小升初英语作文写作技巧【推荐20篇】

语文写作复习方法，就是要通过检视自己写作中的不足进行改进，来提高写作能力。下面这些指导，希望对同学们有帮助。

一、结合复习课文，纠正自己的作文弊病

不少同学复习课文，往往是孤立地记忆课文中的字词句和听老师讲解时写下的课堂笔记，不能把课文跟自己的作文挂起钩来。这样复习是不利于提高自己的写作能力的。如何把课文跟作文挂起钩来呢?

1、对比法

复习课文跟学新课文不同，因为课文都是熟的，每读一篇都很容易想到和它体裁相同、写法相似的其他题目。因而我们不妨把课本原先排列次序打乱，把类似的课文连到一起复习。这样便于对类似课文进行仔细比较，从而掌握这类文章的基本写作要领。再用这些课文跟自己的同类文章认真比较，就容易纠正自己文章的弊病，缩短自己作文跟范文的差距。

2、设想法

读课文，感到某个地方写得很好，就设想一下，假若让我写这篇文章，这个地方我将怎样处理呢?这样一边读，一边联系着自己的写作实际想法就会从范文中学到更多的东西。

当然，复习课文并非全为了提高作文能力，还有个学习有关知识，提高阅读能力的任务。这些就不具体说了。

二、系统总结自己作文中的经验教训

作文复习并非无本本作依据。都是在老师指导下写的，有些还是由老师认真批改、讲评过的。从这些作文中，大家既能总结自己的成功经验，又能总结出自己的失败教训。如果你时间充足，还可以挑选其中写得较好的文章，进行认真修改，编成一本自己写的“作文选”。这是很有意义的。由于回顾以往自己作文练习走过来的路子，从自己作文实践中把写各种常见文章的经验整理一遍，临场应考无论碰到哪种类型的题目，都容易中心有底，思考有路，这比猜题碰运气好多了。同时，升学之后继续练习作文，也容易提高的快。

三、归类整理自己作文中的错字病句

别看同学们作文每篇都有错字病句，但归纳起来无非下列几种类型：错字，有因增笔、减笔、误笔写错的。有因辨别不清而写成与之形相近、音相同、义相似的另一个字的;病句，有成分残缺的、重复罗索的、用词不当不合事理的，等等。这些错字病句，平日老师在批改、讲评中屡次指出过，但是有的同学硬是不注意。如能借总复习之机，把这些错字、病句一一抄出，按不同类型归并起来，容易引起自己的警惕，查明其产生的原因，防止它们再次出现。

1.一题多变，训练多用文

一题多变，最简单的理解就是从一个基本作文题，变出多个相类似的题目。就好比孙悟空有七十二般变化，所以深得孩子们的。如果我们老师也有“七十二般变化”，学生肯定会非常佩服和羡慕。而“多用文”就更好理解了，就是一篇文章适合多个作文题目。当然，实际操作中也并不像说的那么简单。下面我们就一起来试试。

如人教版六年级上册第五组的习作训练，是写人的作文，练习中有两个角度。角度一，用一两件事介绍自己的小伙伴，注意要写出小伙伴的特点。角度二，发挥想象，将发生在“我”和好朋友间的一件事情的经过和结果写清楚，写具体。在复习要指导学生用先概述后举例的方法写一个人，写出人物优秀品质。在复习时，可以引导学生想一想，还能找出多少相类似的题目?细细回忆一下，学生会发现在五、六年级的习作训练中有好几个题目都是类似的。比如《我熟悉的人》、《一个_____的人》、《我尊敬的人》、《我的好_____》等。

刚才我们看到的是一组写人的作文题，写事的可以吗?写一件事，要写清楚事情的起因、经过和结果。注意语句通顺。在五、六年级的习作训练中有好几个题目都是与其类似的，如《这件事_____》、《一件难忘的事》、《记亲身经历的一件事》、《童年趣事》等。至此，大胆的教师可能会有这样的想法：一篇写人加一篇写事足矣!我们先不下结论，让我们一起来看看往年毕业考的作文题。《一个──的晚上》，《我学会了──》，以《在老师家里》为题续写，给亲友写一封信，告诉对方一件事，《_____进步了》，《想起这件事，我真_____》，写一篇体现情谊的作文，《我给全家带来欢乐》，《我长大了》……其中奥妙留待大家细细体会。当然新课标强调的是语文素养，实行的是元、更。

2.整体把握，增强计划性

教师在指导学生进行作文复习时，以下问题首先必须心中有数：《课程标准》是怎样要求的，教材是怎样安排的，学生的水平怎样，哪些地方还有待解决，复习时间如何分配等等。教师要在复习之前，立足作文复习的总体要求，制订一个较好的计划。

(1)整体把握。把握课程标准。课程标准在情感态度方面提出了明确的写作目的：“懂得习作是为了自我表达和与人交流。”它也指出：第三学段注重培养创新精神，鼓励自由表达，强调习作的个性化，尊重并重视学生的主观感受。比如“有意识地丰富自己地见闻，珍视个人地独特感受，积累习作”。“独特感受”即鼓励学生想人所未想，言人所未言──培养学生地创新意识。在过程和方法方面，课程标准进一步提出了重视修改地要求;在知识和能力方面，课程标准提出“能写简单的记实作文和想象作文”;在作文条理性方面提出了“能根据习作内容和表达的需要，分段表述”的要求。这里要强调的是，一定要落实“感情真实”的要求，要力戒目前习作中普遍存在的“假情”、“矫情”。“真情”表现的不仅是文品，更是人品;要提倡学生自主拟题，少写或不写命题作文。

把握教材。现行语文课本里作文训练主要分为两大类：一是记叙文，包括写人、叙事、科学小实验、想象作文等;二是文，包括感谢信、毕业赠言等。要根据《课程标准》要求和学生作文能力状况，以教材的作文训练系列内容为依据，立足整体，考虑作文复习。

(2)突出重点。整体把握，但切忌平均用力。首先，作文复习要突出重点。如命题作文中的“审题、选材、构思”训练;材料作文中的“围绕中心，重点发散”训练;看图作文中的“观察”训练;应用文中的“格式” 训练等。抓住这些重点复习就能收到事半功倍的效果。其次，对薄弱环节下功夫，比如记叙文中的叙事、状物 ，重在求“序”，即按一定顺序将事情的来龙去脉，物体的形状、作用叙述清楚;写人、写景，重在求“异” ，即抓住，写出该人物、景物与其他人物、景物的不同之处。

(3)有计划性。一是作文复习的时间安排要有计划性。作文复习的时间是有限的，必须根据复习总体目标及学生作文能力的状况合理安排。如记叙文与应用文的复习时间安排，前者要多一些，后者可少一些;再如作文复习的单项训练与综合训练要具有恰当的时间比例。二是作文复习的内容安排要有计划性。可先安排单项复习，然后再相对集中地进行综合能力的复习训练。三是每节课的作文复习要有计划性。每节课复习什么?要达到什么目的?怎样复习?要认真做好作文复习教学。

3.别具匠心，谱写生命文

掌握了“一题多变”，训练了“多用文”，是否就马到功成了?答案当然是非也。不妨让我们先来读读下面三个故事。

“马踏飞燕”是一件古代青铜艺术珍品。该作品巧妙地表现了马跑得快这一主题。看，骏马四蹄生风，后蹄踏在一只飞燕身上，令人叫绝的是，飞燕竟安然无恙!

由此让人联想到“深山藏古寺”一画的意韵：远山绵延起伏，林木茂盛。山脚下的小河中，一个小和尚正弯腰取水，身后石径蜿蜒，隐没于丛林之中。此画真是意境深远。

另传有人对郑板桥说：你画竹之所以栩栩如生，是因你“胸有成竹”，而这正是你天天观竹研竹的结果。你会画风吗?板桥沉吟片刻，泼墨挥毫，一丛丛墨竹做倒伏状，观看的人惊呼，好大的风!这是以有形的物表现无形的物，颇具匠心。这三个例子，有异曲同工之妙，艺术上均以构思奇巧见长，对我们学习写作文也有不同寻常的启示。看同学们的作文，似曾相识的多，老调重弹的多。为什么?构思不巧(内容不新，角度不巧等)，作文没有力，没有表现力，也就没有生命力。

作文怎样才能构思新巧且有生命力呢?可从两个阶段下点功夫。

厚积阶段：加强作文基本功的训练，广开渠道，学会观察、思维、表达、修改的方式方法，此为作文成功的必要前提。

薄发阶段：也是同学们动手写作文的阶段，不仅要充分调动生活积累，运用学会的写作技巧，更要善于捕捉灵感的火花，写出富有灵气，浑然天成的作品。

学生只有具备了深厚的生活底蕴，写起文章来才有可能得心应手。动手写文章时，更要精心选材、巧妙构思，创造性地发挥出自己的作文水平，才能写出令人拍案叫绝的作文来。

4.自编作文选，总结经验和教训

五、六年级，学生课内外写的作文加起来就不只十几篇，这些作文，大部分是在老师指导下写的，由老师认真批改、讲评过的。我要求每个学生利用节假日把自己写过的作文分类编成作文选，每到期末或毕业复习时，让他们重温自己的作文选，以学习小组为单位，每周一次作文展示活动，让每一个学生展示自己认为写得好的作文，读给听或者传阅，然后自己评，小组评，说说好在哪里，哪些地方需要改进，最后每个小组选出一、两位学生在全班交流。活动后，由学生自己再修改完善，然后把最好的作文誊写在班级作文选中。

在班上可以准备一个大作文选，把活动中大家一直认为优秀的作文誊写在上面，谁的作文入选了，就给他一页的位置，学生自己设计版面，除了在那一页誊写作文，还可以绘画、摘抄名言，写上毕业赠言，或者自己的简历等等，再由老师和学生在作文后加上点评。

通过在我们班里的实验，学生对这项活动非常感兴趣，因为他们觉得作文选上有自己的文章，这是一件特别荣幸的事情。这本作文选就放在教室的图书角，它是同学们最喜欢的课外读物。学生从作文选中，既能总结自己的成功经验，又能总结出自己的失败教训，而且还能够感受自己的进步，学到别人的长处。临场应考无论碰到哪种类型的题目，就能做到心中有数，思考有路，这比猜题碰运气更有把握。同时对于学困生来说，在这种相互交流的中读读同班同学的好作文，对他们既有激励作用，又有示范作用，容易激发写作欲望。

注意指导高年级段考试作文的方法

小学生到了高年级，已经经过了两年的说话训练，两年的习作练习，对于作文的知识有了一定的了解和感悟。一般来说，从三年级开始，每一学期都要经历作文考试。所以，对于作文考试并不陌生。对于高年级段的作文教学的复习，关于考试作文的方法必须要年年讲，期期讲。考场作文与平时作文有很大的不同，主要是考场作文是在气氛紧张、情绪紧张、心情紧张的情况下进行的，而考试作文的阅卷老师也是极为紧张的(时间紧张)。因此在复习时，教师指导学生在作文内容和形式上掌握一些技巧，会事半功倍，从而占据一定的得分优势。

关于考试作文的写法，我们在复习时应该指导学生过好四个关：

1.指导学生过好审题关

审题正确与否是写好作文的先决条件。如果把作文写得文不对题，作文就会“一败涂地”，因此，过好审题关是写好作文的重要条件。

随着近年作文的开放度和自由度越来越大，作文跑题现象也越来越严重，这也成为我班学生作文中常见的毛病之一、作文课或者考场上，有的同学一见作文题便匆匆忙忙拿起笔就写。由于事先没有经过仔细审题，有时写了很长一篇，才发现写跑了题，于是不得不从头写起，或者根本就无法弥补了，结果事倍功半，欲速不达，这样就严重地影响了考试成绩。所以，不管写那种题材的作文，我都特别强调学生认真审题，审题的目的是为了不偏题，不离题，让写出来的习作符合试卷题目的要求。

怎样指导学生正确审题呢?

(1)指导学会分析，从题目的总体认知上审题。

所谓分析，就是把构成题目的每一个词拆开，逐一推敲，分析每个词语的意义和各词语之间的关系，以区分题眼、中心词和修饰词语等，弄清题目规定的范围和重点。如我的第一位老师是篇命题作文，中心词是“老师”，属于写人记叙文;“我的”“第一位”则是关键词语，是用来修饰和限制“老师”的，这篇作文应当写“我”有生以来的“第一位”老师。至于中心思想，题目没有明确限制，就有待学生根据材料自己确定了。

分析法是审题活动中最常用的一种技法，这种方法要求对题目中的每一个字、每一个词的含义及其相互之间的关系都要认真地推敲、揣摩、辨析、然后综合起来，从总体上把握文章的题目。如“我班最近发生的一件新鲜事”这个句子告诉我们作文要写的是一件“事”，是什么样的事呢?不是平常的小事，也不是一般的好事，而是“新鲜”事。这种新鲜事不是许多件，是“一件”事，而且不是过去发生的，是“最近”发生的。同时，“我班”又对事情发生的空间进行了限制，在作这个题目时忽略了哪一个词都容易造成偏题，所以让学生正确理解题目中的每一个词、一个字的含义，这样题目才能审清楚。也就是说审题要审清题意，就必须弄清题目要写的对象(是写人，还是记事;是写景，还是状物;是日记，还是书信;是记叙文，还是想象作文……)弄清题目要写的范围(明确题目对作者所选材料在时间、空间、数量、对象及内容上有哪些限制)。 (2)指导学会比较，抓住不同题目的“题眼”审题。

所谓比较，就是把类似的两个或三个以上的题目并列在一起，通过比较分析来弄清它们之间取材范围的细微差异，以完成审题过程。如通过对比《我的老师》、《我爱老师》、《我和老师》这组题目，使学生明白：这三道作文题目都是写人的，但各有侧重。《我的老师》以写人为主，重点在于写老师，要具体地写出这位老师是个怎样的人;《我爱老师》以抒情为主，重点在于写“我”，要写出“我”爱老师的原因和具体事例;《我和老师》两者并重，要写的是发生在两个人之间的事。通过比较，学生就能加深对题目的理解，更好地把握每个题目的范围和重点，写出切合题意的文章来。

我针对学生审题马虎、不仔细和粗心大意的毛病。把一些的、意思相近的题目在一起进行审题练习，尽量找出这些题目的相同点和不同点。如：《我这个小孩》和《邻居家的小孩》，虽然都是写小孩，但前者是写自己，后者却是写别人。又如《我钦佩的一个人》与《我喜欢的一个人》，二者的内容虽都侧重于写人，但“题眼”不同，就决定了选材重点不同。前者的“题眼”是“钦佩”，后者的“题眼”是“”，两篇文章的重点分别为“钦佩”、“喜欢”，两篇文章的选材也要从“钦佩”和“喜欢”入手。用这样的方法来复习审题，可以把相似题目的微小差别区分开来，提高学生的审题能力。

当然作文复习时要根据不同体裁突出重点训练。如命题作文重点进行“审题、选材、构思”训练;材料作文中重点进行“围绕中心，思维发散”训练;看图作文重点进行“观察”训练;文则重点进行“格式”训练等，抓住这些重点进行复习就能收到事半功倍的效果，学生写出的作文一般能做到不偏不离。

(3)从反面提醒学生，明确题目的限制。

就是对作文题目提出“不应该那样写”，从反面加以限制，。以《校园新鲜事》为例，如果从反面加以限制，可以提出三个问题：(1)不是写家庭里、社会上发生的事;(2)不是写老一套的;(3)不是写一两件事。这样从反面一限制，学生对题意的理解就深刻多了。

(4)指导学生审题的基本要求。

①审清作文的类型。小学生的的作文要求是能写简单的记叙文和常用的应用文，做到有中心，有条理，内容比较具体，语句比较通顺，感情真实健康。简单的记叙文包括这样一些类型：叙事，记人，状物，写景。审题时首先要审清题目是属于哪一类作文的。如果审错了题目的类型，作文时就会离开作文的要求。怎样识别作文题目对作文类型的要求呢?

叙事的作文。有的作文题目直接点明是叙事作文。如《一件小事》，《一件难忘的事》，《童年趣事》，《家乡新事多》等。这些题目中决定作文类型的词是“事”。有的作文题目虽然没有一个“事”字，但暗含着所叙的是事情。如：《我有一个秘密》，“一个秘密”可以指自己所做的一件不让人知道的事情。《假如我是》。这个题目含着的意思是假定“我”当了什么，我会怎么做。“怎么做”包含着做什么，怎样做，记的是事情。《难忘的第一次》，题目中要填写的是一件事，如洗衣服，做饭，旅行等。《快乐的夏令营》，题目要求叙的是愉快的夏令营。《参观》，题目要求写参观一个地方的过程和感受，是叙述一件事情。

记人的作文。一般来说，记人的作文大多在题目中直接点明。如《我的同桌》，《我尊敬的人》，《新来的老师》，《珍惜时间的人》等，这类作文题很容易识别。但有的作文题不直接点明是记人的，要通过仔细审题才能领会题目的意思。如：《温暖》，不是写气候的暖和使人感到温暖，而是某人在别人有困难的时候给予真诚有帮助和鼓励，使别人在心里感到“温暖”。还比如《胜似亲人》，《老师的微笑》等。

值得注意的是，写人和叙事这两类作文有时较难区别。因为写人必须通过具体的事例来表现，叙事又离不开写人的活动，因为事情是人做的。但这两类作文还是有区别的，它们的对象和目的是不同的。如《爸爸的胡子》，这样的题目所涉及的事情与表现人物品质密切相关，所以是写人的题目。又如《放学以后》，虽然要写“谁”，但重点是写“谁”所做的事情。

状物的作文。状物的作文一般都能从题目中看出来。物体有静物和动物之分。所以，描写静物，动物够的形态，颜色，结构，动作的作文都是状物的作文。

写景的作文。题目中有要求描写季节，时间或游览，见闻意思的，一般是写景作文。如《春》，《 的早晨》，《春游 》，《秋色》等。写景的题目有时与状物的题目难以识别。一般来说，重点写景物中某一物体，那就是状物作文了。如《街头小书亭》，要写小书亭的位置，周围的环境，书亭的陈设等。

②看清题外的要求。有些作文题下面还有一些文字说明。这些大都是附加的要求，如“把事情经过写具体”，“展开合理的想象”，“字数在400字左右”，“字迹端正，格式正确”等。这类题外要求可以概括成两个方面，一是对作者选材，写作思路作出提示;二是对作文的篇幅，行款格式，字迹等作一些具体规定，作者作文时必须遵守。所以作文前要看清题外的要求，这是审题的一个组成部分。 2.指导学生过好选材关

人们常说，中心是文章的灵魂，材料是文章的血肉。在作文教学中，审题并确定中心之后，能否过好选材关，就成为作文成败的关键。指导学生选材时要让学生学会五看、两做到。五看：一看题目的要求;二看中心的需要;三看材料是否真实;四看材料是否熟;五看材料是否新。两做到：(1)宽打算。要训练学生按题目要求打开思路，从各种角度想一想，尽量多找一些材料，以从中择优而用。比如《发生在我们班里的一件事》，就可引导学生先理解“班里”这个词所指的范围，然后再让学生想想：除去课上、课下的事，校外的事算不算班里的事?这样一摆思路就宽了，可供选择的材料就多了。(2)细挑选。思路打开了，摆出的材料多了，就有挑选的余地了。怎样挑?一要细比较;二要严格选。细比较就是要求学生将想到的材料按题目的要求加以鉴别比较。严格选就是让学生在比较中严格地选出最典型、最熟悉、最新颖的材料来。在选好材料的基础上，还有个组织材料的问题。训练学生组织材料，要从四个方面做：一是让学生利用小标题将材料分类，把相同的材料归在一类中;二是让学生考虑一下开头写什么，中间写什么，最后又写什么，安排一个次序;三是寻找文章段落之间的联系手段，想一想怎样衔接好;四是考虑哪些材料详写，哪些材料略写。

我认为：训练组织材料的最好办法是让学生养成列提纲的习惯，因为提纲可把上面的四项要求用简明的语言明晰化。

3.指导学生过好提纲关

考场作文，一般来说时间很紧张，学生没有的时间打草稿，因此，我班大部分学生写作文，往往对想写的材料不做安排，想到哪里就写到哪里。他们这种随想随写，随写随想的情况，就很容易造成条理不清，层次混乱，详略不当……要想让学生在作文时节约时间，少走弯路，避免或减少刚才所说的种种毛病，我在作文复习时，就指导学生编写作文提纲。他们可以事先大略考虑一下：选取什么材料，哪些材料先写，哪些材料后写，哪些材料要写得详细，哪些材料可以简略，文章分几层意思来说，前前后后怎样把材料连贯起来，然后列个提纲，那样写起来就比较顺利，往往可以做到一气呵成，顺理成章。而且，有助于理清思路，巩固记忆，使学生不至于把原来准备写的某些内容忘掉，避免想到哪里写到哪里，又可以把作文写得重点突出，条理清楚。到了高年级，我们应该指导学生学会运用列写作提纲的方法，以训练学生选材、组织材料和布局谋篇。

怎样指导学生编写提纲呢?

我要求学生编写的提纲内容要简明，语言要准确。“简”，就是简单，没有多余的话;“明”，就是清楚明了，一看提纲，就了解全文的布局，各部分内容及详略安排。就像盖房子一样，先立好框架。在毕业复习的时候，由于时间相对比较紧张，我一般在课堂上出示作文题目和要求后，就只要求学生编写提纲，不要求作文。我觉得这种复习方法很快捷，因为编写提纲实际上是从审题到布局谋篇进行构思的全，不写成文章便于让学生在课堂上有的机会，集中精力考虑作文写什么和怎么写。而且可以有的时间让学生在小组和全班进行交流，这样既增加训练密度、节约训练时间，又培养了学生的快速思维，既能引导学生发现问题，寻找办法，又能互相学习，提高审题，选材和立意的能力。学生对自己的提纲感觉满意了，再进行作文。

：

抒情文则是以情感的抒写作为主要写作目的的文章。抒情是一种重要的写作手法，抒情文也是重要的散文形式之一。

我们每一个人实际上从一出生就会抒情。小孩子见到妈妈时会兴奋地发出“咿咿呀呀”的简单的音节，饥饿时会“哇哇”地大哭，这都是在抒情。等到长大了，逐渐掌握了更多、更复杂的语言，逐渐学会了书写，将这些语言组织起来，以描述自己的主观感情，并形成书面文字，这就是抒情文。

抒情贵在真实。初写抒情文，一定要抒写自己真实的思想情感，切忌矫揉造作、感情虚假。我国宋代的着名词人辛弃疾有过这么一句词：为赋新词强说愁。它的意思是说，一个人本没有愁，或者说并不真正懂得愁，但是为了写出一首好词，却故意在那里说自己怎么怎么地愁。对于作家、诗人来说，这是写作的需要，但对我们初学写作的人，这就是无病呻吟，是作文中的大忌。我们在写作抒情文章时，一定要想写什么就写什么，心中有什么就写什么，只有这样，文章中表达的情感才会可亲、可信，真实、感人。

从情感的表达方式上讲，抒情有直接抒情和间接抒情之分。“我爱你，中国!我爱你，中国?”这是直接抒情。直接抒情比较直白、热烈，多用带有浓重感情色彩的判断句、陈述句等，同时经常会在句中使用感叹词，如“好美啊”、“真想你呀”。间接抒情则比较含蓄。它往往借助于叙述、描写和议论等手法来抒发感情。如“蓝蓝的天空白云飘，白云下面马儿跑……”用对草原上蓝天、白云、奔腾的骏马来表达心中的喜悦之情。

间接抒情方法很多。有的借助于人或物，通过对人物行为的描写来表达。如一位同学在作文中写到：“妈妈欣慰地笑了。她的眼睛亮晶晶地、盯着我看了很久很久。”通过对妈妈笑了、眼睛亮晶晶地、盯着我看等行为描写，来表现妈妈因“我”的进步而高兴、“我”因自己的行为使妈妈欣慰而自豪的情感。这是“借人抒情”。有的借助于物，在对事物状态的描摩中抒发感情。如：“在这个长满红锈的鱼钩上，闪烁着灿烂的金色的光芒!”(引自《金色的鱼钩》)有的“借事抒情”，将主观感情隐藏在对事件的记叙之中。有的是“借景抒情”，融情于景，通过描写景物来达到抒情的目的。有的是通过议论抒情，把自己真实的思想情感寄托在几句点睛式的议论之中，如“这就是我们新中国的总理。我看见了他一夜的工作。他是多么劳苦，多么简朴!”(引自《一夜的工作》)。

抒情时，应该灵活运用各种表达技巧，如拟人、比喻、对比、象征、衬托、联想、夸张等等。如《美丽的小兴安岭》一文的结尾?quot;小兴安岭是一座巨大的宝库，也是一座美丽的大花园。“运用比喻手法，将小兴安岭的美丽和作者对它的喜爱之情恰到好处地表达了出来。

直接抒情和间接抒情在抒情文中的运用又是如何呢?一般来说，直接抒情多与写人、记事、写景、状物结合使用，在这些写作的基础上，画龙点睛或是点明题意。直接抒情还经常用于作者感受最深刻、感情最强烈的地方，以精练的语言表达浓郁的感情和强烈的感染力。间接抒情因其表现手法的多样和含蓄，运用和也比直接抒情要广泛。但在大多情况下，两者是结合使用的，在间接抒情的基础上，以直接抒情点题或是升华情感，效果往往不错。

一：用介词短语替代从句，例：

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

二：删除诸如"who is”或"that is"之类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

三：剔除你不需要的单词，例：

Two joint partners will present their views over a long-distance telephone call.

写完这样的句子后，你自己再读一遍，挑出单词"joint"和"telephone"，注意删去不必要的词。

英语写作注意两点

一、先审题，弄清写作要求审题是写好作文的前提，也是书面表达的基础。如果写偏了题，语言表达再好也很难得高分。审题时要注意两个方面：

1.认真地看两遍题目，包括提示，全面了解写作要求。

2.理清思路，确定体裁、框架结构和内容。

二、用英语进行思维英语写作时必须排除汉语思维的干扰。

从现在起应逐渐加大阅读量和听的输入量，将阅读、听力训练与书面表达有机地结合起来。经常体会和领悟作者传递信息和表达思想的方式。在话题讨论和写作中经常运用所学到的表达方式就会有所创造。还要尽量做到“五多”：多看、多听、多思考、多用心体验和感悟身边的人和事、多用英语说和写自己的体验和感受。

记叙文写作是中考作文的“主打”文体，也是平时写作训练最重要的任务，而且许多考生也习惯于写记叙文，那么，中考满分作文记叙文写作技巧有哪些你知道吗？不知道的看下文：

技巧一：中心突出，立意深远

首先，立意必须集中而突出。即使需要使用较多的素材也只能统一在一个中心之下，这样才不会散而无主，不至于喧宾夺主。

其次，记叙文务必符合积极、健康、深刻、高远的立意要求。

其三，要善于从日常小事中发现深刻、有时代气息的主题，善于从事件的表面向深处挖掘，使主题变得深刻起来。

其四，运用对比可以让人物的形象更鲜明，事件的中心揭示得更深刻。如将美与丑、善与恶、强与弱、悲与喜对比，将人或事的前后变化对比，将不同的人对某人某事的态度对比等等。

另外，你也可以用环境描写来渲染气氛，暗示事件发展，衬托人物心情等，从而彰显主旨。如一篇《责任重于泰山》的作文。

作者先用“每个人都有着每个人的责任，责任重于泰山”作题记，然后分别用一、二、三作小标题，依次叙写了张老师出人意料地带病冒雪上课、检察长在战友(因救护自己而牺牲)儿子的判决书上签字前矛盾的思想斗争、县委书记为了泄洪抢险而顾大局舍小家决定炸除自己从小生活的村庄这三件事，说明了给学生上课是教师的责任、严格执法是领导者的责任、保护国家利益是所有公民的责任，从而使“不同的位置有不同的责任”的主旨得以凸显。

技巧二：详略得当，内容充实

选材要鲜活。即选构要真实、新颖、典型，从生活中捕捉精彩的典型素材，筛选出那些最高兴、最悲痛、最深刻、最难忘、最能打动人心、最能展现时代风貌的典型事件，或者概括提炼，或者放大细节，或者定格镜头，必能写出具有、独特个性、深刻感悟和超级感染力的佳作来。

情节通常包括事件的开端、发展、高潮、结局等几部分，如作文《一张贺卡》，作者以“贺卡”为线，围绕一个穷学生给老师“送贺卡”这件事展开生动描述，把“买贺卡”“送贺卡”“卖贺卡”三个场面一线串起，使文章曲折生动、感人至深;但在处理素材的详略时，却略写“送贺卡”，而把自己“买贺卡”前的思想斗争、老师“卖贺卡”后的感动心理浓墨重彩描述，这样就突出了一个正直、慈爱、善良的老师形象。

技巧三：情感真挚，叙中含情

在刻画人物时，要将真情实感融入到细致、生动的人物描写和事件叙述中去，人物有了真情实感便获得了鲜活的生命。可以通过细节描写、选用情感鲜明的词语、打造抒情语句来流露真情。例如《懂你，懂你》中描写丰富细腻、真挚感人。作者将“我”的深切感受、心理活动和母亲的动作、神态和语言描写结合起来，一个，心思细密、宽厚温和、体贴女儿的母亲形象跃然纸上。

技巧四：结构清爽，叙事生动

首先结构要完整，写人叙事要清晰。应善于运用前后照应、一线串珠等技法组织材料。其次叙事要生动，情节要曲折。叙事写人时可以使用前后对比法、设置悬念法、抑扬生变法、虚构科幻法等来使文章尺水兴波、妙趣横生。如一篇《我的这杯“苦咖啡”》的作文，作者分别以“麦田？烈日”“村边？夏夜”“小院?清早”“医院？黄昏”为小标题，按地点和时间变化为序依次描绘了四个生活场景，表现了作者和爷爷之间细腻深厚的祖孙情。这种以情为线的行文，立意、情感、事件以一贯之，极具结构美和情感美。

技巧五：个性人物，形象鲜明

写人记事的记叙文大多是通过塑造人物形象来揭示中心的。你可以通过个性分明的外貌、神态、服饰、语言、动作、心理等描写来展现人物的思想感情和性格特征。例如通过不同人物的语言便能体现出各自文雅有礼、粗鲁低俗、豪爽干脆、优柔寡断、风趣幽默、干巴木讷等迥异的性格。你也可以随着事件的发展或观察角度的变化，对人物进行多层次描写，或将正面描写与侧面描写相结合，特别要注意细节描写和概括描写相结合。

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growtheproliferationoffast-food/cybergames

seesthobjectivelyputsthinperspective

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beconvenientatone’sconvenience

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behelpfulbeofhelp

beimportantbeofimportance

benearbearoundthecorner

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causeattributeto/leadto

changemodify/shift/fluctuation

changewithvarywith

cheatingdeception

choosefrommakeachoicebetween

clearevident/self-evident

comefromstemfrom/springfrom

comeoutcomeforth

complainplaceacomplaintagainst

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controlinthegripsof

cooperatejoinhandswith

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deepprofound/far-reaching

dependonhingeupon/counton

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developcultivate/buildup

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diligentindustrious

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dogooddofavor/helpv

dropdecline/ontheebb

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enablefacilitate

encouragespursbonto/motivate

endangerjeopardize

enforcestrengthen

engagemajorin

enjoybecrazyabout

enlargebroaden

enoughadequate

evaluatespeakhighlyof

explainuavelthemysteryof/accountfor/beresponsiblefor

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failfrustrate

failurefrustration

fameprestige

famousprominent

famouspeoplegalaxy

feelingpassion/sentiments

findlocate

findoutsortout

finishaccomplish

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focusoncenteron

forexampleacaseinpoint

foreverpermanent

futureprospective

getacquire/regain

getridofeliminate

givegrant/issue

give/supplyprovide…with

giveattentiontogivepriorityto

globaluniversal

goonbringforward

goalheart’sdesire

goodbeneficial

goodstudentstopstudents

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greetingsregards

growflourish

happinesswell-being

havepossess

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hopelookforwardto

hopetodosthbeeagertososth./longtodosthhopefulpromising

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improvementadvance

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这些年来，这类命题方式，已广泛而频繁地被语文老师运用到平时的作文训练中去了，诸如《——迷》、《我当——》、《我第一次——》、《我学会了——》、《请到——来》、《——给我温暖》、《我常常想起——》、《——，真有意思》、《——的一堂课》。《——见闻》、《——一角》、《怎样学——》、《读——后感》等等，都属这类作文命题。下面是小编为你带来的小学生命题作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

考试时遇上了这类命题样式，并要写好这类作文，必须注意以下两点：

一是认真审题。

大凡这类命题样式，命题者在题目的前后总会有比较具体的要求的，对横线上所填入的内容，更有明确的提示，而这些要求或提示正是正确、全面审题的前提，一定要仔细审清。比如《我学会了——》这个题目，命题者对横线上填人的对象作如下提示：“凡是你生活、学习实际中确实学会了的，都可以写。审题时，可以从这一提示中确定选材范围(是生活、学习中的)，确定写作对象(技能、方法)。这样审明白了，心中有谱了，还得注意前面的“我学会了”。所谓“学会”，“学”反映一个过程，是“会”的前提，“会”，则反映了这一过程的程度和结果，是“熟练”和“能运用”的体现。“会”可以说是题眼，如果忽视了这一题眼，必定不能很好地反映出文章的中心。认真审明“学会”的含义，对确定填人横线上的写作对象，很有作用。否则，你可能填人的写作对象只是“学了”或“会一点”，而不是“学会”。

二是认真选材。

这类作文的选材与在横线上填人的写作对象是一致的，只是前者具体后者概括而已。因而，要所选材料达到新颖独特，首先横线上填人的写作对象必须新颖独特，与众不同。怎样才能如此呢?要有发散性思维，或者要有求异性思维。这就是说。面对考题，先进行一番发散性思维，即跳出命题者提示的写作对象进行广泛的思考，想到很多很多。然后集中起来，分析比较，逐一筛选。筛选的原则是自己最熟悉、感受最深刻的，别人没有经历过，或根本想不到的。这样的写作对象一经确定，选择材料也就有依据了。有一年，一所初中的作文考试题目是《我第一次———》，面对这样的考题，我们应该怎样在认真审题的基础上，充分展开了求异思维呢?我们应该怎样写，才能得高分呢?题目：我第一次———审清题意这是半命题作文，题目所给出的一半“我第一次”是对内容的限制，要求写生活中的某种第一次经历，题目中所要补充的一半，是习作者的亲身经历，如第一次种花、买菜、做饭、洗衣服、坐飞。机、制做科技小制品等。确定文章中心记叙生活中的第一次经历的事情，说明从中所受到的教益或产生的欢乐心情。在生活中，我们经历的第一次太多了。但事情有大、小、好、坏之分，应该选择有意义的事情来写，第一次做事情做的成功，会产生喜悦;第一次做的失败，会留下深刻的教训。事情的成功与失败，都会对同学有教益。

为什么有的同学观察的非常细致，可写出的文章却有不少毛病呢?没有意义呢?主要是因为这些同学不会对材料进行加工、提炼。

1、加工提炼材料。我们知道，作文的材料来自于生活，但生活和文章之间不能划等号。生活不等于文章。文章是作者对生活的观察分析之后写出来的。所以，我们在观察生活，获得写作素材之后，还必须认真进行研究，哪些地方要补充细节，哪些内容应该舍弃，经过周密的思考，经过周密的分析，精心组织材料才能写出中心明确而又有意义的文章。

2、要学会在文中穿插写其他人物。写自己第一次经历的事情，要用第一人称，这样写真实可信亲切感人。为了避免叙述呆板，可以在故事中穿插有关的人物。我们发现不少的同学在作文中，常常只管写“我、怎样怎样做”，“我怎样怎样说”，忽视了有关的人和事，因市把故事写得呆板、枯燥。其实生活中，我做事情往往会涉及到其他的人和事。如果在作文里能够有选择地穿插写有关的人，可以使文章生动活泼。叙事当中穿插写人，不要节外生枝、画蛇添足。穿插写其他人物，要能帮助突出中一心。叙事中穿插其他人物，但仍以写“我”为主。巧妙地穿插可以使故事的情节曲折动人。

3、会用点题的方法。在写人叙事的过程中，要学会用简炼的语言点清题意，这是小学生写作文的基本功之一。学会点题加强文题和内容之间的联系，更好地突出中心思想，在何处点题应当根据故事情节的推进人物性格的发展而定。可以在篇首、篇末或篇中点题之法，落笔重在故事情节的关键之处。在篇首点题，重在开宗明义;在篇未点题，重在深化中心;在篇中点题，重在因势利导。点题之笔要精炼，富有概括力，具有启发性。

一、审题的“精确性”

在上篇中，笔者已经介绍了部分考题中的“绝对性”的应对措施，而根据专家对于过去2年独立写作考题的分析，发现有90%以上的题目属于“支持/反对”型：

2011.01.30

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Because the change of the society is so rapidly, people are less happy or less satisfied with their life than people did in the past time.

而剩下的则是由“对比论述型”构成的：

2011.03.13

Some people think children should spend most of their time in studying and playing while others think they should help their parents with the household chores. What’s your opinion?

在审题时，考生必须首先把题目通读1-3遍，彻底把握题目主旨后，方可进行段落布局。在这里，笔者结合自己的经验给考生们一些建议：首先，判断题目是否包含“绝对”含义的词，若有，则按照上篇讲过的建议布局，若没有，则对于同意或者反对的理由进行快速的brain storming, 然后根据分论点的数量及论点的可延展性来敲定立场：

Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Disagree:

1) Endangered animals are valuable because of their limited quantities

2) Environment balance

3) Endangered animals sometimes stand for the country, so they are more valuable than farmlands

Agree:

1) life quality is the top priority

2) endangered animals can be raised in the zoos

经过一番考量，假如考生得出了上述的一些分论点及想法，这时候，主体段的布局基本就可以敲定大方向了。第一种就是完全反对题目的说法，采用五段式结构布局，每个主体段论证上述三个分论点中的一个;第二种也是反对题目的说法，采用五段式结构布局，但是前2个主体段从三个分论点中选二个去论证，而第三个主体段从“同意”的二个分论点里去选一个，最后的结论还是倾向于反对的。第三种是采用四段式结构布局，即第一个主体段从三个反对意见中选择二到三个分论点去写，而第二个主体段则从赞同的分论点里去选择，数量上比前一段少一个即可，最后结论还是倾向于反对多一点。这样说是不是有些同学看了会有点“晕”呢?那下面笔者就再举个简单点的例子吧：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. Use specific reasons and details to explain your opinion.

Disagree:

1) Most people are common, so they want to know something about famous ones

2) Famous people stand for some fashion

3) Constrain the public figures

4) Celebrities can improve the national cohesion and unity

又经过了几分钟思考，我们得出了上述的四个分论点，但是一时半会赞同的理由实在是想不出。若考试的时候遇到这种情况，千万别犹豫不决，马上从已经想好的观点里面进行挑选。于是，这个题目我们就采用完全反对的立场，以五段式结构布局全文，主体段的分论点从上述四点中挑选三个展开论述即可。这样一来，大家是不是明白一点了呢?

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their older (15 to 18 year-old) teenage children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Agree: Parents make decision for children.

1) Parents have more experience

2) 15-18 years old children are not adults, so they cant take responsibility

还有一种情况就是我们只能想出两个分论点，这时候考生应该果断采用四段式布局，而这一次，两个主体段都分别论述一个同意的理由，而在结尾时，可以顺便提一些反对的理由，这样也不失为一种灵活的方法，希望考生们可以借鉴。

二、分论点的排列原则

专家提醒考生们，在布局的时候我们不是随意编排分论点的先后顺序，而是需要有一定的逻辑性和合理性。一般说来，五段式的三个主体段，若都是同意或者都是反对的理由的话，一般这些分论点有两种逻辑顺序，即第一种按照“重要性”来排，将你认为最主要的理由放在第一个主体段中详细论证;第二种是按照“小到大”的原则，即个人方面的理由先写，然后再是家庭，公司，最后再是社会，国家等。倘若所有的论点都是在一个范围内的，比如都是属于个人的论点，则这个时候要看这些分论点后续的论证内容的多少，比如某一个分论点你既举得出例子，又可以进行对比或者因果论述的话那肯定应该先写这个分论点，若某一个分论点后续能够阐述的理由只有一句话的时候那就应该果断地将其排在后面写。若文章是四段式的结构，则在一个主体段中的排列顺序和前面讲的原则是一致的。

导语：当学生们面对一年四季换汤不换药的“写景作文”时，最发愁的莫过于那句老话“要有新意，要真情实感”。那么写景作文到底要如何才能写的正宗，并且做到“以景怡情，以景怡人”呢?

一、写景技巧六句话：

1 写景要按方位顺序，由近及远，由远及近，由上而下，由下而上，由里到外，由外到里，或由中间到四周等等有次序地描写，要主次分明，详略得当。

2 可以按景物的类别来写，如山、水、花、鸟;瀑、石、峰、洞;亭、台、楼阁等。要写出景物的光、色、味;既要写它的静态，也要写它的动态，还可以写出它的环境气氛。

3 要仔细观察，抓住在不同季节里景物的不同特点进行描写，不要硬编乱造，凭自己的想象来写。

4 写景中也可以具体地写些人和事，若让人、景、事三者交融一体来写，可以使作文更为感人。

5 写景物时不要忘掉自己与景物之间的关系，要有意识地把自己的感情、感受写进去，这样使人读了会产生一种身临其境之感。叶圣陶老爷爷写的《记金华的双龙洞》不是具有这样的特点吗?

6 适当地、正确地引用前人描写景物的诗词歌赋，也可以为作文增色。这就需要你平时多加阅读和积累，别等用时再去找。

二、要把景物写出特色应该注意以下几点：

1、抓住景物的特征，全面细致地观察。

观察和感受景物还需要发动各种感觉器官。从不同感觉、有动有静地写景，让人读来身临其境。如著名诗人苏轼写的：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。”就写出了从不同的角度看到的庐山的样子。又如：老舍先生笔下的大兴安岭的山势是“横着的，顺着的，高点儿的，矮点儿的，长点儿的，短点儿的……”绵延起伏，温柔可亲。他写林海，工于调色，在他的调色板上，绿色是那样变化无穷：宛如一位技艺精湛的丹青妙手，在他的“深的，浅的，明的，暗的，绿得难以形容。”特别是“在阳光下，大片青松的边沿闪动着白桦的银裙，不是像海边的浪花吗?”这一囊括比喻、拟人、反问三重修辞格的句式，简直给我们描绘出一幅立体、绚丽的画卷，使人感到一种说不出来的美。他写花更具特色，你看：“青松作衫，白桦为裙，还穿着绣花鞋。”恰当的比拟，敏锐的观察，绘声绘色的描绘，美不胜收，妙不可言，怎不令人折服?

2、把握写景顺序，写出层次。

我们描写景物时，可以由高到低，由远到近，由整体到局部，由物到人，由动到静等。总之，把握住写景的顺序，描写出的景物才能层次分明，清晰自然。描写景物的顺序通常有两种：第一是时间顺序，比如写一棵树，我们可以按春、夏、秋、冬的时间顺序，写出它在各个季节是什么样子的;还有一种是空间顺序，例如我们描写一座山峰，就可以写远处看它是什么样子，近处看它是什么样子，或者从上看是什么样子，从下看是什么样子等。

3、展开合理的想象。

在对景物进行仔细观察的基础上，张开想象的翅膀，根据所见所感展开合理的想象，再把景物状态、颜色、声音、气味描写出来，会给人留下深刻的印象。比如：“一只黄鹂站在树枝上欢快地唱歌。”就用拟人手法形象地写出了黄鹂的活泼可爱;再如：《桂林山水》中，作者在观察的基础上展开联想和想象，作者从桂林山的“奇”，想象出像老人、像巨象、像骆驼，奇峰罗列，形态万千，使景物内容更加丰富，充分表达了作者的思想感情;又如：《林海》一文中，作者从千山一碧、万古长青的林海，联想到广厦、木材，直至日用家具，“有多少省市用过这里的木材呀!”此句将大兴安岭同祖国各地紧紧联系在一起，使人感到了它的存在，认识到它在社会主义建设中所起的举足轻重的作用，“亲切、舒服”之感顿涌心头。

4、注意情景交融。

写景的目的，不应为写景而写景，重要的是反映作者的思想感情。只有这样，才能为文章注入活力，才能写出生动形象的文章。比如：《林海》一文，通览全文，字里行间处处流露出作者的一腔赞美之情。作者正是凭借这真挚的感情，讴歌了大兴安岭，讴歌了绿色宝库——林海。他告诉我们，大兴安岭不仅是良材产地，也是科研基地。人们利用大自然，改造大自然，“给大兴安岭添上了新的景色，添上了愉快的劳动歌声。”这说明人与山的关系日益密切。因此，作者情不自禁地联想到“兴国安邦”的意义，其结束句，既深化了文章的中心，又余味无穷，耐人寻味。

下面是小编为大家整理的中考命题作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

第一：抓题眼，把握表意重心。

文章表意的重心就是最能体现文章中心的关键性词语，只有抓住了关键性词语，才能体现文章的特色，写出更好的作文。

第二：明限制，确定选材范围。

限制的内容大致有时间、地点、对象、内容、数量等，审题时要弄清楚，作文时则不能越“雷池”半步。没有限制的内容，题目上没写，需要自己去想。因为只有想到没有限制的内容，才能找到选材的广阔天地，扩大选材的范围。

第三：展联想，深入挖掘主旨。

充分发挥想象和联想，以题目为载体，向深层次挖掘，使自己的作文有深度，这也是得高分的重要一环。

第四：巧构思，化抽象为具体。

“一粒沙里见世界，一瓣花上说人情”。选材若太宽太泛，会给人“空”或“浮”的感觉。要解决这一问题，不妨采取“化大为小”、“化虚为实”或“化宽为窄”的方式，从细微处，具体生动地展现对生活的感悟。

法律文书是司法行政机关及当事人、律师等在解决诉讼和非讼案件时使用的文书，也包括司法机关的非规范性文件。包括规范性和非规范性两种。小编收集了法律文书的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、律师实务文书写作的基本要求

(一)基本原则

1、以事实为根据

书写法律文书前，必须了解案情。律师可以通过当事人的陈述和提供的材料去了解，也可以接受当事人的委托自行去调查相关情况并取证。

在掌握了案情材料后，书写法律文书应紧扣所依据的材料，如实地反映客观情况，切忌主观臆断，随意拼凑。

“以事实为根据”的实质要求就是：书写的法律文书，应有相应的证据材料来证明，即法律文书表达的是法律事实，而不是客观事实。

2、以法律为准绳

书写法律文书时，律师应当根据法律规定，结合案件事实，分析当事人的请求是否合法、合理，如果存在不合法的情况，应予以拒绝。

在书写法律文书的过程中，针对案件事实，应当准确恰当地引用法律条文，保证法律文书的严肃性。

3、谨慎原则

法律文书是一种程式化的文书，庄重严肃、结构固定，采用程式化的行文，用词造句要求准确规范，解释单一，言简意赅，通俗易懂，绝不能摸棱两可，让人产生歧义。

另外律师应注意不要因为措辞不当给对方造成把柄，也不要在法律文书中作出对本方当事人不利的陈述。

如果发现了有错误存在，应当立即纠正，尽快消除不利影响和后果。

(二)特别注意问题

1、充分领会当事人的意图和目的

领会当事人的意图和目的，一方面能够分析判断这一目的是否合法合理，另一方面也能够保证律师工作的效率。

【案例：当事人诉求网站侵权索赔案】

我们曾接受一家公司的来访。来访公司诉称其公司网站的网页、内容基本都被另外一家同行公司模仿、抄袭，故来访公司准备起诉维权。我们在查看来访公司提供的公证保全的证据后，初步判断侵权成立的可能性较大，支持其通过诉讼维权。随后来访公司介绍了诉讼目的：准备向侵权公司索赔近千万元。我们认为，如此高额的赔偿数额没有事实和法律依据，亦不合理，因此建议来访公司对诉讼目的进行调整，然后再商谈委托代理事宜。

2、制作规范

如果是手写的，应当工整，清洁，如果是打印的，应当清晰。

法律文书的成稿不应有涂抹。如果确实在成稿后需要涂改、时间紧急的，应在涂改之处进行签署，并向接受文书的一方做出说明。

3、主题突出

在文书的表述上，要主题突出，尽量直接、明确表达意图;法律逻辑要清晰，有理有据;文字表达流畅，行文简练。

4、注意技术细节

很多法律文书都是要提交给政府、法院等国家机构的，这些机构对文书纸张、份数等可能有特别要求。因此在制作文书时，应先了解特别要求，再制作。

比如，各个法院对起诉状份数的要求就不一样，如果没有按照要求的份数提交，就可能延误案件受理和审判。

5、避免常见错误

比如，起诉状对当事人的名称、地址表述错误或不准确，造成无法送达诉讼文书，甚至被驳回起诉。很常见的有：在表述公司名称时，漏掉“责任”二字;还有“北京××公司”被写成“北京市××公司”，这些都是很小的问题，但却很容易犯下错误。

二、民事起诉状的写作技巧

民事起诉状，是民事案件中的原告，为维护自己的民事权益，就有关民事权利与义务的纠纷，向人民法院提起诉讼，要求依法处理而提交的法律文书。《民事诉讼法》第一百零八条明确规定了起诉的条件：(一)原告是与本案有直接利害关系的公民、法人和其他组织;(二)有明确的被告;(三)有具体的诉讼请求和事实、理由;(四)属于人民法院受理民事诉讼的范围和受诉人民法院管辖。根据以上法律规定和《法院文书样式(试行)》，民事起诉状的格式没有太多争议，内容主要由三部分构成：一、首部，主要写明民事案件双方当事人的基本情况，必须有明确的请求对象;二、正文，包括诉讼请求、事实和理由、证据和证据来源;三、尾部，主要依次写明受诉人民法院全称、起诉人名称、起诉时间以及附项内容。起诉状的格式并不复杂，但是，要写出一份好诉状，达到想要的效果，并非易事。写作起诉状时必须注意以下几个问题：

1.原告的资格

根据《民事诉讼法》第一百零八条的规定，原告必须与本案有直接利害关系，而不是间接利害关系，因此哪怕当事人是无诉讼行为能力人，他的监护人也无资格越俎代庖充当原告，而只能在原告之后列出“法定代理人”的姓名及基本情况，正是基于此，在对原告身份情况的说明中，除姓名、性别、民族、职业、工作单位和住所外，年龄是一个不可忽视的填写项目，据此可以直接判断其有无诉讼行为能力，其监护人是否已作为法定代理人代为参加诉讼，在写作民事起诉状时，如果原告无诉讼行为能力，一定要在原告之后列出法定代理人的基本情况及与原告的关系，理顺当事人之间的内部关系。

下面是语文迷网整理提供的35个初中英语写作会用到的句型，大家一起来看看吧。

一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + haveever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

例句：

Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

例句：

Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。)

例句：

We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...)

例句：

There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道...)

例句：

It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的...)

例句：

There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的优点是...)

例句：

An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create (produce) any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...)

例句：

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此...以致于...)

例句：

So precious is time t

that we cant afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然...)

例句：

Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}

虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more+ Adj + S + V ~~~(愈...愈...)

例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.

你愈努力，你愈进步。

The more books we read, the more learned we become.

我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。

十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借着...，..能够..)

例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (..使..能够..)

例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.

听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ (我们绝对不能...)

例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

十五、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是...的时候了)

例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

十六、Those who ~~~ (...的人...)

例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

十七、There is no one but ~~~ (没有人不...)

例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.

没有人不渴望上大学。

十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...)

例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.

既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。

十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的)

It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的)

It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的)

例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

二十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是...的原因)

例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I dont like it.

夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式.(过去...年来，...一直...)

例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.

过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。

例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ (...是值得的。)

例句：It pays to help others.

帮助别人是值得的。

二十四、be based on (以...为基础)

例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.

社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的)

例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 (让...明白...事)

例句：We should bring home to people the valueof working hard.

我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。

二十七、be closely related to ~~ (与...息息相关)

例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.

做运动与健康息息相关。

二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving= make it a rule to + V (养成...的习惯)

We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~(因为...)

例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.

因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么...!)

例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!

How important a thing it is to keep our promise!

遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

三十一、Leave much to be desired (令人不满意)

例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

我们的交通状况令人不满意。

三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ (对...有很大的影响)

例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.

抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

三十三、do good to (对...有益)，do harm to (对...有害)

例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。

Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ (对...造成一大威胁)

例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。

三十五、do ones utmost to + V = do ones best (尽全力去...)

例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.

我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

英文日记和汉语日记一样，是用来记叙一天中所发生的有意义的事情或对将来的打算等。以下是小编整理的英语日记写作的格式，欢迎阅读！

日记可分为记事、议论、描写及抒情等。记事型是用英语记述当天自己生活学习中发生的事情。议论型是对生活中的某一事情或情况现象谈自己的看法，发表议论。描写型或抒情型，则是对某人物事物的特征做细致的描述，或针对某事物抒发自己的感情。

1、格式：

一般是在左上角记上当天日期，星期，时间的排列法与书信一致，星期写在日期之后；右上角写上当天的天气情况，表示天气情况的词一般是形容词，如：fine（晴朗的），cold（寒冷的），snowy（下雪），sunny（阳光充足的），rainy（下雨的），cloudy（阴天的）等。日记的小标题写在下一行，也可省略不写。

2、时态：

写日记的时间一般是在下午、晚上，有时也可以在第二天补写，因此，日记中所记述的事情通常发生在过去，常用一般过去时；但当记述天气、描写景色或展望未来时，可以用一般现在时或一般将来时。

写法大致和写汉语日记相同，都是在正文之前有日期、星期几及当天的天气情况。注意内容表达要清楚连贯、准确。

扩展阅读：

日期格式用月日年（美式）或日月年（英式）都可以

1. 年、月、日都写时，通常以月、日、年为顺序，月份可以缩写，日和年用逗号隔开，例如：december 18, xx或者dec. 18, xx。

2. 如果要写星期，星期要紧挨日期，它既可以放在日期前面，也可以放在日期后面，星期也可以省略不写。星期和日期之间不用标点，但要空一格，星期也可缩写，例如：thursday dec. 18, xx或dec.18，xx thursday

3. 天气情况必不可少，天气一般用一个形容词如:sunny, fine, rainy, snowy等表示。天气通常位于日记的右上角。

导语：作文有技巧，关键要留意，下面小编给大家带来9个写作得分技巧，一起来看看吧!

一、作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

这一点，所有的同学们一定要掌握明白了。任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

二、考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个段落为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行，写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。如果有必要，死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

三、开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看，一个开头就占太多的空间，阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

四、动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生，应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个，一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目，可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生，赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本，根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

五、作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法，合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法，解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，到时候就用得上。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

六、动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧，其实在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细写，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，如果时间紧张，提纲就要简练些。

七、想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了，我写的是什么文体，就按相应文体的写法来写。

八、适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文，最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》，其中的一些散文，结构是很好的，可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言，可以分别背个三五句，到时候直接抄上去就行了，这不算抄袭。关于国家大事，时事政治和要闻什么的，也要注意搜集一下。譬如，去年有奥运，今年是建国60周年，还有汶川地震的感人事迹等，都可以做考试作文的题材。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

九、篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，小升初作文要求都不低于500-600字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字，建议考生，争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右，留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多，肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练，作文打分就趋高不趋低。

在小学阶段，孩子们经常写的作文无非就是一些写景状物的，还有记录一件事情的作文，以下是为大家分享的小学记事作文写作技巧及范例，供大家参考借鉴，欢迎浏览!

叙事作文

叙事作文是基础，三段写法要牢记。

叙述方式有三种，顺叙倒叙和插叙。

顺叙记事容易学，起因经过和结果；

开头交代四要素，时间地点和人物；

事件起因点明白，经过具体写出来；

结尾交代事结束，首尾内容要略写。

倒叙方法变化多，结果提前是妙着；

开头回忆多变化，结尾照应好处多。

中间具体叙述事，细节描写要有趣；

过渡照应衔接紧，线索清楚最要紧。

写作要点

一、要交代清楚时间、地点、人物、事件。让读者明白文章写的是什么人，在什么时候，什么地方发生了怎样的事。

二、找出事件闪光点。如果根据题目的要求选定了某件事，你就要对这件事进行认真的回忆，并仔细琢磨，反复思考，挖掘出这件事中含有的生活道理，或找出它闪光的地方。

三、必须把事情发生的环境写清楚。因为任何事情总是在一定的环境中发生、发展的。环境写好了，写出特点来，还能渲染气氛，表达感情，使文章更生动。

四、一般要按事情发展顺序写。把一件事的起因、经过、结果写清楚，不能颠三倒四，还应把事情的前因后果，来龙去脉写清楚。

五、记事中要围绕中心，抓住重点，不要面面俱到。重点部分(一般指事情发展高潮处)要详写，写具体，写详尽，给读者以深刻的印象。

六、写事不能离不开写人。同此在记事过程中，一定要把人物的语言、神态、动作、心理活动等写细致，写逼真，这样才能表达出人物的思想品质，才能更好地表达这件事所包含的意义，即文章的中心思想。

七、必须把事情发生的环境写清楚。因为任何事情总是在一定的环境中发生、发展的。环境写好了，写出特点来，还能渲染气氛，表达感情，使文章更生动。

如何把场面写具体

写好场面要注意以下四点：

第一，要交待清楚场面的背景。如活动场面发生的时间、地点、环境等，这样人们才知道场面是在怎样的社会或自然环境中发生的。

例如：

这天下午，上了两节课后，董老师一声招呼：“走哇，下楼玩会儿去!”同学们都说笑着下了楼，来到了大操场。我问董老师：“老师，今天又有什么新花样呀?”董老师笑着说：“踢足球，跳皮筋。”男生一听，高兴得手舞足蹈，女生却说：“还是老一套!我们以为有什么新花样呢?”董老师神秘地说：“今天可不一样，今天哪，女生踢足球，男生跳皮筋!”听了这话，我们女生高兴得蹦起有三尺高。

第二，要在写好总体的基础上写具体。写场面时，要对场面有总体概括，使读者对总体面貌有所了解。但场面同时也应该有重点部分，对这部分要写详细、写具体，做到有点、有面;这也就是要求做到整体描写与局部描写相结合。

例如：

老师拿来球，女子足球大战就这样开始了。我们十几个“疯”丫头，追着足球跑，就像盘子里的炒豆，一会儿又滚到这边，一会儿滚到那边。虽然我们的技术太糟糕，但都非常卖力气。小个子蔺琳最勇敢，像个男孩子在场内横冲直撞，可她的脚丫子连球皮都没踏着，只好空跑一场，不一会儿就大汗淋漓，成了个小花脸，那样子真滑稽。平时文质彬彬的刘爽，这时也像个野小子用力地冲杀，球到了她脚下，她甩开脚，使劲猛踢，“砰”的一声，球就飞了出去，瞧她那架式，多像个女球星。

第三，要写出气氛。气氛是人在一定环境中看到的景象或感觉到的一种情绪或感情。无论什么场面，都会有气氛，如庆祝场面有欢乐的气氛;比赛场面有紧张的气氛;送别场面有难舍难分的气氛等等。

例如：

裁判员一声令下，比赛开始了，运动员们像离弦的箭冲了出去，争先恐后，不分上下。在同学们的助威声中，他们竭尽全力，冲向终点。顿时人生鼎沸，加油声、喝彩声响彻整个操场，特别是快到终点时，欢呼声更是一浪高过一浪。

第四，写场面要有顺序。一般来说，场面描写可以按照由面到点来安排顺序。比如，描写庆祝教师节的场面，可以先写欢庆活动的总体气氛，勾勒“面”的情况，然后分别写校长、老师、同学的表现。这样就能点面结合、条理清楚。

例如：

前面已经围得水泄不通，等我费了九牛二虎之力挤进人群，受伤的人已经送往医院了。地上赫然的有一摊殷红的血。一辆自行车翻倒在旁边，车轮朝上，还在慢慢地转着。围观的人七嘴八舌地议论着。有的愤愤不平地说：现在司机开车真是不要命，在人多的地方都不肯减速。有的叹着气说：人有旦夕祸福，好好的一个人不定什么时候就遇上祸事。也有的说：看情形，这个人伤得不轻，不知还能不能活。一个老大爷一边摇头一边感叹：“现在出门可得小心，一个不留神就要出事儿。”旁边一位年轻姑娘使劲拉着她的男友往外走，“有什么好看的。血淋淋的，吓死人了。”《上学路上》

在这里着重解说一下，在写场面时，我们除了可以运用整体描写与局部描写，还可以用到空间描写。也就不仅可以写场上的热闹，还可以写场外的热闹，场内与场外就是两个角度的对称，相互映衬，达到很好的结果。比如我们写一场拔河比赛时，除了写场上同学们如何拼命拔河的，我们还可以写场外的同学，又是如何挥动双手，加油呐喊的。

中国文学的长篇巨作是从元曲开始的，以前唐诗宋词还有唐宋八大家的散文等文学作品，都篇幅相对较短，且通篇精悍。元曲及明清小说的涌现，给文学创作带来了很多革命性的影响，其中的一个就是“虎头、猪肚、豹尾”理论的出现。所谓的“虎头、猪肚、豹尾”理论，就是指创作者通常在开篇与结尾上下大功夫，以求得开篇吸引眼球，结尾震憾人心的效果。而中间部分则写得比较随意，不仅不是很讲究字词的斟琢，而且故事情节的安排也比较散漫。这样安排，主要是与长篇曲牌及小说的篇幅过长的原因。红楼梦、西游记等名著的作者几乎是耗尽一生精力写一篇小说，但也还有“猪肚”出现，也许就是这个原因。

今天由于时间关系，我准备就新闻的导语写作，即“虎头”部分向大家汇报几种常用的写作技巧。

1.一语破的法。好的新闻导语如何做到“抢耳”、“抢眼”，用最短的文字，一语破的，无疑会起到开门见山、立竿见影的效果。

1945年8月14日，美国杜鲁门总统宣布，日本已无条件投降。美联社在抢发这条爆炸性的新闻时，导语干脆利落：“日本投降了!”这条短而有千钧之力的导语，当时就被新闻界公认为“最佳导语”。

2.设置悬念法 在新闻导语上设置“悬念”，事情先不直说，吊起读者的胃口，“逼”得你不得不继续读下去。

1978年6月25日人民日报刊发了一篇报道，导语是这样写的：“国财贸大会上传说着这样一件事：上海服装进出口公司床上用品组的职工，‘救活’了两只鸳鸯，挽回了一大笔外汇。”为什么要“救活”鸳鸯?“救活”了两只什么样的鸳鸯?又怎样挽回了外汇?导语对此一概不说，你想知道就得往下读。

3.欲擒故纵法 先放开一步，再紧紧抓住，这样的导语写来必有“痛击一拳”之淋漓快感。

1982年10月14日，美联社发了一条讽刺美国经济的稿件，导语是这样写的：“就是在罗纳德·里根总统对全国说‘美国正在走向经济复苏’之前几个小时，他的儿子普雷斯科特·里根却在这里同失业者一道领救济金。”显然，前后两句自相“矛盾”。但读者是聪明的，知道连总统的儿子都在领救济金，谁还相信美国的经济开始好转了呢?4.化静为动法 一个事件性的新闻，用静态的记叙手法写，其导语往往比较枯燥、呆板、索然乏味，但若用动态的表现手法写，导语就会新颖有趣，活脱而有生气，所报道的新闻也就有了灵性，引人入胜。

1974年，我国在西安出土了秦始皇兵马俑，引起了国内外的强烈关注。当兵马俑复制品在比利时首都布鲁塞尔巡回展出时，美国《国际先驱论坛报》记者罗娜·多布森发了一条消息，导语妙语惊人：“一支中国军队到达了布鲁塞尔。威武的士兵身穿紧身盔甲，随后行进的是军乐队和骑兵，最引入注目的是他们的身材。”

5.数字对比法 数字是枯燥的，但数字是最有说服力的。把新闻中的主要数字，或读者关注的数字，巧妙地运用到新闻导语中，回答读者的问题，就能提高新闻的价值，给读者留下难忘的印象。

平时听人说联合国会议多，文件多，然而联合国文件究竟如何多，恐怕谁也说不清。法新社1982年在联合国发的一条电讯稿导语对于这个问题回答得非常清楚：“如果把联合国去年在纽约和日内瓦印刷的全部文件首尾相连排列起来，总长度将达27万公里。”

6.速写勾画法 新闻一开头，若能先给“五要素”中的人物和地点，描述几笔，勾勒出一幅图画，使读者如临其境，如见其人，如闻其声，那么，这条新闻的可读性就一定会大大增强。

1983年8月2日，光明日报发了一条人物消息，导语写得美极了：“一眨眼之间，他已在青藏高原奋战了27个春秋了。原来的满头青丝，现在已染上了祁连山的霜雪;脸上的皱纹，就像是风沙雕刻的痕迹。这是少数民族地区科技工作者代表座谈会上，高级地质师胡贤农给记者留下的深刻印象。”

7.巧用背景法 若在导语中巧妙地运用背景材料，用好了，导语就会有“脸面”，就会“满堂生辉”。

1994年10月19日，人民日报刊登了一篇笔者采写的关于“永州养蛇”的消息，导语就是以背景材料取胜的：“唐代著名文学家柳宗元在被贬至湖南永州任司马时，曾写下千古名篇《捕蛇者说》，使‘永州之野产异蛇’闻名遐迩。一千多年过去了，历代冒死捕蛇为抵租税的永州捕蛇者的新一代又悄然兴起了一股养蛇热，各乡各户竞办蛇场已成为永州农村的一大新鲜事。”

8.抑扬顿挫法 对报道对象的表现手法可多样化，或先抑后扬，或先扬后抑，一起一伏，峰回路转，使人读来耐人寻味。

美联社1979年3月28日发了一条关于我国河北任丘油田的稿子，导语是这样写的：“在这里，地面上燃料奇缺，农民不得不靠挖掘玉米根来生火取暖、煮饭。然而，在3200米的地下，地质学家们发现了大量石油和天然气。”

9.特写镜头法 导语写作可借鉴电影手法，采用一连串的特写镜头，牢牢吸引住读者。

湖北日报1981年发表了一篇歌颂老师的

消息，由于导语中用了一个“老师为学生送棉大衣”的特写，很感人“9月初的一天早晨，从钟祥县开往武汉的长途汽车就要起动了。考取了北京大学的农家子弟柯洪云欢欢喜喜地登上了汽车。这时，一位中年妇女急急忙忙地赶来，把一件棉大衣塞到了他手上。乘客们以为，这一定是这个学生的妈妈!可是，人们怎么也没有想到，这位妇女却是柯洪云的老师。” 10.欲擒故纵法 先写人之常情，以唤起读者的共鸣，然后急转直下，矛头直指问题，让人警醒，此所谓“欲擒故纵”。

“天下做女人的，谁不想当个健康孩子的母亲!然而，事与愿违的是，目前在我国，每出生1000名婴孩中，就有13个是缺陷儿，使得不知有多少这种孩子的妈妈为此泪水涟涟，痛心疾首。”1988年6月26日解放军报的这条消息导语，从妈妈的美好愿望，到“痛心疾首”，反差极大，写来深具人情味。

11.提问作答法 在导语中，把广大读者普遍关心的、感兴趣的、新闻报道里已经解决了的问题，先用疑问句式鲜明地提出来，而后用事实加以回答，使之更加引人注目，发人深思。

“8点上班的钟声响过之后，中央国家机关多少人迟到?”这是1987年6月15日新华社电讯《一些中央国家机关的情况表明需要加强劳动纪律》的导语，提出的问题非常敏感、突出，一开始就抓住了读者的心。

12.有意重复法 新闻导语最忌重复，颠三倒四地重复一句话，既浪费时间，又浪费版面，还会使读者云里雾里。然而，对于一些特殊的题材，有意识地重复一些关键词语，反而会收到一些意想不到的效果。

请看下面这条导语：“85秒!拳王泰森击败挑战者。85秒!历史上最短的拳王卫冕战。85秒!1300万美元尽入腰包。”(1989年7月21日新华社华盛顿电《泰森：85秒卫冕成功》) 特意重复使用了3个带感叹号的“85秒!”加深了读者的印象。

导语：英语写作是一种创作性的学习过程。下面是小编收集的小升初英语作文写作技巧，欢迎大家阅读!

英语写作是一种创作性的学习过程。启动知识信息储存，构思立意，谋篇布局，遣词造句，对语言表达的正确性和准确性、思维的逻辑性和文章的条理性都比口语要求更高。通常英语写作有以下几个特点：紧扣教学大纲对考生书面表达的要求;以有指导的写作为主(guidedwriting)，便于考生在短时间内构思成文;突出试题的交际性，考查考生在特定的情景中运用语言的能力;增强试题的实用性，所选话题贴近学生学习生活，为学生所熟悉;看图作文主要考查考生运用所学知识解决实际问题的能力。

英语写作注意两点

一、先审题，弄清写作要求审题是写好作文的前提，也是书面表达的基础。如果写偏了题，语言表达再好也很难得高分。审题时要注意两个方面：

1.认真地看两遍题目，包括提示，全面了解写作要求。

2.理清思路，确定体裁、框架结构和内容。

二、用英语进行思维英语写作时必须排除汉语思维的干扰。

从现在起应逐渐加大阅读量和听的输入量，将阅读、听力训练与书面表达有机地结合起来。经常体会和领悟作者传递信息和表达思想的方式。在话题讨论和写作中经常运用所学到的表达方式就会有所创造。还要尽量做到“五多”：多看、多听、多思考、多用心体验和感悟身边的人和事、多用英语说和写自己的体验和感受。

最后一个月如何训练英语写作

1.重视增加阅读量是提高英语写作的途径之一。

目前，考生在进行大量阅读的同时，应注重所读材料的文章结构以及连接词的运用(ontheotherhand，however，furthermore)、作者的表达方式(词汇、习惯用语和典型句子的使用)、作者是如何进行叙述和议论的。

2.在教师的指导下，平时应勤写多练。

练习写作应从基本功抓起。在中译英翻译训练过程中，加强积累适量的词汇、词组和增加各种类型句子的运用。把握好各种句型和词汇的搭配，并从各类题材和体裁着手，多阅读好的范文。然后模仿写作，作文写好之后，一般都要修改。第一遍收笔后，先看一看结构，然后从字词上推敲，使文章“充实”起来。更重要的是经老师修改过的作文一定要仔细地看一至两遍，然后再认真地抄写一遍，收获将会很大。

英文写作“四步走”

由于时间限制，考试时必须在所限定的时间内完成英语作文。英语作文步骤如下：

1)作文动笔之前一般都要先打腹稿。在确立中心上、运用材料上、篇章结构上，充分酝酿。

2)考虑好想写多少句子，该用哪些动词和词组等。

3)边写边思考内容的连贯性，语言和句子的准确性。

4)写完后一定要再细看一遍。

主要体裁作文写作技巧

(一)写提示议论文应考虑的几点：

1.文章开头，能依据提示确立主题句(topic)阐明观点或看法。

2.会使用连接词分层次说明理由、缘由(supportingsentences)。

3.归纳总结，首尾呼应。

(二)看图作文应考虑的几点：

1.看懂图片，把图片展示的人物、地点、时间、事件等有机地串联起来，使之成为内容连贯的句子。

2.确定短文须用的时态和该用的人称。

3.确定体裁(说明文还是记叙文)，接着用简洁的语句描述图片或图表大意。

4.根据图片或图表大意议论。

一、什么是话题作文

话题作文这种命题形式，最先出现在1999年的高考中。这种开放性的命题方式给学生提供了较充分的写作自由，因而受到考试命题者和广大考生的青睐；所以从1999年“假如记忆可以移植”，到2000年“答案是丰富多彩的”，从2001年“诚信”，又到2002年“心灵的选择”，连续4年全国高考作文都是话题作文的形式。由于其具有开放性强，比较符合现代选拔人才的需求的特点，因而一问世就受到社会各界的肯定。目前，话题作文正日益受到广大老师和同学的重视，已经成为高中生日常作文训练的一项重要内容。

1．话题作文命题的结构

话题作文的命题分三个部分：话题前的材料或提示语、话题、写作要求。材料或提示语用来引出话题，话题提供写作范围，写作要求是对内容、文体、字数等方面提出的具体要求。请看2001年全国高考作文题：

材料：

有一个年轻人跋涉在漫长的人生路口上，到了一个渡口的时候，他已经拥有了“健康”、“美貌”、“机敏”、“诚信”、“才学”、“金钱”、“荣誉”七个背囊，渡船出发时风平浪静，说不清过了多久，风起浪涌，小船上下颠簸，险象环生。艄公说：“船小负载重，客官须丢弃一个背囊方可安渡难关。”看年轻人哪一个都不舍得丢，艄公又说：“有弃有取，有失有得。”年轻人思索了一会儿，把“诚信”抛进了河里。

寓言中“诚信”被抛弃了，它引发你想些什么呢？

话题：请以“诚信”为话题，写一篇作文。

要求：

(1)这个话题的内容是很宽泛的，作文内容只要与这个话题相关，都符合要求。

(2)文体不限。可以记叙自己或他人经历的事情、编述故事(包括小小说、童话、寓言、戏剧)、发表议论、抒发感情等等。

(3)无论是写记叙文(包括小小说、童话、寓言、戏剧)还是写议论文不得少于800字。

2．话题作文的基本特点

自拟题目、自定立意、自选文体是话题作文的三个基本特点。这三个特点为话题作文的写作提供了广阔的空间。

(1)可以自由地选择自己熟悉的素材，从感受最深的一点出发确立主题，说出自己的心里话。比如“诚信”这个话题，可以围绕历史上有关诚信的故事来写，如古人一诺千金的故事；可以围绕现代社会中与诚信有关的事情来写，如国外的产品召回制度；可以围绕现实中不讲诚信的事情来写，如假冒伪劣产品；可以联系自己身边的事来写，如考试中的作弊问题。同学们请看，在话题作文这种命题形式下，你可写的东西是不是很多呢？可发挥的空间是不是很大呢？

(2)可以自由地选择自己擅长的文体，你不只可以写记叙文、议论文，还可以写一个童话、一个科幻故事，可以写一篇日记、一封书信，还可以写一个短剧、一则新闻、一篇采访记等等。在近两年的高考中，考生的文体选择可谓异彩纷呈，出现了不少很有创意的佳作。

(3)话题作文写作的自由度虽然很大，但也有其限制性，同学们必须在话题的范围内写作，超出范围就属跑题。比如“假如记忆可以移植”这个话题，就要求我们应该写在这一假定前提(“记忆可以移植”)下可能发生的事情或问题，如果你写记忆移植绝对不可能发生、或者写情感可以移植就属于跑题了。

二、话题作文不能忽视审题

话题作文的写作空间很大，降低了审题难度，有些同学就认为话题作文的审题不重要，不需要重视了。其实不然，每次考试话题作文都会有跑题、偏题的文章，而且题目审得好不好对能否写好作文至关重要。审题时我们自然要从话题作文命题的三个部分人手：

1．审话题

审话题要注意两点：审出话题丰富的内涵及审清话题中的限制。

(1)审内涵：有许多话题包含了很丰富的内涵，深刻理解话题内涵，对我们写作话题作文、打开思路有很大的帮助。一般来讲，内涵包括本义和引申义两层。

以话题“珍宝”为例，珍宝的本义指的是珠玉等宝物，如果单从这一点来立意，可写的东西很少；但我们若考虑到“珍宝”的引申义，思路一下子就打开了：对一个国家或一个组织来说，良好的制度是珍宝；对一个单位来说，人才是珍宝；对个人来说，珍宝的含义更是丰富多彩，有人把金钱视为珍宝；有人把时间视为珍宝；有人把品质视为珍宝；有人把事业视为珍宝；有人把家庭视为珍宝；有人把感情视为珍宝；有人把快乐视为珍宝……显而易见，从“珍宝”的引申义来立意，不仅容易写，而且文章还能写得有深度、有新意。

(2)审限制：知道哪些是话题范围以内的，哪些是话题范围以外的，这样我们在写作时才能扣紧话题，避免跑题、偏题。

下面是两条具体的注意事项：

①准确理解话题，才能把写作范围搞清楚。例如话题“诚信”，其含义是诚实守信，我们就不能只写诚实，如果写狼来了这种故事，或写同学犯错误后大胆承认显然就偏离了题意。

②抓住话题中的关键词语，有助于理解话题。例如话题“战胜自己”，其关键词是“自己”，我们就不能写成战胜困难，比如写做实验时缺乏器材，同学们如何在老师的指导下自制器材，终于战胜了困难，这样写无疑就跑题了。

2．审材料或提示语

认真审读话题前的材料或提示语，有助于我们理解话题和打开思路。

比如一道作文题目“偶像”，话题前有这样一段材料：

人们往往崇拜自己不熟悉的人和远离自己的人，因为这会有一种神秘感。而神秘感一旦消失，崇拜的情绪就可能淡化。

据说，耶稣在外游历了很长时间后，返回家乡布道。起初，人们为他的学问和智慧所叹服。当大家仔细一瞧，发现眼前这个口若悬河的人，原来不过是本地一个木匠的儿子，诚服钦敬之心顿减，立即变得不恭不敬起来。耶稣还是刚才的耶稣，乡邻却已不是刚才的乡邻了。

这段材料能帮助我们理解话题，找到思路。耶稣的故事说明偶像是靠距离、神秘感等维系的，而这些维系条件一旦消失，可能偶像就不复存在了。同学们可以顺着材料提示的观点去进一步阐述，也可以逆向思考进行反驳，还可以挖掘其原因或结果进行深入分析。

3．审要求

看清话题后的写作要求，弄清在内容、文体、字数方面有哪些具体的限制再下笔作文。

由于应用广泛，写作形式灵活多样，在高考写作中受到考生的青睐。记叙文的叙述方式多种多样，有顺叙，倒叙，插叙，平叙和补叙。在高考中，一篇详略得当，有变化，有波澜，情景交融的记叙文容易打动阅卷老师的心。

一 记事的文章

1 要把记叙六要素交代清楚，记事要完整。

2 要确立一个线索，或以时空为线索，或以人物为线索，或以某物为线索，或以情感的变化为线索。

3 要明确写这件事的目的是什么，你想通过这件事表达哪些情感，揭示什么意义。 中心要集中统一，不要出现多中心的毛病。

4 选材要新鲜真实，有时代气息，有生活气息，不要写别人都写烂了的事，也不要胡编乱造。最好写自己亲身经历过的事情，这样才能写出真情实感，才能感动自己，感动别人。

5 注意详略得当，与中心关系紧密的事要浓墨重彩的详写，与中心关系不紧的略写，与中心无关的事不写。

6 不要只有叙述性的语言，要有生动的描写，要有酣畅的抒情，要有精辟的议论，要有点明主旨的抒情议论句， 要注意多次点题。

7 内容一定要饱满，不要太单薄。

8 叙事文章不要平铺直叙，故事情节要一波三折，有曲折之美。要会设置悬念，要出人意料，要会运用倒叙插叙，要学会用环境景物描写来烘托人物，渲染气氛，要会运用对比法、抑扬法等。

9 要结构完整，层次清晰。

10 可运用书信体、日记体、片断组合体、小小说等一些体裁。

11 用词贴切，句式灵活，善于运用修辞手法，文句有表现力。

12 学会运用小标题。小标题运用的主要方式有：

①.日记标题式，以日记连缀的方式成文;

②.字母标题式，以A、B、C、D等若干段连缀成文;

③.单词标题式，以诸如春、夏、秋、冬，喜、怒、哀、乐等单词统领的段连缀成文;

④.数码标题式，以(一)、(二)、(三)、(四)等数字标明段落;

⑤.引用语录式，以诗词或散文中的句子作为几个小故事的小标题;

⑥.概述情节式，在段首运用诸如“序幕”、“发展”、“高潮”、“尾声”之类的词语;

⑦.概括内容式，如“她来了”、“她哭了”、“她笑了”之类;

⑧.留出空行式，即各段之间自然空一行，若干段并列，显得格外醒目。

二 写人的文章

1 一定要写出人物的个性，不要千人一面，千人一腔。

2 写人的文章是为了表现人物的性格特点或品质。选择一些典型事例来表现人物特点，这是一个最重要的方法，这些典型事例一定要特别，有个性，与众不同。

3 人物形象一定要饱满，有血有肉，不要干瘪乏味，不要只见筋骨不见血肉。要想人物饱满有个性，就一定要有生动细致的细节描写，包括人物的动作、神情、外貌、服饰、心理等方面的细节描写，要学会描写人物的眼睛。这些描写一定要能突出人物的性格或品质。

4 要学会用侧面描写，通过他人的眼光或评论来写人物。

5 要学会用环境景物描写来烘托人物，渲染气氛。

6 要有酣畅的抒情，要有精辟的议论，

7 用词要贴切生动，句式要灵活多样，要善于运用修辞手法，文句要有表现力。

记事记叙文与写人记叙文的联系：记事记叙文一定会涉及到写人，写人记叙文中的人物的性格和品质一定会通过具体的事来体现。

记事记叙文与写人记叙文的区别：记事记叙文以记事为主，写人不是目的，一般是把某一件事情写清楚写生动并揭示事情的意义;写人记叙文以描写人物为主，重在反映人物的性格品质，一般会通过多件事情来表现人物的性格品质。

同学们平时写记叙文时应重点关注的问题：

1 如何使记叙文立意高远; 2 如何在记叙文布局谋篇上创新; 3 如何使记叙文情节曲折;

4 如何使记叙文内容充实; 5 如何使记叙文文采飞扬。

三 记叙文写作的十种技巧

巧设悬念

把文章后面将要表现的内容，先在前面作一个提示，但不马上解答，以引起读者的好奇兴趣，产生急于看下去的迫切心情，这样文章的开头，我们称为巧设悬念。它的好处是能避免结构上的单调，使文章的情节波澜起伏，引人入胜。

一线串珠

记叙文的线索是贯穿全文、将材料串连起来的一条主线，它把文章的各个部分联结成一个统一、和谐的有机体。如果说丰富而生动的材料是一颗颗珍珠，那么线索就是将这些珍珠串连起来的一条线。

记叙文的线索主要有实物、人物、事件、时间、地点以及以作者的思想感情等。无论采取哪种线索，都必须从表现文章的中心思想和体现各种材料之间的内在联系出发，灵活巧妙地确定。

以小见大

以小见大，就是以小题材表现大主题的方法。生活中有些材料看起来似乎很平常，但却包含了深刻的意义。“一滴水也可以反映太阳的光辉”。只要善于透过现象发现本质，小材料同样能反映深刻的主题。如《一件珍贵的衬衫》。

穿插流动

粗笔勾勒

粗笔勾勒法就是用寥寥的几笔重点勾勒出人物外貌的主要特征。采用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像，可以对人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、神情、姿态、风度的某一方面或几个方面作简要的勾勒。

运用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像要抓住人物的最主要的特征，用朴实的文字简略地写出来，不宜用过多的形容词、过多的比喻。其次要简练传神，通过寥寥几笔勾勒出人物的大致形象。

曲径通幽

杨朔的散文《荔枝蜜》意在由蜜蜂而赞颂劳动人民的崇高品质，并表达自己向劳动人民学习的意愿。但文章并没有直接道出这一主题，而是通过展示作者对蜜蜂思想感情的变化，曲折有致地表达了主题。作者开头写自己对蜜蜂在感情上“疙疙瘩瘩”，接着写自己因吃了荔枝蜜而“想去看蜜蜂”，然后又写了蜜蜂的辛勤劳动与养蜂人的介绍。文章结尾写作者做梦“变成一只小蜜蜂”。由此可见，“曲径通幽”是指一种不是开门见山，直抒胸臆，而是曲折委婉地逐步显现主题的谋篇手法。

运用“曲径通幽”法，要注意两点：(一)“曲径”是手段，“通幽”是目的，手段要为目的服务。(二)行文的曲折应适当有度，不要为曲折而曲折。

烘托艺术

烘托艺术原是中国画的技法名称，是指渲染某一部分，衬托出另一主要部分来。把这种手法运用到文章的构思中来，就是从侧面通过描绘某件事、景或人的方法来衬托出主要人或事物，又称“衬托法”。衬托，也叫映衬。用类似的或反面的事物，使主要事物意思更加鲜明突出，从而达到强烈的表达效果。如“红花还须绿叶扶”。有了陪衬的事物，被陪衬的事物才会显得突出，才能得到更加充分的说明。

1、衬托，可分正衬和反衬。

正衬，就是用类似的事物，从正面去陪衬。烘托主要事物。如“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复返。”用冷风寒水来衬托壮士此行的悲壮。又如“蓝天衬着矗立的巨大雪峰”，用蓝天衬雪峰，使雪峰更高大

反衬，就是利用同主要事物相反或相异的事物作陪衬。如上例中的蓝天的蓝，来衬托雪峰的白，使雪峰更洁白。又如“蝉噪林愈静，鸟鸣山更幽”，以有声衬无声。

2、运用衬托要爱憎分明，要宾主分明，陪衬事物与被陪衬事物，要让人一看便清楚，不能喧宾夺主。

3、衬托和对比的区别：

对比，是把两种不同的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面放在一起相互比较。它与反衬有些相似，但不同。对比，意在比，突出的对象是双方的，对立两事物无主宾之分。

衬托，意在衬，两事物有主宾之分，突出的是主要一方。如：“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”与“已是悬崖百丈冰，犹有花枝俏”，前句是对比，后句是反衬。

画龙点睛

画龙点睛是指在适当的时候以一二句议论，点明事物、人物、景物的意义之所在，或揭示作品主题，醒人之耳目，给人以启迪。点睛之处可以是在篇中，也可在篇末。

铺垫蓄势

铺垫也称铺叙衬垫，它是为了突出主要的人物或事物而铺叙另外的人物或事物以作衬垫。运用铺垫写法是为了蓄积气势，是为了突出文章主旨。陶铸《松树的风格》前几段的大量文字浓墨重彩地描绘松树的形象，赞美它“要求于人的甚少，给予人的甚多”，又用杨柳、桃李同松树作对比，补充说明松树“给人以启发、以深思和勇气”，直到第九段作者才笔锋一转，点明题旨说：“我每次看到松树，想到它那种崇高的风格的时候，就联想到共产主义风格。”原来此篇前面对松树的描绘和赞美是铺垫蓄势，后面对共产主义风格的赞美才是全文的主旨。这篇文章正因为有了前面形象感人的铺垫，后面入题也才显得格外坚实有力。杜牧的《阿房宫赋》第一段极力描绘阿房宫规模的宏伟和建筑的壮丽;第二段极力渲染阿房宫中美女之多和珍宝之富;第三段夹叙夹议，论述秦王朝统治者穷奢极欲，大营宫室，招致国家迅速覆亡、宫室一旦毁灭的必然结果;最后第四段作者以“呜呼”领起，发出深沉的议论慨叹，指出秦统治者要能爱天下之民，国家就不会败亡，表明秦之灭亡乃是一个深刻的教训。这篇赋，前两段的描绘渲染，是为后两段的议论铺垫蓄势，描绘渲染是议论的基础，议论则揭示主题，突出文旨，这正是铺垫蓄势的用意所在。

运用铺垫手法须注意两点：一是要注意写好铺叙的那一部分，只有将这部分写充分了，才能有效地蓄积气势。二是运用铺垫要自然，如果为铺垫而铺垫，过多地堆砌，反会暴露出人为的痕迹，那效果就适得其反了。

前后照应

前后照应法可以使文章严谨连贯，浑然一体，又突出内容和结构上的内在联系。照应一般有以下几种：

1、内容和标题相照应。这种照应方法常常是内容安排多处和题目照应，或在恰当的地方直接、间接地点明题意。如《背影》，文中多次描写“背影”，既与标题“背影”相照应，又进一步点明题旨，充分表达了作者对父亲深深的思念之情。

2、行文中间照应。这种照应方法就是在文章前面写事，后面行文交代前面所写事的结果，使内容相互补充，层层深入。

3、结尾与开头照应法。在文章的结尾处对开头交代的事情作必要的提及，使文章首尾一致，成为有机的整体。如《白杨礼赞》一文，开头和结尾照应，不但使文章结构显得非常完整，而且使作者的赞美之情得到了淋漓尽致的抒发。

镜头剪辑

镜头指影视所拍摄的一系列画面。镜头剪辑用于写作，指选取一组生动的画面来表现主题。此类文章是将所写的人物按照或故事、或画面、或片段、有序地写下来，其间的每一部分都可单独成文，组合起来又是一个完整的篇章。这种又被人们称为“冰糖葫芦式”结构，由于其形式新颖，巧妙精致而受到好评。

卒章显志

在文章结尾时，用一两句话点明中心、主题的手法就叫卒章显志，也叫“篇末点题”，“志”就是指文章的主题、中心。恰当运用这种手法可以增加文章的深刻性、感染力和结构美，有“画龙点睛”的艺术效果。

时空交织

在记叙一件较复杂的事情时，在同一时间段中，先叙甲地的情况，再叙乙地的情况，转而再写甲地的人事，这就是“时空交织”的文章构制方法。它有利于结构紧凑，文字简练。早年有一篇著名的通讯，题为《为了六十一个阶级弟兄》，说的是平陆县六十一个民工突然发生食物中毒事故。作者先写民工中毒后的场面，接着写卫生部接到紧急求援电报，再写平陆医院抢救经过，转而又写北京有关医药商店调运紧急药品的情况，如此轮流反复交织的叙说，构成了一曲动人心弦的凯歌。当然，采用这种方法有一定难度。

有时，在叙述一件事的过程中，作者运用插叙、补叙等手法，也可构成“时空交织”的感觉，我们把这种谋篇方法也纳入“时空交织”中。

一波三折

记叙性文章要避免平铺直叙，记流水账，如能写得波澜起伏，就能引人入胜，耐看。

俄国作家柯罗连科的写景小品《火光》通篇运用了象征手法，但从字面上看，数百字的短文，由作者的感受引发了一波三折的景物变化，黑夜泛舟，火光又明又亮，好像就在眼前，这是开头展示的基本景象;船夫不以为然，认为还远着呢，兴起一波;自己从不相信到信服，又兴起一波;由“非常遥远”到“毕竟就在前头”，重要的是“必须加劲划桨”再兴一波

“一波三折”，“波折”要入情入理，让读者产生情理之中、意料之外的感觉，方能做到引人入胜。而脱离生活，故弄玄虚的“波折”非但不能吸引读者，还会适得其反。

欲扬先抑

“欲扬先抑”与“欲抑先扬”是相反的两种布局方法。杨朔写过一篇著名的散文《荔枝蜜》。他在文中说小时候因为被蜜蜂螫过，因此对它总有疙疙瘩瘩的厌恶之感，但后来在广东从化参观了养蜂场，尝到了荔枝蜜，又听了养蜂老人的一番介绍，对小生灵蜜蜂顿生敬仰之情，它那勤恳、无私的品质正体现了中国劳动人民的美德。这是典型的欲扬先抑写作手法。所谓欲扬先抑，是指本要大力颂扬的对象，而落笔开始却贬抑它，批评它。前文的“抑”，反衬了后文的“扬”。采用这种写作手法，要自然合理，切不可牵强生硬。

记叙文范文

青春燃烧的痛

清晨。

空气中充满了潮湿的味道，露珠儿静静地躺在小草身上，缓缓升起的朝阳散发出柔柔的光线，给露珠儿镀上了一层美丽的色彩，露珠独自在叶片上静静地散发着光泽.就像是紫色的风铃寂寞地在风中摇摆，清脆的响声里散发着淡淡的忧伤。(景物描写渲染气氛，奠定了全文的感情基调。)

我慢慢地走进教室，在靠窗的位子坐下，打开我熟悉的书本，开始细细地品读。每天把书中的知识放入不算聪明的大脑，是我高中生活的必然模式。那一卷卷书本的墨香，把我引向一个神奇的世界。，阳光透过窗子洒进来，柔柔的，暖暖的，它缓缓地移动。从我身上一点点消失，我清晰地感受着时间的流逝。光线缓缓划过书本，好像给每一个清秀的文字插上了一双希望的翅膀，载着我的梦想飞向世界的某个角落。它站在阳光下向我招手，透过暖暖的光线把希望和勇气传递给我。(描写细腻，把光线的转移与时间的流逝紧密联系在一起，使抽象的时间变得具体可感。)

我追寻着它的脚步.虽然它遥远得像光线一样，但我仍然执著地追寻，就算每天只是小小的一步，我也无悔，因为我曾坚持。(追寻光线其实就是珍惜时间。)

中午。

我走在人潮中，耳边回荡的是一片欢声笑语，他们的脸上漾着一种叫青春的光彩。中午的阳光是炽热的，我却依然固执地抬起头，忍受着阳光刺眼的疼痛，倔强得不肯认输。我认为青春是我无限的资本，但被青春燃烧的疼痛，却如此清晰。(此处为转折，由现在的坚定转入对过去的后悔。)

我肆意地挥霍着时间，忘记了自己的使命，忘记了父母因劳作而弯曲的背脊，因期望而异常明亮的双眼。是什么让我迷惘了?是青春吗?但我能用一句“因为我还年轻”而推卸掉所有的责任吗?还是说这是青春的留白……(紧承上段，谈自己对过去的后悔。)

阳光被层层的树叶割得破碎，在地上印出一个个寂寞的阴影。原来再美的青春也会有忧伤。

黄昏。

望着缓缓下沉的夕阳，才明白，青春在时间面前是如此的苍白无力……

还有多少青春可以供我挥霍?父亲的背脊还要多弯才可以停止劳作?我迷茫地走了那么久后，猛然清醒，现在后悔的言词，已无法表达我此刻的心情。徐徐的微风吹来，我额前的发丝忽儿散开，我猛然发现自己还有拼搏的机会.因为我还在校园里，这是充满希望的地方。我要在这里积蓄力量，像一只雏鸟，默默地等待着羽毛丰满，在某一个黎明破晓的时刻奋力一飞……

望着西边仅剩下的一缕斜晖，我淡淡的微笑着向它走去。(自己对过去的后悔激发了此刻奋发的决心。)

【简要评析】

本文借一天的思绪流程表现自己对虚度时光的懊悔与幡然悔悟后奋发向上的决心。作者把虚度光阴称为“青春的痛”，比喻贴切，使人警醒。

在结构上，以太阳光为线索，由清晨、中午、黄昏三个时间段组成三个部分，层次清晰。

环保是一个热点话题，下面语文迷网整理提供了关于环保的英语写作素材，希望对你有帮助。

环保的英语名言

1、 Dont litter the floor.不随地扔垃圾。

2、 Governments of many countries have established laws to protect the air, forests and sea resources and to stop environmental pollution.许多国家制定了法律来保护大气、森林和海洋资源，制止环境污染。

3、 Please keep off the grass.不要践踏草坪。

4、 It’s our duty to save water节约水是我们每个人的责任。

5、 Safety First.安全第一。

6、 Earth is our home, you rely on green.地球是我家，绿化靠大家。

7、 Environmental problems directly affect the quality of peoples lives.环境问题直接影响人们的生活质量。

8、 Lets do our best to make it more beautiful.让我们尽力让它更美丽。

9、 If we dont save water, the last drop of water will be a tear-drop of us.如果我们不节约水，那么最后一滴水也许会是我们人类的眼泪。

10、 Handle with Care.小心轻放。

11、 No climbing.禁止攀爬。

12、 Save the earth, Our Only Home.保护地球，我们唯一的家。

13、 As we know , water is very important to man.我们知道，水对人类来说是非常的重要。

14、 Most environmental litigation involves disputes with governmental agencies.许多环保诉讼都涉及与政府机构的争端。

15、 Do not throw rubbish onto the ground. Do not waste water. Use both sides of paper when you write. Stop using plastic bags for shopping. Make classrooms less noisy.不要在地上扔垃圾。不要浪费水。当你写字时要在纸的两面都要写。停止使用塑料袋去购物。减少教室里德吵闹声。

16、 The most important question in the world today is pollution.当今世界最重要的话题就是污染问题。

17、 No one can live without water or air.没有人能离开水和空气生存。

18、 We should stop factories from producing harmful gases.我们应该阻止工厂生产有害气体。

19、 Many rivers and lakes are seriously polluted.很多河流湖泊已经受到严重污染。

20、 Without the shade from trees, Earth would get too hot to live on.没有了树荫，地球将会变得太热而不能生存。

21、 We need to protect Earth because it is our home.我们需要保护地球因为它是我们的家。

22、 Discharge pipes directly take pollutants away from the plant into the river.排泄管道直接将污染物从工厂排入河流。

23、 Please shut the door after you.出入请关门。

24、 We should plant more and more trees in order to live better and more healthy in the future为了将来我们的生活过得更好、更加健康我们应该种更多的树。

环保的词汇

21世纪议程：Agenda 21世界环境日(6月5日)：World Environment Day (June 5th each year)

世界环境日主题：World Environment Day Themes冰川消融，后果堪忧!(2007年)Melting Ice–a Hot Topic!

莫使旱地变荒漠!(2006年)Deserts and Desertification–Dont Desert Drylands!

营造绿色城市，呵护地球家园!(2005年)Green Cities – Plan for the Planet!

海洋存亡，匹夫有责!(2004年)Wanted! Seas and Oceans – Dead or Alive!

水——二十亿人生命之所系!(2003年)Water - Two Billion People are Dying for It!

让地球充满生机!(2002年)Give Earth a Chance!

世间万物，生命之网!(2001年)Connect with the World Wide Web of life!

环境千年-行动起来吧!(2000年)The Environment Millennium - Time to Act!

拯救地球就是拯救未来!(1999年)Our Earth - Our Future - Just Save It!

为了地球上的生命-拯救我们的海洋!(1998年) For Life on Earth - Save Our Seas!

为了地球上的生命!(1997)For Life on Earth我们的地球、居住地、家园：(1996)Our Earth， Our Habitat， Our Home国际生物多样性日(12月29日)：International Biodiversity Day (29 December)

世界水日(3月22日)：World Water Day (22 March)

世界气象日(3月23日)：World Meteorological Day (23 March)

世界海洋日(6月8日)：World Oceans Day (8 June)

植树节(3月12日)：Arbor Day (12 March)