要注意调查，实事求是”“要加强团结”等论点。

导语：小编给大家介绍一种写作方法，叫特叙记述法，下面小编跟大家细说，附带优秀例文给大家参考~欢迎阅读~

特叙记述法，是指把观察点集中于一个场面，在这个场面中又把镜头集中于一个主要人物或景物上，着力加以叙述或描写的一种写作方法。采用特叙记述法，能突出人或事的特征部分或重点部分，以更有力地表现内容。

如王愿坚的《七根火柴》，以红军长征过草地为背景，截取一个虽然微小却非常感人的场面来进行特叙记述以表现红军战士的崇高品质。特别是那个无名战士，向战友交出自己保存的七根火柴，然后，手指进军的远方，向人世告别了的特殊情景，使无名战士的形象就像一座屹立在茫茫草原上的雕像。这突出地表现了一种崇高的革命信念和光辉的革命品格。

运用特叙记述法应根据文章内容的轻重、材料的主次而定，运用得当，可使文章主题突出，笔力集中，或交代，或渲染，收到引人注目的艺术效果。

优秀例文

泰山黎明

风，凉嗖嗖的;天，黑沉沉的。山风送来了细雨一般的浓密、清凉、甘甜、朗润的晨雾。不一会儿，头发上、眉毛上就结了一层晶莹的露珠，连披在身上的棉大衣都潮湿了，这就是泰山极顶上的黎明。为了去看日出，我起得很早，在这黎明前的黑暗中，心急情迫，随着黑糊糊的人影，向日观峰走去。

当我提心吊胆地走过那山坡和陡崖间夹着的羊肠小道，来到日观峰时，这里已经来了许多人。天渐渐地发亮了，但四周仍是灰蒙蒙的。翻卷的云雾铺天盖地而来，吞没了整个山头。朦胧中，观日台像一只巨大的、伏卧的青蛙，从山崖边探身云间。

山势很陡，雾大找不到路，我们穿着笨重的大衣，攀着草柯，如牛负重，步履艰难。山愈高，风愈大。风卷晨雾，钻进人的袖口里，脖领里，使人浑身直打颤。

忽然，天空骤然豁亮，强劲的山风撕开了漫天云雾，白茫茫的云海展现在眼前。接着，东方泛起一抹胭脂红的云霞，山头上的人们顿时欢呼雀跃，欣喜若狂，但云霞转瞬即逝。

我懊丧地合上照相机，看看表再过五分钟就该日出了，我焦急地等待着。

“日出啦!”人们不约而同地翘首眺望东方，一轮红日自苍苍莽莽的万顷云海，以磅礴之势喷薄而出。光芒四射，朝霞万道，映得岭岭嫣红娇媚。

山头上烟消云散，视野辽阔，周围的景象清晰可辨。远远近近，层峦叠嶂，青山直插云霄。太阳升高了，云蒸霞蔚，气象万千。啊!这是怎样的“造化钟神秀”啊!快摄下吧，摄下这泰山极顶的胜景，摄下这祖国山河的妖娆。此时此际，我才悟出这唐人诗的妙处：“会当凌绝顶，一览众山小。”

此刻，我仿佛站在一艘巨大的船上，而那凸出的观日台就像高高的舰首;又犹如驰骋在云波翻滚的海洋。我陶醉了，我向着太阳欢笑!向着祖国的壮丽河山欢笑!

当前社会上比较流行开办诸如写作培训班之类的课外学习班，家长为了不让孩子输在起跑线上，常为此四处奔波挑选适配的学习班。

殊不知这类学习班往往是一些师德有问题的老师捞取不义之财的骗术伎俩，为人师表的他们不在课堂上传道、授业、解惑，却跑到外边开办所谓补习班，看起来是帮助孩子提高成绩，其实是把课堂上的知识分成几份分发给孩子们而已。可惜我们可爱的家长们却浑然不觉间如同飞蛾扑火，把辛苦挣的血汗钱拱手送给那些所谓的“恩师”，补交了党和政府用心良苦为祖国的花朵减免的学费。而事实上写作的方法根本就不曾存在过，只不过是个传说。

积累一些英语格言，对英文写作有一定的帮助。以下是小编带来的小学生经典英语格言，希望对你有帮助。

A cat may look at a king. 猫也可以看国王。

A friend in need is a friend in indeed. 患难识知已。

A good marksman may miss. 智者千虑，必有一失。

A good maxim is never out of season. 至理名言不会过时。

A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口，忠言逆耳。

A good winter brings a good summer. 瑞雪兆丰年。

All roads lead to Rome. 条条道路通罗马。

Better early than late. 宁早勿晚。

Better late than never. 迟做总比不做好。

Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。

It is good to learn at another man’s cost.前车可鉴。

It is never too late to learn. 活到老，学到老。

Love me, love my dog.爱屋及乌。

Men learn while they reach. 教学相长。

Second thoughts are best. 三思而后行 。

雅思写作满分准备方法1：压缩审题的时间

如果说独立写作是闭卷考试，那么你花上3～5分钟的时间去审题，去构思，是很必要的。但是，实际情况是，独立写作是开卷考试，首先题库公开，它的题型和题材都不会超出题库的范围，你总会在题库中找到类似的题目，加之机经的强大力量，使得雅思独立写作真的成了开卷考试。既然是开卷考试，大家就应该把审题的工作放到考试之前做，争取在1分钟之内完成，不要浪费时间，把时间用来打字，而不是思考上面。那些思维风暴、切题思路之类的，应该是事先已经准备过，训练过的。如果考到了你从来没接触过的题，只能说明你没有准备到位，如果你的审题时间超过了2 分钟，那么你的准备也没有到位，这就是开卷考试的备考思维，满分不是临场发挥出来的，而是准备出来的。

雅思写作满分准备方法2：栽赃法

如果不能保证文章的质量，可以从数量入手，记住我在课上讲过的托福写作黄金法则the longer， the better！的学员中曾经有位写作30分的获得者，独立写作30分钟写了600字，拿了满分。当然他肯定有一些不足和错误，可是仍然不影响满分。可见如果不能把文章写得很漂亮，不能写出亮点，那就多写点吧，字数多也是亮点。只要大家按照我上课讲授过的方法来扩充论据，写出长篇大论是很容易的事。

雅思写作满分准备方法3：提炼自己的模板

假设你的文章字数是 400字，那么你大概要写40～50个句子。把这40～50个句子，排成编号，从第1个到第40个，也就是从文章的第一句话到最后一句话，你都知道要写什么，并且知道怎么写，甚至每个句子你都掌握了2～3个漂亮的句式，这样你还担心自己拿不到高分吗?再假设，这40～50个句子，你有50%都已经是固定句式了，也就是成了自己的写作套路，那么你还愁文章写不完么?比如说，我总是喜欢在文章最后一句 话 说 ：In a word， it is rather superficial to simply say that……+观点，给个真题例子：In a word， it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers.用一句话说，简单地认为父母是最好的老师是相当肤浅的。大家想一想，任何事情simply say都可以说是相当肤浅的。因此这句话就是一句比较万能的结束语。这句话怎么来的呢?这是官方题库里的第2篇，是我和大家在课上积累来的。只要大家一起努力，我们一定会成功提炼出自己的高分模版。

雅思写作满分准备方法4：压缩题库

题库中一共有185个题目，如果说每个题目都准备一篇范文是相当不可取的，效率太低，完全没有必要，压缩题库的方法主要有2种：A.将题库分类。每个分类写1～2篇就可以解决这个类的题目。 B.文章之间的互相转化。

[雅思写作满分作文准备方法四则

不同学历，不同职位，不同年龄段，其求职信写作技巧也有所不同。那么，大学生应如何写求职信呢？以下这篇文章将让你了解大学生求职信写作方法。

求职信要短，但一定要引人入胜，记住你只有几秒钟吸引你的读者继续看下去。在求职信中要重点突出你的背景材料中与未来雇主最有关系的内容。通常招聘人员对与其企业有关的信息是最敏感的了，所以你要把你与企业和职位之间最重要的信息表达清楚。

言简义赅，切忌面面俱到。求职信的功用只是为你争取一个参加 面试 的机会，你不要以为凭一封求职信就可以找到一份你满意的工作，而且这种错误的心态会使你写的求职信罗罗嗦嗦。招聘人员工作量很大，时间宝贵，求职信过长会使其效度大大降低，1992哈佛人力资源研究所的一份测试报告的数据也证明了这一点，即一封求职信如果内容超过400个 单词 ，则其效度只有25%，即阅读者只会留下对1/4内容的印象。

不宜有文字上的错讹。一份好的求职信不仅能体现你清晰的思路和良好的表达能力，还能考察出你的性格特征和职业化程度。所以一定要注意措辞和语言，写完之后要通读几篇，精雕细琢，切忌有错字、别字、病句及文理欠通顺的现象发生。否则，就可能使求职信"黯然无光"或是带来更为负面的影响。

切忌过分吹嘘。从求职信中看到的不只是一个人的经历，还有品格。

针对性和个性化让你的求职信从数百封的信件中"脱颖而出"。不少人事经理反映，现在求职信中最常见的问题是"千人一面"。的确，网络给求职提供了更多的方便，但面对着互联网上成千上万的职位，有的求职者采用了"天女散花"式发求职信的方式，事实上它的命中率很低，结果不仅是"广种薄收"都达不到，而是多以"广种无收"告终。原因很简单，这种千篇一律、没有任何针对性的求职信，招聘人员看的太多了。此时，针对性已成为求职信奏效与否的"生命线"。另外，个性化也很重要。有的求职信没有任何豪言壮语，也没有使用任何华丽的 词汇 ，却使人读来觉得亲切、自然、实实在在。

在求职信正式发送之前，给身边的人看一下。 这也是求职信撰写中一个重要技巧，目的是避免歧义的产生，让求职信更好的传达出你所要传达的讯息。另外，在求职信后也可附上求职简历，让用人单位加深刻地了解你。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

说明文一般介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能，解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词等。以下是小编收集的考点和方法，欢迎查看！

一、说明文及其特点

1、说明文是以说明为主要表达方式的一种文体。

它通过客观地解说事物的形貌、构造、性质、特征、范围、类别、来源、成因、关系、功用等，来阐明事物的内容和形式、本质和规律，使人获得有关知识。

2、说明文的三要素：被说明事物特征、说明顺序和说明方法。

说明事物的特征可分为：外部形态特征(事物说明文)和内在规律特征(事理说明文)。

常见的说明方法有：分类别、举事例、打比方、列数字、作比较、下定义、作诠释、摹状貌、画图表等。确定说明方法，一要看用怎样的说明方法，说明了对象的什么特点;二要看所用的说明方法是通过怎样的语言表达的。

常见的说明顺序有：时间顺序(程序顺序是时间顺序的一种)、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。逻辑顺序包含：从概括到具体，从整体到部分，从主要到次要，从现象到本质，从原因到结果，从特点到用途等。

3、说明文具有三个显著特点：

(1)科学性，说明文以传授科学知识为目的。

(2)条理性，说明文的结构严谨而有序。

(3)准确性，说明文的语言严密准确、通俗易懂。

二、说明文阅读的考点及分析

中考说明文阅读题涉及的考点主要有：

1、能用准确的语言概括、表述被说明事物的特征。

阅读说明文，要学会从说明对象的形态、性质、结构、制作、用途、分类、发展变化等方面去领会文段是怎样具体说明事物特征的。

如何在说明文中找出事物的特征?

(1)从文中的关键语句中找出事物的特征。如《中国石拱桥》开头部分写道：“这种桥不但形式优美，而且结构坚固，能几十年几百年甚至上千年雄跨在江河之上，发挥交通作用。”这句交代了中国石拱桥形式优美、结构坚固、历史悠久的特征。再如：“变色龙是一种极善于根据环境情况迅速改变自身颜色，以求得自身隐蔽的小动物。”从这句话中，可以概括出变色龙的特征是：变色龙极善于根据环境情况迅速改变自身颜色，以求得自身隐蔽。

(2)从文中概括、提炼出事物的特征。文中没有明显交代事物的特征，需要用概括、提炼的方法。概括、提炼事物的特征要采取逐层、逐段加以归纳概括的方法。

3、确定文章的结构层次。

说明文的结构常见的形式有：“总(概说)——分(具体)”式、“总——分——总”式、“分——总”式、并列式、递进式等。

4、了解各种说明方法及作用

说明文常用的说明方法有以下几种：

下定义、作比较、分类别、举例子、列数字、列图表、作诠释、摹状貌等。

目前中考，很少直接考对说明方法的判定，而是把说明方法和说明文语言的准确性结合起来考查，主要考说明方法的作用。说明方法的作用，可以概括为准确或恰当或生动地说明、突出了被说明事物的某一特征，它必须体现所明文语言运用的准确性。

5、理解说明文语言的特色并指明其作用

由于说明对象的特点和作者语言风格不同，说明文语言也是多样性的。或准确、或概括、或具体、或简洁、或丰腴、或精练、或详尽;或平易朴实，或幽默风趣等。

准确科学是说明文语言最突出的特点，在阅读考试中，有关准确性的考点就是：能正确指出文中表示时间、空间、数量、范围、程度、特征、性质、程序等词语的作用。

说明文语言的准确性：一要分析说明文语言的准确达到一字不易的程度，成为惟一可取的表述形式。这种题型是：某个词语能否换成某个词语;二要分析用词、造句的准确性，题型是：某个词语能否删除或某词语的作用;三要分析恰当地使用修饰和限制的词语，准确地说明事物、剖析事理，这种题型是：修饰语或限制语的表达作用。

这类题的答题思路是：首先要明确这个词语的含义;然后联系词语所在的语言环境回答此词语对表达被说明事物特征的作用;最后回答此词语体现了说明文语言的什么特点。

分析：如《中国石拱桥》中的一段：“永定河上的卢沟桥，修建于……桥宽约8米，路面平坦，几乎与河面平行。每两个石拱之间有石砌桥礅，把11个石拱联成一个整体。”此语段语言表达的准确性表现在：“桥宽约8米”不能说成“桥宽8米”;“几乎与河面平行”不能说成“与河面平行”，也不能说成“与河流平行”。另外，此语段有一个词不够准确，“路面平坦，几乎与河面平行”应该是“桥面比较平坦，几乎与河面平行”，“路面”和“桥面”是不同的，增加“比较”，与下句的“几乎”照应，这样才更加准确。

说明文语言的平实性：用明白、平实的语言对事物进行客观的反映，一是一，二是二，不夸大，不缩小，只求“辞达而已”，不求雕琢粉饰。

说明文语言的简洁性：指简练、明确，不罗嗦，不含糊，用最少的文字把意思说明白。可说可不说的话一律不说，以尽可能少的语言来承载尽可能多的信息。

6、说明文阅读中的发展性练习

这类题比较灵活，往往是要求阅读者，针对阅读段中的某个知识或某句话或被说明事物的某个特征，谈自己的认识，此考点目前比较流行。这种题的答题关键是：一定要结合自己的情况或现实生活来谈，要有自己的明确的观点，可以引用名言来论述，语言要简洁，语言不能超出限制的字数。

三、怎样解答说明文阅读题

阅读下文，按要求答题：

(1)抵御风沙袭击的方法是培植防护林。(2)防护林的主要作用是减小风的力量。(3)风遇到防护林，速度就减小70%～80%。(4)到距离防护林等于林木高度20倍的地方，风又恢复原来的速度。(5)所以防护林必须是并行排列的许多林带，两列之间的距离不要超过林木高度的20倍。(6)其次是培植草皮。(7)有了草皮覆盖地面，即使有风，刮起的沙也不多，这就减少了沙粒的来源。

抵御沙丘进攻的方法是植树种草。我国沙荒地区，有一部分沙丘已经长了草皮和灌木，不再转移阵地了。这种固定的沙丘，只要能妥善保护草皮和灌木，防止过度砍伐和任意放牧，就可以固定下来。根据近年治沙的经验，陕北榆林、内蒙古磴口、甘肃民勤地区的流动沙丘，表面干沙层的厚度一般不超过10厘米。10厘米以下，水分含量逐渐增大，到40厘米的深处，水分含量达到2%以上，这就是湿沙层了。湿沙层的水分足够供应固定沙丘的植物的需要。所以在流动沙丘上植树种草，是可以成活的。林木和草类成长以后，沙丘就可以固定下来了。

仅仅防御风沙袭击，固定沙丘阵地，还只是采取守势，自然是不够的。征服沙漠的最主要的武器是水。无论植树还是种草，土壤中必须有充足的水分。所以要取得向沙漠进军的胜利，必须有充足的水源。

1、第1段文字说明的对象是什么?(考查对说明对象的把握)

2、分析第1段，简述说明文语言的层次性。(考查对语言逻辑性理解)

3、文中两个“固定”的意思是一样的吗?(考查在具体语言环境这对词语意思的理解)

4、根据第2段“怎样使沙丘固定下来”这一内容，写出使沙丘固定下来的顺序。(同2)

5、找出两个说明方法，并分别说出其作用。(考查说明方法)

6、把第二段中加点的“有一部分”删除可以吗?为什么?(考查说明文语言准确性)

7、沙漠的形成，主要是人为对环境破坏的结果，请你谈谈对环境保护的认识。(30字以内)(发展性阅读练习，考查学生的环保认识)

要正确解答以上问题，必须掌握以下方法：

(一)、仔细通读全文，准确掌握基本内容。具体要求有三：

一要抓住中心句。三段的中心句分别是：抵御风沙袭击的方法是培植防护林、培植草皮;抵御沙丘进攻的方法是植树种草;征服沙漠的最主要的武器是水。第一段的中心句是分开表述的，在阅读中，如果不认真，就容易把第一段的中心句漏掉一部分。

二要把握关键词语的特定含义。例如第3题要求回答两个“固定”的意思是否一样，解答时不能就词论词，而应该“就境品词”。作仔细品析，就可知道：前一“固定”处于未有“妥善保护草皮和灌木”这一条件下，故只指某一时期;后一“固定”已具备这一条件，故具有永久性，两者意思不一样。

三要把握句与句之间、部分与整体之间的逻辑关系。例如对第二题的分析：第一段 (1)句说明抵御风沙袭击的主要方法是培埴防护林，(2)、(3)句说明防护林的功能，(4)、(5)句说明培埴防护林的特殊要求，(6)句说明抵御风沙袭击的方法之二——培植草皮，(7)句对其功能作诠释。可见(1)～(5)句为一层，(6)、(7)句为一层，两层之间为并列关系。第一层中(1)句与(2)～(5)句构成总与分两个小层次。如粗枝大叶，认为“所以”前都讲原因，因与果关系，那就错了。(第4题答案：植树种草成活保护草皮灌木沙丘固定。)

(二)、读懂有关知识准确回答。例如第1题要求简答，对第1段文字的说明对象，这就要多作比较辨析，防止将说明对象的某一部分或说明对象的特征误作说明对象。学生回答这个题可能有四个答案：A、培植防护林。B、抵御风沙袭击的方法。C、培植防护林和草皮的作用。D、怎样培埴防护林。A项“培植防护林”，少了“培植草皮”，错在以偏概全;C、D项都是对说明对象特征的概括，错在混淆概念，故此题B项是对的。

(三)、要注意品味说明文语言的准确性

例如第5题，如果选择“风遇到防护林，速度就减小70%～80%”这句，是列数字的说明方法，回答其作用时，就要注意“70%～80%”是一个数量范围，它准确地说明了风遇到防护林时，速度减小的程度，体现了说明文语言的准确性。第6题的“有一部分”，是限制语，表示沙丘已经长了草皮和灌木的数量范围，不是全部，去掉就变成全部了，就与实际情况不符合，它体现了说明语言的准确性。

中考说明文阅读解析

(一)“能吞能吐”的森林

森林涵养水源，保持水土，防止水早灾害的作用非常大。据专家测算，一片10万亩面积的森林，相当于一个200万立方米的水库，这正如农谚所说的：“山上多栽树，等于修水库。雨多它能吞，雨少它能吐。”森林因这种特殊的“吞吐”功能而被科学家称之为“吞水吐雨器”。

说起森林的功劳，那还多得很。它除了为人类提供木材及许多种生产生活的原料之外，在维护生态环境方面也是功劳卓著，它用另一种“能吞能吐”的特殊功能孕育了人类。因为地球在形成之初，大气中的二氧化碳含量很高，氧气很少，气温也高，生物是难以生存的。大约在4亿年以前，海里的先进植物登陆，陆地才产生了森林。森林慢慢将大气中的二氧化碳吸收，同时吐出新鲜氧气，调节气温，这才具备了人类生存的条件，地球上才最终有了人类。所以科学家又称森林是“吞碳吐氧机”。

森林，是地球生态系统的主体，是大自然的总调度室，是地球的绿色之肺。森林维护地球生态环境的这种“能吞能吐”的特殊功能是其他任何物体都不能取代的。因此，我们必须高度重视植树造林，并且保护好森林。目前，值得我们每个人关注的是地球的绿色之肺在日益萎缩。近200年间，地球上的森林已有三分之一以上被采伐和毁掉。而另一方面，由于地球上的燃烧物增多，二氧化碳的排放量在急剧增加。此消彼长，使得地球生态环境急剧恶化，主要表现为全球气候变暖。全球气候变暖对人类的生产和生活有着巨大的影响，甚至威胁人类生存。因为全球气候变暖，水分蒸发加快，改变了气流的循环，使气候变化加剧，从而引发热浪、飓风、暴雨、洪涝及干旱。

为了使地球的这个“能吞能吐”的绿色之肺恢复健壮，以改善生态环境，抑制全球变暖，减少水旱等自然灾害，我们应该大力植树造林。使每一座荒山都绿起来。

1、阅读全文，简洁地回答森林的两大功劳。

①吞水吐雨器： ②吞碳吐氧机：

2、阅读第三段，概括说明“地球的绿色之肺在日益萎缩”的两个原因。

①： ②：

3、将“森林”说成“地球的绿色之肺”，这是使用了打比方的说明方法、其作用是：

4、第三段画线句中的加点词“近200年间”强调了：“三分之一以上”强调了：

5、森林遭到破坏后，地球上的生态环境急剧恶化。除了文中介绍的全球性气候变暖外，还有哪些方面的恶化?请举出两例。

①： ②：

6、过度砍伐、无节制使用是森林资源遭到破坏的重要原因。2001年武汉市政府在全体市民中发起了“禁止使用一次性木筷”的活动，得到了广大市民的积极拥护和支持。现请你根据平时的观察和思考，提一条保护森林资源的建议或拟一条含警示性的标语。

试题解析：

题1考查下定义(根据文段概括)：①雨水多了，森林能贮水;雨水少时，人们可利用森林涵养的水源。②森林吸收大气中的二氧化碳，吐出新鲜空气。题2着眼于对段的阅读，要求利用段中的材料说明原因。这一方面是要求读懂，一方面也要求进行概括。地球的绿色之肺日益萎缩的原因是：①地球上的森林有三分之一以上被采伐和被毁掉。②地球上的燃烧物增多，二氧化碳排放量增加。题3考查对说明方法的作用的理解，此处运用的打比方的说明方法，其作用是形象具体地说明森林“能吞能吐”的特征和在维护生态环境中的作用。题4是细节化的题目，考查对说明文中限制、修饰语的理解。“近200年间”说明了时间之短，“三分之一以上”说明了范围之大或数量之多。题5进行延伸，从知识积累和生活积累的角度考查考生对生活对环境的关心，答案多种多样，只要符合题目要求即可。题6进一步深化，既调动考生的积累，又体现学生阅读后的体会与见解，考生提建议时要深思，建议要有一定的可行性;所写标语要简明、得体，有一定的警示性。

(二)

绿色植物是吸收二氧化碳、制造氧气的天然加工厂。人和动物要不断呼吸，吸进氧气，呼出二氧化碳;各种燃料燃烧也要放出大量二氧化碳，当空气中的二氧化碳增加到一定浓度时，人就会感到头痛耳鸣、恶心呕吐，血压增高。但你不必担心空气中氧气会越来越少，二氧化碳会越来越多，因为绿色植物能够吸收二氧化碳，放出氧气，使大气中二氧化碳和氧气的含量保持相对恒定。据测定，每15亩绿地每天能吸收900公斤二氧化碳，产生600公斤氧气。

绿色植物是天然的空气调节器和净化器。绿色植物能调节小气候。夏天，绿化地带的温度比非绿化地带要低1—3度;冬天，绿化地带温度又比非绿化地带高0.1—1度。灰尘、工业粉尘对人体健康危害不小，能引起支气管炎、哮喘、肺炎、矽肺等病，绿色植物是吸附灰尘的能手。据测定，在绿化地带空气中灰尘的含量比非绿化地带要减少一半以上。不少绿色植物还能释放出一股芬芳的气味，其中含有植物杀菌素，能够杀灭又大量细菌，如香樟、桉树、柏树、杉木、夹竹桃等都能分泌杀菌素。而且许多绿色植物吸附有害有毒气体，如松树、柑橘能吸收二氧化硫，夹竹桃、香樟能吸收汽车废气。

1、文中两次出现“据测定”，能否删去，为什么?

2、全文说明的内容是什么?请用一句话概括：

3、请你拟一条有关绿色环保的公益广告语。(语言要精练得体)

例1、踏破青毡可惜，多行数步何妨。

例2、春花烂漫，请您手下留情。

试题解析：题1考察说明文语言特点。回答此题的思路是：一要正确理解词语含义，二要结合语境指出词语的作用，三要回答此词语体现了说明文语言的什么特点。此题答案：不能删。因为“据测定”是依据科学测定的意思，(表明下面引用的数据是有科学依据的，)它体现了说明文语言的准确性。 题2考察考生的概括能力。概括文段的内容，要抓住中心句。文段的2个中心句非常明显，并且使用了生动的语言，考生可以据此归纳出文段的内容——绿色植物的作用。如果答案就停留再这里，此题就不能得满分，原因是不够具体。这个文段再说明绿色植物作用的时候，紧紧抓住绿色植物与人类健康关系来说明，所以，这点必须注意到，我们由此得出正确得答案是：绿色植物与人类健康密切相关。 题3属发展性，考察运用语言的能力，此题要求语言精练得体，此题其实很简单，关键在于考生的思维是否开阔。平时在公园里散步，这样的提示语比比皆是，可以得来全不废功夫的;二是化用诗词中的名句或歇后语，改一(几)字而传神即可;三是使用修辞，以拟人为佳。

畅想型作文就是假设一种情景，作者凭想象来完成的作文。以下是小编搜索整理一篇畅想型作文的写作方法，欢迎大家阅读!

一、要有具体而细致的描述。

具体而细致的描述，是作文形象生动的必要条件。抽象笼统，没有具体事例，就不可能吸引读者。如写《假如我是济公》，应集中写好两三件具体事例，可有些同学每段第一句都是“假如我的济公”，接下去就是我将如何如何。每段三五句，一共写了十来段，都是干巴巴的条条，内容不实在，缺少形象性。

二、要有一个明确的主题。

畅想型作文有着极为广泛的选材天地，但这并不是说它可以想到什么写什么，它和其他类型的作文一样，也要有一个明确的主题，所选的材料必须围绕这个主题。《假如我是济公》这篇作文，它的主题就应是像济公那样抑强扶弱、惩恶扬善，选择的材料就要能体现这一点。但有些同学写变成济公后，刻苦钻研科学，获得了国家科技奖，这就游离了主题。

三、入题要快。

写这类作文，最好直接从场面和情节入手，摒弃一切套话。但有些同学的作文开场白太多，慢吞吞地说了一大堆多余的话，如在写《愚公与智叟的第二次会面》时，什么“愚公移山是一个典故”，“这个典故有深刻的意义”，等等，先绕了几个圈子，然后再入题，罗里罗嗦，很不简洁。

四、要有现实依据。

畅想型作文表达的大都是作者的理想，理想是现实的折光，它是经过努力可以达到或能够实现的。有位同学写《假如我是济公》，说济公去看望生病的A的老师，宝扇一扇，使低矮的小屋马上变成了大房子，而且宽敞明亮、阳光充足。这是建立在现实基础上的，因为给教师建造这样的房子是可以成为现实的。如果换成这样：A老师住在山洞里，阴暗潮湿，济公一扇，立即变成一幢金碧辉煌的宫殿，A老师正在宫殿里批改作业，这就不切合实际了。

畅想型作文的内容往往是理想的生活，其中充满着真善美，也往往是作者激情的抒发。这样，最好用热情洋溢、欢快活泼的文笔来写。

一、从图中场面及人物加以推测

看图写话要求中常常会问图上是什么时间，小朋友在观察图画时就要从图中现有的一些场面来推测。例如呈现一幅图，公园里人们在锻炼身体，有的在跑步，有的在打太极拳，还有的在打羽毛球。从哪里能看出时间呢?小朋友就要仔细观察人们身上穿了什么，如果人们都穿了短袖、还有女士穿裙子，就可以推测是夏天。如果人们穿着厚厚的衣服，还有人戴手套、戴帽子，就可以推测是冬天。

再看场地是在公园，人们都在锻炼身体，显然人们是在公园里晨练，从而知道图上画的是早晨。因此理清图意，仔细观察、认真思考以及合理推测很重要。

二、仔细推敲写话要求找出要素

看图写话，通常都会配有这样一段文字。“图上画的是什么时候，在什么地方?有哪些人在干什么?想一想他们会说什么?请用几句话把图上的意思连起来写一写。”这段文字很重要，小朋友千万不可一看而过，要细细推敲，这段文字就是对写话的要求，也提示我们如何写话。

写话要求通常提示我们观察图画要关注时间、地点、人物、事情，还要发挥想象他们会说什么。因此在写话的时候你就要写上这幅图所告诉你的时间、地点、人物、事情，还要发挥想象他们会说什么。只有这些要素都具备了，才是合格的写话。

三、对比前后图画的不同之处

理清图意需要小朋友们仔细观察、认真思考。例如给你两幅图，第一幅图呈现了一条小鱼在鱼缸里、一个猫站在鱼缸边上正朝着鱼缸看，第二幅图呈现了一个鱼缸和一只舔着嘴巴笑眯眯的猫。你在观察时，就要对比两幅图的不一样，细心的你会发现第二幅图中鱼缸里的鱼不见了，而猫正在舔着嘴巴。经过你的认真思考，你会想到鱼被猫吃了。图中省去了猫吃鱼的过程，就需要小朋友们仔细观察、认真思考，理清图的意思。

请看这篇佳作：“有一只小花猫看到一个鱼缸里面有一条金鱼，她想来想去：怎么能吃到这条金鱼呢?

小花猫伸出猫爪在鱼缸里抓鱼，小金鱼游得非常快，就像一道红色的闪电。小花猫怎么也抓不到它，急得满头大汗。小花猫抓抓脑袋想出了一个办法。她对小金鱼说：“你游泳的技术真棒，可是你会跳吗?”小鱼得意地说：“我当然会跳啦!”“那你跳几下给我看看，我就不吃你了。”小花猫刚说完，小金鱼就跳了起来，水花溅了一地。小花猫看准时机在空中抓住了小鱼塞进了嘴里。

小花猫闭上眼睛，舔着嘴巴，得意洋洋地走开了。”

四、发挥合理想象丰富语言

很多同学在写话的时候既表达了图意，也能够有条理地描写，但是语言很简单，仅仅是就图说图，缺乏合理的想象。其实想象可以使你的写话充满灵气和活力。

例如一幅图上呈现四个小朋友，他们有的扛着小树苗、有的提着水壶、有的拿着铁锹，很显然小朋友们是准备植树了。在小朋友的头顶上还有两只小鸟在飞。如果在写话的时候只是写你观察到的两只小鸟在小朋友的头顶上飞翔，就显得简单无趣。这时你就要展开合理的想象：小鸟可能在给小朋友们唱歌，小鸟可能在说：“太好了，我们又有新家啦!”这样的想象就比写小鸟在飞要生动有趣的多。

想象可以给你的作文添彩，但如果不根据图画进行合理想象，就会使你的作文变成“胡编乱造”。如果你想象图中的小鸟要去南方过冬、图中的小鸟正在觅食，就与四个小朋友去植树没有关联，背离了图意。

五、按顺序观察才能表达有序

看图写话训练的一个重点就是按顺序观察，只有按顺序观察了才能使你的表达有序，而不是杂乱无章。

按顺序观察常常出现在场面描写中，例如出示一幅图是小朋友们三两成群地在雪地里玩耍，有的打雪仗，有的堆雪人，有的滚雪球。小朋友在观察的时候可以按照从前到后、从后到前、从左到右或者从右到左的顺序观察，并按照这样的顺序进行描写，这样你的表达就显得条理清晰。

按顺序观察是前提，能详略得当地描写可以使你的作文更显张力。这就要求我们在观察的时候还要有所侧重。你可以重点观察小朋友是如何堆雪人的，雪人的眼睛、鼻子、嘴巴、手都是什么做成的。也可以重点观察小朋友是如何打雪仗的，他们的动作和表情怎样。重点观察后再写出来，那你的写话就更出彩了。

一、对说明对象、说明特征、说明内容的理解

说明对象：就是说明了什么。

说明特征：就是说明对象的特点。

说明内容：就是说明了什么，什么怎么样。

二、说明的角度

即从哪些方面进行说明的。

回答这方面的问题，往往要与文章的结构层次联系起来。

三、说明内容的详略

往往考察的是为什么详写，为什么略写。回答这样的问题，始终要围绕其说明内容是否是读者所熟悉和或容易理解的去回答。

四、对说明方法的辨识及其作用的理解，对于说明方法的考查，我们应该学会下定义

定义=被定义项+是+与相邻概念的 本质区别+属概念，这类试题的考查往往都是将一般的诠释改为定义，所以应该对原诠释的内容反复阅读体会。

五、对说明顺序的分析与理解，做此类题目，心中应该始终有这样的思想：科普说明文大都运用逻辑顺序。在语言表述上，我们尽可能采用“大小结合”式，即：运用了……的时间顺序、运用了……的空间顺序、运用了……的逻辑顺序。

六、对文章段落结构特点的分析，心中要有说明文段落结构方式的基本概念。要始终不忘重点看开头和结尾，对于中间部分也要作必要的浏览。

七、对文意、层意、段意的概括，对文意的概括其实就是对说明内容的概括，概括前要重点看开头和结尾，找中心句和关键句;当然对于非“总分”式的文段，要逐段提取、分析、综合，再作概括。至于层意和段意的概括，方法与对文意的概括是一样的。

八、对说明语言准确性的体会，要明确所分析的词语在语句中所起的作用 ，应该考虑该词是表达性质(范围、程度、估计、数量等)。在分析的过程中，还应该从有无该词的角度进行分析。

九、对关键词语、重点句子含义及其表达作用的评析，这方面内容的考查不仅有对语言准确性的体会，还有对词句含义和作用的揣摩。对于后一种类型的试题，我们应该从其运用的手法考虑，结合说明的内容，联系作者的情感或思想倾向来分析体会。

十、开放性试题--说明内容的延伸和扩展 ，这一类型的试题有列举型的，更多的是谈认识和体会。对于后者，往往要么是结合原文谈，要么是结合实际说，这些要注意审题。其答题的基本套路往往是：观点--联系原文或实际分析--总结。

春华秋实，颗粒满仓。下面语文迷收集了秋天的英文句子，欢迎阅读。

1. 我认为秋天是一年中最美的季节。

I think autumn is the most beautiful season in a year.

2. 秋天时叶子变黄。

The leaves turn yellow in autumn.

3. 在秋天的晚上，我感到一丝凉意。

I feel a little cool in the autumnal night.

4. 秋天里树木都是光秃秃的。

The trees were naked during autumn.

5. 今天的天气已露出了一丝秋天的气息。

There is a breath of autumn in the air today.

6. 九月的天气确实像秋天了。

The weather in September was positively autumnal.

7. 我喜欢收集秋天赤褐色的叶子。

I like to collect russet autumn leaves.

8. 我们欣赏着秋天里新英格兰树林的瑰丽色彩。

We are enjoying the resplendent colors of the New England woods in the autumn.

9.夜半酒醒人不觉，满池荷叶动秋风

Wake up to drink ,people feel the middle of the night, moving wind over a lotus leaf pond

10.生命如此简单，如秋，如落叶。

Life is so si-mp-le, such as the autumn, such as fallen leaves.

11.秋中，有些感情便如落叶般凋零了，有些影子却挥之不去，只在网络虚缈中才有熟悉的名字。凋零就凋零吧，倦缩也好，成灰亦好，管它感情如一树红叶般怎样盛开，怎样凋零。我站在川流不息的时间里，谈笑风生，任凭满天的叶子飞舞，最终覆盖苍凉的生命。

In autumn, some emotions, such as fallen leaves as they decline, some have lingering shadow, only in the virtual network is indistinct in the familiar names. It withered on the decline,ashes are also good, regardleof the feelings of like how the leaves like a tree in full bloom and how to decline. I was standing on the flow of time, laughing, even if the sky flying leaves, eventually covering the lives of desolation.

12.那是一幅描绘秋天景色的油画。

That is an oil painting of a landscape in spring.

基本格式

格式：辞职申请通常由标题、称谓、正文、结语、署名与日期五部分构成。

It’s my great pleasure to have this opportunity to improve our mutual understanding. During the three –year college study， I tried my best to learn all kinds of knowledge， and weigh the hard work of my teachers and myself; I have mastered English listening， speaking， writing and reading skills.

(一)标题

在申请书第一行正中写上申请书的名称。一般辞职申请书由事由和文种名共同构成，即以“辞职申请书”为标题。标题要醒目，字体稍大。

最后要强调的是，不是所有的人都会去选择这种规范的请辞的方式，但是，在结束一段工作经历的时候，尝试着写一份精彩的辞职报告递交上去。也许，自己会从中得到很多意料之外的收获。

(二)称呼

一 叙述对方对自己或本单位的帮助，一定要把人物、时间、地点、原因、结果以及事情经过叙述清楚，便于组织了解和群众学习。

要求在标题下一行顶格处写出接受辞职申请的单位组织或领导人的名称或姓名称呼，并在称呼后加冒号。

(三)正文

正文是申请书的主要部分，正文内容一般包括三部分。 首先要提出申请辞职的内容，开门见山让人一看便知。 其次申述提出申请的具体理由。该项内容要求将自己有关辞职的一一列举出来，但要注意内容的单一性和完整性，条分缕析使人一看便知。

最后要提出自己提出辞职申请的决心和个人的具体要求，希望领导解决的问题等。

(四)结尾

结尾要求写上表示敬意的话。如“此致——敬礼”等。

(五)落款

辞职申请的落款要求写上辞职人的姓名及提出辞职申请的具体日期。

写作要求

1.态度恳切、措辞委婉。

2.不要批评对方。

有时候就觉得自己是个高级打杂工，真的太杂了，杂到我现在已经搞不清楚我自己能干什么，想干什么，我现在对自己的职业定位和前程也是一片迷茫。所以，我现在想休息一下，为自己的将来好好打算一下，重新规划自己的职业和人生。

3.含蓄性。

4.简洁性。

写作方法

第一段：写出辞职的心理(当然不一定是真的)，你可以写一些客套的句子。例如：经过多方面的考虑，我打算辞掉目前所从事的职位……，或者：因家中变故，我打算申请辞去我现在的工作。因此整个第一段可以这么写：

尊敬的人力资源经理：

您好!

表现个人特色。求职的信件要具个人特色、亲切且能体现出专业水平。切不可过于随意，也不能拘泥于格式——商业信函应该是一种既正式、又非正式的文体。句子结构和长度应富于变化，使阅信人总保持兴趣。内容、语气、用词的选择和对希望的表达要积极，应该充分显示出你是一个乐观、有责任心、有创造力和通情达理的人。

经过深思熟虑地思考，我决定辞去我目前在公司所担任的职位，我知道这对于您来说，是非常难以作决定的事情。

第二段：说明您自己考虑的辞职的时间(尽管您提出辞职经公司同意后，公司的人力资源部将按照固定的离职日程办理离职手续，但这样说并不是画蛇添足，大多数情况下，你都能够争取到提早离开的时间)。

例如：

我考虑在此辞呈递交之后的2—4周内离开公司，这样您将有时间去寻找适合人选，来填补因我离职而造成的空缺，同时我也能够协助您对新人进行入职培训，使他尽快熟悉工作。另外，如果您觉得我在某个时间段内离职比较适合，不妨给我个建议或尽早告知我。

第三段：说明您在这个公司里的经验积累，尽可能地去赞扬公司对您的栽培(不论您有多么大的委屈和气愤，都不应该在辞职信里表露)。

例如： 我非常重视我在“……公司”内的这段经历，也很荣幸自己成为过“……公司”的一员，我确信我在“……公司”里的这段经历和经验，将为我今后的职业发展带来非常大的利益。

最后，请务必使用亲笔签名，而且签名要尽量刚劲，并写好日期。

其他能力和爱好，即Interests&Skills，这一项里面的Skills有很多含义，比如说你的语言能力，第二外语语言能力，计算机能力，计算机语言能力等等。

以写人为主的记叙文主要是通过对人物外貌、语言、动作、心理活动的描写和典型事例的叙述来反映人物的思想、性格、品质、作风等特点。下面是小编为你带来的小学生写人作文写作方法，希望对你有帮助。

1、写好人物的形象。人物的形象，一般指人物的外貌、语言、动作、心理活动等。人物的外貌，就是人物的外形特征，包括容貌、衣着、姿态、神情等等。外貌描写首先必须从文章中心思想的需要出发，要求抓住人物的本质特征，有选择、有重点地描写。人物的语言包括人物的独白，对话，交谈以及语气。“言为心声”。人物的语言是人物内心世界的直接表现。因此成功的语言描写能恰当地表现人物的身份、年龄、思想、品质、作风和个性特点。描写人物语言时，要注意符合人物的身份，表现人物的思想感情，反映人物相互间的关系。描写人物的动作时，不仅要写出人物“做什么”，还要写出“怎么做”。心理活动是无声的语言，是直接表现人物精神面貌，思想活动的手段。描写人物的心理活动时，要注意把心理活动产生的原因叙述清楚，还要注意与外貌、动作、语言描写结合起来。外貌、语言、动作、心理活动写好了，人物的形象就突出、鲜明了。

2、抓住人物的特点。每个人都有自己的特点，这个特点可以从人物的年龄、外貌、语言、动作、兴趣、个性、生活习惯等诸方面去考虑。一个人的特点是多方面的，作文时，我们应根据中心思想有所选择地写。

3、选用典型事例。人与事是分不开的。一个人做的事很多，在作文时我们应选择那些最能表现人物思想、性格和文章中心思想的典型事件。

4、运用细节描写。细节描写就是对能充分表现文章中心思想的人物外貌，语言、动作、表情等细小环节作具体、细致的描写。

小学阶段以写人为主的记叙文，一般分为三种类型;写一个人、写两个人、写几个人。其中应以写一个人为主。

一、写一个人。

记一个人的写人记叙文，大致有以下三种情况：

(一)通过写一件事写一个人。有的文章写人只写了一件事，写这一类的作文要注意以下几点：

1、要选择有代表性的生动事例画写。反映一个人的精神面貌的事例是很多的，通过一件事写人就要选取最有代表性的生动事例来写。

2、要写出事情的发展过程，使人物的形象逐步完整。

3、要把事情写具体。用一个典型事例记叙一个人，应该把这一事例写具体，这样人物形象才能丰满。

4、为了使读者对人物了解得更全面，使重点记叙的这件事有充分的依据和坚实的思想基础，使人物的形象更加丰富，文章的开头可以对人物作简要的介绍。

(二)通过几件事写一个人。

我们在生活中会接触到各种各样的人，有时使用一件事来反映一个人就显得比较单簿，不足以充分反映人物的特点及其品质，因此，必须用两三件事才可能说的明白，再现得充分。

通过几件事写一个人，要注意以下几点：

1、几件事不能相互矛盾，，人物的性格在几件事中要和谐、统一。

2、概括交代和具体描写相结合。在一篇简短的作文中要用几件事写一个人，不可能将每一件事详细叙述，因此一般可以彩杨交代和具体描写相结合的方法。即先概括交代一些事例，再具体记叙一两件事。

3、通过对比的方法写一个人。

通过对比方法写一个人，一般有三种：第一种是同一个人前后相比，说明这个人变化;第二种是对一个人的认识前后相比，说明这个人的品质;第三种是一个人同另一个人比，突出歌颂其中一个人。

通过对比的方法写一个人要注意：

(1)要突出主要人物及其主要特点。

(2)要写出人物的真实表现，不要捏造事实，采用拔高或贬低的方法。

二、写两个人

写两个人，一般是写《我和**》，**应包括亲人、同学、朋友、老师等熟悉的人，要写好这一类型的作文必须注意：

(一)要写好人物之间的联系。《我和**》，题目中突出了一个“和”字，这就要求从双方写起，通过具体的事例，写出“我”和**之间的联系。在叙事过程中，要写出彼此之间都想了些什么，说了些什么，做了些什么。只有从双方落笔，才能把握住题目要求写的重点。

(二)用对话展开情节。写《我和**》作文时，由于要写出两个人之间的关系，所以一定要写好两个人之间的对话。要用对话展开情节，用对话表现文章的中心。

三、写几个人。

写几个人是比较复杂的以写人为主的记叙文，可以写“一家子”、“这一班”，也可以写“几个小伙伴”。总之，不论是家庭的，学校的、社会的，只要是自己熟悉的几人都行。

这类作文有以下几种写法。

(一)列人物表似的介绍。

(二)有代表性的介绍。

(三)以一件事为线索写几个人。

(四)通过几件事写几个人。