0关于英语说明文的写作方法合集20篇
每个公民都应该明白问题的严重性，并为保护我们的环境而一起努力。以下是小编整理的关于英语说明文的写作方法，欢迎阅读。
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1000说明文的特点和写作要求
全文共 889 字
+ 加入清单在国家教育部制定的《语文课程标准》中，写说明文是对中学生的要求。
说明文是用说明的表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理、给人以知识的文章。简单地说，说明文就是把你要写的对象介绍给读者，其标准就是介绍的是否清楚、明白、易懂。
在我们的日常生活中，说明与人的关系十分密切，你经常要向人们介绍事物或者某种道理。所以，说明并不是神秘的事情，在日常生活中人人都会。
对于写说明文来说，其题材领域十分宽广，大到宇宙小到一根铅笔都可以说明，都能写成说明文。比如，做饭、做菜、穿衣睡觉、治病防病、吃饭喝水，这些日常行为都可以写成说明文，再比如，春夏秋冬、风雨雷电、水、空气这些自然现象也可以写成说明文，钢笔、课桌、书籍、本子这些学习用品还可写说明文，城市、村庄、学校等等地点场所也可以写成说明文。与此同时，怎样写作文、怎样听课、怎样考虑这些做事情的道理也可以写成说明文，称为事理说明文。应该说，我正在写的这篇《说明文的特点及写作要求》就是一篇事理说明文。
说明文的特点在于说明、介绍。与记叙文不同，记叙文是记人叙事，所以说明文不以人物活动和故事情节为主，它是对事物的静态介绍。与议论文也不同，议论文是海阔天空地摆事实讲道理，有论点、论据、论证，而说明文中的事理说明文就是就此事的道理做静态介绍。
知识性、通俗性和条理性是说明文的三大特点。
知识性是说明文的本质特征。对一个事物缺乏知识，我们可以写成记叙文，但绝对写不成说明文。说明文正是要介绍该事物的知识，没有知识怎样说明呢。
通俗性也很重要，事物本身的结构、形态、历史及其科学知识是很复杂的。我们写说明文的目的就是要把这些复杂变简单，把深奥变通俗，所以写出来的文章，要使有点文化的人都能看懂，不要把明白人给绕糊涂了。
条理性是指说明文的行文结构。既包括整篇文章的结构，也包括一个段落的结构，还包括两句话之间的结构，都要有条理。要按部就班地去说明，有条有理地、清清楚楚地说出来。在结构上，说明文没有记叙文和议论文那么自由。
所以，在说明文的写作中，要普遍注意以下方面：一是要有该事物的知识，二是要抓住事物的特点进行说明，三是要科学地安排说明顺序，四是采用恰当的说明方法。
更多相似作文
篇1：-6年级写作方法汇总
全文共 1450 字
+ 加入清单导语：以下是一直六年级的语文作文的写作方法，希望对大家有帮助!
小学一年级作文：
一、写作目的：
1.对写话有兴趣;
2.能够把句子写完整、通顺。
二、写作内容：
1、通过看图、影视节目、观察周围事物等，写几句完整、通顺的话;
2、能运用生活中学过的词语造句，并根据表达的需要，学习正确使用“句号、问号、叹号”等符号。
三、写作形式：
观察写话;用词造句;仿句练习。
小学二年级作文：
一、写作目的：
1. 能乐于表达自己看到的、听到的、想到的事物;
2. 能写几句连贯、通顺的话;能写留言条、请假条;
3. 学写简单的日记。
二、写作内容：
1. 从能看图并展开想象、观察大自然和周围的事物，写几句连贯、通顺的话，逐步向连句成段过渡;
2. 能用几个词语写几句连贯、通顺的话;
3. 会写留言条、请假条。学写简单的日记。
三、写作形式：
看图写话;观察日记;用词造句;连句成段;结合阅读练习，仿写、续写。
小学三年级作文：
一、写作目的：
1.乐于用书面语言表达自己的见闻、感受和想象;
2.能写内容较具体的片段，修改明显错误的词句;
二、写作内容：
1.通过观察(抓住特点)写一段内容较具体的片段;
2.用一段连贯的话写下来，字数不少于300字;
3.能根据提供的词语展开想象，书写内容丰富的语段。
三、写作形式：
仿写练习; 连句成段;修改练习; 结合阅读仿写、扩写、续写练习。
小学四年级作文：
一、写作目的：
1.能用书面表达自己觉得新奇有趣、印象深刻、最受感动的内容;
2.愿意将自己的习作读给人听，与他人分享习作的快乐;
3.能用简单的书信、便条进行书面交际;能修改有明显错误的词句;
二、写作内容：
1.能围绕习作要求，自主收集习作素材;
2.能抓住特点观察自己周围的事物，并用几段连贯的话写下来;
3.学写书信、便条，掌握其格式;
4.能修改有明显错误的短文;
三、写作形式：
书信练习; 修改短文; 学习命题及自由作文; 结合阅读进行扩写、续写练习。
小学五年级作文：
一、写作目的：
1.懂得写作是为了自我表达和与他人交流;
2.学习写简单纪实作文和想象作文，内容具体，感情真实;
3.学写板报稿、建议书;
4.自拟题目，学习编写作文提纲;
5.能从内容、词句、标点等方面修改自己的习作;
二、写作内容：
1.能审清题意，围绕中心选材;
2.初步掌握纪实作文及想象作文的一般规律，养成勤于练笔的习惯;
3.培养先列提纲后作文的习惯;
4.学写板报、建议书，掌握其格式。
三、写作形式：
板报及建议书的练习;习作的互评互改; 命题或自由作文; 结合阅读进行扩写、续写练习。
小学六年级作文：
一、写作目的：
1.有自我表达和与人交流的欲望;
2.能写简单的纪实和想象作文，内容具体，感情真实，条理清楚;
3.学写会议记录和读书笔记;
4.能根据习作要求自主选材，编写作文提纲;
5.能独立修改自己的习作，并与人交流修改，做到语句通顺，行款正确，学写规范、整洁。
二、写作内容：
1.能围绕目标系统地搜集、整理材料。
2.能进行初步的记叙、议论、抒情的综合训练，为升入中学打好基础。
3.能写简单的会议记录和读书笔记，做到格式正确。
4.能熟练运用常用批改符号进行习作的互评互改。
三、写作形式：
综合练习;会议记录; 命题或自由作文; 文章修改。
作文基础知识
作文是字、词、句、段篇的综合训练，它体现出每位同学的认识水平和文字表达能力。那么，怎样才能写好作文呢?一般说来应做到：
一、思想健康，中心明确。
二、内容具体，条理清楚。
三、语句通顺，意思连贯。
四、详略得当，主次分明。
五、善于观察，想象丰富。
六、书写工整，格式正确。
篇2：写作方法：如何写好人物的动作
全文共 2217 字
+ 加入清单如实地写好一个人的动作,才能够把人物写活。那么，如何写好人物的动作呢？以下是小编搜索整理一篇写作方法：如何写好人物的动作，欢迎大家阅读!
翘起”的微笑，而一个爽朗的人笑得时候是“咧开嘴巴，露出牙齿”的开怀大笑。
第二点，人在不同情景、环境中，行动的特点更是不同的，更需要注意准确用词。
比方说，你在饭后散步时的“走”和上学要迟到时的“走”是一样的吗？肯定是不一样的。你在平时喝水时，可能是“拿起杯子，把杯子凑到嘴边，一仰脖，喝一口。”而当你渴极了或者是时间紧急的时候，你会怎样喝水呢？肯定是“一把抓过杯子，凑到嘴边，一仰脖，‘咕咚’灌下一大口”，你看，同样是你这个人，同样是喝水，因为情境不同，表现出来的动作不同，所选用的动词肯定也是不一样的。
提醒同学们一定要注意，在描写人物行动时，务求做到“准确”二字--抓住人物行动的特点写，抓住人物在特定情境中行动的特点写。这样才能把人物的动作写准确，把人物写活。有这样一个故事：有个哑巴去商场买剪刀，他不能说话，无法用语言告诉服务员自己要买什么。于是，他就伸出自己的右手，伸出食指和中指当作剪刀，并且上下动动，好像是在剪东西的样子。服务员一看就明白了这个人要买剪刀。同学们想一想：哑巴没说话，服务员是怎么知道的呢？其实很简单，因为这个人通过自己的动作来说话。
哑巴买剪刀如此，我们写作文也是这样。作文时我们把人物的一举一动细致描写出来，写出人物具体动作，那么所写的人物形象就会跃然纸上，活起来。
一提到动作描写，肯定要准确运用动词。比方说，表示“看”这个动作的词语就有“瞄”“瞟”“盯”“瞥”“端详”等，我们在写人物动作的时候，就不能总是“我看了一眼”可以根据当时的情况，写成“我漫不经心地瞟了他一眼”或“我死死地盯着他”。这样，通过准确运用动词，就能把人物的动作写得准确、具体、鲜明。
准确运用动词，同学们都能做到。但是有些同学就会有疑问：李老师，我用了动词了，为什么写出来还是不具体呢？比方说，我写“她举起了手”，可我们老师怎么还说我写的不具体呢？
其实，这位同学准确运用了“举”这个动词，已经能把人物的动作描述出来了，要想让描写更加具体，人物更加生动，李老师给大家介绍一些小技巧。
妙招一：动词+修饰语的方法
这种方法很简单，就是我们在描写人物的动作的时候，首先要准确运用动词，这是基础。然后在这个动词前或后加上表示“方向”“程度”“轻重”“快慢”“数量”的词语。
如：方向+动词--他高高地举起了手；我向右侧了侧身。
轻重+动词--老师轻轻地摸了摸学生的头；他的脚重重地踢在了墙上。
快慢+动词--厨师手里的菜刀飞快地舞动着；他一下子就跳了起来。
程度+动词--爸爸狠狠地打了小明一巴掌。
动词+数量--他向前跑了几步。
以上这些类的词语可以单独用，也可以结合在一起用。大家试一试，用这样的方法写出来是不是很具体呢？
妙招二：动作拆分法。
在介绍第二种方法之前，我们来做一个简单的动作--敲门，注意是“敲门”，而不是“拍门”或“推门”。这个动作看似简单，但要把它写好，其实包含着“大玄机”。
其实，再复杂、连贯的动作，都不是一下子就能完成的，在观察和描写时，如果把动作分解成若干步骤，一步一步仔细观察，并选择恰当的动词一步一步地描写，就不难把人物动作写具体了。动作拆分法，简单来说，就是把一个大动作分成几个连贯的小动作，用慢镜头的方式一一描绘出来。我们都知道，在传统的武打动作或电视的慢镜头中，往往把一种行为分解成若干个部分，或者是把一个大动作细化为几个小动作，然后分别对每一个部分、每一个小动作按一定层次具体展示或描写，使整个动作行为栩栩如生。
运用这种动作拆分的方法，“敲门”这个简单的动作可以分解为如下几个小动作：①走到门前②停下③举起（右）手④弯曲手指⑤敲门。准确地描述出这几个连续动作，组成流畅的句子，就能具体地写出人物“敲门”的经过了。
运用这种方法，“敲门”这个大动作，我们就可以写成一段话：他穿戴整齐地来到妈妈的门前，轻轻推了一下，门紧闭着，里面似乎有亮光。他迟疑地举起了右手，想了想，慢慢弯曲食指，轻轻地敲在门上，里面没有反应，又敲了三下，仍然没有动静。他鼓起勇气，又轻轻地敲了敲，还是没有人出来开门，他一下子愣在了那里。
同学们，运用这种动作拆分的方法，我们是不是一下子就能把动作写具体了呢？希望同学们在自己的作文中也能运用这种方法，让自己的文章更加具体。
今天，李老师只是告诉了大家两种方法，相信老师的这两种方法一定能帮助同学们轻松写动作，把动作写得更具体！
妙招三：准确运用词语
这里的“准确”，包括两层含义：一是体现人物特点，二是结合具体情境。这就要求在写人物动作的时候，避免使用那些“万能词”。什么是万能词呢？就是那些无所不能，多用途的词语。比方说下面的句子：
我走到门前。
我走到妈妈面前。
我走过去。
“走”就是一个万能词，还有“看”“拿”“吃”等等。这些词用起来看似没有任何问题，可以用来写人物的动作。但是要知道，这些万能词有时却是万万不能的，因为它们不够准确。
我们都知道，世界上没有完全相同的两个人，人物的性别、性格、年龄、身份不同，他们所表现出来的行动的特点也一定是不同的。所以，在描写人物动作的时候，要充分结合人物的性别、性格、年龄、身份等，要表现出人物的特点。
例如：一个家境富裕的孩子，他是把一块钱拿在手里。而一个贫穷的孩子，他会把一块钱攥在手里。
再如：一个腼腆的人，笑的时候是“抿着嘴，嘴角微微翘
篇3：2024年高考英语写作指导：写人篇
全文共 3281 字
+ 加入清单写人的英语作文在高考中不少见，什么样的作文更能吸引人呢?下面请看语文迷为大家带来的技巧。
写人记叙文，一般为肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以及对细节的描写，应根据要求，灵活掌握，突出重点。
【几点注意】
1.使用正确人称和时态。
①时态：
一般现在时--描写人物外貌、性格、兴趣等
一般过去时-- 描写人物出生、教育背景、经历、事迹
②人称：第一人称或第三人称
2.介绍人物的姓名、年龄、外貌、学历、经历、专业、爱好、特长、事迹、性格等，包括所给的全部信息点，不能遗漏或随意添加。
3.对所给的信息进行适当重组，安排好写作顺序，突出重点信息。
4.正确运用描写人物的词汇和句型。
【常见词语】
①外貌特征：
pretty, beautiful, good-looking，handsome,ordinary-looking, with a big nose, with a big
smile, short, tall,thin, strong, white-haired，1.80 metres tall, …
②性格特点：
absent-minded, charming, attractive, bright, wise smart, confident, naughty，talkative, diligent,
lazy, friendly, generous, be ready to help others,kind-hearted, warm-hearted, patient, humorous,
have a good/ bad temper, independent,narrow-minded, …
③童年情况：
as a boy of 15, be born on, during his childhood, live a happy/hard life, the son of a poor family,
spend his childhood in, ...
④兴趣爱好： be delighted in doing, be good at , be interested in , be fond of , be crazy about, be pleased with, do well in, enjoy doing, have a strong desire to do, long for/long to do), take a pleasure in doing,…
⑤教育背景： be admitted to Beijing University, be enrolled in, fail in the test, get a master’s
degree, get on well with one’s lessons, go abroad to further one’s study, graduate from,major in, receive a doctor’s degree, pass the examination, take an active part in, …
⑥ 成就或事迹：
become a member of the team, encourage sb to do sth, give up one’s life for sth, receive the
Nobel Prize for physics, set a new world record of,win the first prize in, win a gold /silver/ bronze
medal, have a talent for, make up one’s mind to do sth., put one’s heart into, work hard at,
concentrate oneself to, devote oneself to,do sth.with great determination and perseverance, ...
⑦他人评价：
an inspiring leader, a model worker, an advanced teacher, be respected by , be honored as, be
considered/regarded as, be famous/known as,his hard work brought him great success, make
great contributions to our country, set a good example for , be highly spoken of for, ...
例文
你班要举办以“Ordinary but Great”为题的英语主题班会。
请根据下列信息准备一篇发言稿，介绍赵郁的成长经历。
注意： 1、词数不少于60。
2、文章的题目和开头已经给出。
3、可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
提示词：首席技师 chief technician
Ordinary but Great
We are all ordinary people, but following what we are interested in and doing what we are good
at can help us make great achievements for society and go far. Here’s a convincing and inspiring example.
______________________________________
【范文】
Zhao Yu, the chief technician in the Benz Company,is regarded as a great success. However, his success is no accident. As a young boy with a sense of creativity, he was eager to learn and to make a lot of inventions. Being an ordinary worker in the Benz Company for 17 years, not only did he do well in his job, but he also made efforts to teach himself English and to learn how to use computers. Now it is easy for him to read English materials about cars. Besides, he became expert at solving various technical problems.Because of his great contribution, he has received awards many times.
Zhao Yu has set a good example that ordinary people can stand out by doing their jobs with interest and enthusiasm.
【评析】
1.作者运用了所给出的全部信息：姓名、职务、经历。对所给的信息进行了适当重组，突出了重点信息(赵郁的经历)，内容完整、详略得当，体现了话题“Ordinary but great”所表达的内容。
2. 正确使用人称(第三人称)，灵活使用时态(一般过去时、一般现在时);合理使用过渡词，使文章层次分明、结构紧凑。
3. 语言规范，表达准确。文章运用了一些高级句式，如同位语、介词短语、分词短语、倒装句、同位语从句等，增加了文章的亮点。
篇4：自我评价写作方法
全文共 975 字
+ 加入清单简历书写的“自我评价”部分遵循以下3条原则：
实事求是简历的真实性是人事经历一致的要求
在求职者书写“自我评价”时，千万不要有虚假成分，例如夸大自己的能力、优点或工作经验等。经验丰富的HR很容易通过求职者的措辞判断求职者是否中肯而踏实。一旦语句让人感觉到浮夸，HR往往会不露声色地把求职者的简历淘汰出局。
找到真正的闪光点
很多人的自我描述没有重点，或者过于大众化，难以让自己出挑。人事经理往往希望看到你是否有闪光之处，并且这些闪光之处到底和这份工作有无联系。因此，建议在写自我描述之前，仔细罗列自己的工作经历，回忆自己在以前的工作中到底积累了什么样的优势，挑选出自己与其他人的不同之处，以突出自我的优势。
以此次刊登的简历为例，该求职者应聘公关关系的职位，从人事经理的角度来看，他希望看到你是否有极强的沟通能力、项目协调能力，以及是否有创意等。但是，这位应聘者只侧重于一个方面，这就比较可惜。
同时，如果求职者积累了一定的行业资源，也可以在自我描述中提到这一点，起到画龙点睛的作用。
语言需要简练
职业自我描述的语言风格也是一个值得求职者考虑的问题。
有些人喜欢用极感性的话来吸引人事经理的注意，这种做法很可能出奇制胜，但多数情况下是一种冒险。
通常来说，语言尽量不要过于口语化，在描述自己的学习能力、团队合作精神等方面用语应严谨、平实，让人事经理在阅读简历时候能够充分感觉你对这份工作的诚恳态度。
个人简历自我评价范文
姓名：王某某专业：广告学专业本科申请专业：公关关系专员工作经历：20xx年9月至今浙江省某著名传媒公司，担任采编部记者，主要采写该公司节目制作的报道，所写的文章被新浪等各大网站转载，通过实践，掌握了一定的新闻采写技巧。
20xx年9-20xx年8月浙江省某广告有限公司创意部成员，主要参与各品牌的广告策划和创意，并负责品牌文案策划，熟悉了广告的运作流程，培养了扎实的文案写作功底。英语与计算机水平：大一即通过国家英语四级考试大二上学期即通过国家英语六级考试浙江省计算机等级考试一级
优秀自我评价：我是一个对理想有着执着追求的人，坚信是金子总会发光。大学毕业后的工作，让我在文案策划方面有了很大的提高，文笔流畅，熟悉传媒工作。为人热情，活泼，大方，英语流利，希望能凭借我的实力加盟贵公司，成为一个企业公关关系人员。希望企业给我一点阳光，我就能给您一片灿烂。
篇5：语文写作方法大全
全文共 5915 字
+ 加入清单怎么写好语文作文，写作文有什么方法可用呢。下面就是小编为大家带来的语文写作方法大全，希望对你们有帮助。
1、第一人称叙事法
【特点】
由于文章的内容是通过"我"传达给读者，表示文章中所写的都是叙述人的亲眼所见，亲耳所闻，或者就是叙述者本人的亲身经历，使读者得到一种亲切真实的感觉。采用第一人称，由于叙述人是当事人，所以叙述的人与事，只能是"我"活动范围内的人物和事件。活动范围以外的人物和事情就不能写进去。
2、第三人称叙事法
【特点】
用第三人称叙事，叙述人既不受空间、时间的限制，也不受生理、心理的限制，可以直接把文章中的人和事展现在读者面前，能自由灵活地反映社会生活。但第三人称叙事又往往不如第一人称叙事那么亲切自然。
3、顺叙法
【特点】
顺叙是按时间的先后顺序来叙述事情，这就跟事情发生发展的实际情况相一致，所以易于把文章写得条理清楚，脉络分明。运用顺叙，要注意剪裁得当，重点突出。否则，容易出现罗列现象，犯平铺直叙的毛病，像一本流水帐，使人读了索然无味。
4、倒叙法
【特点】
倒叙并不是把整个事件都倒过来叙述，而是除了把某个部分提前外，其他仍是顺叙的方法。采用倒叙的情况一般有三种：一是为了表现文章中心思想的需要，把最能表现中心思想的部分提到前面，加以突出;二是为了使文章结构富于变化，避免平铺直叙;三是为了表现效果的需要，使文章曲折有致，造成悬念，引人入胜。倒叙时要交代清楚起点。倒叙与顺叙的转换处，要有明显的界限，还要有必要的文字过渡，做到自然衔接。特别要注意，不要无目的地颠来倒去，反反复复，使文章的眉目不清。
5、插叙法
【特点】
插叙是为了表达文章中心的需要。有时是为了帮助读者了解故事情节的追叙，有时是对出场人物的情节作注释、说明。使用插叙一定要服从表达中心思想的需要，做到不节外生枝，不喧宾夺主。在插入叙述的时候，还要注意文章的过渡、照应和衔接，不能有断裂的痕迹。
6、补叙法
【特点】
补叙主要用于对上文的叙述补充说明，一般是片断性的、简要的，不具备完整的事件，也可以把解释或说明的文字放有前面，以引起下文。补叙的作用，一般不发展情节、事件，只对原来的叙述起丰富、补充作用。
7、分叙法
【特点】
分叙的作用是把头绪纷繁、错综复杂的事情，写得眉目清楚，有条不紊。分叙可以先叙一件，再叙另一件，也可以几件事情进行交叉地叙述。采用分叙时要根据文章内容和表达中心思想的需要确立叙述的线索，还要交代清楚每一事件发生和发展的时间。
8、详叙法
【特点】
9、略叙法
【特点】
略叙的作用是在于交代事件发生发展过程中不可缺少但又不必详叙的内容。它与详叙相结合，便整个叙述有详有略，疏密相间，形成叙述的起伏。略叙一般用于文章的开头和结尾;与中心思想关系一般的部分;人所共知的部分。
10、直接抒情法
【特点】
直接抒情可以使感情表达得朴实真切，震动人心。直接抒情一般适用于抒发强烈而紧张的感情。直接抒情的特点是叙述时感情强烈，节奏时快、紧张，情感直露，容易把握。
11、间接抒情法
【特点】
间接抒情的特点是抒情含蓄婉转，富有韵味，感染力强。间接抒情一般可以通过叙述抒情，作者在叙述时加上自己主观感情色彩，根据感情的流动来叙述，使读者在叙述的过程中感受作者的思想感情;也可以通过议论抒情，作者在议论中，表达强烈的爱憎、褒贬之情，这种记叙中的议论一般是利用判断来进行;还可以通过描写来抒情，作者在描写的过程中，渗透自己的情感。采用间接抒情的方法，要做到语言美丽而又富有感情色彩。
12、先叙后议法
【特点】
先叙后议是先叙事后议论，因此议论要起总结上文，点胆中心的作用。议论时，要对事件的主要内容，或事件的主要人物，或主要事物进行议论。这样才能做到叙事和议论的统一。议论的方法，可以通过文章的人物的语言、心理活动进行议论，也可以以第三者的身份进行议论。
13、先议后叙法
【特点】
采用先议后叙的方法，首先开门见山地提出记叙的要点和中心，并以此统全文，使全文所记事件的意义，通过议论之后，显得清楚明白。在叙事的时候，要根据议论的中心，抓住重点进行写作。
14、夹叙夹议法
【特点】
夹叙夹议的特点是叙事和议论穿插进行，写法上灵活多变，作者可以自由自在表情达意。采用夹叙夹议的方法写作要注意叙事的连贯性，议论插入要自然。
15、以物为线索
【特点】
在叙事的过程中，让某一物品在事件的各个阶段重复出现，并通过各种手段加强它的形象。这种物件往往起过渡作用或象征和点明中心思想。
16、以人为线索
【特点】
以人为线索叙事，要注意不同时间、不同环境人物性格的统一，还要注意人物年龄特征、外貌、动作、地方和民族特征、生活习惯等方面的统一。否则，容易造成混乱。
17、以思想变化为线索
【特点】
这种写法，思想发展的主线要分明。思想变化的各个阶段贯要自然，对照要清楚。
18、以中心事件为线索
【特点】
主要事件记叙突出，次要事件交代清楚，主次搭配合理，叙述井然有序。这种写法，事件再复杂，也可繁而不乱。
19、写生法
【特点】
学习画画，要从写生、素描学起;学习书法要从描红临帖练起;学习状物也需从写生素描练起。我们作文时，如果能把看到的物品用文字描绘出来，读者看了文章，如见其物，我们的作文就有了坚实的基础。用写生法描写物品要注意描写的顺序，或由上到下，或由下到上，或从左到右，或从右到左，或先中间后两边，或先两边后中间，或先整体后部分，或先部分后整体。其次要注意细部的描绘，使读者留下深刻的印象。
20、转动法
【特点】
采用转动法描写物品要有一定的顺序，不能颠来倒去。其次要准确地运用方位词如正面、反面、下面、上面、左面、右面等等，在转换物品的方向时，要用方位词标明。此外要有详有略，能反映物品特点的一面要详细描述，其他作简略交代，切忌面面俱到，平均使用力量。
21、剥笋法
【特点】
有些物品结构比较复杂，光用转动法还描述不清，抓不住特点，我们就要从外到里或从里到外的顺序把物品的结构描述出来。这就要用过渡词语把进入哪一层交代清楚。此外，要有重点地介绍物品的结构。
22、拟人法
【特点】
把动物比拟成人要注意找出动物的特征与人相似之处，并进行细致的描绘。把动物比拟成人，首先要从整体上把它比拟成人，然后找出局部相似之处。这样，我们读了以后才能有整体感。如果只抓住局部进行比拟，容易显得不伦不类，不易读者想象。把动物比拟成人，也用于动物动作的描写。这主要是按照人物的心理活动想象动物动作的目的。
23、化动法
【特点】
想象物品的动态要与静态描写相结合，这样才能相映成趣。文章从描写静态转入想象动态或从动态转入想象静态，描写要交代清楚，否则会分不清楚哪部分是看到的，哪部分是想到的。文章所想象的物品动态要符合物品的特点，使人读了可信。
24、说明法
【特点】
采用说明法描写物品时，首先要真实地说明它的特点，其次要抓住重点来说明。例如对物品的各部分进行说明时，有的部分，可以说明它的质地;有的部分，可以说明它的特点;有的部分，可以说明它的作用。此外说明物品的历史、特点或用途时要围绕全文的中心，切忌扯得太远。
25、运用"五觉"法
【特点】
眼睛可以看到物品的颜色、形状;耳朵可以听到各样的声音;鼻子可以嗅出香、臭、腥、臊;舌头可以知道物品的苦、辣、酸、甜、咸、淡、涩;皮肤可以感知物品的软硬、冷热。我们描写物品时，可以通过各种感觉器官的感受来写物品的特点。采用"五觉"法来描写物品，要注意围绕物品最主要的特点写，切忌支离破碎。此外，还要注意按一定的顺序描述。
26、借物抒情法
【特点】
借物抒情要求我们在描写物品时，把感情寄托于对事物的爱憎之中，要借物品的形象含蓄地抒发自己的感情。运用借物抒情的方法，关键是找准物品的特点与自己的感情引起共鸣的地方，使物品与感情相统一，使感情有所依托。
27、托物言志法
【特点】
采用托物言志法写的文章的特点是用某一物品来比拟或象征某种精神、品格、思想、感情等。要写好这样的文章，就要掌握好"物品"与"志向"，"物品"与"感情"的内在联系。首先是物品的主要特点要与自已的志向和意愿有某种相同点和相似点。其次，描述时，自己的志向要以物品的特点为核心。物品要能表达自己的意愿。托物言志的写作方法，最常用的有比喻、拟人、象征等。
28、物品自述法
【特点】
物品自述法是采用第一人称来描述物品，因此要我物品具有人的特点。在具体描写时，要注意准确地把握物品的特征，做到人格化后的物品既体现了人的特点，又不失去物的本色。具有人的特点，物品显得形象生动，吸引读者的兴趣，可鲜明地表现出作者的思想感情。保存物的本质特点，物品描写则显真实自然。
29、远眺近看法
【特点】
建筑物可以远眺，也可以近看。远眺建筑物，可以得到建筑物整体印象，看法楚建筑物的整体轮廓。但是，远眺不可能看清各个部分的具体情况，但是对建筑物在空间的位置，缺乏一种整体感，往往有一叶障目的感觉。我们描写建筑物时，把远眺和近看的结果结合起来写，可以使读者对建筑物的整体和各部分情况有详细的了解，从而获得完整的印象。
30、内外结合法
【特点】
从外面看建筑物，主要了解建筑物的轮廓，使读者对建筑物有一个完整的印象。从内材愫么建筑物，主要了解建筑物的构造，因此要作详细的介绍。从外面观察建筑物要着重从整体上进行描写，切忌写得支离破碎。从内部观察建筑物要细致，因此要按方位顺序依次进行介绍，这样才能条理清楚，读者也看得明白。采用内外结合法描写建筑物，要注意采用比喻、拟人等修辞法。
31、移步换形法
【特点】
采用移步换形的方法描写建筑物，可以不断地变换立足点和观察点，对建筑物进行多方面的观察描写。同一个建筑物，从不同的角度去看，得到的印象是不一样的。因此采用移步换形法描写建筑物首先要把观察点和立足点交代清楚，使读者明白你所描述的建筑物形象是从哪一个角度看到的。否则，容易把读者搞糊涂了。其次，采用移步换形法描写建筑物时，一定要抓住建筑物的最主要的特征来写。如果采用面面俱到的方法来描写，文章容易变成一本流水账。
32、说明介绍法
【特点】
采用说明介绍法描写建筑物时，首先要注意紧扣文章确定的中心进行必要的说明介绍，切忌不着边际的东拉西扯。在说明介绍的过程中要简明扼要，切忌拖泥带水。采用说明介绍法描写建筑物时，还要注意整体的连贯性，也就是说在说明介绍完毕以后，文章要返回到描写建筑物上来，并与前文衔接。文章从描写建筑物转到介绍说明，或从介绍说明回到描写建筑物要有过渡词或过渡句。
33、环境衬托法
【特点】
周围都是绿色，中间的一点红色就特别鲜艳夺目，所以说"万绿丛中一点红"。对建筑物周围的景色进行适当描写，建筑物就显得突出。描写建筑物周围景色的目的是为了突出建筑物，因此描写景色时要能衬托建筑物的特点，切忌离开建筑物而大写特写景色。造成喧宾夺主。在描写建筑物周围的景色时，要把观察点和立足点交代清楚，便于读者了解建筑物的位置。
34、彩笔描绘法
【特点】
植物总是由根、茎、叶、花、果组成的。运用彩笔描绘法时，要把根、茎、叶、花、果各个部位的最主要特点写出来，要写出它们的形状，写出它们的颜色。采用这种方法描写植物，要仔细观察。要分辨出植物各个部位的颜色，同样是红色，要分出是火红的，还是粉红的;同样是黄色，要分出是桔黄的，还是金黄的;同样是绿色，要分出是碧绿的，还是嫩绿的……要仔细区分各个部位的形状特点，同样是花，花骨朵与盛开的花就不一样。观察得仔细，描写得具体，读者就好像看到一张植物的彩色照片。采用这种方法描写植物，还要运用恰当的比喻，要写出自己的情感。
35、远近结合法
【特点】
同一棵植物，远看和近看是不一样的。这同照相一样，放在照相机的前面和远离照相机，摄下来的照片是大小不相同的。采用远近结合法描写植物，可以从不同的角度反映出植物的形状和颜色的特点，给读者以完美的印象。采用这种方法描写植物要把观察点交代清楚，也就是要说清楚是远看的还是近看的。其次要注意叙述的顺序，或由远及近，或由近及远，这样文章才能条理分明。
36、时序变换法
【特点】
植物各个部位的形态和颜色是随着季节的变化而变化。如果我们把植物在不同季节的特点写出来，同时把前后有关的情况交代清楚，就等于在不同的时间给植物拍了彩色照片。看了这一组彩色照片，读者对它就有了一个较为全面的了解。采用时序变换法描写植物，首先要注意在平时积累资料。要有计划地在不同季节对同一植物进行仔细观察，并记下观察日记，这样，写作时才能对积累的材料进行取舍，写出一篇好文章。其次要注意观察的连续性。
37、生长变化法
【特点】
植物总是要生长的，一般要经过发芽、生枝、长叶、开花、结果等阶段。如果把植物生长的不同阶段的形状、颜色的特点和生长的情况与下来，就好像给这棵植物拍了一部小电影。读者可以在很短的时间内，通过阅读，了解植物生长的全过程。采用生长变化法描写植物，首先要注意把植物生长过程中最突出的变化写下来;其次要交代植物发生变化的原因、前后情况和过程;此外要注意按时间的先后顺序有条不紊地写下来。
38、展开联想法
【特点】
我们看到一棵植物，往往联想到其它事物，这些事物往往与这棵植物有共同之处。例如我们看到棉桃，联想到洁白的雪花，这是因为雪花和棉花的颜色相同;我们看到大西瓜，联想到篮球，这是因为西瓜和篮球的形状相似;我们看到冰在雪地中郁郁葱葱的松树，想起那些在敌人面前不怕严刑拷打，决不屈膝的英雄，那是松树与英雄的品质上有相似之处。采用联想的方法描写植物，要注意抓住植物的主要特点，展开丰富的想象。要提高自己的联想能力，首先要认真读书，了解生活，使自己的头脑储备丰富的知识。其次是勤思勤想，经常训练，使自己有丰富的想象能力。
39、突出重点法
【特点】
植物总是由根、茎、枝、叶、花、果组成。我们在描写植物的时候，可以对植物的根、茎、枝、叶、花、果的各个部分进行描述，也可以只对植物的某一部分进行描述。采用重点突出法描写植物时，首先要找出这棵植物与众不同的地方。其次要对最能体现这棵植物特点的部分从颜色、形状、气味等多方面进行具体描写。此外还可以恰当地运用拟人、比喻等方法。
40、对照比较法
【特点】
俗话说："不见高山，不知平地。"事物的特点往往在比较中得到显现。我们描写植物时，往往通过对照比较的方法来突出植物的特点。对照比较的方法有两种。一种是把这种植物与另一种植物进行比较;一种是把植物本身两种截然不同的特点放在一起比较。采用对照比较法要注意抓住所要描写的植物最显著的特点与其他植物作比较。这样才能给读者以深刻的印象和启示。采用对照比较法还要注意表达作者自己的思想感情和倾向性。这样才能使文章感人。抓住同一植物不同部位进行比较时，要注意找出矛盾点，这样才能引起读者的注意。
篇6：写作方法：描写动作刻画心理
全文共 2264 字
+ 加入清单导语：我们写作文，写人物要把人物写活，写出立体感来，这样才能给读者留下深刻的印象。下面小编来说说怎么通过描写动作来刻画心理。
俄国作家阿•托尔斯泰说：“描写人物时，您千方百计去发现能代表他的内心状态的动作”，“有时，只要一个这样的动作，就足以描绘出那人物的特点了。”要把人物写活，必须选择有代表性的具体行动来描写。任何作品中的人物，总是在一定的具体环境中活动的，行动描写是构成事件的必不可少的内容。如果没有行动描写，人物就会静止不动。好像放幻灯，画面上的人虽然有手有脚，就是活动不起来，没有生命力。如果你写的人物是这样的假人，怎么能使文章产生感染力呢?任何人物的活动，都是受其思想性格支配的，因此，我们的作品应该通过对人物一连串行为、动作的描写，来展示人物的思想性格，推动故事情节的发展，突出中心思想。
描写人物的动作，第一应该选取最能表现人物思想性格的有代表性的动作、细节，作具体的刻画，把人物的思想融于动作的细节描写之中。
如歌手那英在舞台上演唱时，常常紧闭双眼，像是沉浸在音乐中不能自拔，又像是在独自享受唱歌的感觉。如果描写那英，就可以抓住她这个动作细节。
细节描写，是指对人物的语言、动作、服饰及心理活动等细小环节做得的细致、具体的描写。它对刻画人物，尤其是对表现人物的性格特征必不可少。一个真实的细节描写，对人物塑造能够起到両龙点睛的作用，使人物性格表现得更加详细生动。细节描写在行动描写当中是最常见的，这些对行动的细节描写，仅用寥寥数笔，一下子就抓住人物最本质的特征，通过对人物、动作的勾勒，表现人物的性格特征，反映人物的心理活动，揭示出人物的思想品质。洱以契诃夫的《变色龙》为例，文中有两次对奥楚蔑洛夫的细节刻画：
“曰加洛夫将军家的?嗯!……你，叶尔德林，把我身上的大衣脱下来。”
“嗯!……叶尔德林，给我穿上大衣吧。……好橡起风了。……怪冷的。”
脱大衣、穿大衣的细节刻岡，揭示了人物内心的紧张和尴尬。
还有的作者描写动作细节时，为了充分发掘细节的意义，多次反复描写，起到重笔渲染的效果。
描写人物的动作，第二要注意锤炼刻画动作的词语，使之准确、精当，只有选好了动词，才能生动、传神地把人物性格准确地勾则出来。
《范进中举》一文中，这样写胡屠户的贪婪像：屠户把银子攥在手里紧紧的，把拳头舒过来，说道：“这个，你且收着。我原是贺你的，怎好又拿了回去?”一攥一舒，动词选用准确，形象的刻刚出胡屠户爱财如命的形象特点。
每个人物的动作，哪怕是一个细小的动作，都能体现出鲜明的人物个性特征。我们要学会观察生活，抓住人物扱富有特征的行动来描写，从而表现人物内在的思想感情和精神面貌。另外，要想把人物的动作写好、写活，丰富自己的词汇知识十分重要，一个动作往往可以用许多.不同的动词来表达，用词不同表达效果也就不同。同学们，我们要扩大自己的阅读面，多读一些优秀作品，积累词汇，丰富自己的语言，把人物行动描写成功，使人物性格得到充分展示。
此外，要写好人物，还要细致的刻画人物的心理活动。
心理描写，能够直接表现人物在想什么或想要做什么，反映人物的精神面貌。心理描写，实际上也是动态描写，是人物内在的动态描写，即对人物内心活动的直接表述，通过心理刻画，反映出人物内在的感情的形成、发展及转化过程，再加上与人物的外部形态描写有机地结合在一起，就能够从里到外地展示人物的性格特征。好的心理描写，对表现人物性格、塑造人物形象，起很大的作用。在不少文学作品中我们都能看到，对人物的心理活动刻画得深刻细致，即使不写外部面貌，也可以展示出人物的个性特征。我们要求人物形象的外部风貌(容貌、仪表、姿态、举止、风度的美丑)和内在的灵魂(心灵、品格的美丑)的统一、和谐，就必须借助于心理描写这种写作方法。
不少同学对写人物的内心活动感到困难，因为它不像人物的肖像、语言和行动，是直观的，一眼就能够看出来。俗话说，“人心隔肚皮”，别人的心理活动看不见、摸不着，写起来无从下笔。其实，想了解别人的心理活动也不难，除了直接向他本人询问，向他人间接了解之外，很重要的还要通过自己的观察去了解。人物的内心活动往往表现在外在的表情神态上，从一个人的神态表情上可以了解他的内心活动。比如《我的叔叔于勒》一文中就是通过对人物表情的刻画展示人物的内心活动，从而突出他的性格特点：“他的脸色十分苍白，两只眼也跟寻常不一样。他回到我母亲身旁，是那么神色张皇。”“脸色十分苍白、神色张皇”等写出了人物内心的恐惧与不安。
由此可见，留心观察人物的这些外在神态，有助于了解人物的内心活动。
了解了人物的内心活动，用什么方法表现出来呢?主要有以下几种：
第一，内心独白。
这种方法常用于人物第一人称，以人物自己的口吻表述自己的思想感情和心理活动。
第二，直接刻画、交代和说明。
这种方法常用第三人称，对人物的心理活动作细致人微的描述，这种方法在描写心理活动中是最常用的。
第三，梦想、幻觉与梦境。
梦幻的描写是一种充满浪漫主义色彩的心理描写，是人物心理的一种曲折、集中而形象的反映。在塑造人物形象、表达强烈感情时，常常借助于梦幻描写反映心理活动，反映思想感情。
描写人物的心理活动，在运用上述三种方法的同时，还应该借助人物的神情、姿态、动作、语言来描写。因为它们直接受人的思想的支配，而又最能折射出人物的内心世界。
我们既懂得了如何去观察了解人物的内心活动，又慵得了描写人物内心活动的几种方法，经过自己的不断学习、实践，相信一定能通过心理描写，更好地揭示出人物的精神世界，让人物有生命，还宥思想，这样的典型不是更具魅力吗!
篇7：关于写作的一些方法
全文共 727 字
+ 加入清单1、开门见山，提示主题。这种开头是一开讲，就进入正题，直接提示演讲的中心。例 如宋庆龄《在接受加拿大维多利亚大学荣誉法学博士学位仪式上的讲话》的开头：“我为接 受加拿大维多利亚大学荣誉法学博士学位感到荣幸。”运用这种方法，必须先明晰地把握演 讲的中心，把要向听众提示的论点摆出来，使听众一听就知道讲的中心是什么，注意力马上 集中起来。
2、介绍情况，说明根由。这种开头可以迅速缩短与听众的距离，使听众急于了解下文。
例如恩格斯在1881年12月5日发表的《在燕妮·马克思墓前的讲话》的开头：“我们 现在安葬的这位品德崇高的女性，在18xx年生于萨尔茨维德尔。她的父亲冯·威斯特华 伦男爵在特利尔城时和马克思一家很亲近;两家人的孩子在一块长大。当马克思进大学的时 候，他和自己未来的妻子已经知道他们的生命将永远地连接在一起了。”这个开头对发生的 事情、人物对象作出必要的介绍和说明，为进一步向听众提示论题作了铺垫。
3、提出问题，引起关注。这种方法是根据听众的特点和演讲的内容，提出一些激发听 众思考的问题，以引起听众的注意。例如弗雷德里克·道格拉斯1854年7月4日在美国 纽约州罗彻斯特市举行的国庆大会上发表的《谴责奴隶制的演说》，一开讲就能引发听众的 积极思考，把人们带到一个愤怒而深沉的情境中去：“公民们，请恕我问一问，今天为什么 邀我在这儿发言?我，或者我所代表的奴隶们，同你们的国庆节有什么相干?《独立宣言》 中阐明的政治自由和生来平等的原则难道也普降到我们的头上?因而要我来向国家的祭坛奉 献上我们卑微的贡品，承认我们得到并为你们的独立带给我们的恩典而表达虔诚的谢意 么?” 除了以上三种方法，还有释题式、悬念式、警策式、幽默式、双关式、抒情式等。
篇8：初中英语作文的写作方法
全文共 1683 字
+ 加入清单不少同学在问了，英语作文怎么写?如何写好英语作文，下面是小编为大家收集的初中英语作文的写作方法，欢迎阅读。
初一英语写作题，题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说，不同的写作题材，它的人物，时间，写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面结合一些常见的题型介绍一下写作的注意事项以及写作技巧。
各地的评分标准略有差异，但是都包括以下几个方面：整体印象、语言表达、词数规定等几方面内容。我们在写作中要尽量避免扣分，争取有加分点。当然用英文写作不同于用母语那样得心应手，常常会受到生词、语法、惯用法的限制，只要同学们平时注意两种语言的异同性，抓住写作要点，也可妙笔生花。
1、为了保证文章层次分明、条理清楚，要把时间固定下来，如：记叙一件事要用过去时;写经常发生的事或对人物的描写，要用一般现在时。整个文章中的人称要一致，首尾呼应，不要随意改动，以免造成误解。
2、不要为了追求“一鸣惊人”而去找一些生冷的词汇，对这些一知半解的词你不会用，不知道如何搭配，结果可能适得其反，使文章显的生硬、不协调，甚至错误百出，所以要使用有把握的词，避免不必要的失分。比如说发生了一起意外事件，我们通常用“have an accident ”来表示，不要错误的使用“have an incident”。
3、注意不同语言的表达习惯，也是写好英语作文的重要环节，如“我的理想是做一名歌手”，很多同学写成“My ambition is to do/make a singer，” “to do”表示“做”或者“干”，“to make”表示“制作”，而“做一名歌手”则表示“成为一名歌手”应该用“be/become a singer”;又如“看书、看报”应用“read a book/newspaper”，而不是“see a book/newspaper”。因此，平时应该注意不同语言的表达习惯，切忌望文生义或一味生搬硬套。
4、有些同学因怕出错而只写短句或简单句，写出的文章过于幼稚、空洞乏味。要使文章有血有肉就要把平时学的知识用进去，如：定语从句、宾语从句、非谓语动词和比较等句型，关键时用上一、二个，就能使文章不同凡响，更有文采，特别是对关联词的使用，如“so that”、“not…but ”“not only...but also”等，会使你的文章逻辑结构紧密、层次鲜明、条理清楚，更能显示出你的英文功底，但要做到这些并非一日之功，要靠平时的不断训练和积累。
5、最简单的增分点就是认真的书写。工整漂亮的书写会给评卷老师留下美好的第一印象，在扣分时自然会“手下留情”，而且很多地区都在写作上有1分的书写分。只要平时多下点功夫，得到这一分并不难。
注意事项
最后将英语写作的基本步骤和技巧归纳为以下几个环节：
1、细心审题细读题目中每一项提示或观察所给的每一幅画，明确文章的中心思想，弄清题意，确定写作体裁，掌握所要表达的要点做到心中有数，避免随心所欲，文不对题。
2、理顺要点在所给提示或图上标出要点，然后按事件先后的顺序或各要点之间的内在联系排序，分出层次。如果是看图作文，则要按图构思，这样做既可避免要点遗漏，又可使表达内容条理清楚。
3、构成框架将理顺的要点或每幅图画的含义加以连贯，构成写作的整体框架，进一步定人称、定时态语态、定顺序、定段落、定开头结尾。基本框架构成后，写作就有了把握。
4、组织句子用自己最熟悉的短语或句型将理顺的要点逐句表达出来，多用简单句，用有把握的复合句。要扬长避短，避难就易。若遇到表达障碍，可换一种说法，将一句变成两、三句，只求达意。
5、串句成篇将写好的句子连贯地组织起来，注意上下句的逻辑关系，适当采用递进、让步、转折、因果等关联词语，使短文浑然一体，层次分明，过渡自然。6、检查修改文章草成后，默读1～2遍，检查修改，尤其要注意人称、大小写、拼写、习惯用语、格式有无错误，要点有无遗漏，文句有无语病，词数是否恰当，行文是否连贯。
英语写作水平的提高是一个渐进的过程，只要同学们在平时多加训练，多读文章，做一个有心人，就能在英语作文中取得理想的成绩
篇9：说明文的写作方法·明
全文共 420 字
+ 加入清单（二） 针对具体情况，选好写作角度
写说明文也是要求有的放矢的。写什么、怎样写，要从读者的实际情况考虑，使文章具有针对性，切合读者的知识水平、职业特点和年龄大小。往往读者对象不同，写的角度也不同。如阐述吸烟有害的说明文很多，有的是针对老年人的，有的是对妇女而言的，的有是对青少年而言的，角度不同，说明的内容则各有侧重。《青少年吸烟害处大》这篇文章从青少年是国家的未来和希望的高度介绍吸烟对青少年的危害，突出分析青少年的生理特征，说明青少年接触毒性物质比成年人吸收快、排除慢、毒害大的情况，指出“吸烟对青少年是绝对有害而无一利的”。这样说明目的清楚，针对性强。
写说明文选取什么角度要依实际情况而定。比如，介绍牛的知识，如果是为饲养者写的，要侧重介绍牛的生活习惯和特性;如果是为使用者写的，要侧重介绍牛的功能和力气;如果是为兽医写的，则主要介绍它的身体构造;如果是为食用者写的，可以主要介绍它的营养价值。当然，作为科普知识介绍，不妨全面一点为好。
篇10：动物作文的写作方法解读
全文共 915 字
+ 加入清单一、描写外形样子和活动情况
1. 描写一种小动物，首先要描写它的外形样子，要仔细看它的头部、尾部、毛色、四肢 是什么样的，形状、特点、颜色是什么样的。如下面写小狗一段的话：
“星期天，我从姥姥家回来，在客车上，看到一个大姐姐用紫色的包拎着一只可爱的小黑狗。小黑狗头上长着一对像毛片片一样的三角形耳朵，软软的向下耷拉着，有趣极了。两只圆圆的黑眼睛不停地望着四周。圆圆的黑鼻头像个茸嘟嘟的小茸球。嘴巴紧紧地闭着，一声也不吭，多像一个不吵不闹的乖孩子啊！ 我真喜欢这只趴在包里的小黑狗。”
2.然后再看它的生活习性又是什么样的，小动物怎样吃食啦，怎样游戏啦，怎样睡觉啦，把这些都要细致观察，具体地描写出来。
3.描写小动物的样子侧重于静态描写，描写小动物活动情况，侧重于动态描写。按照从静态到动态有条理，有层次地观察和描写，可以把小动物写得清楚、细致、感人。
二、要把喜爱之情写进作文里
作文是用我的手来写我的心。写自己的喜怒哀乐乐。我们喜爱小动物，在描写它们的时候，也要把自
己喜爱的感情，用笔融合在字里行间。让读者一读文字，就能感受到我们的喜爱之情。
表达感情的方法也是多种多样的：有时候具体地描写小动物的样子、外形，把自己的情感融在其间；有时候用简洁的语句直抒感情；有时候，把这两种方法交替使用。写法灵活，不拘一格。 描写一种小动物还应当注意：
1．要突出重点。描写一种小动物，也和写其他内容的作文一样，不能面面俱到，像“流水账”似的说个没完，一定要突出重点。有的可以侧重写小动物的外形样子，有的可以侧重写小动物的习性。无论怎样写，都要抓住典型，突出重点，具体描写。
2．要细致描写。描写任何一种小动物，都要细致描写，认真刻画。无论是写外形样子，还是写生活习性，都不能几笔带过，概括叙述。特别是在描写小动物生活习性时，要注意准确地使用动词，再现出小动物活动的情景，给人以“状物如在眼前”的感觉。
3．要条理清楚。描写一种小动物也和写其他作文一样，不能东一句，西一笔，缺乏章法。在动笔之前先想好先说什么，后说什么，再说什么。句与句之间怎样挂连，层与层之间怎样联系。怎样开头，怎样结尾，全篇文章怎样组合。把这些想好之后再动笔，才能使文章条理清楚，层次分明。
篇11：有关游记作文的写作方法
全文共 1012 字
+ 加入清单游记就是我们一起组织去玩了以后回来老师布置写一篇游记的作文，大部分是这样的，那么我们写游记作文主要抓住哪些关键呢？下面一起来看看！
一、按游览的顺序描写景物。
写作时，要在认真观察和记忆游览的景物的基础上，按照见到景物的次序，来所写看到的景物。这样才能做到条理清楚、自然、明白，不致于杂乱。观察景物，通常有两种方法。一种就是定点观察。如站在公园某一角，对公园进行由远及近的观察。又如我们登上塔顶，从东南西北四个东南西北四个方向对塔下景物进行观察。二就是移动观察，它又叫移步换位法。就是随着脚步的移动变换位置，一处一处地进行观察。选好了观察点，就是确定好了写的顺序。如课文《参观人民大会堂》，按参观的顺序，依次写了五处的景物。先写大会堂正门的国徽和柱子，其次写中央大厅的天花板和地面，接着写大礼堂，然后写宴会厅和会议厅。这样，就有条理有重点地写下了在大会堂所看到的景物。
二、抓住游览重点，详写过程。
一次参观游览活动，看到的景物很多，我们不能记“流水帐”。要把看到的景物中印象较深的写下来，其余地可以写得简略些。我们在一边参观游览，一边要抓住景物的特点，进行仔细观察。比方说，我们要写游览看到的景物为主的记叙文，写作的重点就是把看到的景物重点写下来。对于我们看到的特别好的景物，我们要进行具体地描写，突出重点。对于重点的景物，要注意详细描写出它们的位置、大小、动态、静态、颜色等。如我们写“菊花”，颜色就有“红的如枫叶、白的如冰霜、黄的如麦穗”等等，菊花的形状就有像“小姑娘的卷发，毛茸茸的小鸡，绣球”等等。我们要把过程写详细、具体，做到主次分明，详略得当，写出来的文章才能突出重点，清楚明白，才能写出游览的意义，才有教育意义。
三、略写前后，情、理、景相结合。
我们在写游览记时，应把开头和结尾写得简略些。开头要交待清楚时间、地点和人物。如《游善卷洞》的开头“我的故乡江苏宜兴有一处著名的游览胜地——善卷洞”。结尾应用议论或抒情的方式写下自己的感受。如《天然动物园漫游记》的结尾写道“‘哈哈……’我们在欢笑声中结束了这次愉快的野游。朱库米天然动物园行的乐趣是无穷的，无怪乎世界各地前去游览的人络绎不绝”。这样，写的文章有头有尾，读起来给人一个完整的印象。我们要把感情融化于景物中，写出真意。写作时，我们要倾注自己的思想感情。
还有，我们在写景的同时，或探索人生真谛，或谈论思想问题，治学精神，使读者在领略自然风景的同时，受到启迪和教育。
篇12：浅谈初中生说明文写作教学方法
全文共 2525 字
+ 加入清单摘要：初中生语文综合能力以写作能力为最高，写作能力又以说明文写作为最难。现根据多年来初中语文教学经验，针对初中生说明文写作的教学技巧作简要论述。
语文学习的外延与生活相等，写作能力是语文学习的重要内容。如果说记叙文是以情感人，议论文又以理服人，那说明文则是以知明人。以情感人往往有情节，以理服人往往有事实，这都是可以在生活中寻找到的素材。而以知明人则相对较难，因此，最好不采用集中教授的方式，而采用感受、实践、归纳的方式。
认知心理学认为，写作内容知识就是言语信息，它的本性属于陈述性知识的范畴，是指有关人所知道的事物状况以及事物之间的关系、能够被人陈述和描述的知识，或者说是关于“是什么”的知识。写作内容知识主要有主题知识和读者知识构成，而写作主题知识是最为重要的因素，它直接决定作者是否“有米下锅”、“有物可言”。作者知道的东西越多，写出来的东西越好。写作内容当然来自生活。巧妇难为无米之炊，欲“炊”必先有“米”，然后才能表现出“巧妇”之“巧”。这几句俗语道出了内容与技巧的关系。可以设想，教师要求学生写说明文而学生对说明对象一无所知或一知半解，就没办法写。
同其他文体的文章一样，说明文写作也需要先解决写作内容的问题，至于写作技巧，当有了内容后才能考虑。这就要求教师在命题上充分考虑如何引导学生获得说明文的写作内容。
首先，写作内容可以从“制造事件”入手，使说明文的写作具有“情节性”，以使学生获得真实感受。只是说明文写作内容的获得，要比其他文体更艰难。基于这样的认识，在说明文写作指导上应尝试“先动手做，后动手写”的技巧。
动手做，是获得说明文写作内容的有效途径。可以分为以下几类：
第一类，亲手制作某种模型（如桥梁、车、房屋等），然后将设计原理、所用材料、制作过程写出来。还可以结合数学、物理、生物等学科有关知识，制作教具或动植物标本，然后将制作过程写出来；还可以写物理、化学、生物等学科的实验，这样不仅可以提高写作水平，还可以加深对其他学科知识系统的认识。第二类，结合劳动技术可制作手工艺品，如制作布贴画、烹饪菜肴、使用缝纫机、维修家电等，将有关步骤如实地记录下来，作为写作的素材，然后加工润色。第三类，结合社会实践活动，如参观印刷厂，了解一本书或一张报纸的印刷过程；如对某种建筑物或自然景物进行观察，按顺序记录下建筑物的结构形态特点或自然景物的主要特征。
严格地说，动手做不属于语文课的任务。但是，当教师指导学生描写景物的时候，不是也要求学生对景物进行观察吗？写调查报告不是也要求学生深入社会生活先调查研究后形成文字吗？先动手制作，然后再写制作的过程，恰恰是激发学生说明文写作兴趣的有效手段。这也是“语文综合活动”的一种形式。写作要调动多种器官综合工作，“纸上得来终觉浅”，动手制作是亲身实践活动，是获得“真知”的前提。这一点布鲁纳的发现也可以给我们启迪，“发现不限于那种寻求人类尚未知晓之事物的行为，正确地说，发现包括着用自己的头脑亲自获得知识的一切形式”，教师指导学生自行发现与自行组织知识的方法，有助于学习后的长时记忆，学生主动学习的思维活动，有助于智力的发展和提升，学生养成自动自发的学习习惯并获得解决问题的技能之后，有助于将来独立的求知与研究，所以，强调教师引导学生去发现，而不是急于告诉他们学习的结果，这也是“动手做”的道理所在。
其次，成文的演练需要先说话后作文。说话是口语交际的一种形式，学生在课堂上向全体学生介绍自己制作的“作品”就是一种“有声语言”的文本；它与教师的询问、评价语言形式对话；其他学生即使没有参与对话，但思维在“对话”。先说话后作文，就是强调把口语表达和文字表达结合起来。把一件事说明白了，才可能写明白；人对事物的感知总是从简单到复杂，说话比较简单，写成文章就比较复杂；说总比写快，先动口说，说的内容有偏差，“改口”比改文章容易；说得好现场就能获得好评，感受成就感的周期短，反馈及时；先说就能把作文思路先演练一通，写的时候心里就有底。作文则是书面语言的文本、有声语言文本在先，书面语言文本在后，有利于“我手写我口”，形成语言生活化、朴实、自然的风格。这也是一种“语文综合活动”。
再次，从“动手做”获得写作内容，从“动口说”获得写作演练，接下来自然要涉及到写作技巧。如果教师在学生没有获得写作内容之前就一股脑地把写作技巧告诉学生，学生很快就能得到这些知识，但是，因为没有亲身实践，没有发现，没有尝试主动解决问题，只能被动接受这些知识，那么这些知识就很难转化为能力。
在此基础上，可以把这种先个别后一般的程序认知能力进行迁移。当说明对象不需要亲手制作，而是一个具体事物，则通过观察调查等实践活动，把从前的自我设计与选材、制作转换为别人的设计、选材、制作。虽然不是自己的操作，可是自己操作过，明白其中缘故，自然说的清楚明白。甚至可以把这种能力迁移到不是具体事物，而是抽象事理的说明对象上来。有了对说明对象特征的认识，又要进一步让别人明白，就必须按照一定的顺序，使用一定的手段进行说明。这些就是写作技巧的策略性知识。从逻辑上讲，这是归纳推理，是由一般到个别的推理；许多程序性的知识不能直接转化为能力，换句话说，就是写作只是不能直接转化为写作能力。许多教师通过先讲解写作知识，再根据这些知识进行写作训练，导致学生无法写出好文章。其实，如此教学，教师自己也不能根据自己的讲解的写作只是写出令自己满意的文章，又何必强求学生。但是，写作技巧知识如果是在亲身实践中悟出的，这种知识就会内化为自己的积淀，存储在自己的大脑中，自动支配自己的相关写作活动。
这是从感性认识上升到理性认识的关键一步，是由形象具体的个性化操作上升到抽象知识的关键一步，这样获得的程序性知识是加上了个体亲身感受的、一旦拥有便终身不忘的知识，是在实践的基础上形成了技能后概括出来的“真知”。
总之，说明文的写作，我的经验就是引导学生首先获得关于说明对象的知识，再进行口语演练，最后形成文字；在作文讲评的时候引导学生针对自己成文的过程进行反思归纳，形成关于技巧的程序性知识，从而使学生具有亲身感受、亲自发现的特点，使学生思维水平得以提升，并形成主动发现问题、解决问题的习惯。
篇13：高中考场说明文结尾的九种方法
全文共 1289 字
+ 加入清单（1）总结法。就是对说明对象说完后作总结的方法。《奇特的激光》的结尾，就用了这种方法：激光作为人类历史上从未有过的奇特的光源，不仅大大促进了科学技术的发展，为开拓新的科学领域提供了强有力的工具，还启发着科学工作者产生更多、更美妙的科学幻想：激光可能是打开无穷无尽的能源宝库的钥匙；激光可能使人类看到过去从来没有见过的现象；激光可能成为宇宙航行的动力……当然，把这么多的可能变成现实，需要经历一段漫长的征途，还有待于我们进一步去探索。总结法结尾能把作者的目的、意图等集中起来揭示给读者，使读者对全文有一个总的印象。
（2）感叹法。就是对说明对象说完后表示深沉的感叹的写法。如《杨树》的结尾，就用了这种写法：让我们用一把把植树锹，在祖国的大地上写出一篇篇八十年代的新‘白杨礼赞’吧！这一感叹用于篇末，具有很强的号召力，能增强文章的感染力。
（3）展望法。就是在说明对象说明完后对其未来进行展望的方法。《宇宙里有些什么》的结尾，就用了这种方法：……今天，载人的宇宙飞船已经成功地实现了环绕地球的飞行，将来一定会揭露更多的宇宙秘密，加速人类征服宇宙的进程。篇末用展望法能给人以希望，能引起人们的联想和想象。
（4）评议法。就是对说明事物说明后加以评价和议论的方法。如《晋词》的结尾，就用了这种方法：晋祠，真不愧为我国锦绣河山中一颗璀璨的明珠。评议法用在篇末，对说明对象作个最终的评价，能有力地表达作者的爱憎感情，给人以鲜明的印象。
（5）号召法。就是对读者发号召的方法。《农作物抗病品种的培育》的结尾，就用了这种方法：毫无疑问，要使农作物产量不断地增加，不但需要不断地研究培育抗病能力更高的优良品种，还要做到各个地区各种作物都有能抗不同病害的品种。这是植物保护工作者和育种工作者的一项重大任务。结尾用号召法能引起读者的重视，对读者产生作用。
（6）反问法。就是用否定的形式表示肯定的意思，或者用肯定的形式表示否定的意思的一种方法。《蝉》的结尾，就用了这种方法：我们猜您什么样的钹声能响亮到足以歌颂它那得来不易的刹那欢愉呢？结尾用反问法能加强气势，起强调作用，增强文章的表达效果和逻辑力量。
（7）比喻法。就是对说明对象采用比喻的方式来说明的方法《从甲骨文到口袋图书馆》的结尾，就用了这种方法：……它好象架设着一座座坚实的阶梯，召唤着不畏艰辛的人们努力攀登。结尾用比喻法不仅生动形象，还能传达深刻的寓意，给人以教育和启迪。
（8）描述法。就是对所说明的对象加以描述的方法。《雄伟的人民大会堂》的结尾，就用了这种方法：我们花了一整天时间看完这座大厦的时候，万道霞光洒在外面苍翠的树丛上，洒在杏黄色的墙壁上，洒在天安门的红墙黄瓦上，放射出一片光辉灿烂的异彩。结尾用描述法，能借此表达作者的感情，能给人以形象的感染，能给人以深刻的印象。
（9）旁补法。就是文章最后追加补充其不足的写法。《看云识天气》的结尾，就运用了这种写法：……但是，天气变化异常复杂，看云识天气自然有一定的限度。我们要准确的掌握天气变化的情况，还得依靠天气预报。旁补法有利于维护说明文的科学性和客观性，能帮助人们准确地、正确地认识客观世界。
篇14：GMAT写作有哪些速成的方法
全文共 569 字
+ 加入清单GMAT考试很多考生很重视自己的写作，复习GMAT作文的时候也非常的认真。一些基础不是很好的同学想知道GMAT写作可不可以速成，小编这里给大家分享一些速成的方法，希望同学们注意：
速成，就是如何在短时间内取得够用的GMAT考试分数。作文地位有些特殊，它不是很重要，但是趋势却是大家的分数都越来越高，以前底线是4，现在已经提到了4.5。
我复习GMAT时作文就写过一篇，考试时作文时5.5。我是胡扯派的入门弟子，这里有一些小技巧和大家分享.
GMAT作文是很死的八股文，写五段，不要6段也不要4段，开头结尾，中间三段论证。练好打字速度，600以上最好，最少也不要低于450字。质量质量，质提不上去就靠量来充字数。
先是小作文，小作文怎么复习呢：先看OG上面argument的题目，对照着孙远作文宝典，看第六章的提纲就OK了。自己先找错误，找不出来时看提纲。看十篇就能练出火眼金睛，基本找错误没什么问题，然后是经典的七宗罪，这样就会对逻辑错误有一个宏观的认识了。一般用剥洋葱的的手法去写，一层一层的来这样不会漏掉错误，也层层递进，逻辑关系紧密。
然后是ISSUE：同样的道理，先看题目自己想观点，想不出来时看孙远宝典的提纲，十篇足够了。一般来说我都是写中立的观点，这样比较好些，先是开头亮明自己是中立的，接下来两段阐述观点，第四段来个让步，最后是结尾。
篇15：导语：以下是小学英语写作常用句型
全文共 1522 字
+ 加入清单引言：培养小学生的英语写作能力,应从培养良好的书写习惯、扎实的词汇句型开始。接下来小编给各位读者总结了一些小学英语写作必备句型，希望大家认真打好基础，不断提高写作水平。
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.
张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V
Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V
例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.
没有比接受教育更重要的事。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.
(再怎么强调…的重要性也不为过小学英语写作必备句型小学英语写作必备句型。)
例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V …(不可否认的…)
例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道…)
例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.
全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的…)
例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子(…的优点是…)
例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution.
使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子(…的原因是…)
例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.
The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
篇16：写长辈的写作方法
全文共 560 字
+ 加入清单写人作文有很多是写长辈的，如何写好长辈？本文从类型、题目、开头，为大家介绍。
一、写长辈亲人的作文类型
1.写长辈亲人对自己的关心和爱护；
2.回忆长辈亲人对自己的关怀；
3.表达自己对长辈亲人的尊敬和怀念。
二、写长辈亲人的参考题目、参考开头
1.《我的_____》的两种开头
第一种开头：在我的亲人当中，有一个人是我忘不了的，他就是已经离开我们整整三年的爷爷！
第二种开头：爷爷离开我已经三年了，可是我只要一看见他的照片，就会觉得他好像还活在人世，还在给我讲着《三国演义》的故事。
2.《她教我怎样做人》的两种开头
第一种开头：还在我上幼儿园的时候，外婆就对我说过一句话，那就是：“人穷志不穷。”
第二种开头：外婆是一个退休工人，没有多少文化，但她却懂得很多做人的知识，我从她那里学到了许多许多。
3.《长辈》的两种开头
第一种开头：在我的长辈之中，最让我难忘的就是我的爷爷。
第二种开头：爷爷在三年前离开我们的时候，特地把我叫到医院，要见
我最后一面。
4.《_____，您将留在我的记忆里》的两种开头
第一种开头：外公，您现在在哪里呢？您还记得您的外孙吗？虽然您已经离开我们五年了，但您将永远留在我的记忆里！
第二种开头：五年前，我的外公不幸被罪恶的癌症夺去了宝贵的生命。五年过去了，外公的音容笑貌却依然存在，他，永远活在我的心里，留在我的记忆里！
篇17：英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分
全文共 45713 字
+ 加入清单下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。
对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。
因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！
1.?????? Proverbs
1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.
2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.
3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.
4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.
5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.
6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.
7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.
8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.
9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.
10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.
11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.
12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.
2. Damaging Research
A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.
3. Education and Citizenship
An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.
Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.
Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.
Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.
4. The Teacher’s Role
Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.
Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.
5. Education Philosophy
For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.
Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.
In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.
This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.
6. Student Life
To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.
Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.
Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)
What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.
Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.
7. Adult Education
After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”
So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.
8. Moral Relativism in American
Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.
Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.
In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”
Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.
In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”
The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.
The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.
At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.
The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.
But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.
There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.
9. Schools Should Teach Values
People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”
There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.
As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”
This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.
We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.
What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.
These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.
After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.
10. College Pressures
Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.
What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.
My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.
I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.
“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”
Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.
It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.
The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.
Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.
Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.
Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.
I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.
“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.
“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”
“Then why are you going?”
“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”
Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”
But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.
I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.
Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.
“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”
The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”
Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.
Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.
“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”
Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.
To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.
If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.
Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.
“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”
“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”
I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.
Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.
This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.
They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.
If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.
I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.
I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.
11. To Err Is Wrong
In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?
Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.
Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:
Right over 90% of the time = “A”
Right over 80% of the time = “B~”
Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.
From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.
Playing It Safe
With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.
I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.
Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.
Different Logic
From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.
Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.
Errors as Stepping Stones
Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.
The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.
Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.
Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.
[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分
篇18：个人求职自荐信的写作方法
全文共 1176 字
+ 加入清单自荐信的重点在于"荐"，在构思上一定要围绕"为何荐"，"凭何荐"、"怎么荐"的思路安排，其格式一般分为标题、称呼、正文、附件和落款五部分。
1、标题
标题是自荐信的标志和称谓，要求醒目、简洁、庄雅。要用较大字体在用纸上方标注"自荐信"三个字，显得大方、美观。
2、称呼
这是对主送单位或收件人的呼语。如用人单位明确，可直接写上单位名称，前?quot;尊敬的"加以修饰，后以领导职务或统称"领导"落笔，如单位不明确，则用统称"尊敬的贵单位(公司或学校)领导"领起，最好不要直接冠以最高领导职务，这样容易引起第一读者的反感，反而难达目的。
3、正文
正文是自荐信的核心，开语应表示向对方的问候致意。主体部分一般包括简介、自荐目的、条件展示、愿望决心和结语五项内容。
简介是自我概要的说明，包括自荐人姓名、性别、民族、年龄、籍贯、政治面貌、文化程度、校系专业、家庭住址、任职情况等要素，要针对自自荐目的作简单说明，无须冗长繁琐。
自荐目的要写清信息来源，求职意向、承担工作目标等项目，要写得明确具体、但要把握分寸、简明扼要，既不能要求过高又不能模棱两可，给人以自负或自卑的不良印象。
条件展示是自荐信的关键内容，主要应写清自己的才能和特长。要针对所求工作的应知应会去写，充分展示求职的条件，从基本条件和特殊条件两个方面解决凭什么求的问题。基本条件应写清政治表现和学习活动两方面内容。政治表现要从活动和绩效方面写实，如党校学习、参加活动、敬业态度、奉献精神、合作意识等方面，并佐以获奖和资格证书。学习经历要写清主、辅修专业课程及成绩状况，对于
、计算机和普通话等级的情况也须一一说明，对于为人处世、组织管理、社会调查、实习设计及论文答辩等方面的情况也要略加提及，有特殊技能的也要加以强调，如操作实践、文体书画、写作口才等特长，以展示自己的能力，突出个性特征。必要时还要介绍本校、本专业的特色、自己爱家爱校的情感、个人不足与缺点等，这样可收异军突起、画龙点睛之效，切忌刻板罗列，自吹自擂。
愿望决心部分要表示加盟对方组织的热切愿望，展望单位的美好前景，期望得到认可和接纳，自然恳切，不卑不亢。
结语一般在正文之后按书信格式写上祝语或"此致，敬礼""恭候佳音"之类语名。
4、附件
自荐信附件主要包括个人，证书及文章复制件、需要附录说明的材料，也可作为附件一一列出。
5、落款
落款处要写上"自荐人×××的字样，并标注规范体公元纪年和月日。随文处要说明回函的联系方式、邮政编码、地址、信箱号、电话号码及呼机号等。署名处如打印复制件则要留下空白，由求职人亲自签名，以示郑重和敬意。
自荐信写作虽有一定的自由度，但务必要注意文明礼貌，诚朴雅致，特别要注意突出才艺与专长的个体特征，注意展现经验、业绩和成果，精心设计装帧，讲求格式美观雅致、追求庄重秀美，使其象一只报春的轻燕，飞进千家万户，为你带来佳音。
篇19：职业高中生自我鉴定的写作方法
全文共 563 字
+ 加入清单自我感觉良好。座右铭是：做与不做是一回事，做不做得到是另一回事儿。勇于拼搏，积极进取。觉得人生就像“马拉松”，跑完一程又一程，感受着追求的快感，不在乎结果，却讲究过程。
在档案里突然发现，我都已经不记得那时侯这么给自己评价的。但是我当时觉得我的人生可能就到此为颠峰了吧，那是我最快乐也是最有活力跟冲劲的时候。
曾经很想找回那时的感觉，最后发现不太可能。
但是我会想跑一程，跑起来就会觉的没有什么不可能的。
引用一个网友的心得：“很正常，一般人都无法想象，一个人在途中连续跑好几个小时，他脑子里会想些什么，他到底又为了什么。经历过的人会明白，那几个小时中，脑子里什么都想，喜怒哀乐，人生的一切，甚至包括对人生的迷茫和对生命的感悟，有激动，有欣喜，有孤单，有痛苦，有坚持，有希望……正如跑版那句耳熟能详的名言：人生就是一场马拉松，领先和落后都是暂时的，唯有拼搏向前才是永恒。我很庆幸，在马拉松，我找到了自己的精神支柱。”
我也很庆幸，我跑了那个1500。
为了那个1500，有几天早上不搭车就跑到学校，经常沿着江滩跑，可以看到城市日出，可以和晨练的老人聊上几句，可以感受一种祥和、平静，就象神在我左右。我闭上眼睛，屏住呼吸，小鸟就会自然落到我肩上，阳光也会照在我的侧脸。我就会很温暖，和周围空气一样温暖得可以融合到一起。这样就很幸福很满足了！
篇20：2024年中考英语写作素材：英语作文必背点睛句
全文共 8320 字
+ 加入清单想要写好英语作文平常肯定少不了积累，下面是语文迷网整理的关于中考英语作文的句子素材，希望对你有帮助。
1. According to a recent survey， four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。
2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.
最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。
3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.
没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。
4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.
人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。
5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.
越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。
6. When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。
7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.
许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。
8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.
应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。
9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However， this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents， who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.
越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和**.
10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus， which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.
许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。
11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem： the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.
无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。
12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.
一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。
13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact， it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。
14. Any government， which is blind to this point， may pay a heavy price.
任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。
15.Nowadays， many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately， for most young people， it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.
当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。
16. In view of the seriousness of this problem， effective measures should be taken before things get worse.
考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。
17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills， which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.
大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。
18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.
无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。
19. Although this view is wildly held， this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。
20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.
没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。
21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.
人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。
22. In the last decades， advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.
在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。
23. In fact， we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.
事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。
24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。
25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.
人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。
26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.
从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。
27. Now， it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.
现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。
28. This is a matter of life and death——a matter no country can afford to ignore.
这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。
29. For my part， I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons：
我同意后者，有如下理由：
30. Before giving my opinion， I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.
在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。
31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.
这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。
32. Although many people claim that， along with the rapidly economic development， the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.
尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。
33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.
环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。
34. In view of such serious situation， environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.
考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。
35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.
使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。
36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle， it is not without its problem.
尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。
37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.
在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。
38. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.
通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。
39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.
当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。
40. This issue has caused wide public concern.
这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。
41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.
必须指出学习只能靠自己。
42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously， they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.
许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。
43. As for me， Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation， for the following reasons：
就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：
44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.
人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。
45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.
即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。
46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology， and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.
人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。
47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.
现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。
48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.
一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。
49. For the majority of people， reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.
对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。
50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style， it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes： it is never too late to learn.
对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。