提升写作技巧的英语作文(精选20篇)

动笔之前先列提纲

写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细些，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。

篇幅争取要写满

一般来说，中考高考作文要求都不低于600-800字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右。譬如中考作文不低于600字，试卷给的卷面多是800字左右，那么，你争取写到780字，留下最后一两行。

字迹是得分关键

任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

首尾两行半

除了忌八九行的行文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半，顶多不能超过三行半。视觉会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

想好主题和文体

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总-分-总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1-3-1”或者“1-4-1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了。

吸引人的标题

好的题目非常重要，如果能达到让人眼前一亮的感觉，多加一两分绝对是没有问题的。考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。

考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来，可以分别背个三五句。

段落分明，干净整洁

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以5～6段为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。

导语：小编提醒大家，要想把作文写好，要想在考研写作中得高分，平时一定得多阅读优秀的范文，特别是一些漂亮精彩的句型。同时也有必要掌握一些写作模式和技巧，不断地模仿练习，最后才能真正打造出高分作文。

一、命题依据

考研话题牵涉面广，包罗万象，变幻莫测。但从历年考研真题研究中可以发现写作基本上可粗略地划分为两大类话题：永恒话题(everlastingtopic)和热点话题(hotissue)。所谓永恒话题，是指那些不以时间和空间的转移为转移的话题。这类话题一般都是一些宏观的大话题，没有明显的时代印痕。如有关社会道德范畴的话题。另一大类是热点话题，即近几年或某一年特殊的社会现象， 媒体普遍报道过或公众普遍谈论的话题。如AdvertisementonTV(93)，温室的花朵经不起风雨(2003)等，所以，平时在生活和学习中留意类似话题的英文素材预以备战不妨是个好的办法。

二、写作技巧

1.精心构造全文的引言段

考研作文阅卷老师每天工作量很大，工作时间也较长，因此长时间批改水平参差不齐、质量高下不一的作文难免感到疲劳，厌倦，甚至气恼。据测试统计，一口气读完12 篇后才走神的人极少，定力惊人。因此，在考研写作三段制中，第一段最能吸引他们的目光和注意力，因为考研作文采用的是总体评分法(GlobalScoring)，作文评卷老师往往主要凭借第一段的总体印象打分。有人把文章的第一段说成是黄金段落，说老师就是在这一段中不断地“淘金”。这一说法是很有道理的，因此，作文要想得高分，一定要精心构造全文的第一段，最大限度地满足阅卷老师的期待心理，力争给他留下良好的第一印象。经验告诉我们，阅卷老师在看完文章的第一段后就已基本上给文章定了分数档次，即使在第二，第三段中发现文章中的其他一些美中不足之处，他也只是微调几分，总体分数还是比先定的档次低的文章要好得多。总之，引言段在全文三段中的重要性再怎么强调也不过分。如果要按重要性依次递减的顺序来排的话，那么应是引言在先，其次是结尾段，再次是拓展段。

2.制造语言的闪光点

“言之无文，行而不远”，同理语言干瘪平淡，让人看之面目可憎，读后味如嚼蜡。要想攫住阅卷老师匆匆的一瞥，留住他们的兴奋点，就非得在语言上猛下功夫，多制造些表达上的闪光点。语言是思维的外壳，语言的好坏直接影响到实际作文分数的高低。语言表达的亮点体现在小到一个词，短语大到一个句子中。高分作文往往是“锱铢必较”，几乎字字计较。很多人作文分数很低往往是因为用词面太窄。当然，词汇的积累是有个过程的。可惜的是，很多同学只能认词，却不能再现，更不用说写作时运用了。

3.避免中国式英语

母语为非英语的人学习英语时往往会将母语的思维和表达方式直接迁移到英语表达当中。中国人学英语时往往会受母语根深蒂固的影响，最易造出中国腔的英语。有人把“价格便宜”直接写成“The price is cheap”，把“这件事小菜一碟”说成“This is a small dish”，让人看后苦笑不得。因此要尽量摆脱中国试英语，方法看来只有一条：多看外国人写的文章，多多阅读。不难想象，阅卷老师如果在短短的二百字文章中到处看到Chinglish，他无法使自己对你文章的印象好起来。

4.尽量有路标词

路标词(signalword)又称衔接词(connectives)就像灯塔为在茫茫大海中航行的船只指引方向一样，它能突出文章的层次性和逻辑性。英语文章讲究启承转合。“启”就是开启观点：“承”就是接着话茬进一步发展论证或补充：“转”就是讲相反或对立的观点：“合”就是总结概括。一篇文章若没有路标词便会杂乱无章的乱堆在一起，给人凌乱没有条理的感觉。标志词或衔接词的作用绝对不可小觑。

此外，多种句型的交替使用，文章脉络层次的分明，论据的合理充分等在写作中都应引起足够的重视。

导语：语文作文近些年越来越受到学校、学生、家长的重视，无论是政策引导还是未来中高考中语文作文的分值占比，作文越来越成为孩子们需要练习的对象。下面是小编收集的一些人物描写的写作技巧，请同学们认真阅读!

作文，不论是记事还是写人，总离不开人物描写。人物在文章里一出现，就像演员出现在舞台上一样，首先映入观众眼帘的是外貌。因此，学会观察和描写人物外貌是写记叙文的一项不可忽视的基本功。

人物外貌不但指人的容貌、身材、衣着打扮，还指人的神情、姿态、声音等。把人物的这些特点具体地写下来，就是人物外貌描写。如下面例段：

太阳晒得墨黑的清瘦的脸上，有一对稍稍洼进去的大大的双眼皮儿眼睛;眉毛细而斜;黑里带黄的头发用花布条子扎两条短辫子;衣服都很旧;右裤脚上的一个破洞别一支别针;春夏秋三季都打赤脚，只有上山抓柴禾的时节，怕刺破脚板，才穿双鞋子，但一下山就脱了。

这里描写的是一位农村姑娘的外貌。用六个并列的分句描写了容貌和衣着，具体地写出了一个家庭穷苦、热爱劳动、性格倔强的农村小姑娘的形象。

要写好人物外貌，关键在于平时仔细观察。抓住人物的外貌特征，注意人物的身分，了解、熟悉他们的个性。还要留心他们的变化。具体来说：

第一，描写人物外貌要抓住人物外貌的特点。

如下列例段：

这是个三十来岁的年轻人。身穿军用棉大衣，脚穿高筒皮靴。高个子，方脸盘，长得很魁梧。下巴上有一颗黑痣，那双眼睛在黑暗中闪着亮，使人觉得粗犷又精明。

李云是一个机灵、陶气的孩子。他胖乎乎的脸上，长着一对调皮的大眼睛，眼帘忽闪忽闪的，那两颗像黑宝石似的大眼珠只要一转，鬼点子就来了。在他那黝黑的脸上，不论是那鼓鼓的腮帮，还是那薄薄的嘴唇，或者那微微翘起的小鼻尖，都使你感到滑稽逗人。

例段一，写的是一位三十来岁的青年人。作者抓住“身穿军人棉大衣”、“脚穿高统皮靴”、“高个子，方脸盘”、“眼睛闪亮”等外貌特点，写出了一个粗犷、精明的男子汉形象。例段二主要抓住孩子：调皮的大眼睛”、“鼓鼓的腮帮”、“翘起的小鼻尖”等相貌特点，把一个机灵、滑稽逗人的孩子写得活灵活现。上述两例告诉我们，写人物外貌，一定要抓住外貌的特征，这样，就不会出现“千人一面”的毛病。

第二，描写外貌要注意人物的身分，不能张冠李戴。

如下面例段，人物身分就非常鲜明。

我仔细端详着面前这位青年人。他戴着一顶篮色旅游帽，帽沿上有一行白字：“日本大学生旅游团”。身上穿一件黑灰色太空服，下身穿着牛仔裤，肩上背着一个黑色的旅游包。

这老汉，头上戴着一顶破草帽，露在帽沿外边的头发已经斑白了。肩上搭着一件灰不灰、黄不黄的褂子。整个脊背，又黑又亮，闪闪发光，好像涂上了一层油。下面的裤腿卷过膝盖，毛茸茸的小腿上，布满大大小小无数个筋疙瘩，被一条条高高鼓起的血管串连着。脚上没有穿鞋，脚板上的老皮怕有一指厚，……腰上插着旱烟袋，烟荷包搭拉在屁股上，像钟摆似的两边摆动着。

上面两段分别描写了两个不同身分的人物形象。例一写的是一个初次见面的陌生人，通过描写穿着打扮的特点，告诉人们他是一位日本来华旅游的大学生。例二侧重描写老汉的脊背肤色、小腿形态、赤脚、腰上插着旱烟袋等特点，生动描绘出了一位居住农村，饱经风霜、朴实健康的、典型的老农形象。

第三，描写外貌要注意人物内心感情的变化。

人总是生活在一定的环境中，在不同时期，不同情况下，年龄、经济地位、职业、心境、感情都在起一定的变化，这种变化必然会反映到人物的外表来。因此，写人物外貌，不能一成不变，要通过人物外貌的描写反映出人物的心内世界。

请看下面三个例段对同一位老人表情变化的描写：

除夕晚上，儿子、孙子都来到她身边，她满脸皱纹都舒展开了，就像盛开的菊花瓣，每根皱纹里都洋溢着笑意。

一天，她的老伴儿病倒了，她脸上珠网般的皱纹更深了，两道眉毛拧成的疙瘩锁到一块儿了。

她望着老伴儿的遗像，嘴唇微微抖动着，刀刻般的皱纹里，流淌着串串泪珠。

三个例段描写的是同一位老人面部表情的变化，却反映了三种不同的思想感情：例一表达了老人享受“天伦之乐”的幸福心情;例二反映了老人为老伴儿生病而着急发愁的心态;例三写出了老人伤心、悲痛的思想感情。由此说明，描写人物外貌，一定要注意人的内心的感情的变化。

第四，描写外貌，还要注意人物的性格特点。

人，各有各的性格，就是一对双胞胎，尽管长相一样，但性格和气质是不尽相同的。描写外貌的时候，就要注意“以形传神”地把人物的性格特点反映出来。如下面例段：

金豆才七岁，头发披散着，垂到脖子边，见人就羞得把头低下去，或者跑开了又悄悄地望着人，或者等你不知不觉时猛然叫一声来吓唬你。

她大概叫琅琅，穿一件红底白点小罩衣。凸额头、塌鼻梁，一头柔软的卷发。总是不声不响，像个静默的小哲学家似的。

女儿长得像她娘，眼睛长得尤其像。白眼珠鸭蛋清，黑眼珠棋子黑，定神时如清水，闪动时像星星。浑身上下，头是头，脚是脚。头发滑溜溜的，衣服格挣挣的。

上面三个例段都是写小女孩儿的相貌，但写出了各自不同的性格和气质。例段一侧重描写孩子的神态，突出了金豆怕羞但天真、活泼的性格;例段二先描写琅琅的长相轮廓，然后用比喻的手法写出她文静的特点;例段三着重描写眼睛。通过对眼睛色泽和眼睛神态的描写，表现了女孩聪明，纯真的内在气质。

文章摘要：经过我的一个个发明人类的社会将会更加美好?要是煮熟了放在碗里，像泄了气的皮球一样软软的。中考作文写作技巧及方法天兵天将不是很威风吗。谁叫他敬酒不吃吃罚酒呀；By——熙瑞。”“大姨允许你玩一会儿。月眼睁睁的看着雨倒下了，就倒在自己身前；你不会让老师失望的，对吧。

1.严谨的布局：

正所谓万事开头难，不过只要开了个好头，这篇作文就会很好写了。

凤头：是文章的首段，是阅卷老师首先入眼的地方，一定要做好整篇文章的中心把握，要做到下文与首段上下连贯，紧密结合，要通过开头使下文有可写之处，开头要达到让阅卷老师耳目一新的效果。例如，巧用排比，比喻，拟人等修辞手法，并且通过这些修辞手法，而统领全文主旨。

猪肚：在一篇上好的文章中，分段都会恰到好处，而当文章中只有一大段或两三段时，这篇文章即使文采再出众，也不会有太高的分数，因为阅卷老师在中考判卷时，每三分钟就要判出一份作文，工作量相当大，如果不善于分段，阅卷老师可能失去耐心，从而看不完，就会草草的给出分数。所以，在我看来，一篇文章至少要分6-8个段，但不是一行或几行一段，而是要看起来像豆腐块，一块块整齐的排列在一起，使文章紧中有松，松弛有度。要看上去整篇文章是一个整体，而不是零散的。

豹尾：在文章的最后处，应当让主题更突出鲜明，升华主题思想，使豹尾抽起来!或让人感到峰回路转，柳暗花明或更进一步的特殊效果。在文章末尾，应当再次点题，紧扣中心思想，让贯穿始终的中心思想继续延伸，引人深思。特别是要在结尾处，与开头形成呼应，对比，递进等等，来引发阅读老师的共鸣!

2.细腻的文笔：不管是记叙，议论还是散文;不管是写人写事还是写景。都要用细腻的文笔呈现出来，使文章中点更突出，让阅卷老师在看试卷的过程中，有深思，放慢阅读速度和重复阅读的情况出现，让阅卷老师身临其境，从而使文章更具灵性。

3.贯穿始终的思想感情：在一篇布局格式上很得当，错落有致的文章上，还必须要有一条贯穿始终的思想路线，这条线就像鱼的脊椎一样重要，这条线一定要清晰，明确，千万不可含混不清。

把握好这几点，一篇好的中考作文已经大致成型，不过要想在中考中脱颖而出，这仅仅是开始。

安徽 刘腾辉

【作文导引】

写作说明文的目的一般是让人们了解事物的特征、明白事理，从而获得一定的知识和技能。只有清楚地进行说明，才能达到这个目的。那么，如何使说明文条理清晰，使读者一目了然呢？众所周知，任何事物或事理都有其内在的特点及其一定的逻辑关系，说明时就要按照其本身的条理性来合理安排说明的顺序。

说明文的说明顺序各不相同。说明顺序的采用，往往是由说明对象的特征和说明目的决定的。常见的说明顺序有以下三种：时间顺序，空间顺序，逻辑顺序。一篇文章中，不一定只采用一种说明顺序，有时根据说明的需要，综合使用几种说明顺序。我们在写作时，怎样才能合理地安排说明顺序呢？

一、安排说明顺序要依据说明对象的特点和内在的逻辑关系来进行。

一般情况下，说明对象包括具体的事物和抽象的事理两个方面。任何事物都有一定的特征，写作时，我们要在细致观察的基础上，抓住其本质特征安排合理的说明顺序。如果说明事物的发展变化过程，可采用时间顺序；若说明事物的形貌特征或者方位，可采用空间顺序。抽象的事理，一般都有内在的逻辑关系，说明时，可根据不同的关系确立适当的说明顺序，如由一般到特殊，由概括到具体、由因到果……

二、安排说明顺序要符合事物发展和人们认识事物的规律。

任何事物的发展变化都是有规律的，人们对事物的认识也是有一定的规律可循的。一般来讲，事物的发展和变化往往都具有由小到大，由简单到复杂的特点。人们对事物的认识，也是由浅入深、由表及里、由初级到高级，层层深入的。因此，写事理说明文，安排说明顺序时，一定要遵循事物发展的客观规律以及人们认识事物的规律。

三、安排说明顺序要充分考虑到说明的中心和材料的关系。

说明文的材料是为中心服务的，具体安排什么样的材料说明事物，就必须把握说明的中心是什么。而安排说明顺序，一定要充分考虑到中心和材料的关系。比如说，说明一棵树，若从其生长过程的角度进行说明，可采用时间顺序；若从其功用等角度说明，可采用逻辑顺序。

【升格例析】

【病文展示】

家乡的小桥

人们常说："江南多水乡，故而桥是南方独特的风景线。"南方的名桥固然奇妙，但作为土生土长的北方人，我还是认为家乡的小桥独具风韵。

在我的家乡，有两种桥最为普遍，土桥和钢筋混凝土桥。现在大多为钢筋混凝土桥。这种桥主要是以钢筋混凝土土作为材料进行修建的，虽没有镂刻的优美图案、独特的造型，形式简洁明了，但坚固耐用。桥面平坦，下面有七根粗大的桥墩；桥面两边的栏杆昂首挺立，像一个个威风凛凛的哨兵。每两个桥墩之间都有大大的桥洞，使水流畅通无阻，为旱灌涝排提供了方便。桥与地面相连，上面覆盖着厚厚的尘土，被过往的车辆压得结结实实。

过去，我们家乡则以土桥居多。所谓土桥，是以土为材料。几米、乃至十几米宽的小河，两岸随便垒起几块石头，然后在上面搭上几块石板，铺些土，压平，土桥就这样建成了。

家乡的小桥造型简单，古朴典雅。有时桥面上还有些许的坑坑洼洼，那或许是岁月所留下的痕迹吧。整个桥身和路面一样，非常不起眼，很难惹人注目。但是，两岸绿柳成荫，微风吹拂，景致宜人。

无论是现在的钢筋混凝土桥，还是以前的土桥，都起到沟通和连接的作用。()家乡的小桥虽然简陋，但维系着父老乡亲的生命线，意义重大。

【误区警示】

上面这篇文章，作者虽然抓住了土桥和钢筋混凝土桥的特点进行说明，但在说明事物特征、顺序及语言方面，还存在一定的不足之处。

警示一：没能很好地抓住说明对象的本质特征来写。写钢筋混凝土桥时，作者只是粗略地介绍了桥面、桥墩、桥洞等方面的一般特征，而没有抓住桥的坚固耐用这一本质特征重点说明。

警示二：条理不清，结构混乱。先写现在，再写过去，顺序颠倒。特别是写钢筋混凝土桥，一会儿写桥面、桥墩，一会儿又写栏杆、桥洞，条理极不清晰。另外，在说明钢筋混凝土桥和土桥之间，缺少必要的过渡，结构混乱。

警示三：个别语句的表达过于绝对，说明语言不够准确。像文中第三段"所谓土桥，是以土为材料"一句，语意就过于绝对。因为土桥的材料不完全是土，下文可知，还有石块、石板等。第四段"整个桥面和路面一样"一句表意也不准确，桥面和路面根本不可能完全一样。等等。

【升格点拨】

建议从以下三个方面进行升格：

一、写钢筋混凝土桥，应该抓住这种桥坚固耐用这一本质特征进行重点说明，无论写桥面、桥墩，还是栏杆等，都要围绕这一点来写。这样，才能更好地突出事物的本质特征。

二、应该按时间的先后顺序，先写过去的土桥，再写现在的钢筋混凝土桥。对钢筋混凝土桥的说明，要按空间顺序，由上到下，依次写桥面、栏杆、桥墩、桥洞。同时，土桥和钢筋混凝土桥两部分内容之间，应该加上一个过渡段，可这样来写："随着岁月的流逝，家乡那古朴简单的土桥因年久失修而破败不堪。而社会的发展，又使得钢筋混凝土桥这一新生事物在此安家落户了".

三、对说明对象的特征并不完全了解的内容，应该用上一些表示估计或推测的词语，以体现说明语言的准确性。如"所谓土桥，是以土为材料"一句，应在"是"的前面加上"主要"一词，这样，语意就不显得绝对了。

【升格示例】

家乡的小桥

人们常说："江南多水乡，故而桥是南方独特的风景线。"南方的名桥固然奇妙，但作为土生土长的北方人，我还是认为家乡的小桥独具风韵。

在我的家乡，有两种桥最为普遍，土桥和钢筋混凝土桥。过去，土桥最多。所谓土桥，主要是以土为材料。几米、乃至十几米宽的小河，两岸随便垒起几块石头，然后在上面搭上几块石板，铺些土，压平，土桥就这样建成了。

家乡的小桥造型简单，古朴典雅。有时桥面上还有些许的坑坑洼洼，那或许是岁月所留下的痕迹吧。整个桥身几乎和路面一样，非常不起眼，很难惹人注目。但是，两岸的绿柳成荫，微风吹拂，柳梢便趁机亲吻小桥。桥下的流水哗哗流淌，唱着欢快的歌儿，远处的农舍隐藏在袅袅炊烟之中，具有"小桥流水人家"的诗情画意。

随着岁月的流逝，家乡那古朴简单的土桥因年久失修而破败不堪。而社会的发展，又使得钢筋混凝土桥这一新生事物在此安家落户了。

形式简洁明了，结构坚固耐用，是钢筋混凝土桥的本质特征。桥面结实平坦，两边的栏杆昂首挺立，像一个个威风凛凛的哨兵。桥下有四根粗大的桥墩，全是混凝土所制，如同擎天玉柱，使小桥牢牢地屹立在河面之上。三个大大的桥洞，又使水流畅通无阻，为旱灌涝排提供了方便。桥与地面相连，上面覆盖着厚厚的尘土，被过往的车辆压得结结实实，好像给桥面穿了一件黄色的外衣，让人分辨不清哪是桥，哪是路。

我国著名桥梁专家茅以升曾说过："桥是一条放大的板凳".不错，每一座桥梁都起到沟通和连接的作用。家乡的小桥虽然简陋，但维系着父老乡亲的生命线，意义重大。

【升格点评】

能抓住事物的本质特征，进行有条理的说明，是升格文最突出的特点。此外，语言生动准确，结构严谨也是本文的亮点。

一、作者在升格文中，紧紧扣住土桥的造型简单、古朴典雅及钢筋混凝土桥的坚固耐用的本质特征进行说明，鲜明具体，同时流露出作者对家乡小桥的喜爱之情。

二、升格后的文章，根据说明的需要，采用了两种顺序：一是以时间为序，先写过去的土桥，再写写作的钢筋混凝土桥；二是写钢筋混凝土桥时，采用自上而下的空间顺序。这就使文章条理清晰，使人一目了然。

三、以文艺性的语言，生动地说明了事物的特征，语言准确严密。如文中"柳梢便趁机亲吻小桥。桥下的流水哗哗流淌，唱着欢快的歌儿",以拟人的手法，说明土桥周围景色的美丽；同时，作者又把栏杆比作"哨兵",把桥面上的尘土比作"黄色的外衣",生动贴切。

Grasp all, lose all. 贪多必失.

Whats lost is lost. 失者不可复得。

Waste not, want not. 不浪费,不会穷.

Tomorrow never comes. 切莫依赖明天. / 我生待明日,万事成蹉跎.

No man is infallible. 没有人不犯错误。

Alms never make poor. 施舍穷不了人.

Love will find a way. 爱心所至,金石为开.

Manners make the man. 举止见人品。

Patience is a virtue. 忍耐是一种美德.

Pity is akin to love. 怜悯生爱.

Call a spade a spade. 是啥说啥，难听不怕。

Delays are dangerous. 因循出危险.

Diamond cuts diamond. 强中自有强中手.

Counsel is no command. 劝告不是命令.

Poverty tries friends. 贫穷考验朋友.

Once bitten,twice shy. 吃一次亏,学一次乖.

Pain past is pleasure. 痛苦过去即欢乐.

Leal heart lied never. 心诚无谎言。

Hot love is soon cold. 过热的爱情冷得快.

As good lost as found. 有得必有失. /得失同喜.

Every dog has his day. 瓦块也有翻身日，人人都有运来时。

Wise fear begets care. 懂得担心,就会小心.

"Never”is a long word. 不要轻易说“决不”。

After wind comes rain. 风是雨的头。

Nurture passes nature. 教养胜过天性.

Time tries all things. 时间检验一切.

Boys will be boys. 男孩子总是男孩子.

No song, no supper. 不出力,不得食.

The truth will out. 真相总会大白.

Time works wonders. 时间能创造奇迹.

To think is to see. 思考就是明白.

Truth will prevail. 真理必胜

A lie begets a lie. 谎言生谎言。

Years bring wisdom. 年岁带来智慧.

In love is no lack. 爱情不会感到缺乏.

Easy come, easy go. 来得容易去得 . /悖入悖出.

Every little helps. 点滴都有用.

Forgive and forget. 恢弘大度，勿念旧恶。

Manners maketh man. 举止造人品.

Laugh and grow fat. 心宽体胖 。

Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量.

Let the world slide. 人世沧桑,听其自然.

Love me,love my dog. 爱屋及乌.

Life means struggle. 生活就是斗争.

Fair plays a jewel. 比赛风格好,胜过珠宝.

Early sow,early mow. 种得早,收得早.

阅读下面的材料，根据要求作文：

一位16岁的少年拜访一位智者。他问：“我如何才能变成一个自己愉快，也能够给别人愉快的人呢?”智者说：“送你四句话——把自己当成别人，把别人当成自己，把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己。”这位少年牢记智者的话，终于成了自己愉快也给别人愉快的人。

请以智者四句话中的一句或几句话作为话题，写一篇文章。注意：文体不限，题目自拟，有真情实感，不少于800字。

【深情出发】这是一道关系型话题作文。近年来，这种题型颇受高考命题人的青睐。如2004年全国卷高考作文话题“看到自己与看到别人”，2005年全国卷II作文话题“忘记与铭记”，2006年重庆高考作文话题“走与停”，2007年高考作文海南卷作文话题科学家的创新与创造等，都属于关系型话题作文。这种题型体现了新课标“学会多角度地观察生活，丰富生活经历和情感体验，对自然、社会和人生有自己的感受和思考”的思想，指向本我与生活，关注人生，关注社会，关注人类的精神家园，有效地考查了学生的思辨能力，积极引导学生用哲学的理论指导生活实践，辩证地看待分析问题。

因此，同学们在审这类作文题时，要辨清构成话题的词、短语之间的特定关系。如该题中的“自己与别人”是并列共存关系，可以理解为“在看到自己的同时关注别人，自己、别人与愉快的人是对立统一的关系”;也可以理解为“只有处理好自己与自己的关系，才能成为自己愉快也给别人愉快的人”。关系型话题作文涉及到两种或两种以上的相互联系的关系，审题时必须认真思考，抓住关键点，明了地揭示出它们之间存在的联系，不可偏废，否则就会跑题。

我们不妨打个比方来全面把握这道题意：就好像放风筝，题目中的关键词“愉快”是拽在手里的线，放飞的风筝是“自己与别人”，多角度地解读如何做好“自己”与“别人”，“自己”与“自己”都须紧紧系住“愉快”这个关键词。

对于智者的四句话，我们可以这样解读：“把自己当成别人”——不囿于自我，与别人换位思考，从别人的立场出发，为别人设想;“把别人当成自己”——以人为镜，可以明得失，借鉴别人，可以看到自己的优势和缺陷;“把别人当成别人”——尊重价值的多样化，尊重别人，宽容别人，不把自己的主观愿望强加给人家;“把自己当成自己”——重视自己，善待自己，充实自己，发展自己，经营好自己的人生。同学们可联系实际，就以上一个或几个角度展开思路，生活中的林林总总都可以入文，选自己熟悉的方面下笔，深入挖掘，文章自然水到渠成了。学生可以若能紧握时代脉搏，关注人文，将立意提升至构建社会和谐，定能写出更有说服力和感染力的佳作来。

【佳作展示】庄子：愉快的哲学

福建龙海角美中学高二(2)班林艺贞

把自己当别人，把别人当成自己，把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己，你就成了自己愉快也给别人愉快的人。——题记

把自己当成别人。庄子，你是大海。“无名、无功、无己”，因不看重名利而心存高远，因不畏荣辱而处变不惊。因不计较得失而心胸辽阔。于是，你超乎物外，梦化成蝶。不知是蝴蝶梦化为庄周?还是庄周梦化成蝴蝶?你终成了浩瀚无边的大海，包容万物，生生不息。

把别人当成自己，在那样一个文化屈从权势的社会里，庄子，你是一棵孤独的树，独自在黑夜里守护心灵月亮的树。我终于明白为什么在人们昧昧欲睡的时候，皎月依旧当空，用自己的圆缺演绎着人间的美满与忧伤的故事，用自然的运转昭示人间的兴衰荣辱、际遇得失。是你，在清风夜唳的黑暗中默默守侯，守候别人的幸福。一轮孤月下，一棵孤独的树，那是一种不可企及的妩媚。

把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己。庄子，你眼极冷，心肠极热。眼冷，故是非不管;心热，故悲慨万端。虽知无用，而终不能忘情，到底是热肠牵绊;虽不能忘情，而终不下手，到底是冷眼看穿。亡妻那天，你抑制不住满腔的悲伤，想放声痛哭，终究是违背自然天性，于是，你鼓盆而歌。面对别人的质问，你从容地应答道：“是相与为春秋冬夏，四时行也。”这是一种摆脱世俗，洞察天地的真正达观。

一个人要想活得坦然、愉快，就必须坚持住自己的准则。在世人看来，你是痛苦的，活在梦化成蝶的希冀中，活在自己编织的罗网里，无穷无尽的纠缠与徘徊。殊不知你早已在俗世挣扎中获得了新生，赢得了那份坦然，那份“物化”的愉快了。

河畔边上，你以从容、自在定得鱼儿的快乐。你会心一笑，笑鱼儿的乐，笑惠子的浅陋。同是河塘边上，身后是楚国的相位，面前是一方净水。如果你是许由，恐怕也得坠河洗耳了。但你还是为那两位大夫保留了颜面，以乌龟自喻，一句：“往矣，吾将曳尾于涂中。”表明了心迹。庄子，你是一树怒放的梅花，无意和百花争春，无畏于寒风的凛冽，不在乎万物的艳羡，只愿在白雪中坦然释放，只愿在孤独中秉持那份守望。

人生的快乐在于能否坚持住自己的秉性，你凭一腔坦然坚持住了——把自己当别人，把别人当成自己，把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己。

简评：本文最突出的地方是迁移文本素材，让学生不再认为课文就单纯只是课文，考试派不了用场，学无所用似的。作者借庄子《逍遥游》折射的哲理光芒，以其思想、经历解读智者的为人处世原则，且巧妙地联系自然事物理解庄子的人生追求、思想境界。整体来说似是散文笔法的读后感，虽有些青涩，却不失为一篇佳作。

例文2：笑?!

福建龙海角美中学高二年(1)班黄艺娜

当一个人步入另一个世界里。笑，就不再仅仅只是因为自己。

那一年的那一天。

我拖着行李，迈着步伐，那步伐或轻快，或沉重?来到了那个既很向往又很陌生的城市——深圳。站在人才交流市场门口，一个乡下小妹，对着这样一个高墙林立、灯红酒绿的大都市，百感交集，是悲抑或是喜?!

寻寻觅觅——

“大叔，您这需要人手吗?我真的很需要这份工作。”好不容易，从憔悴而又僵硬的脸上挤出一个“笑”，怯怯而又焦急地问。只见那胖嘟嘟的脸颊泛着红润润的光，那双眼珠就深埋在两缝间，像月牙般，很小，很小的。他上下反复地打量着我，然后摇摇头，挥挥手，表示要我离开。晶莹的泪花在眼角闪动。我还是抬起头，对那张满是横肉的脸，恁地，笑了笑，疲惫地走开了。

夜，又降临了，“怎么办，晚上要在哪里落脚?”边走边喃喃着，黄色的连衣裙摆被夜风吹得胡乱地舞动，小腿被剐得有些许痛楚。

当我刚要上巴士时，一位白发苍苍的老奶奶唤住我，说要换零钱。我看着那张布满皱纹的脸，又笑了笑，毫不犹豫地从裤兜里找出10块钱，递到她手上。老奶奶给了我一张2元钱的和3张一块钱的，然后在一个黑色的、旧旧的包包里翻腾着，起初我以为她是在找零钱，后来却拿出了两块口香糖，塞在我手上，说：“没零钱了，就拿这个抵吧!”然后转身匆匆走了。这时我才意识到——被骗了。我愣愣地盯着搁在掌心的那两块口香糖，倏地，泪水溅到青绿色的包装纸上。

抬起头，望了望还没走太远的背影，跑了几步，大声喊：“老奶奶，谢谢你的口香糖。”她转过瘦弱的身体，用不解的目光看了看把两个口香糖举得高高的女孩，深深浅浅的皱纹堆在一起。虽然，泪水早已不听使唤的滑落，但还是发自内心的扬起嘴角的笑。笑了，只是不想让老奶奶心里不好过。

巴士开了。

坐在靠窗口的座位上，风，轻轻的拂过，吹动了发梢，颤动了心。

对于人生，这似乎永无止境的学问，今天我懂了一个道理：笑，不都只是因为自己的快乐!

简评：作者联系现实生活用叙述的口吻，以打工妹的经历很好地诠释了智者的话意。题目中两种标点符号的叠加使用，激发读者的阅读兴趣，引人入胜，主题突出、明确，人物的神态、心理描写较为细腻，人物形象真实可感。人活着，不仅仅是为了自己，可以让别人的生活因为你的存在而更加美好。乡下妹子用一朵人间永不凋谢的花——微笑展现她的善良和真诚。倘若人人都如此“快乐”而为，社会的和谐之花处处绽放!

【沙场秋点兵】阅读下面的文字，按要求作文：

题1一个外国人麦达德?赖茨在《最重要的几个字》一书中写道：

最重要的六个字：我承认我错了;最重要的五个字：你做得很好;

最重要的四个字：你觉得呢?最重要的三个字：麻烦你;

最重要的二个字：谢谢;最重要的一个词：我们;

最重要的一个字：我。

请你从上面七句话中任选一句(比如“最重要的三个字：麻烦你”)作为话题，写一篇文章。立意自定，文体不限，题目自拟，不少于800字。

职称论文是要评职称用的，要和自己的所学专业、所从事工作有相关性，小编收集了职称论文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、好论文的感觉

1、 您的论文可以用一句话来表达，这一句话可以长一点，但是表达很清楚;我们可以把这话叫做中心句。

2、 论文的框架(纲要)可以很快地表达出来，框架就是中心句的展开;

3、 论文的框架可以简明扼要地画出框图，看起来逻辑清楚，在一个表达的系统中;

4、 根据论文的框架(纲要);可以展开成整篇文章;

5、 好象你在画画，一开始就考虑好整篇文章的意旨、布局、重点、点睛处，这样争取一次性就把文章写好;

6、 写的文章是有价值的，能给读者带来受用;文章写起来感觉是在介绍经验;一边写文章一边有自豪感;

7、 科技技术类的选题有特别的角度，一般能套在“新、难、重、特”里面;

8、 写之前用至少看过3篇相近选题的文献;最好是5至10篇;

9、 行文格式标准，(只要去看文献就知道自己有哪些差距)。

二、怎么写好论文

1、写论文的准备工作

考虑自己评职称时的方向;

自己的工作领域;

可以取材的工程项目、论文相关的案例、工作经验、经历;

初步选几个题目;

根据初选的题目查询文献;

对比看哪个论文方向写起来在价值、表达方便、与自己结合上更合适。

2、确定题目

前面所说的在于选择大的选题方向，到这里的时候，要具体考虑细的题目、重点、聚焦点，题目能不能用一句话表达出来，这时候就要考虑清楚，这一句话可以很长，但是一句话出来的东西一定是逻辑很清晰的。往往的结构是“XX的XX的XX”这样表达的时候，文章的领域、着眼点、新颖点往往就被表达出来了。

3、快速撰写论文

因为能够用一句话一表达题目或者中心，所以写论文的时候就会比较快。

快速的写法是：

先根据那一句话，展开纲要，大概是二级目录就差不多了，就是1.1这样的级别;

之后，根据二级目录，可以很快地组织内容。

4、要点突出

这个时候再来比较内容与题目是对应性怎么样?是一致吗?要对题目做出轻微的调整，还是对内容做出轻微的调整?

哪一个部分是重点，哪个部分是重点的重点?文章的篇幅够了没有，是太多了，还是太少了?要不要修，修哪里?

这里的原则就是突出要点，如同画家画树，冬天时，有枝干而无叶，仍然是树，反过来就不行的。

5、整理

根据突出重点的原则，在保证主干清楚的情况下，进行增减。

根据国际单位制，对单位进行修改;

根据行文格式，对字体、大小、图片、参考文献等进行修改;

对摘要和关键词进行设定。

6、润色

对文章的创新点、系统性表述、逻辑清晰、文章的实用价值、可信度再行润色;

对语句的流利进行润色，最简单的办法，就是从头到尾出声地读一遍下来，边读边改，一定会好很多。

三、重点强调

1、选题

至关重要。

职称论文是要评职称用的，要和自己的所学专业、所从事工作有相关性，特别是与你所将要评的职称专业有较大的相关性。这点对于学历专业、工作经历多、跨专业评职称的人要特别注意。

2、表达系统性和逻辑性

系统性的表达。就是说一个东西的时候，你要把它说清楚，说全面。比如，你跟人家介绍自家的房子，你就要把厅、主卧、客户、书房、饭厅、、卫生间、阳台都说到，这样就叫系统。如果觉得内容太大，就光说客厅，那就要把客厅的四面、上下、中间都有什么说清楚;如果还嫌太大，光说吊顶，就把凡是光于吊项的风格、材料、做工、等等全部说清楚。这就叫做系统性。系统性的反面就是缺漏。

逻辑性的表达。就是说一个东西的时候，要先主后次，先上后下，等等，有一个符合那个东西的规律的表达。比如说家庭的成员，从老的到少的，从男的到女的，从直系的说到旁系的，一代说完再说一代，必要时配要图表来辅助，这就是逻辑性的表达。逻辑性的反面就是乱。

3、规范性

论文只是一种体裁，一种风格，一种方式，有着它区别于其它体裁的规定套路，这就是规范性。比如：摘要要怎么写、关键词要怎么设，参考文献是怎么来表达，标点、格式、单位等要怎么做，这是规范性。

1

主语＋谓语(不及物动词)：S+V

It will rain tomorrow.

He often runs in the morning.

They cried.

Tom exercises every day.

2

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语：S+V+O

I miss my mother very much.

She wants to go home now.

The English club is going to hold an English party.

They all love her.

3

主语＋系动词＋表语：S+V+P

The music sounds wonderful.

The leaves have turned red.

She is a student.

We keep silent about that.

4

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语（人）＋直接宾语（物）：S+V+IO+DO

The teacher gave a book to him.=The teacher gave him a book.

They told me an interesting story.

The waitress offered me a bottle of wine.

My father will buy me a bike.=My father will buy a bike for me.

Miss Smith teaches us English.

5

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语：                                      S+V+O+C

They call me Xiao Wang.

I saw him swimming in the river.

We elected him monitor of the class.

1. 内容切题

内容切题是命题作文的基本要求，考生可从以下几个方面入手：

第一要认真审题。根据题目类别，弄清文体的要求，并判明文章的种类(议论文、说明文、记叙文)，同时确定文章要阐明的主题或要表达的中心思想，若题目已经提供了提纲，还要注意弄清各提纲要点之间的逻辑关系。考生在拿到作文题后，切勿惟恐时间不够，提笔就写。一旦跑题，发现了再改就来不及了，常言道：“磨刀不误砍柴工”。

第二要注意设计安排段落。根据文章的中心思想，确定各个段落的主题内容和主题句。如果是议论文，一般要从论点的正反两个方面来考虑，首先是某观点的合理成分或某物的长处，然后是该观点的不合理成分或该物的短处，最后阐明自己的观点。如果题目提供了提纲，只要把提纲扩展成主题句即可。

第三要避免将记忆里较熟悉的句子生拉硬扯地搬进作文，使作文结构松散，意思不明确，甚至会偏离主题。

2. 表达清楚，文字连贯

文章要做到表达清楚，文字连贯，文章各段落就必须根据提纲所确立的不同主题来展开，而且各段落的主题句要将段落的各个部分凝聚在一起，流利地表达段落大意，使段落中各部分以及段落之间的联系一目了然。

3. 句式有变化

有些考生对写作没信心，不敢大胆地使用所掌握的语言基础知识，包括英语句法知识，结果整篇文章都是以主、谓、宾句式为主的简单句子，文章显得刻板无生气。实际上，

千描百绘的特写

考场记叙文，阅卷老师最看重有没有场面描写，看场面描写时，老师又最看重有没有特写镜头。因为写好特写镜头在阅卷老师看来，就是写好记叙文的最佳境界。什么是特写镜头，即考生借鉴电影艺术的表现手法，对人物、景物的局部特征加以浓墨重彩式的描写或精细刻画，从而凸现一个感人的形象，展示一个精彩的细节，使文章具有强烈的感染力的艺术手法。所以为了与一般平铺直叙式的记叙文境界有别，考生应该独辟特写的佳境，让考场记叙文因为特写而牵制住老师的眼球。

诗情画意的意境

考场散文的最高境界是诗情画意，有时即使寥寥几笔，也让阅卷老师如获至宝。意境就是作者的思想感情和客观事物的高度融合，就是作者所创造的那种情景交融、形神兼备的艺术境界。散文要富有诗意，就应有意捕捉优美的意象并寄托感情，形象一点说，就是要在写散文的时候，感到仿佛是在写诗和作画，要表达出情味、画面和韵致，同时要追求语言的诗化，主要表现在凝练含蓄、形象具体、音韵节奏等方面。要特别善于用精炼语句点染诗意，通过绘形绘色绘声的描写让阅卷老师生发丰富的联想和想象，从而满目生辉，满口溢香。

生动形象的说理

考场论说文的最高境界是议论生动形象，阅卷老师特别害怕大段罗列高深理论，板着面孔说教，愿意看到考生把议论中抽象的，难懂的道理或见解，采用一定的方法和手段，使之变得具体、变得形象;把议论中冗长的客观的论述，采用一定的技巧，使之变得生动活泼，摇曳多姿。比如使用比喻论证，因为喻体的为人熟知，而本体与喻体之间又具有相似点，议论起来就会独僻蹊经，别开生面。而如若在议论中始终贯穿生动形象的说理，则自成妙境。

慧眼传神的标题

要在考场中取悦阅卷老师，先用传神的标题去构建作文的佳境，尝言：标题是眼睛。好作文就要有一双迷人的慧眼。现在我们训练了大量的话题作文，大量同学却把标题拟得老气横秋，或者干脆用话题作为文章的标题，让人一看就不愿给高分。所以作为考生的你要充分意识到阅卷老师的疲惫，用尽量新、雅、美的标题去引起老师的注意，标题拟好了，实际上也是在为考场作文创设景致，而独特的标题更是作文独僻佳境的最好体现，会让人为之一震。

一言九鼎的识见

对于中学生的作文，阅卷老师尤其看重学生的思想认识与观点见解。在阅卷的过程中，老师始终在留意或寻找考生作文中最能代表其识见的内容。因为任何一篇文章总是为表达一定的思想主题服务的，识见的水平如何，直接关涉到作文得分的高低，因此作为考生应该不断磨砺语言，砥砺思想，尽可能在作文中表达一言九鼎的识见。而实践证明，精要而有深度的认识与见解，会使本来很平常的作文内容为之境界全新，无眼之龙也会因为你的点睛之笔而畅游九天之外。

：

1. I would appreciate the privilege of an interview. I may be reached at the address given above，or by telephone at 32333416.

2. I would be glad to have a personal interview，and can provide references if needed。

3. Thank you for your consideration。

4. I welcome the opportunity to meet with you to further discuss my qualifications and your needs. Thank you for your time and consideration。

5. I have enclosed a resume as well as a brief sample of my writing for your review. I look forward to meeting with you to discuss further how I could contribute to your organization。

6. Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to speaking with you。

7. The enclosed resume describes my qualifications for the position advertised. I would welcome the opportunity to personally discuss my qualifications with you at your convenience。

8. I would welcome the opportunity for a personal interview with you at your convenience。

9. I feel confident that given the opportunity，I can make an immediate contribution to Any Corporation. I would appreciate the opportunity to meet with you to discuss your requirements. I will call your office on Friday，to schedule an appointment. Thank you for your consideration。

10. I look forward to speaking with you。

1。我会赞赏采访的特权。我在上面给出的地址可能达到,或者通过电话32333416。

2。我很高兴能有一个面试,如果需要,可以提供参考。

3。谢谢你的考虑。

4。我欢迎机会与您进一步讨论我的资格和您的需要。谢谢您的时间和考虑。

5。我随信附上了我的简历以及一个简短的示例编写为您的回顾。我期待着与你进一步讨论如何为您的组织。

6。感谢你关注这件事。我期待着与你说话。

7。附上的简历描述我的资格为广告位置。我会欢迎机会与您亲自谈论我的资格在您的便利。

8。我欢迎机会个人采访你在你方便的时候。

9。我有信心,有机会,我可以立即对任何公司的贡献。我很高兴能有机会与您会面,讨论您的需求。周五我将打电话给你的办公室,安排一个约会。谢谢你的考虑。

10。我期待着与你说话。

说明文首要的一点是明确说明的 对象，然后用准确的语言，结合多种说明手法对之进行介绍和描述。常用的说明手法有下定义、分类别、作比较、引资料、举例子、列数字、画图表等。下定义，即给要说明的对象下一个明确的定义。如博物馆的定义就是征集、保藏、陈列和研究代表自然和人类的实物,并为公众提供知识、教育和欣赏的文化教育机构。分类别是将要说明的对象按照某种标准划分类别，以帮助读者对事物的理解。如电视机，可以分为彩色电视机和黑白电视机。作比较，即将这种事物与那种事物比较异同，从而更清楚地说明事物的特点。如将城市和乡村作比较，将大学和幼儿园作比较等。作比较的时候一定要注意比较的事物之间应当具有可比性，不能生拉硬扯，也不能不尊重客观事实，胡乱比较。为了说明某种事物的特点，有时候需要介绍它的背景、原理、历史等，这时就要用到引资料这种手法。比如我们要对长城进行说明，适当地引用一些历史文献，就更有助于今天的人们了解长城的历史，从而加深对长城中所蕴含的民族精神的认识。在复杂说明文中，列图表具有不可替代的优势。大量的数据、冗长的叙述、复杂的相互关系等，都可以通过图表得到直观的表达。

按说明的对象不同，说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文。前者着重在于说明的成因、构造、形状、用途等，后者则重在说明事理。这两类说明文常用的写作手法也有一定的区别。比如事物说明文重在说明事物的物理特征，常用的是下定义、分类别等说明手法，事理说明文重在说明事物的逻辑特征，地要用到引资料、作比较等说明手法。但时候，在同一篇文章中，几种说明手法都要用到，相辅相成，互为补充。

如何使说明文物理并重、形神兼备的呢?首要的一点是观察。说明文写作的前提是对要说明的事物非常熟悉。要做到这一点，就要养成认真观察、深入了解的习惯：

观察要有针对性。要带着问题观察，而不是走马观花、浮光掠影。最好能在观察前列出观察提纲，观察时要记笔记、画图标。要善于提出问题。

观察时要分清主次。这就要求我们注意观察的顺序。观察有概括性观察和特写性观察之分。前一种方法有助于抓住事物的概貌，后者则利于把握观察对象的细节和特征。由概括到特写、由全局到局部，是观察的一般原理。

观察重在事物的形。要想传神，写出事物的内涵、原理等，则需要有很好的查阅资料、作调查的能力。比如我们要写一篇文章来说明洛阳牡丹。在写好它的形状、颜色、品种之外，如果能够考察一下洛阳牡丹的来历、其中的牡丹名品在培育中的科学原理，这篇文章就会有说服力，使读者更深刻地认识到洛阳牡丹的文化特色。这就要求我们具备相当的知识积累、广阔的知识面和优秀的调查能力。作为小，应当从小注重积累知识和调查能力的训练。比如通过剪报、记笔记、上图书馆和阅览室等途径来有意识地训练自己。

写作说明文还要注意说明的顺序。有合理的顺序，文章才能条理清晰，让人看得明白。说明顺序一般有三种，即空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序。间顺序一般有从上到下、从左到右、从前到后、从远到近等。时间顺序一般有从古到今、从过去到现在等。 逻辑顺序有从现象到本质、从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到部分、从概括到具体等。什么是合理的顺序呢?这要根据人们认识事物的过程以及说明对象本身的特征、规律而定。说明事物的形状、构造等，往往以空间为顺序;说明事物的成因、方法，往往以时间为顺序;说明事物的事理，往往以逻辑关系为顺序。

文题是文章的眉目，“文好题一半”，一个好的题目，可以概括全文的内容，可以体现全文的思路，可以蕴涵全文的主旨，可以表明全文的特色，能给人清新脱俗，耳目一新的感觉，能一下子抓住读者的注意力、激发起仔细阅读的兴趣，能使文章起到眉目传神的妙用。如《扬长避短，成功之道》、《“英雄”偏到“无用武之地》，这些文题巧用成语，新颖别致。又如《“钦差大臣”请下岗》、《“李鬼”打假》，这些文题巧用名人名字，耐人寻味。再如《千里马变成推磨驴》、《岂可回族街头卖猪肉》等活用修辞给人赏心悦目的感觉。

考场作文的文题，首先必须准确，要扣准话题，不能偏题离题;其次要醒目，要紧扣文章内容，让人一看一目了然，给人耳目一新的感觉;再其次要简洁，要短小简单，能给人留下深刻的印象，能给人广阔的想象空间。常见的文题有三种类型①老实型。老老实实的采用原话题的原词句，并不多加改造。如《心灵的选择》《小议诚信》。②深化型。对原话题理解的基础上，所拟文题或明确主旨，或概括内容，或体现思路，或表明特色，如《失败是种难言的美丽》《人在旅途》。③艺术型。采用一定的修辞方法，常见的如比喻式《人生也是一张答卷》《成功之花只对挑战者绽放》，夸张式《世界很小是个家》，引用式《你不该悄悄地走开》(歌曲)《横看成岭侧成峰》(诗句)，反问式《21世纪你美吗》《岂可回族街头卖猪肉》，情景式《滑铁卢上空的雄鹰》《带着三句话上路》，符号式《出发+拼搏=到达》，呼告式《妈妈，我想对你说》，对比式《英雄无用武之地与英雄有用武之地》。这三种情况以后两种为好。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

如何才能写好中考作文呢?下面是小编整理的2017年中考作文写作技巧精选，欢迎阅读。

记叙文在组材时要注意以下三点：

1.疏密有致。这就是人们常说的详略得当的问题。譬如写一个人，必然要通过几件事写一个人。如果每件事都作具体细致的描述，势必冗长，不仅时间和篇幅不允许，而且也会让读者生厌，如果件件都粗粗略述，那人物又不丰满。我们可采用详写一件，略写一件，再概写几件的方法，这样，就疏密有致相得益彰了。

2.大胆舍弃。在一般情况下，记叙文总要交代事情的起因、发展、结局。可有的同学却有意略去其中的一个环节，文章反而更精练了。如有位同学写“我”与爸爸妈妈怄气、发脾气、使性子，终于得到一套新衣的经过。作者开笔就直接插入事情发展过程的叙述：

我一脚踢开了房门，妈妈关心地问：“蒂儿，回来了?”真是明知故问!我径直走进了自己的房间，倒在床上，大叫：“妈妈，衣服买了吗?”其实刚进门我就感觉到，衣服一定没有买。

这个开头用一“踢”字单刀直入，至于爸爸妈妈什么时候在什么情况下承诺买衣给“我”的则一概略去了。这样一开头就营造了一种“逼”的氛围，于是逼得妈妈唯唯诺诺，逼得爸爸惭愧不安。当“我”终于如愿以偿得到了一套新衣服后，才从他人口中得知，衣服是爸爸借钱买来的，“我”感到了无比歉疚。试想一下，如开头从买衣的起因絮絮道来，那文章能如此一气贯通吗?

开头可省，结尾也同样可省。有位同学在一篇题为《在车夫的影响下》的作文中写他骑车撞倒了一位“阿婆”，本想一溜了之，这时，他的脑海中闪现出鲁迅笔下车夫的形象。文章结尾写道：“雨开始往下洒，我向阿婆走去……”这个结尾何等简洁!至于如何关心、护理阿婆的事已不是本文的重点。作者在此戛然而止，既突出了“影响”，又留给了读者想象的空间。

3.自然过渡。要使文章前后浑然一体，就得注意上下文的过渡，这是文章组材不可忽视的问题。过渡的方式是多种多样的，有的是一个词，如“最”、“当然”、“不过”等。有的是一个单句;有的则是一个起着承上启下作用的复句，如有位同学在他的《我和书的故事》中先写自己利用课余时间攒钱买书的经历，后写了书对他书本知识的学习也起了很大的作用，中间的过渡句是：“阅读大量的课外书，不仅丰富了我的课余生活，使我增长了知识，它对我学习书本中的知识也起了巨大的作用。”;还有的是以一个小段来起过渡作用，如有位同学在他的《读父亲》一文中先用一组排比句写父亲在“我”小的时候对“我”的关心和教育：“当我第一次摔倒时，父亲叫我自己爬起来，我从父亲那里读到做人要坚强;当我不屑一顾于桌上的饭菜时，父亲带我走到卖火柴的小女孩擦火柴的雪夜，让我领略到‘谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦’的真谛。当我第一次背上书包走进学校时，父亲给我讲述了小萝卜头的故事，要我加倍珍惜今天幸福的生活。就这样，在读父亲的过程中，我逐渐长大了。”但是，“我”并不是一直这样顺从父亲的，“我”也有过对父亲的误解和厌烦。怎样过渡到下一个层次呢?作者设计了这样一个过渡段：

可是，当我认为自己已经长大的时候，自以为已经读懂了父亲这本书后，我对父亲产生了隔膜，我不再认真读透父亲的每一句话。然而，那一次却让我刻骨铭心地明白了我的无知和浅薄。

有了这样一些过渡，文章就上下勾连浑然一体了。

上面我们是从内容的角度谈了组材中要注意的问题，下面我们再从形式的角度谈谈怎样的组合方式更容易获得读者的青睐。

1.倒叙设悬式。这种方式就是先把故事的结局置于文首或在开头设置一个悬念，目的都在吸引读者，引起读者的阅读兴趣。如有篇题为《我终于解决了这个难题》的作文是这样开头的：

残月在天的黎明似乎没有往日晓星隐没的诗情。淡淡的晨雾中，一个矇眬的身影沙沙地挪动。仅仅为了一个无从回答的难题，父亲“无情”地将我“逐出”家门，开始了一天的“流浪”。我真不明白：有什么难题连老师和书本都无法帮我解决，而非得自己亲身感受才能领悟?

这个开头留给读者很多疑惑：父亲给“我”出的到底是一道怎样的难题?这道难题为什么“连老师和书本都无法帮我解决”?父亲为什么要把“我”逐出家门来解这道难题?一连串的疑问正勾起了读者阅读的欲望，促使他们要迫不及待地看个究竟。有了这样引人入胜的开头，文章也就成功了一半了。

2.标题串联式。这里所说的标题指的是小标题。用小标题串联全文，醒目而又别具一格。如有位同学写《生活中的发现》就用了三个小标题：“我被感动了”、“美就在身边”、“平凡也是美”。有的小标题设计还很别致，如有的同学用“喜”、“怒”、“哀”、“乐”四个字串联全文;有的则用标点符号为题，如“?”、“!”、“……”;还有的文章的小标题均由上一段的最后一句话引出，自然而又巧妙。如有篇题为《我的欢乐与烦恼》的作文，第一个小标题“欢乐的文学梦”用“17岁的日子有风也有雨，有欢乐也有烦恼，我仔细品味着——”引出，而第二个小标题“烦恼的情感小屋”则由“欢乐之余，也常常困扰于——”引出，读来别有一番情趣。

3.书信日记式。这是在不明确规定用书信和日记形式作文时采用的一种出奇制胜的方法。如有位学生在写《雷锋就在我们身边》的作文时，就以给远方的朋友写信的方式介绍了自己身边的好人好事，语言显得亲切自然，传统题目写出了新意。还有的同学在写《难忘的初中生活》时，把所写的三件事分别融进于三篇日记之中，而三篇日记的日期又代表了初中三年，这就省去了许多过渡和交代，使文章更加简练。我们还看到有篇文章巧妙地以日记标题中气候的变化来暗示故事的发展变化，如“多云——多云转阴——雨——大雨——多云转晴”，这里的气候变化实际上是一语双关，令人拍案叫绝。

4.以物为线式。天津有一年中考考了一个半命题作文《 的回忆》，有位考生便以“一片绿叶”为线索贯穿全文，通过老师爱绿叶、讲绿叶的故事、赠绿叶书签等事件，歌颂了老师如绿叶似的无私奉献的精神。全文始终扣住“绿叶”，以“叶”喻人，使文章格调高雅，耐人寻味。

当然，形式是为内容服务的，组材的方式也是因题而异的，如果为刻意求新而弄巧成拙，那就得不偿失了。

导语：在英语作文中，运用一些成语或者俗语能够给作文加分哦，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. 瞒天过海crossing the sea under camouflage

2. 围魏救赵relieving the state of Zhao by besieging the state of Wei

3. 借刀杀人killing someone with a borrowed knife

4. 以逸待劳waiting at one’s ease for the exhausted enemy

5. 趁火打劫plundering a burning house

6. 声东击西making a feint to the east and attacking in the west

7. 无中生有creating something out of nothing

8. 暗渡陈仓advancing secretly by an unknown path

9. 隔岸观火watching a fire from the other side of the river

10.笑里藏刀covering the dagger with a smile

11.李代桃僵palming off substitute for the real thing

12.顺手牵羊picking up something in passing

13.打草惊蛇beating the grass to frighten the snake

14.借尸还魂resurrecting a dead soul by borrowing a corpse

15.调虎离山luring the tiger out of his den

16.欲擒故纵letting the enemy off in order to catch him

17.抛砖引玉giving the enemy something to induce him to lose more valuable things

18.擒贼擒王capturing the ringleader first in order to capture all the followers

19.釜底抽薪extracting the firewood from under the cauldron

20.混水摸鱼muddling the water to catch the fish; fishing in troubled waters

21.金蝉脱壳slipping away by casting off a cloak; getting away like the cicada sloughing its skin

22.关门捉贼catching the thief by closing / blocking his escape route

23.远交近攻befriending the distant enemy while attacking a nearby enemy

24.假途伐虢attacking the enemy by passing through a common neighbor

25.偷梁换柱stealing the beams and pillars and replacing them with rotten timbers

26.指桑骂槐reviling/ abusing the locust tree while pointing to the mulberry

27.假痴不癫feigning madness without becoming insane

28.上屋抽梯removing the ladder after the enemy has climbed up the roof

29.树上开花putting artificial flowers on trees

30.反客为主turning from the guest into the host

31.美人计using seductive women to corrupt the enemy

32.空城计presenting a bold front to conceal unpreparedness

33.反间计sowing discord among the enemy

34.苦肉计deceiving the enemy by torturing one’s own man

35.连环计coordinating one stratagem with another

36.走为上decamping being the best; running away as the best choice

逆向思维法是指为实现某一创新或解决某一因常规思路难以解决的问题，而采取反向思维寻求解决问题的方法。在做英语书面表达题时，我们亦可借鉴这种方法，从研究高考对书面表达的要求入手，以及阅卷者的感受，去迎合他们的要求，从而做到有的许矢，以求短时期内取得对书面表达的突破。

我们可以从高考作文的评分标准及阅卷的角度来审视一下对写作的要求，看看在他们的眼中优秀作文的共同点有哪些，哪些又是主要的失分点。通过研究高考书面表达卷评分标准，我们可清楚地发现，一篇高分书面表达必须具有以下特点：

内容要点齐全，清楚地表达了自己的观点并进行了充分合理的论证;

准确性高，描述恰当，时态、人称符合文章要求，语法、句法准确无误，结构严谨，标点、格式、大小写亦能正确应用;

连贯性好，衔接语使用恰当，全文结构紧凑;

使用了一些较为复杂的词汇，句式，能体现出较强的语言运用能力;

开头、结尾富有特色不落俗套，给人耳目一新的感觉。

通过对高考评分标准的研究，我们可能发现高分作文有着共同的优点。我们在平时就要严格遵循书面表达的要求，认真训练，积极发现自己的问题并做出有针对性地改进。

英语字母教学作为英语学习的基础，是小学英语教学中重要一环，这一阶段的教学，教师应给予足够的重视，通过各种教学组织形式使这一阶段的学习得以很好的落实。学好26个字母对以后单词的学习起着至关重要的作用。因此，在学习字母阶段，我们要利用一切可利用的资源，创设情境，让学生和字母交朋友、做游戏。

一、字母读音教学

1. 注重示范发音的正确性

字母发音直接影响着学生单词的发音，而且学生错误的发音一旦形成就很难再纠正。因此教师在教学字母之前一定要多听录音，纠正好自己的发音。在课堂教学中教师要让学生听磁带跟读，观察他们的口形，并鼓励模仿得好的学生示范领读，帮助其他同学纠正发音。

2. 把握学生的发音难点

受各地方方言的影响，学生对字母的发音往往会出错。比如：南方人容易把A读成/e/。因此，教师要把握好学生方言发音难点，预先采取各种教学方法防止错误发音的出现。

3. 强化个别字母教学

尽管许多学生对字母有了一定程度的掌握，但大多数学生都没有进行过系统的字母学习，中间难免存在着许多似是而非的现象。例如学生对GgJj两个字母的读音容易混淆，对Uu和Ii这两个字母的发音不到位。教师在教学中应针对这种情况加强这几个字母的训练。

4. 注重读音归类教学

把字母按读音进行分类是字母读音教学的一个重要任务，也是学生觉得有一定难度的一项内容。为了使学生能更好得掌握，教师可采用分家游戏的方法，按家族将26个字母进行分类记忆。首先将字母划分为七个家族，再对号入座，最终编成一首音素家族chant 帮助学生记忆：

A、H、J、K 是A 家族，A，A是族长。

E的家族有八位，BCDE，GPTV，E，E是族长。

/e/ 的家族没有族长，它的成员有七位，FLMN，SX 和Z。

U 的家族有三位，UQW，U，U是族长。

I 的家族有两位，IY，I，I是族长。(手势指着自己)

R 和O单独住，它们自己是族长。

5. 注重语音暗线的铺垫

在三年级下册学生用书中，字母读音和字母例词的安排是一条语音暗线，教师教学时要努力让学生掌握字母的正确读音，并初步感知字母在例词中的读音，为以后学习语音奠定基础。比如讲到字母Ee时，例词是egg，elepghant，教师可突出字母E的发音。英语有48个国际音标，如果学生能在学习 26个字母的同时掌握与此相关的26个音素，将会为以后的语音学习打好基础。

二、字母书写教学

字母的书写过程要一步步进行：先观察性状，再观察笔顺、占格情况，然后书空，使用活动手册进行描红，最后达到仿写。

1. 字母认读的教学

字母的书写首先要求学生能正确区分一些形近的字母。有些字母可以通过猜谜的方法让学生记住它们的形状特点。例如：弯弯的月牙(C)、一条小蛇 (S)、三叉路口(T)、1加3(B)、一座宝塔(A)、胜利的象征(V)、大号鱼钩(J)、一张弓(D)、一扇小门(n)、一棵小苗(r)、一把椅子 (h)。这些谜语既能让学生记住字母的形，又能激发学生的学习兴趣。同时，还可以让学生自编谜语学习字母，充分发挥学生的想象能力。另外，还可以将字母的一部份遮住，让学生根据漏出来部分来猜字母。

2. 字母书写的教学

字母的书写是小学生的一个薄弱环节。小学的英语书写一定要求学生做到严格遵照书写规范，教师绝对不能马虎。因为英语字母有印刷体和书写体之分，所以容易使学生在书写时发生混淆，教师在教学时应多在这方面进行强调。

(1)笔顺教学

教师要充分利用多媒体设施让学生仔细观察字母的笔画和笔顺。正确的笔顺在活动手册的描红练习中有正确的示范。但有时学生会受到汉语拼音笔顺的影响，错误书写字母，因此教师要对容易出错的笔顺进行比较细致的指导。如i和j都是后加点，t先写钩，H先两竖等。建议教师不妨采用汉语拼音的教法，使用一些形象的比喻，帮助学生理解记忆书写规则，防止笔画出错。比如：H是一双筷子拴根线，j是海豹顶皮球，i是小海狮头上顶个球，t是伞把带开关等。

(2)格式教学

字母的占格同样是字母书写教学中的一个教学难点，尤其是当字母的大小写混在一起的时候，学生很容易混淆。这样，教师要先清楚示范，提醒学生注意并总结字母占格的规律。同时，教师还可以借助儿歌帮助学生掌握字母的占格规律。如：英语书写，四线三格，大写字母一二格，上不顶线是原则;小写字母认准格，上面有 ‘辫’一二格，下面有‘尾’二三格，无‘辫’无‘尾’中间格;i，t中上一格半。在学生掌握了字母的占格规律后，还要通过活动手册上的描红来加强练习。这里要注意的是，到一定阶段的时候，教师要让学生能在没有四线格的一条线上，甚至是没有任何线的白纸上也能正确地表示出字母的书写格式。

三、操练

字母操练我们还可以采用游戏的形式。

1. What’s missing?游戏

学了几个字母以后，把字母卡片放在一起让学生认读，然后抽去其中的一张，让学生寻找：What’s missing?此时，学生注意力高度集中，急于表现自己，识记的效果就会很好。

2. 左邻右舍游戏

学生准备好已经学过的字母卡片，教师出示一个字母，让学生找出它的左邻右舍，请找到的几个学生快速把字母拿到讲台上站在相应的位置上，其余的学生一起认读这几个字母。

3. Make letters游戏

让学生用肢体动作表示不同的字母，或让学生用火柴棒拼出不同字母的形状。

以前，我一看见作文就头疼，就怕写作文。现在，我一看见作文简直就是爱不释手，并且出口成章。为什麽呢?让我告诉你!

在我四年级的时候，很怕写作文。一天，老师又让我们写一篇作文，还要求说必须题目新，选材新，开头新，结尾新……总之，这次作文只要做到“新”字，就算过关。本来就写不好作文的我听到了这些条件，皱起了眉头。

我漫不经心的拿起一本书看看，嘿，“奇迹”发生了!

我看的书名叫《教你如何写作文》，我正愁没发写，就认真的看了起来。从中，我知道了：

如果你是写人的，你就要着重表现人物的思想品质和性格特点，以鲜明的形象感染读者，表现你对人物的某种褒贬、爱憎。

如果你是记事的，你就要以叙述事情为主，表现事情的某种意义，反映你对事物的某种态度和看法。

如果你是写游记的，你可以描绘山水风光等自然景物为主的记叙文。游记的取材范围较广：山川风物、习俗人情、异域胜景，色彩纷呈，处处可游，景景可记。

如果你写演讲稿，你就要遵循以下几个原则：

一：主题明确，感情真挚。

二：内容充实，材料具体。

三：条理清楚，思路清晰。

四：语言简洁，形象生动。

如果你是写……

朋友，假如你写作时还犯愁，就快看看以上的内容吧!

我可是有不小的收获呦!!!

由于时间与篇幅的限制，考场作文的开头一般讲究简洁、生动、优美，下面是小编整理的2017中考作文写作指南：作文开头技巧，欢迎阅读。

1.开门见山式。所谓“开门见山”，是一种比喻的说法，指的是写文章时直截了当入题的一种写法。这种方法在各类文章的写作中得到广泛的运用，占有很大的比例。它的表达角度，可以是开头直叙本事，也可以起笔点题;可以开宗明义揭示主旨，也可以单刀直入点明论点，如此等等。由于这种写法干脆利落，入题快捷，不枝不蔓，所以应为考场作文开头的首选方法。

2.背景渐入式。如1999年的全国卷高考作文题目是《假如记忆可以移植》，联系近几年的科技发展，克隆技术的问世，基因可以移植了，航天技术更是突飞猛进。近几年来，我国的经济持续发展，经济建设取得了突出成就。联系这些背景，文章的内容可写了，联想与想象也便有了立足点了。

3.设问置疑式。先倒叙事情的结果，设置悬念，或先设问破题，引起说明或议论。如《万紫千红的花》开头设问：“花为什么会有各种美丽鲜艳的色彩呢?”这种开头方法，其目的是设置悬念，引起读者的关注，激发读者的兴趣，同时增加文章的曲折，显现文章的布局之美。这种开头技法出现在中考作文中的频率很高。当然，这种开头形式要注意巧妙运用，避免单一，或追求形式上的好奇。其实，这种开头的形式是很丰富的，如：

①先提出一个悬而未决的问题;

②先截取一个精彩的事件片断;

③先交代一个起线索作用的物件;

④先安排一个引发故事的场景;

⑤先介绍与故事情节紧密相关的人物。

4.名言警句式。开头引用警句、名言、诗句或俗语、谚语等，可以达到吸引读者，突出中心的作用。考场作文，因题而异，相机引用，又何乐而不为?名言警句式开头运用得自如，往往能增强开端的气势，使人感到突兀、峥嵘、高远。当然，引用时要尽量准确，避免出现知识性错误。

5.精辟设喻式。开头设喻，以引起读者对要说明的事物或道理的兴趣。如《中国石拱桥》开头：“石拱桥的桥洞成弧形，就像虹。”《马说》开头：“世有伯乐，然后有千里马。”以伯乐与千里马的故事为喻引出中心论点。精辟设喻式多用于议论文的开头，它能使文章发端新颖，增强文章的吸引力和表达效果。既然是“设喻”，就得注意所言之“他物”与本题有一定的相似之处，不能牵强附会。