英语写作段落扩展的方法（通用20篇）

考试作文时语文科目的重中之重，如何让孩子平常的阅读习惯与语文作文写作衔接是每一个父母的心病。

我家孩子从小就喜欢读书，各种课外书都看，但我感觉他的作文水平并没因为读书的增多而成比例的提高。人都说读书独到一定的量作文自然就提高了，但这句话在我儿子身上好像不适用。

在上期末的时候，利用家长会的机会，我就这个问题请教了一下孩子的语文老师，他给总结了两点原因：1、孩子的阅读只是浅表性的阅读，像看动画片一样，只是关注了故事情节，而没深入进去。这样的话需要家长配合，让他帯着问题去阅读、多读几遍，情况会有所好转；2、作为男孩子，感情方面不如女孩子细腻，考虑细节就差一些，有些作文题材写起来就达不到那种深度-----当然，这只是说一部分现象，并表示所有的都是这个原因。总的来说阅读还是很重要的，俗话说熟读唐诗300首，不会作诗也会吟。

通过老师的解答，我感觉自己平时对孩子的阅读关注太少，只是觉得多给他买书，只要他多看自然就会有提高，这种观点显然行不通了。我们做家长的除了提供源源不断的书籍外，也得多引导孩子、多指点孩子该怎么看、怎么读才是有效地、可行的。

如何写通顺的英语

英语写作是语言应用的一个重要方面，也是语言能力测定的重要手段，衡量写作水平的标准便是看其是否能用学过的语言材料，语法知识等用文字的形式来表达描述。

书面语言表达一般分为三个过程：思维、组织、表达。先是思维，把要写的东西在脑中思考，这往往是个别的，孤立的一些素材，很凌乱琐碎；因此要对此进行组织，把这些思维作出整理，使其条理、系统化，但这还是较粗糙的，可能还有一些用词不当或语言错误；最后才是表达，把组织过的材料仔细推敲，确无问题了再落笔成文。

在撰写时要注意主谓语一致，时态呼应，用词贴切等，这就是写作。上述的三个过程，最难的就是第三个过程，这需要我们有较好的语法知识，掌握一定数量的句型，习惯用语，熟练的写作技巧，这样才能写出通顺生动的文章来。

总之，要提高英语写作水平，需要两方面的训练：一是语言基础方面的训练，要有扎实的造句、翻译等基本功，即用词法、句法等知识造出正确无误的句子；二是写作知识和能力方面的训练以掌握写作方面的基本方法和技巧。

那么，究竟怎样才能写好作文呢？

阅读优秀范文

首先要搞好阅读。阅读是写作的基础，在阅读方面下的功夫越深，驾驭语言的能力也就越强。所以要写好英语先要读好英语，在语言学习方面狠下苦功，教科书要读透，因为教科书中的文章都是一些很好的范文，文笔流畅，语言规范，精彩的一些课文段落要背诵。再就是要进行大量课外阅读，并记住一些好文章的篇章结构。

加强练词造句训练

其次，要加强练词造句的训练。词句对作文相当于造房的材料，无好材料就造不出好房子。平时在学习阅读时要注意收集积累，把好的词语、短语、句型做好笔记。平时在练习中的错误也要做好记录，再对照正确句子，使地道的英语句子如同条件反射，落笔就对。

了解英语写作格式

还有，要了解英语写作的不同体裁与格式。可以先看一本介绍英语写作入门的书，对英语写作有一个初步的概念，如怎么写议论文，如何提出论据，如何展开，如何确定中心句；又如，英语信的格式，如何根据不同身份写不同结束语等，然后根据不同的体裁进行写作练习。

用英语写日记

要养成记英语日记勤练笔的好习惯。经常用英语记日记，等于天天在练笔，这无疑是提高英语协作的行之有效的好办法。在记日记时，不要总是用简单句，要有意识地用一些好的词组、句型、关联词和复合句等，使文句更优美生动。还有要按照题目或所给情景写文章练笔。写好后对照范文，找出差距，然后再练习，这对提高英语作文也很有帮助，在游泳中学会游泳，只有多练习才能练好。

总之，平时学习语言素材积累多了，体裁格式记住了又经常练习不断提高，到作文下笔时就会得心应手，水到渠成。

求职最关键的一环就是投自己的个人简历，简历写得漂亮可以给HR一个比较亮眼的前期展现，也有助于获得HR的好感。下面是小编收集的个人简历写作技巧，希望大家认真阅读！

自荐自评

1、说明个人情况，介绍自己的基本情况和基本信息。

2、说明应聘原因，主要表达你有何能力，能胜任何工作，有何经验，有何专业技能，有何性格特点等。

3、突出优势，在哪些领域获得过专利或者奖励，在哪些方面有过研究等。

4、附上材料和文件，一般为学位、学历证书，获奖证书，如果有学校推荐信或者其他推荐信也附上。

5、表达希望得到回应。

教育背景

简单来讲，就是写你的教育程度和所学的专业，最好与你的工作挂钩，如果不挂钩，也写比较突出的。

工作经历

包括获得过哪些奖，在公司或者学校做过哪些贡献，有怎样的工作经历；

个人特色

有怎样的性格特点，拥有怎样的自我定位，在领导力和配合度上有怎样的优势，有何种工作技能与专长，获得过哪些方面的证书，有怎样的人脉资源；

在工作中拥有怎样的风格，擅长在工作中处理什么，具备怎样的工作条件；

证书及相关资料

可以证明自己工作能力的各种证书和各种资料。

自荐范文（简历一部分）

本人经过三年多扎实的工作实践，现已能够独立操作整个外贸流程.工作踏实、细致、认真。具有较好的文字组织能力，有一定的英语听说读写能力，能都熟练操作windows 平台上的个类应用软件，动手能力较

强。本人具有较强的责任心和工作主动性，较好的组织协调能力和应变能力，可以和各个部门的同事相处融洽，配合顺利地完成工作任务。为人诚实并得到领导的认可！ 曾去广州、上海等地参加国际性展会，有翻译和外贸经验及出国参展经验！ 本人性格 开朗，善于沟通，谦虚，自信。虽然新的工作和环境与以往的有所不同，但我相信通过自己的努力和已有的工作基础可以很快胜任，对此我很有信心！

"I like honest men of all colors."我喜欢所有诚实的人。

"I start out by believing the worst."我凡事先做好最坏的打算。

"It requires more courage to suffer than to die."茍活比牺牲需要更多的勇气。 。

"I have made all the calculations; fate will do the rest."我已做了所有的打算，其余就交给上帝了。

"Our hour is marked, and no one can claim a moment of life beyond what fate has predestined."生死有命，没有人能要求多活一秒钟。

"If I had not been born Napoleon, I would have liked to have been born Alexander."如果今天我不是拿破仑的话，我想成为亚历山大。

"The great proof of madness is the disproportion of ones designs to ones means."一个人的计划与实践存在太大的落差即是疯狂的表现。

"The stupid speak of the past, the wise of the present, and fools of the future."聪明的人谈现在，愚蠢的人谈过去，傻子才谈未来。

"We must laugh at man to avoid crying for him. "与其后来替一个人婉惜，不如先嘲笑他算了。

"When you set out to take Vienna, take Vienna."一旦你着手要攻下维也纳，就把她拿下吧﹗

"What I did is immense. What I had decided to do, and what I had projected werestill more so"我所做的是大事业，而我当初的决定与计划亦是如此。

"The word impossible is not in my dictionary."在我的字典里找不到「不可能」这个字。

"I wished to found a European system, a European Code of Laws, a European judiciary; there would be but one people in Europe."我想建立一个整合的欧洲体系，包含了法律，法庭，与人种。

"The French complain of everything, and always."法国人终其一生都在抱怨所有的事。

"He who fears being conquered is sure of defeat."害怕被征服的人，注定要失败。

"Victory belongs to the most persevering."坚持必将成功。

"Adversity is the midwife of genius." 逆境造就天才。

"Circumstances? I make circumstances!" 英雄造时势。

"Men take only their needs into consideration, never their abilities."人们常只想到自己的需要，而没考虑自己的能力。

"Men are moved by only two levers: fear and self interest."恐惧和兴趣能激励人。

一、常用论证方法

(一)事例论证

1、注意材料真实与确切

2、注意材料与观点的一致性、丰富性：古今中外、历史现实数字

3、注意叙事简介，概述重要主要情节

4、注意顺序：时间、空间、说理逻辑层次

5、切忌以叙代议，一定有议论!

(二)引用论证

1、要准确、贴切、自然

2、要精辟

3、切忌以引代议，一定有议论!结合引和议

(三)比喻论证

1、本体喻体之间要有相似性

2、用来比喻的事物使人们所熟知的

3、一定要有分析

4、用故事作比喻要概述故事内容

(四)对比论证：分纵横两类

1、对比要鲜明

2、正反对比应有主次

(五)引申类比：运用某个材料的引申义，通过类比，来论证文章的观点

1、类比论证是同一类事物或问题的相比，不同于比喻

2、引申的材料要完整简洁

3、要有分析!

二、常用的说理方法

1、因果分析

2、意义分析

3、揭示实质

4、点面分析：有代表性的论据——概括性一般性结论

5、假设分析

6、条件分析：多用于分析解决问题时

7、正反分析

工作经验或工作经历是个人简历的重中之重，是企业招聘负责人最重视的简历内容，你的简历经过邮件标题、求职信、自我介绍、教育背景的层层筛选，最后能够落入招聘负责人的视线，工作经验是简历中被最仔细阅读的部分。

一、工作年限

工作年限一定要写，这是企业判定一个应聘者是否具备岗位资格的重要条件之一。如果是应届生，没有工作经验，也可以写上与应聘岗位相关的实习经验，这也说明求职者的态度。

二、工作时间段

工作时间段，即在一家公司工作的开始与结束时间，企业一般对频繁跳槽的求职者不太认可，因此，工作时间段如果在2年以上，会受到重视，3-5年是在一家企业的最佳工作时间。在一家企业连续工作超过5年，跳槽后，适应新公司会产生一定的困难。

如果在两次工作期间有空档期，最好不要体现在简历上，大部分的人力资源对空档期有一种奇怪的拒绝态度。

三、工作单位

一定要写全称，无论你所在的企业多么知名，写全称也是必要的，如果可以要附上企业的简单介绍，企业最好能在网上查到，这样会增加简历的可信度。

四、担任职务

在企业担任的职务可写最后的一个职务，也可分别填写担任的不同职务，以便企业了解你的职业发展轨迹，这通常有利于企业对你的认识与了解。

由于各个企业对同一职务的要求不同，要详细罗列在该职务下，你所做的工作及项目。项目经验可专门详细介绍。如果担任的职务与应聘岗位不匹配，可尽量使工作细节向应聘岗位靠拢。

五、主要业绩

这是大部分求职者忽略的一个部分，其实这部分是非常重要的，说明自己业绩的时候，最好给出具体的数字和得到的奖励。

六、离职原因

离职原因可写可不写，要是写的话，一定要写一些客观原因，如生育、搬家、进修、职业发展等。这是企业通常非常重视的一项，大部分企业会在面试的时候重点询问。当然，一部分企业理解跳槽的必然性，对此已经不加询问了。

我们身边生活着各色各样的人:熟悉的、陌生的、漂亮的、丑陋的、善良的、可恶的、顽皮可爱的、成熟稳重的、活力充沛的、慈祥和蔼的……怎样才能让这些人物在我们的笔下活起来呢?小编给大家介绍怎样写好写人作文的写作方法。

一、精选事例,以事写人

写人离不开写事,因为人物的特点总是在具体事例中表现出来的。比如,《西游记》中写猪八戒贪财的品质特点,就是通过他把银子藏在耳朵里这件事来表现的。故而,写人的文章应以写事为主,事例可以使人物个性更鲜明,形象更丰满,能突出人物的性格特点。选择事例时应做到以下两点:

1. 选择的事例要小。“一粒沙里看世界”,从自己有切身感受的小事入手常常是达到写作目的重要途径之一。许多深刻的立意都体现在一件小事中,取材越小,所阐述的道理越能撼动人心,就越能写出情深深、意切切的佳作。

2. 选择的事例要精。能突出人物性格特点的事例一般比较多,我们可不能一写就是十件八件,一定要注意筛选,求精不求多,应该选择其中最能鲜明表现个性特点的一两个典型事例具体写,让人物的性格特点在事例中显现出来。

二、抓住细节,写出特点

每个人物因其年龄、职业、性格的不同而各具特色,写人的文章一定要写出人物的特点来。人物的特点可以通过外貌、语言、动作、心理活动等细节来展现。

1. 人物的外貌描写。每个人的外貌都有着与别人不同的特点,善于抓住外貌特点进行描写,是写人作文最常用的方法。描写人物外貌不要面面俱到,要抓住最能表现人物的性格和内心世界的特点写,努力达到“以貌传神”的效果。

2. 人物的语言描写。“言为心声”,一个人的语言表达是其性格特征的镜子,正如鲁迅先生所说,能“使读者由说话看出人来”。所以,写人一定要重视语言描写,要选择最有代表性的语句,来表现人物的个性和思想。人物的语言描写要符合人物的年龄和身份,老人有老人的语言,小孩有小孩的语言,不同的人说话的语气也不同。另外,人物的语言描写还要符合人物的特点,有的人说话直率、干脆,有的人说话则幽默风趣。

3. 人物的动作描写。动作描写对刻画人物性格,表现人物品质有着非常重要的作用。要描写人的行为,就必须细心观察人物的动作,精心选择最准确、最恰当的词语进行描述,这样才能使人物立起来,才能写出生动、具体、血肉丰满的人物形象来。

4. 人物的心理活动描写。心理描写可以深刻揭示人物的精神世界,表达人物的思想感情,使人物形象特色鲜明。人物的心理活动描写可以通过人物直接倾吐内心世界的方式,也可以通过与语言、动作相结合的方法,共同透视人物内心深处的秘密。

规范英语论文的格式,使之与国际学术惯例接轨,对从事英语教学,英语论文写作,促进国际学术交流都具有重要意义。下面是小编为你带来的关于英语论文的写作格式和规范，希望对你有帮助。

一、英语论文的标题

一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。

就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。

二、英语论文提纲

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、英语论文正文

有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

四、英语论文的文中引述

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。

1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:

The divorce of Arnolds personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).

这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。

2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:

Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”

is an admirable and characteristic

diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it

Whitman is unable to conceive the

extreme crises of society, one is certain

that no society would be tolerable whoses

citizens could not find refreshment in its

buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)

这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。

3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:

Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).

值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。

4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:

Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).

5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:

Professor Chen Jias A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).

圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。

6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:

Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).

Farrington points out that Aristotles father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle15).

这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。

7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。

When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).

这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。

五、英语论文的文献目录

论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:

1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。

2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。

3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。

4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。

Two or More Books by the Same Author

Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A

Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.

---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,

Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.

引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。

An Author with an Editor

Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B.

Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959.

本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:

Blackmur, Richard P.Introduction. The Art of the Novel:

Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribners,

1962.vii-xxxix.

如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):

Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery.

London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi.

A Multivolume Work

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928.

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols.

第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容;第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。

A Selection from an Anthology

Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.”

Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New

York: Columbia UP,1963.63-88.

被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。

Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers

Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.”

Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48.

报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3.3);1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。

Arnold, Marilgn.“Willa Cathers Nostalgia: A Study in

Ambivalance.”Research Studies Mar.1981:23-24,28.

月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月;23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。

Gorney, Cynthia.“When the Gorilla Speaks.”Washington Post

31 July,1985:B1.

引用日报上的英语论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。参考文献(略)(摘自《外语与外语教学》1999年第8期，原文：“英语论文写作规范”作者 刘新民)

在我们的生活，有许多人正在从事或有志于从事新闻工作，它们包括各种媒体记者、各社会媒体通讯员、特约记者、新闻专业的等。俗话说：“万事开头难”，作为有志于从事新闻工作的的人来说:好第一篇新闻稿件十分关键。结合具体实践经验，本文将对次做如下论述：

一、培养新闻触角和新闻敏感，善于发现新闻线索，是写好第一篇新闻稿的意思准备

同是大学生记者，共同生活在同一个环境里，也都到实践中去了，到学生中去了，为什么有的记者能写出漂亮的新闻作品，而有的记者仍然发现不了新闻线索，或者说发现不了有意义的新闻线索呢？为什么有的学生记者通讯员总是埋怨没有什么东西可写，而一再要求编辑老师为他们提供采访的话题，说到底这就是一个新闻敏感的问题。

什么叫新闻敏感或新闻触角呢？简言之，它就是新闻工作者识别新闻的敏锐能力。一个具有新闻价值的事情，别人不能看出它是新闻，而你却一下就能识别它是新闻，这就是新闻敏感。没有一定的新闻触角和新闻敏感，就很难写出一篇像样的新闻稿。美国新闻学家卡斯柏.约斯特在《新闻学原理》一书中的一段话，形象的阐述了新闻敏感对于记者的重要性。他说：“一个不善于辨别色彩的人，不能成为一个画家；一个不懂得和谐的人，不能成为一个音乐家；一个没有‘新闻敏感’的人，也不能成为一个新闻记者。”(1)培养新闻触角和新闻敏感，善于发现新闻线索，就能够当事情还在“风起于清萍之末”时，就敏感地察觉到它，并预见它的去向，从而比较得心应手地写出一篇新闻稿。

当然，新闻敏感不是与生俱来的，而是记者在采访实践中不断培养训练获得的。在大学生记者群中，不乏这样的人，他们刚开始成为一名学生记者，通讯员的时候，由于都是刚刚从中学来到大学，不用说缺乏新闻触角和新闻敏感，就是基本的新闻知识也不具备。但是，他们经过一段时间的新闻工作实践，刻苦学习，勤奋笔耕，终于成为了一名有一定新闻敏感和写作能力的校园记者。

二、积累新闻素材，选好新闻题材，找准新闻角度，是写好第一篇新闻稿的前提。

人民艺术家老舍曾经对初学写作的年轻人说过：“先收集材料，越多越好。”周立波也认为“材料少了不好办。”有个外国记者说：“你要有作为吗？*8小时写稿不行，要做24小时的记者。”这些都说明积累素材对写作的重要意义。作为一个初学写作的大学生记者，更应该重视积累新闻素材。新闻素材是进入记者视野并被记者所意识，所采摘的生活现象，即从社会生活摄取而来的、尚未通过提炼和加工的原始材料。没有新闻材料的积累过程，就谈不上新闻写作的问题，作为记者，要积累新闻素材，必须重视自己的“笔记本”。法国作家果戈里便有一个近五百页的笔记本，他总爱把自己每时每刻看到的、听到的传闻趣事、警句谚语随时记到这个笔记本上。他说：“一个作家。应该象画家一样，身上经常带着铅笔和纸张。一位画家如果虚度了一天，没有画成一张画稿，那很不好。一个作家如果虚度了一天。没有记下一条思想，一个特点，也很不好。”每一个大学生记者，要写好一篇新闻稿，就必须养成随得随记的习惯，把在校园内看到的一切与师生相关、有可能产生新闻的素材积累起来。一个校报记者在几年的采访过程中积累起来的“笔记本”，将成为他从事新闻写作和研究工作的“万宝囊”。

角度，是新闻写作向自然科学借用来的一个概念。报道的角度，是记者认识被报道对象的思想方法及对被报道对象各“侧面”把握水平的综合反映的结果。它在一定程度上能说明记者处理采访的素材、挖掘材料的新闻价值的流程。大量散漫在笔记本上和记忆中的材料，如何进入新闻的既成轨道中呢？找出它之所以构成为新闻的特殊由头，就为记者进入材料的世界打开了一个突破口，开启了一扇大门；同时，找出最便于读者接受的角度，实质上是对材料的归纳和梳理，并对读者认识、接受事实起到了一个“导读”的作用。

要写好一篇新闻稿，可以注重这样几个角度：

第二、特色角度，有些节日的庆祝活动每年都大同小异，但我们如果找准了该年活动的特色内容进行报道，就能写出有价值的新闻。

分享或讨论以及反映相关话题，请到论坛讨论

第三、读者角度，要注意研究同全校师生的物质生活和精神生活竟紧密相连、普遍关心的问题，选择发生在师生学习、生活中的“小事”，以小见大，才能增强新闻的吸引力。作为一个大学生记者，只要经常深入到同学们的教室、寝室、图书馆、运动场，注意观察他们的学习和生活状况，了解他们的意见和要求，从他们的意见和要求，从他们最关心、最想知道的内容入手，才能写出有意义的新闻。

第四、时间和空间角度。有些新闻事实，在不同的时期、不同的空间其重要的程度也会发生一定的变化。有的事实发生在去年算不了新闻，但发生在今年却要算新闻了；有的事实发生在A学院算不了新闻而发生在B学院却又算新闻了；有的事件和话题，在一定时期内迫切需要解决，对实际工作能起推动作用；有的问题在一定时期内成为师生关注的焦点。

三、掌握新闻写作的一般技巧，提炼新闻主题，是写好第一篇新闻稿的关键

大学生记者要写好一篇新闻稿件，就必须掌握各种新闻体裁写作的一般技巧。如果是学写第一篇新闻稿，至少要做到以下几点：

第一、基本掌握标题的制作技巧。标题是文章的眼睛，一篇新闻稿若有一条新颖别致的标题，就能象磁石那样牢牢地吸引编辑和读者的注意力。

第二、学会写导语。导语是消息的开头，是消息中最有价值的部分。国外新闻界有人称导语是“抓心的手”这就是极言导语吸引作用的。没有好的导语，就算不上成功的新闻稿。

第三、基本熟悉各种新闻体裁的写法和结构。不熟悉各种新闻体裁的基本写法，就无法比较得心应手地进行新闻写作。而谋篇布局的好坏在一定程度上决定新闻稿件在受众和编辑眼中的“身价”

第四、理解和掌握新闻写作的基本方法——用事实说话。摆事实，用事实说话，这是新闻独特魅力所在，也是新闻事业不可代替的价值所在。初学新闻的大学生记者往往用自己的主观评价和臆断代替大量的重要的新闻事实，使写出的新闻或空洞无物，或言不及义

而孕育新闻主题，则是提高新闻稿价值的应有之义。新闻主题是一篇报道的主旨，我们写任何东西，都要有一个明确的目的，到底要表现什么、反映什么，若是心中无数，势必信笔涂鸦，不知所云。如果要反映记者对生活现象和社会问题的基本态度和看法，使写出的新闻报道吸引人、鼓舞人、引导人、就必须注重提炼新闻主题。清代的袁枚对“主题思想”的问题讲的精彩。他把漂亮的句子比做一大堆铜钱，古代的铜钱外圆内方，可以用绳子穿起来，一串铜钱叫“一贯”，袁枚认为，文章的主题就好比是穿钱的绳子，要是没有一个明确的主题思想来统帅你的文字，那你写的东西就像撒满一地的铜钱，不能派上用场。如获得1986年全国高校校报好消息一等奖的《小郎和日本姑娘喜结良缘》(3)，如果作者只是轻描淡写地描述去婚姻本身，而不是站在“为中日友谊写下了新篇章”、日本姑娘向往中国、追求自我存在价值的高度，就不会使这篇消息给人以启迪和教育，也就成不了一篇好消息。

新闻主题是整篇报道的灵魂，它隐藏于新闻素材之中，一旦我们把它发掘出来，它就会统领全篇，成为整篇报道的中心内容。我们要站在时代和社会的高度，坚持实事求是、不落俗套、贴近生活、读者至上等原则，运用追根究底法、对比联系法、见微知著法等方法，提炼和深化新闻主题。

四、虚心请教，大胆投稿是写好第一篇新闻稿的必要过程

请教的时间，可以贯穿到新闻采访写作的全过程。如何培养新闻敏感，寻找新闻线索可以请教；如何拟订采访提纲、选好新闻题材、提炼和表现新闻主题可以请教；如何使写出来的新闻更加符合新闻写作的要求，更加精彩，更应该虚心向学长、师长请教。

一篇新闻概写好后，还得大胆投稿。有的初学新闻的学生记者，或者认为自己的作品羞于出手，即使写好了，也不敢或不愿寄出去，或者总是过分要求稿子的质量，一而在，再而三的修改，结果错过了报道的时机。其实，由于校园存在范围小、易于捕捉、头绪少等特点，如果不抢时间积极投稿，就会让别人抢得先机，即使你写得再好，也只能算作又一次练笔了。

当然，大胆投稿不是盲目投稿。如果没有任何目的，打的是无准备之仗，再好的稿子也可能石沉大海。因此，作为一个大学生记者，一定要认真研究传播媒介，研究它的版式结构、专栏设置、报道风格、出版（或播出）周期甚至编辑部的人员构成、编辑姓名及联系电话等。是邮寄的，还要弄清楚通讯地址，保证所投稿件万无一失地寄到编辑部。这样一来，就可以在写稿之前，针对传播媒介的特点，引导自己的创作思路和方法，对写作内容和形式作出必要的限制；在新闻稿写好之后也能够有的放矢地投递到报纸等媒体的相应版面、专栏及编辑手中，从而大大增强新闻稿见报几率（或播出几率）。

总之，作为初学新闻的大学生记者，如何写好第一篇新闻稿是十分关键的，也不是轻而易举的事情。大学生记者只有勇于实践，大胆尝试，深入采访，勤奋笔耕，不断提高新闻采访写作的技巧，才能写出更多更好的新闻作品。

有序观察是写好状物类作文的基础。下面小编来给大家介绍小学状物作文的写作方法，希望对大家有帮助!

一、语言要有趣

如习作《蚂蚁》。作者在写蚂蚊的独特功能时，是这样写的：“除了四周的景物能帮助蚂蚁辨别方向外，它们还有一个自身的‘法宝’，这就是在蚂蚁走过的地方都会留下一种特殊的气味，掉队的蚂蚁根据这种气味就能确定方向。倘若用樟脑丸一类的怪气味弥散在蚂蚁走过的路径上，那么后来的蚂蚁就会因找不到那种特殊的气味而迷失方向。”这是作者知识的积累与生活的积累相互融合的结果。

又如，习作《姥姥家的小黑狗》。作者在介绍小黑狗的外形特点时如是说：“(它)一身乌黑发亮的皮毛，就像黑缎子一样油亮光滑;雪白的小爪儿，俨如四朵梅花;那条翘着的小尾巴总是不停地摇摆着;特别是那对黑白分明的小眼睛，总是四处张望，充满着兴奋和好奇。”这里，作者用了生动的比喻，写出了小黑狗皮毛的油亮和爪子的厚实;又用“不停地摇”写出了小黑狗对熟人的媚态;还用“四处张望”来写小黑狗的警觉与好奇。语言富有生活的情趣，突出了小黑狗的漂亮与可爱。

因此，语言的理趣是知识性的体现，情趣是情感性的体现。只有结合为一体，方能显示状物类作文语言的知识性与趣味性。

二、观察要有序

有序观察是写好状物类作文的基础。一要按顺序观察，二要抓住特点进行观察，只有进行有序观察，才能写出条理清晰的文章。

如，苏教版六年级(上册)《麋鹿》。在介绍其外形时这样写道：“它的外形很奇特：角似鹿，面似马，蹄似牛，尾似驴，所以又被称为‘四不像’。”这里的观察顺序是：由上而下，由前而后。作者抓住麋鹿角、面、蹄、尾的特点，寥寥数语，却勾画得栩栩如生。

又如，苏教版五年级(上)“练习册”上有一段对熊猫的描写，形象逼真，凸现熊猫的生活习性。“熊猫睡觉时，腹部朝天。有时，它用前爪轻轻地拍着肚子;有时，它两腿一蹬，便翻了个身。”“它睡醒了就翻身起来，用手揉了揉腥忪的眼睛，好奇地望望人们。然后迈着蹒跚的步子走到栏杆的另一边，坐了下来，好像想清醒一下头脑似的。”这里，作者抓住熊猫嗜睡的特点，写得饶有趣味。

三、结构要有“形”

根据表达的需要，文章有纵式结构与横式结构之别。初学状物类作文，以纵式结构为主，以纵横交错式结构为辅。如“总分”或“总分总”结构。

例，习作《银杏》。可以先介绍它的外形特征，再写出它的价值或用途，诸如营养价值和药有价值等。从总体上看，全文为纵式结构。而在介绍其价值或用途中，又采用横式(并列式)结构。这样，介绍的内容尽管较多，但由于结构清晰，也就显得有条不紊。

又如，习作《猪》。作者从对猪这种动物的偏爱入手，开篇破题：“其实，猪是一种聪明可爱的动物。”接着，文章分别从猪的智力、嗅觉、起居、饮食等方面展现它的聪明可爱。这种“总分式”结构条分缕析，学生容易模仿。有的同学为了进一步突出家养猪的可爱，还简约地将野猪与家养猪作对比。这样，不仅丰富了写作的内容，而且凸现了文章的中心。

四、方法要有变

状物类作文的写作方法也不是一成不变的。仅就叙述的人称而言，就有第一人称与第三人称之异。当然，各有各的妙处。例《钢笔和原珠笔》，叙述时采用第一人称，既显得亲切，又便于介绍。为了行文需要，人称也可以转换。如，《铺路石》。从整体上说，用的是第三人称，“它来自大山之中，它是大山的儿子。为了人类的需要，它离开了母亲的怀抱，来到了繁华的闹市，来到了宁静的村庄……”而在文章的结尾，为了礼赞的需要，转为第二人称。“铺路石，你是山的精灵，你是大山的忠实儿子!你默默无闻，但大地没有忘记你，高山没有忘记你。看，高山顶上的巨石，不正是大地母亲为你树立的丰碑吗?”这种第三人称与第二人称的交替作用，使知识性和情感性得以和谐统一，叙的是“铺路石”，颂的是“劳动者”。

现代写作学认为，写作是一种观念形态的活动，是客观外界事物在头脑中加工制作的过程。从这一意义上来说，状物类作文的指导要以有序观察为基础，情趣表达为载体，有形结构为借鉴，行文有变为方法，经典引路，以读促写。实践证明，这是一条行之有效的写作途径。

铭仁园高三话题类作文常用短语与句型荟萃(一)----旅游&交通

本话题主要包括：1.旅游；2.描述一次旅程；

针对本话题，高考命题人员可能会从以下角度来命题。

1.描述个人旅游经历 2. 谈旅行中的不文明现象 3 .太空旅游、生态旅游 4.度假方式的变化及其原因5.旅游计划的拟订、准备及注意事项 一、话题常用单词

1. travel/journey/trip/tour n.旅游，旅行 16. a group/organized tour n. 团体游

2. travel agency n. 旅行社 17. a self-driving tripn. 自驾游

3. guiden. 向导，导游 18. destinationn. 目的地

4. flight ticketn. 机票 19. sceneryn. 风景，景色

5. passport n. 护照 20. disadvantage n. 不利条件

6. visan.签证 21. insurancen. 保险

7. identity card(ID) 身份证 22. interesting/ funny/ exciting adj 有趣的

8. tent n. 帐篷 23. enjoyable令人愉快的

9. camp n&vi. 露营 24. memorable 令人难忘的

10. hoteln. 旅馆 25. attractive/fascinatingadj 迷人的

11. necessity n. 必需品 26. boring/dull/tiringadj.无聊的

12. schedule n. 计划表，日程表 27. well-organized adj 组织有序的

13. tourist attractions/places of interest 28. convenient adj 方便的，便利的 /scenic spots/sights旅游景点 29. crowded adj 拥挤的

14. DIY tour n. 自助游 30. severe/seriousadj 严重的 15. space tourism n. 太空旅游

二、话题常用短语

1. go on a wildlife tour/a hiking trip

参加野生动物之旅/去远足

2. be on holiday/a trip to sp 去某地度假/旅行

3. see sb off 送行

4. pay a visit to sp/sb 参观某地/拜访某人

5. show sb around 带领某人参观

6. set out/off 出发，启程

7. check in 登记住宿

8. check out 结账退房

9. have a good time/enjoy oneself/have fun 玩的开心

10. broaden one’s horizon/mind 开拓视野

11. eich one’s knowledge丰富知识

11. experience foreign culture 体验国外的文化

12. join a tour group参加旅游团 三、话题常用句型

1. He who travels far knows much. 远行者见闻多。

2. Travelling can eich our knowledge.旅游可以丰富我们的知识。

3. Travelling enables us to learn a lot that we cannot get from books 旅游可以使我们学到很多在书本上学不到的东西。

4. It’s my pleasure to tell you how to get to the Great Wall. 我很乐意告诉你如何到达长城。

5. Welcome to Sichuan. I feel it an honor to be your guide. 欢迎来到四川。我很荣幸能够担任你的导游。

6. I will keep you company to visit numerous places of interest.我将陪你去参加许多的名胜古迹

7. A visit to Sichuan will be an unforgettable experience. 到四川旅行将会令人难忘。

8. There are many places of interest in Sichuan, such as…四川有很多名胜古迹，比如…

9. Sichuan is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest.

四川有很多景点，并且享有很有世界著名的名胜古迹。

10. However, travelling may cause some problems. 然而，旅行可能会造成一些问题。

11. Great changes have taken place in the ways that people spend their holidays in the past decades. 在近几十年内，人们的度假方式已经发生了巨大的变化。

四、佳作欣赏

nick,将于八月来四川旅游，特来询问，有关旅游景点的情况，请根据，提供的要求写封回信，表示盼望他的到来

要点：1.旅游资源：许多世界著名的风景名胜，如九寨沟（海子：清澈见底，色彩斑斓）；都

江堰水利工程（2000年的历史，仍发挥作用） 2.相关信息： 气侯适宜，交通方便。

Dear Nick,

Im glad to hear that youre coming to Sichuan in August. Youve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation Projcet.

Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes, of which the water is clear and looks colorful. It can excite visitors imagination. Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation Project. It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. Im sure youll have a good time. Im looking forward to your coming.

假设你是李华，父母答应你今年高三毕业后去美国进行为期10天的观光旅游。请你给美国网友Lucy 写一封电子邮件，咨询以下事情：1. 不随团旅游的食宿、交通等问题。2. 必看景点与时间安排 3. 邀请她到中国观光。

Dear Lucy

How are you doingMy parents have just promised me to make a 10-day tour of America after my graduation from senior high school this summer, which will be a good chance for me to experience American culture and practice my oral English.

As I don’t like to join a tour group, could you please offer me some advice on where to stay, what to eat and how to travel in such a short timeI would appreciate it if you could tell the must-see attractions and the time arrangement. Your advice will surely make my visit enjoyable and worthwhile.

Welcome to China at your convenience. Looking forward to your early reply.

范文二：文明旅游

有些旅游景点的文物景观遭到了严重的破坏，致使最近文明旅游的倡议越来越受重视，因此就“游客可付费在仿造长城上涂写留言”发表看法。

内容包括：(1)谈谈对某些人喜欢在旅游景点随便涂鸦留言的看法;

(2)对专门修一段仿造城墙让游客付高价留言的做法你是赞成还是反对，并简要陈述你的理由。

It is reported that tourists to China’s Great Wall can now leave their mark on a fake(伪造的) wall recently built near the real wall in Badaling if they pay 999 yuan.

In China, many visitors have the hobby of carving graffiti on places of interest, especially on some famous cultural relics. Last year I went to the Great Wall and found many people had left names and ugly words on the Wall, which destroys many historic bricks. In my opinion, such people should feel ashamed of leaving their marks on the great relics which were created by our ancestors.

So personally, I quite agree with this brilliant project though it has caused criticism from some people. The Great Wall would be ruined one day if we didn’t take any steps to protect it. The fake wall is a really good idea because it will protect our relics as well as making profits from the project

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

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Almost everyone knows that water covers three-fourths of the earths surface. Most of it， however， is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also， some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact， less than one percent is left for the use of people， animals and plant life. All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce， but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel， petroleum， paper and rubber and so on. Scientists estimate that the need for fresh water will have doubled by the year 2003. If they are correct， we must find new ways of saving it or producing it. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug， and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another， they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.

参考范文

With the worldwide increase of population， more and more water is needed. Meanwhile，the water sources are getting polluted by human beings in one way or another. Some nations are taking measures to solve this problem. They even communicate with each other hoping to find better ways to save and produce water to meet the needs of their people.

随着世界范围内的人口增长,越来越需要更多的水。与此同时,水源被污染,人类以一种方式或另一种方式。一些国家正在采取措施来解决这个问题。他们甚至相互沟通希望能找到更好的方法来保存并生成水来满足人民的需要。

On a personal level， to solve the problem with fresh water， both the government and inpiduals should make every effort. For example， for the government， it is urgent to make detailed laws that require businesses and inpiduals to stop polluting the environment and to save water while it is not necessarily used. Besides， education should be offered to all the citizens to raise their awareness of the importance of protecting environment and saving water. As inpiduals， we need to take action to play our own part in our everyday life.

在个人层面上,用淡水来解决这个问题,政府和个人都应该尽一切努力。例如,对于政府来说,迫在眉睫的是做出详细的法律,要求企业和个人停止污染环境,节约用水,而不一定是使用它。除此之外,教育应该提供给所有的公民提高他们的意识保护环境和节约用水的重要性。作为个人,我们需要采取行动来扮演自己的角色在我们的日常生活。

(一)绝妙开头示范

1.引用名言名句

①问世间情为何物，直教人生死相许。元好问的确好问，也很会问。他这一问可谓一问问千古。多少年来，有多少人在这个问题上徘徊，又有多少人在付出巨大代价后作出了人生最终的答案。但各家之言却如每个人的脸一样，各不相同。

西施说:“爱情是工具。……”(《问世间情为何物》)

②在中世纪的一个教堂里，一位圣者开始了他的演讲:“我之所以成为圣者，是因为我看破了钱财，我的就是大家的。”悠悠岁月，弹指一挥。在跨世纪时的一所监狱里，一个小偷开始了他的人生独白:“我之所以会成为小偷，是因为我看破了钱财，大家的就是我的。”(《圣者与小偷》)

③美学大师罗丹曾经说过:“美是到处都有的，对于我们的眼睛，不是缺少美，而是缺少发现。”今天，受这位富有创新精神的学者启发，我想说:“答案是普遍存在的，对于我们的脑袋，不是缺少思考，而是缺少角度。”许多时候，我们都迷惑于问题的不解或徘徊于多解的选择路口，怎样走便成了心中的疑团，往往举棋不定，左右乱倾，这时，就有换个角度考虑的必要，这样会给你带来更多成功的机会。(《旋转这只万花筒》)

2.巧用书信格式

①尊敬的孔子老爷爷:

你好!我是你的一个普通子孙，相隔数千年后斗胆写信打扰你，不仅为了向你致上崇敬的问候，而且怀着几个难解的问题急待你的指教。(《给孔子的一封信》)

②可恶的标准答案:

看到你，我实在是义愤填膺。所以，在愤怒火焰的驱使下，我写了这封信来声讨你。答案本是丰富多彩的，可是你却偏偏要戴上“标准”这顶帽子。要知道，就因为“标准”二字，发生了无数的悲剧。以下是你的三大罪状:(《给“标准答案”的一封信》)

3.借用章回小说笔法

①“话说天下大势分久必合，合久必分。”当初魏、蜀、吴三国鼎立的时代已不复存在，大江东去，浪花淘尽了往昔的英雄们。而曾经的蜀国的继承人阿斗也变得“乐不思蜀”了，天下已成为“司马氏”的天下。(《三国英雄开会》)

②梁山泊的聚义厅里，现在是灯火通明，人声鼎沸。一百单八位好汉都齐聚在这里，大伙儿都在争吵不休。他们在争吵什么呢?原来梁山泊最近要评选打虎英雄。这个荣誉称号评上就了不得，谁评上了就可以坐上梁山泊的第二把交椅。所以惹得众好汉齐聚在此，争论不休。(《谁是打虎英雄》)

4.巧用修辞

①“砰!”随着一声锤子的敲打声，问号先生清了清嗓子说，“时空讨论会现在正式开始，今天我们的主题是‘什么才是美’，请各位来自不同时代、不同国度的学者们积极发言。”(《什么才是美》)

5.巧用寓言故事

①愚公一家世世代代居住在这儿，门口王屋、太行两座大山挡住了去路，日子难过啊!这里好像与世隔绝，城里有什么新鲜事儿传到这儿早已变成旧闻了，这种生活真的需要改变了。愚公寻思着:得想法子把太行、王屋两座山给搬了。(《新愚公和智叟的故事》)

②喜鹊贴出了大型广告:“为适应时代需要，本校将推行全能素质教育，无一不学、无一不教，包你的孩子成为无所不能的通才，在竞争中立于不败之地。学费，每学期3000元;培养费， 2000元;赞助费， 15000元。”(《全能学校》)

6.巧用揭示主旨的题记

①没有树的伟岸，但你可以有草的翠绿;没有牡丹的娇艳，但你可以有小野菊的洒脱……生命，可以不灿烂，但必须伟大! 题记

蝶曾是个美丽善舞的女孩。她一头披肩的长发，她窈窕的舞姿，曾给她带来了如雷的掌声与无数的鲜花，她曾被别人赞为中国将来的邓肯……然而，一切结束了，命运之神永远将她按在了轮椅里。生命暗淡了，寂静了，“白天鹅”变为无人关心的丑小鸭。多少次，她梦见自己穿上了水晶鞋，继续她的追求，可醒来时只听见“凄凄惨惨戚戚”的冷漠秋风。(《星星夜话》)

②如果你失去了金钱，你只失去了一小部分; 如果你失去了健康，你只失去了一小半;

如果你失去了诚信，那你就几乎一贫如洗了。 题记

何为“诚信”，诚实、守信是也。综观历史，这“诚信”二字浸透了多少人的血泪啊。(《是谁在赞美皇帝的新装》)

7.巧用解题形式

曾经有一位朋友，别出心裁地给我出了这样一道题:

在下列美景中，你最喜欢哪一个?

A.一片纯白的羽毛，在熠熠生辉的金色阳光中，悠然飘落。

B.一瓣落红，在清幽深邃的池水中回旋漂浮。

C.一颗流星，在黛蓝色的天幕中，一瞬而逝。

D.一滴晶莹剔透的露珠，在青嫩新绿的草叶尖，悄然滑落。

看完这道题，我顿时呆住了，万千变化的自然，日升日落、潮汐起伏，多少美景令人怦然心动，悠然神往。……(《无穷的可能无穷的美》)

8.巧用名人作问答

①有人问:幸福是什么?答案是丰富多彩的。

尼采认为:“能把蜈蚣、碎玻璃、肉虫、石头一齐吞下肚，但却毫不恶心，这种人是最幸福的。”

而思多葛派却认为:“拥有无穷的财富和威力，而且能够处事不惊，那才是真正的幸福。”(《答案是丰富多彩的》)

②阿基米德说:“给我一个支点，我能把地球撬起来!”

我说:“给我一个支点，我能把灵魂支撑起来!”(《给灵魂一个支点》)

9.巧用诗文显诗意

①翻开灿若银河的唐诗宋词，数不胜数的当算离别诗了，王勃壮怀高歌:无为在歧路，儿女共沾巾。柳永则声情哀怨:今宵酒醒何处？杨柳岸晓风残月。江淹却千帆过尽一言蔽之:黯然销魂者，惟别而已矣。还有人捶胸顿足:扬鞭哪忍匆匆！当今又有汪国真低吟:人生一瞬百年，哪堪去去还还。无论耳在何处，只祈如水如船。又来了席慕蓉温柔的警语:如果离别能够勾起我们因聚在一起而引起的疏忽的细节，离别真的不好吗？如此种种情思，真是美不胜收。涵咏不同时代不同人生的感悟，会让你有意外的收获。(《万象人生坚守自我》)

②美是什么?我知道，美是地平线上升起的第一道曙光，美是秋天里比火更炽热的枫叶，美是黄昏的沙滩上疾行的丹顶鹤，美是大草原上驰骋的梅花鹿……鲍姆嘉通同意我的说法，并补充道:“美是感性认识，研究美学即研究感性认识的科学。”可康德却愤怒地瞪着我说:“片面，美是人类纯形式的主观感受，与事物本身毫无关系。我劝你还是看一看我的《判断力批评》。”我很虚心，认真仔细地研究了他的关于情感的美学著作。我正在为我的玄虚而洋洋自得时，黑格尔却泼给我一盆冷水:“不对，美应该是人类本质的外化”。接着，他就洋洋自得地谈起了他的美学理论。正当我丈二和尚摸不着头脑的时候，马克思在我旁边耳语道:“别听他的，他乾坤颠倒，是非不分，你千万别掉进唯心主义的泥坑里。美其实应该是人类本质与自由形式的统一。”美究竟是什么?我决定离开莫衷一是的欧洲，去一趟东方文明的古国，寻找美的答案。(《美是什么》)

③当广袤的天宇被染成漆黑的底色，新月初升无垠的天幕上缀满星星时，依栏凭吊的我总禁不住思绪满怀，我遥问天际的月亮:寂寞是什么?曾几何时，有李白“举杯邀明月，对影成三人”，也许，寂寞便是皓月当空，好风如水，万籁俱寂时形影相吊的那种感觉吧!曾几何时，有李后主感慨“无言独上西楼，月如钩，寂寞梧桐深院锁清秋”，也许，寂寞正是深宫大院，国愁家愁人也愁的情丝纠缠吧!曾几何时，有陈子昂感叹“前不见古人，后不见来者，念天地之悠悠，独怆然而涕下”，也许，寂寞就是芳草依旧，天涯依旧，物是人非的空虚心境吧!于是，我问月亮，广寒宫的嫦娥告诉我，寂寞是“云母屏风烛影深，长河渐落晓星辰”的“碧海青天夜夜心”。寂寞到底是什么?我无法回答。(《寂寞的意韵》)

④是什么，来得悄无声息，走得不留痕迹，却激起所有色彩的轻舞飞扬? 是什么，走得不留痕迹，来得悄无声息，可留下穿越一季的倾情歌唱?

是什么，轻轻地来了，又悄悄地走了，在收获的季节留下飘垂的金黄?

是什么，悄悄地走了，又轻轻地来了，为沉寂的大地纺出洁白的梦想? 哲人对着蓝天微笑:“是时间。” 孩童握着风筝拍手:“是风。”

流浪者说:“什么都不是，只是一个梦。”(《拥有答案的幸福》)

10.借用病历好行文

①病人姓名:吴良心

身份:商人

临床印象:诚信缺乏综合症(晚期)

病史:二十年前初次缺斤少两坑害顾客，染上此病。此病伴随吴良心坑蒙拐骗、投机倒把，手段日渐高明，此病日益加重。三年前诚信医院曾诊断过此病人，吴良心拒绝本院药方，逃离病房，赴境外经商。经查，此人诚实信用指数已下降为零，社会威胁力+100。(《吴良心病历》)

②姓名:张大毛

性别:男

年龄: 18

病史:精神分裂症

病例:不胜枚举

Ι. 8岁，幼儿园时。老师要求画画，画自己的爸爸妈妈。张大毛画了一只瞪着绿眼睛的大灰狼和一只温柔的梅花鹿和一只在地上哭的小白兔。老师给了零分。

医生诊断:老师判得好，大毛画的是森林里的故事，偏题。(《诊断书》) 11.巧用听课笔记

听课时间: 2000年9月15日

听课目的:以小学二年级学生为示范，研究探讨“诚实做人”，以《诚实的孩子》为内容，教育孩子“诚实做人”。

听课内容:……(《听课记录》)

11.巧用产品说明书

①产品:纯天然诚信口服液

主治:“信用”分泌不足，诚实缺乏症，“谎言连篇病”等等，由人体内“诚信”合成量过少而引发的一系列病症。

用量:重度缺乏诚信者，一日三次，每次两瓶。

轻度缺乏诚信者，一日两次，每次一瓶。

妇女、儿童减半。

广告创意:……(《纯天然诚信口服液》)

(二)绝妙结尾示范

①年轻人，来生要记住，在迷津渡口千万别选错。诚信是人生幸福的源泉，不可丢。仅以此诗作结:

〖JZ〗迷津渡口诚信抛，

〖JZ〗一生苦恨悔难消。

〖JZ〗且将虚伪付江澜，

〖JZ〗斩闯红尘任逍遥。(《代抛弃诚信者拟墓志铭》)

②大会结束了，答案仍未有，世间事果真千变万化，难以预料，是非均留给后人评说吧。“滚滚长江东逝水……”(《三国英雄开会》)

③突然有人叫道:“大虫来了，快跑呀!”众人一听大惊失色，纷纷躲避，只听武松叫道:“老虎在哪?”李逵吼道:“虎在哪里?”待人们惊魂初定，回过神来，哪里有老虎?原来是鼓上蚤时迁干的好事。众人都吁了一口气，突然发现打虎将李忠早已不知去向。(《谁是打虎英雄》)

④忠信桥 信义里 诚信坊 …… 收笔处，不觉积习又起，以一首诗来抒我心志:

疏影不悔柳头风，

先贤诚信本相同。

欲借此言呈观众，

熟料笔底波澜重!(《诚信吴门》)

⑤陆游曾说:“谁能养气塞天地，吐出自足成虹霓。”即使你没有博大的思想，但你有意识，也就拥有了发言权，站起来吧，像王朔叫板金庸一样，舞出自我生命的亮点。(《吐出自足成虹霓》)

⑥“何处是归程?长亭更短亭。”不管我们以什么样的身份去诠释“家”的内涵，我们都应知道家中有等待，家中有爱。(《何处是归程?长亭更短亭》)

⑦可见，列夫·托尔斯泰的名言“幸福之家各个相同，不幸之家各有各的不幸”也不必完全奉为真理。关于幸福的答案，同样是丰富多彩的。(《答案是丰富多彩的》)

⑧话音刚落，全场响起了热烈的掌声。这时问号先生红着脸说:“刚才那位青年朋友讲得很对，但是我们这是时空讨论会，所以各位的意见也不尽相同。其实答案是丰富多彩的，并没有统一标准，愿各位都能发现美。今天就到这儿，散会。”(《什么才是美》)

秋天是一个美丽的季节，下面语文迷网为大家带来了秋天的优美段落，供大家参考选择。

1. 秋天的风轻轻的抚摸太阳时，风随风充满芳香。秋天的风，熏香四溢，丰富的沁香，抬头望着天空，晴朗了许多，云彩白白，衬托了蓝色晶莹。娴静，轻盈，秋天的阳光里，和秋风一起飞翔。湖水丝丝涟漪，又见清风。捡起一片树叶，心中的一切负担压力随风而去，随风飘散，满是轻松，满是诗意。晶莹的水珠，青青的草地，空气也是爽凉和舒畅的。在秋天的风中，你会不知不觉如醉，思绪随风飘啊飘，飘向了金灿灿的天地，飘向了美丽的山林，蓝色的大海，壮观的瀑布，美丽的城市。成熟又绚丽的风，洒在大地。

2. 秋天的清晨，秋高气爽，风儿很凉爽。铺面吹过，很是舒服。秋风伴着鸟儿的叽喳声，小虫子的叫声。树上的叶子随着秋风飘落，飘到了这里，落在了地上。拾起一片秋叶，写着冬春夏秋，自然的美丽。

3. 秋天的天空很高，很蓝。阳光没有夏天那么酷热，没有冬天那么寒冷。望着秋天的天，宽阔舒畅。满是自然，满是美丽。秋天的天，广阔的胸怀，让人暂时忘记平日的忙碌，忘记日常的琐事。或是天空的胸怀，可以感动你，让人的心胸变得更宽广。如秋天的天空。

4. 秋天的颜色是五颜六色，红色、黄色、绿色，田里的禾苗有些淡淡的黄色，树木绿的更深沉。秋雨落下，一丝凉意。秋天的花草绽放，写下大自然的美丽。秋天的花草歌唱，歌唱大自然的灵性与美丽。

5. 秋天的雨，有一盒五彩缤纷的颜料，你看，她把黄颜色给了银杏……黄了的树叶扇呀扇呀，像一把小扇子，扇走了夏天的火热;她把红颜色给了枫树……红红的枫叶飘呀飘呀，像一枚枚邮票，邮来了秋天的盛装。金黄颜色呢，是给田野的，看，田野像金色的海洋;橙红颜色呢，是给果树的，听，橘子柿子们你挤我碰，喊着人们去摘呢!还有各种各样的颜色，都给菊花仙子，紫红的、淡黄的、雪白的……美丽的菊花在秋雨里点头。

6. 秋天的雨，有一支金色的小喇叭，它告诉大家，冬天快要来了。小喜鹊衔来了树枝造房子，小松鼠找来松果做粮食，小青蛙在加紧挖洞，准备舒舒服服地睡一大觉!还有小树叶呢，常绿树的树叶穿上厚厚的油亮亮的衣裳，落叶树的树叶飘呀飘呀，飘到大树妈妈的脚下，都在准备过冬了。

7. 秋天的雨说下就下，没有了夏天的暴雨，有些绵绵。时而细密，时而滴滴。让人的思绪飘很远。每一次的雨下，秋天的脚步更近了，一寸秋雨一寸秋。秋高气爽，天气凉爽。秋雨冲刷着夏天的浮躁，让大地慢慢安静下来。心情也安静下来，退却了夏天的烦躁，安静成为了主题。

8. 秋天正在悄悄走来，树叶有了黄的味道。白天也不是那么炎热了，向窗外望去，阳光金灿灿的，仿佛在诉说这是个收获的季节。凉爽的风儿飘进窗户，很舒服，任思绪飘很远。秋天来了，庄稼地沉甸甸的收获，还有那金色的阳光，很美。

9. 秋在果园，圆圆的苹果在秋阳下展现着秋天青红相间的脸。秋在枝头，在阿妹苹果般的脸上，在她嫣然一笑间，闪现。秋在晨风中，在带着阿妹青春的味道中间，向我迷漫。

10. 秋天在公园里，看!这里色彩斑斓，树叶枯黄，一片片树叶从树上掉了下来，在空中，象一只只蝴蝶在飞舞。树叶落在地上，象给大地铺了一层金色的地毯。菊花开放了，红的如火，白得象雪，黄得若金，送来了一阵阵清香。孩子们跑着放风筝，老爷爷老奶奶们坐在椅子上一边闲聊一边欣赏着美丽的秋景。

11. 草坪片片染黄，草木也显出了成熟坚硬，像一队尖兵披着铠甲， 在风雨中挺立。树木穿上了五彩缤纷的花衣，红、黄、绿、紫……犹如一位位美丽的少女站立在秋风中，美不胜收。落叶翩翩起舞，像蝴蝶一般，美丽极了。

12. 秋天是一幅美丽的画卷，有自己独特的颜色——黄色。树上、地上，几乎变成了黄色的世界。枫树哥哥骄傲极了，因为它有一种少见的颜色——红色，它的叶子就如同一团大火照亮了周围的植物。秋天依然有绿色，铁树就是例外，它那数不清的刺，像四面展开，就像一个烟花。

13. 晴天时，深秋的天空中，白云像弹好的羊毛，慢慢漂浮着;太阳光也不太强，暖暖地温馨地照在小朋友的身上，孩子们在秋天和煦轻柔的微风里嬉戏。

14. 辽阔的稻田翻浪，稻穗被压弯了腰，农民伯伯高兴地拿着弯刀在收割。咦，果园里呢?我看那石榴好像看着这美丽的风景也高兴的笑 破了肚皮，诱人的苹果笑红了脸。一串串葡萄披紫衣……果实散发着诱人的香味，甜得我的心都醉了。

15. 夏天过去了，秋妈妈忙者给树木披上了金装，登高望去，犹如一片茫茫的金海。秋风扫过，树叶纷纷落下，有的像蝴蝶翩翩起舞，有的像黄莺展翅飞翔，还有的像舞蹈演员那样轻盈的旋转。地上满是落叶，像铺了一层厚厚的金毯。

16. 一轮明月爬起来，升上天空。一片云，一轮月，一片天，绵绵美丽。迷迷胧胧，甜蜜又安静。秋天风走了又来了，时间过得好快。人的一生是短暂的，匆匆的脚步，急匆匆的心情，放慢脚步吧，听听风的歌唱，看看大自然的美丽。站在秋天的风中，看宽阔的大地，望望广阔的天空，欣赏一望无垠的大海。写一首赞美的歌，赋一曲优美的旋律。平平淡淡才是真，细水长流才是爱。

17. 我眼中的秋天，是一个金黄色的世界，田野里，稻谷成熟了，金黄金黄的，一阵风拂过，田野里的稻谷都漾起波纹，十分好看。树上，叶子全都变黄了，每当微风把枯黄的叶子吹下来时，金黄色的叶子就像一只只金黄色的蝴蝶，在空中翩翩起舞，俗话说： “落叶不是无情物，化作春泥更护花。”这句话说的还真的挺有道理的呢!玉米也露出了大牙，像是在对我们笑哩!

18. 秋天，我走进枫林，看那枫树粗壮 、高大身躯上向四面八方伸出无数枝杈，那片红叶在微风中轻轻地抖动，不时飘飘悠悠地落下来，给大地铺上了一条红色的地毯。这红彤彤的叶面有清晰地叶脉，边缘上有均匀的锯齿，形状活像小孩伸出的小手，颜色却如一团正燃烧的火焰。

19. 来到田野里，看见稻谷换上了金色的衣裳，那田间小路上车来人往，热闹非凡。有运玉米的，有拉高粱的;还有装豆子的。一辆辆运粮车，满载着丰收的喜悦。菜园里，要数大白菜最引人注目了，棵棵大白菜都长得那么地丰满。

20. 天空风轻云淡，原野一片丰收的景色。天很蓝，没有夏天那么沉闷，凉爽的风从窗户飘进来，花的香气扑鼻，又夹杂着果实的味道。神清气爽，听一首秋天的歌曲。天宽地阔，秋天的气息从容豁达，瓜果蔬鲜，阳光明媚。

21. 杨柳，秋风轻轻吹拂着她的身段。杨柳树下，她，一个轻轻的吻，把瞬间的甜蜜传递。感知，十八岁的天空，圆圆的月儿，照着她纯真的笑脸。

22. 一层秋雨一层凉，秋雨绵绵秋意长。没有了春天的春暖花开，没有冬天的严寒深沉。秋天就是秋天，多彩的季节。最喜爱那秋天的枫叶，红红的，透过阳光的光线，更加好看。透过铺满阳光的树叶，流露着大自然的清新自然。秋天是红色的，秋天是黄色的，秋天是深绿色的。

23. 秋天的阳光像水晶般透明清澈，水亮水亮地在天地间流淌，在黄色红色的各种树叶明晰的叶脉里簌簌流动，在姑娘甜美的酒窝里打转，在每一根飞扬的发丝上弹奏动听的民谣，为每一片土地每一样事物镀上温暖的味道。

南瓜灯(Jack-O-Lantern)是庆祝万圣节的标志物。下面语文迷网整理了关于南瓜灯的故事作文，希望对你有帮助。

One story about Jack， an Irishman， who was not allowed into Heaven because he was stingy with his money. So he was sent to hell. But down there he played tricks on the Devil (Satan)， so he was kicked out of Hell and made to walk the earth forever carrying a lantern.

Well， Irish children made Jacks lanterns on October 31st from a large potato or turnip， hollowed out with the sides having holes and lit by little candles inside. And Irish children would carry them as they went from house to house begging for food for the village Halloween festival that honored the Druid god Muck Olla. The Irish name for these lanterns was "Jack with the lantern" or "Jack of the lantern，" abbreviated as " Jack-o-lantern" and now spelled "jack-o-lantern."

The traditional Halloween you can read about in most books was just childrens fun night. Halloween celebrations would start in October in every elementary school.

关于万圣节有这样一个故事。是说有一个叫杰克的爱尔兰人，因为他对钱特别的吝啬，就不允许他进入天堂，而被打入地狱。但是在那里他老是捉弄魔鬼撒旦，所以被踢出地狱，罚他提着灯笼永远在人世里行走。

在十月三十一日爱尔兰的孩子们用土豆和萝卜制作“杰克的灯笼”，他们把中间挖掉、表面上打洞并在里边点上蜡烛。为村里庆祝督伊德神的万圣节，孩子们提着这种灯笼挨家挨户乞讨食物。这种灯笼的爱尔兰名字是“拿灯笼的杰克”或者“杰克的灯笼”，缩写为Jack-o-lantern 。

现在你在大多数书里读到的万圣节只是孩子们开心的夜晚。在小学校里，万圣节是每年十月份开始庆祝的。孩子们会制作万圣节的装饰品：各种各样桔红色的南瓜灯。

如何提高信息的产出率、命中率，这是每位组工干部所关注的。现结合自身工作实践与学习体会，就如何写好组工信息，与大家共同进行探讨和交流。不当之处，敬请各位批评指正。

一、信息的概念、特点和作用

信息就是反映工作的文稿，是有价值的、客观情况的反映。层次高的信息是对原始信息的归纳、综合，是各级领导科学决策的重要依据。

信息的特点，主要表现在三个方面。一是具有宏观性。信息主要是为领导决策提供服务的，它所产生的效应直接或间接体现在决策方面。要求撰写信息人员围绕工作主题、单位工作中心工作抓大问题，抓有碍全局的实际问题，抓政策性问题，抓重要的监管动态以及重大的社情民意，而不是摄取小镜头，捕捉小花絮。二是具有真实性。与新闻报道不同，新闻报道要注重政治影响，而信息则要求实事求是。不管是喜是忧，都必须如实报告。一就是一，二就是二，决不允许在数字上来大概加估计。三是具有权威性。信息必须经过本级领导审查后方可报出，应该是具有严肃性的官方消息，决不是不加约束混淆视听的小道消息。

信息具有四个方面的作用，简单讲就是，宣传、协调、交流和引导。

二、信息的采编技巧

(一)要学会取材。有的同志反映，身边眼前都是平平常常的业务工作，哪有那么多具有价值的信息呢？信息从哪里来呢？通过积累和实践摸索，有14条采集信息的途径可以利用，用言简意赅的98个字加以概括，那就是：文件堆里挖；翻阅材料筛；讲话稿中捡；领导口中理；联系上下摸；会议之中捕；参与活动追；重大事件抢；深入基层拾；关注新闻抓；掌握规律掏；情况反馈传；跟踪问效知；利用网络选。信息就在我们的实际工作中，只要我们勤奋加刻苦，敏锐而深入，还会拓展出更多的渠道来，也一定会发现信息取之不尽，用之不竭。

(二)要注重时效。信息就像山里的药材，适时是宝，过时是草。要勤写快报，准确性中求快，新中求活，实中求深，是提高信息产出率的高招实招。同样一件事，你抢先一步，可能被录用，如果滞缓半拍，很可能被打入冷宫。

（三）要体现特色。条条块块承担的职能不同，信息的产生势必各有侧重。只有注重挖掘工作中的亮点，聚焦工作中的难点，采集领导关注的热点，信息工作才能源头活水滚滚来。

（四）要实事求是。编撰信息必须树立实事求是的文风，不做假大空的文章。不乱提诸如战略、战役、战术、方略等过高的口号。语言要求准确、朴实、精练、明快、提神，避免客套话和空话。

（五）要对号入座。要根据信息层次不同，需求不同，量体裁衣，看菜吃饭，适合于哪一级信息刊物用的就报给哪一级，内外有别。各有侧重，不搞一刀切，一锅煮。

三、信息的写法

(一)细琢鲜明标题。标题是信息内容的统帅、纲领。题常意要新，意常题要新，这是对标题较高的要求。如何写好标题：是题文一致。标题必须与内容一致，不能用一些不适当的副词、形容词，以免华而不实、故弄玄虚。同时，标题的观点在信息中要有充分的依据，语言精准，让人想看下去。内容准确，少不了时间，地点、人物、事件、效果等。

二是选择句式的艺术。陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句是汉语的四种基本句式。陈述句是将所要叙述的事情直接陈列表述出来。信息标题大量使用的是陈述句，并且多用主谓型结构。

高考作文写作指导方法大全：巧博喻，形象开阔

巧博喻，形象开阔。

(1)诚信如春天第一缕阳光，令人向往，敞开胸怀去接受;如夏天的一块西瓜，含在口中，甜到心里;如秋天远方飘来的一片火红的枫叶，勾起无限牵挂;如冬天漫天飘飞的雪花，永远那么纯洁。(《诚信——永远的绿卡》)

(2)在刚刚启蒙的孩童眼里，零是一轮金灿灿的太阳，是热乎乎的鸡蛋，是一朵盛开的向日葵，是一颗圆形的巧克力，是妈妈炸的香喷喷的甜圈，也或许仅仅是一个圆圈……(《零的断想》)

(3)诚信是什么?诚信是荒原上流淌的一汪清泉;诚信是寒冬腊月交替傲放的一枝腊梅;诚信是夜晚行路时前方如豆的不灭之灯;诚信是在浮浮沉沉漂泊不定的人海中导航的一座灯塔……(《诚信是什么》)

附:博喻的例句

用几个喻体从不同角度反复设喻去说明一个本体，叫博喻，又叫连比。运用博喻能加强语意，增添气势。例如：

①两岸都是悬崖峭壁，累累垂垂的石乳一直浸到江水里去，像莲花，像海棠叶儿，像一挂一挂的葡萄，也像仙人骑鹤，乐手吹箫……说不定你忘记自己在漓江上了呢！（杨朔《画山绣水》）

②一株巨大的白丁香把花开在了屋顶的灰色的瓦瓴上。如雪，如玉，如飞溅的浪花。（王蒙《春之声》）

③“砰”一声，郎平的一记重扣，激起了全场经久不息的欢呼声和鼓掌声，像海涛击岸，像山洪爆发，像飞瀑倾泻。观众们蜂涌到场子里，将一束束散发着馨香的鲜花，献给教练、领队和姑娘们。（鲁光《中国姑娘》）

④张老师却是一对厚嘴唇，冬春常被风吹得爆出干皮儿；从这对厚嘴唇里迸出的话语，总是那么热情、生动、流利，像一架永不生锈的播种机，不断在学生们的心田上播下革命思想和知识的种子，又像一把大笤帚，不停地把学生心田上的灰尘无情地扫去……（刘心武《班主任》）

例①用“莲花”、“海棠叶儿”、“一挂一挂的葡萄”、“仙人骑鹤”、“乐队吹箫”五个喻体来比喻“累累垂垂的石乳”这一个本体；

例②用“雪”、“玉”、“飞溅的浪花”三个喻体来比喻“白丁香花”这个本体；

例③用“海涛击岸”、“山洪爆发”、“飞瀑倾泻”三个喻体来比喻“欢呼声和掌声”这一个联合体；

例④用“播种机”、“大笤帚”两个喻体来比喻“话语”这一个本体。如果用一个喻体来比一个本体，又用另一个喻体来比另一个本体，这不是博喻，这是比喻的连续运用。

在读过一篇文章或一本书之后，把获得的感受、体会以及受到的教育、启迪等写下来，写成的文章就叫“读后感”。以下是小编给大家整理的读后感写作方法的内容，欢迎大家查看。

一、读后感的概念

读后感的概念有两重含义：一是真实的、不受任何约束的读后感，二是一种作文的体裁，考试时要接受各种条件的约束。下面这篇读后感，就接近于第一种读后感。写这种读后感，主要是给自己看的，一定要真实，有什么感想(当然感想应当有意义，值得一写)就写什么感想，与心得笔记不同，它要展开来写，尽量像一篇文章，尽量写得生动、实在、深刻。一般应当写清楚读了什么，有什么感想，联想到了什么，对自己有什么作用等。它不追求文体、格式框框，写起来也可长可短。

二、读后感的写法

写读后感最重要的一点是要读出所读书籍或者文章的“眼睛”，它是你展开来写的基础、中心和出发点，这个问题我们已经在上一讲里说过了，这里就不多讲了。其次，写读后感，有它一定的规矩，有的书上把它归纳为“引、议、联、结”，四个字，想公式一样。对于这些规矩我们不可以不学，考试时只要内容有创意，套用这种公式未尝不可;但我们也不要受其所限，写成千篇一律的“八股文”，也可尝试在结构上有自己的创意，有自己的个性。但不管怎样，读后感也离不开“读”——对原文的引述、概括、评价等等，离不开“感”——自己的感想。只要把这两个字表达好了，就是好的读后感。

三、写读后感的基本技巧

在读过一篇文章或一本书之后，把获得的感受、体会以及受到的教育、启迪等写下来，写成的文章就叫“读后感”。

读后感的基本思路如下：

(1)简述原文有关内容。如所读书、文的篇名、作者、写作年代，以及原书或原文的内容概要。写这部分内容是为了交代感想从何而来，并为后文的议论作好铺垫。这部分一定要突出一个"简"字，决不能 大段大段地叙述所读书、文的具体内容，而是要简述与感想有直接关系的部分，略去与感想无关的东西。

(2)亮明基本观点。选择感受最深的一点，用一个简洁的句子明确表述出来。这样的句子可称为"观点句"。这个观点句表述的，就是这篇文章的中心论点。"观点句"在文中的位置是可以灵活的，可以在篇首，也可以在篇末或篇中。初学写作的同学，最好采用开门见山的方法，把观点写在篇首。

(3)围绕基本观点摆事实讲道理。这部分就是议论文的本论部分，是对基本观点(即中心论点)的阐述，通过摆事实讲道理证明观点的正确性，使论点更加突出、更有说服力。这个过程应注意的是，所摆事实、所讲道理都必须紧紧围绕基本观点，为基本观点服务。

(4)围绕基本观点联系实际。一篇好的读后感应当有时代气息，有真情实感。要做到这一点，必须善于联系实际。这"实际"可以是个人的思想、言行、经历，也可以是某种社会现象。联系实际时也应当注意紧紧围绕基本观点，为观点服务，而不能盲目联系、前后脱节。

以上四点是写读后感的基本思路，但是这思路不是一成不变的，要善于灵活掌握。比如，“简述原文”一般在“亮明观点”前，但二者先后次序互换也是可以的。再者，如果在第三个步骤摆事实讲道理时所摆的事实就是社会现象或个人经历，就不必再写第四个部分了。

四、写读后感应注意的问题

第一是要重视“读”

在“读”与“感”的关系中，“读”是“感”的前提、基础;“感”是“读”的延伸或者说结果。必须先“读”而后“感”，不“读”则无“感”。因此，要写读后感首先要读懂原文，要准确把握原文的基本内容，正确理解原文的中心思想和关键语句的含义，深入体会作者的写作目的和文中表达的思想感情。

第二是要准确选择感受点

读完一本书或一篇文章，会有许多感想和体会;对同样一本书或一篇文章，不同的人从不同的角度思考问题，更是会产生不同的看法、受到不同的启迪。以大家熟知的“滥竽充数”成语故事为例，从讽刺南郭先生的角度去思考，可以领悟到没有真本领蒙混过日子的人早晚要“露馅”，认识到掌握真才实学的重要性;若是考虑在齐宣王时南郭先生能混下去的原因，就可以想到领导者要有实事求是的领导作风，不能搞华而不实，否则会给混水摸鱼的人留下空子可钻;再要从管理体制的角度去思考，就可进一步认识到齐宣王的“大锅饭”缺少必要的考评机制，为南郭先生一类的人提供了饱食终日混日子的客观条件，从而联想到改革开放以来,打破"铁饭碗"，废除大锅饭的必要性。

一篇读后感，不能写出诸多的感想或体会，这就要加以选择。作为初学者，就要选择自己感受最深又觉得有话可说的一点来写。要注意把握分析问题的角度，注意联系自己的实际情况，从众多的头绪中选择最恰当的感受点，作为全文议论的中心。

下面是语文迷小编为大家整理提供的英语写作技巧以及关联词，供大家阅读参考。

英语写作技巧之一：用介词短语替代从句，例：

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

英语写作技巧之二：删除诸如"who is”或"that is"之类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

英语写作技巧之三：剔除你不需要的单词，例：

Two joint partners will present their views over a long-distance telephone call.

写完这样的句子后，你自己再读一遍，挑出单词"joint"和"telephone"，注意删去不必要的词。

关联词的积累

1.提出观点不要只用I think，要学会用：

As far as I am concerned

In my opinion

From my point of view

From my perspective

The way I see it

2.转折不要只用but， 要多用：

However,

nevertheless, nonetheless,

Whereas

Some people like fat meat, whereas other people hate it.

转折也可用比喻：as a coin has two sides(就象硬币有两面一样), …(陈述转折内容)

3.表递进的：

In addition, in addition to, additionally,

what is more, moreover, furthermore,

more importantly，

what is worse (更槽糕的是)

4.表示“事实上”：

In fact,

as a matter of fact,

actually

5.表总结：

in conclusion, as a result,

all in all 总而言之

In short,

In a word, 一句话讲

Taking into consideration,

Taking into account all the factors that I have mentioned above, it is safe to draw a conclusion that …

6.表示因此：

Consequently,

Hence,

Therefore,

Thus,

as a result,

resultingly

7.表因为：

because of

due to,

owing to,

thanks to,

as a result of,

8.虽然

Although, even though, even if, though

Proud as these nobles are, …

As flattered as I am, I would say no.

In spite of, despite

I love you in spite of that.

9.比较：

In comparison with,

compared to,

compared with

She’s nothing compared to you.

10.表最后：

Finally,

eventually,

in the end,

at last,

ultimately,

11.表示程度的副词词组亦非常重要，会使文章看起来比较成熟、辨证：

To some extent 在某种程度上讲

To some degree 在某种程度上讲

To a large part 在很大程度上说

In a sense 在某种意义上讲

In general, generally 大体上说

Generally speaking 一般地讲

In some cases 在有些情况下

Basically 基本上

Broadly speaking 宽泛地讲

12.其他(要尽可能多用在文章中。始终牢记内容次要，而语言形式第一位。内容服务于形式)：

Not only, but also

Neither nor, either or

Instead of, instead

For example, for instance (替换使用), take … for example

Be likely to

Be able to

Speaking of, when it comes to …

When it comes to food, he is really picky.

In terms of 根据

First of all, second of all

Above all,

Significantly,

The more, the more

日记是指用来记录其内容的载体，作为一种文体，属于记叙文性质的应用文。小编收集了小学生日记写作方法指导，欢迎阅读。

一、引导学生自备材料库--想写就写

日记内容可以由学生来确定，也可以由教师有意识地开展一些活动来作为日记内容。无论哪种方式都是为了引导学生留心身边的人和事，养成随时记录的好习惯。当然这种记录是让学生用较为简短精炼的语言去记录主要内容，觉得该记、想记，就写在专门的本子上--美其名曰"想写就写"。如在一节中队活动课时，我组织学生们进行了扳手腕的游戏，他们的积极性很高。我有意选了三组进行比赛：男女生对抗赛(男生个子矮小，女生高大);实力相当的男生(或女生)较量;个子高大和矮小的男生(或女生)对抗赛。这样一来，教室里的热烈气氛可想而知。学生们有看热闹的，有提前猜输赢的，更有呐喊助威的。比赛一结束，我马上让学生们把情景记下来，作为写作素材。结果是学生人人都想写，人人都有可以写的东西。这也为他们以后的写作开了一个好头。

二、写作形式多样

日记的形式很方便，最容易将口头语言变为书面语言，也能进行各种文体训练。但是如果天天写，学生就会厌烦。因此，可以把写作形式改一改：

随文练笔--每学完一篇课文后，让学生动笔写写学后的感受与心得，心里想什么就写什么。当然不能要求太高，几十字、一两百字都可以，只要是自己的真实感受即可。写完之后再同桌交流，然后全班交流，让学生互相学习。

只有让学生敢于表达，善于表达，有话则长，无话则短，这样的练笔才是活生生的，有血有肉的，有价值的。因此，每学完一篇课文，我都要求学生写写，把这看作是一次倾诉的机会。

轮流日记--将班上学生分组，每组四人，其中写作能力强一些的担任组长。组员轮流写日记，每天一人写，写完后由组长组织进行组内交流、评价、再修改、写建议，星期五交到教师处进行审核。每周写作内容由组员共同研究，自己去拟定题目写作。这个日记本就是全组的"共有财产"，小组成员都很珍惜，写作时都很用心。特别是写作差一点的组员写好之后，经过大家评议要是觉得不好，往往还会自觉地重新写，这样就大大地提高了写作兴趣。

小组合作写日记，既能取长补短，又能培养团队精神，大家互相学习，共同提高。这一活动还可以家校互动，请家长参与其中，对孩子既是鼓舞，又是激励。

此外，新的《小学语文教学大纲》对扩大课外阅读量也做了具体规定。在科技迅猛发展的今天，学生可通过报纸、书刊、广播、网络等多种媒体学到许多课本所未有的知识，而这些知识恰好满足了学生好奇、求知的需求。因此，结合这类阅读，可鼓励学生续写、写小评论、编写科幻故事等。作为一名语文教师，首先应该充分利用好语文教材中一些童话、科幻作品及名篇中所蕴含的丰富情感力量，通过具体的课文内容来创设具体情景，从而唤起学生的生活经验和情感体验，激发学生的想象力。可以针对课文的空白处进行补写，如《小珊迪》一课，补写"小珊迪被马车撞了回到家的情景";也可以根据故事情节续写，如学完《坐井观天》后续写"青蛙从井里跳了出来……";也可以根据古诗意境扩写，如学习《送孟浩然之广陵》时，可让学生扩写。

创造潜力，人人都有，关键看教师如何认识、发掘。要以积极的态度去了解学生的思维特点、认知现状、情感体验，积极创设环境，营造氛围，热情地鼓励学生的"表达"和"表现"。切忌把创新思维定位太高，对于小学生习作来说，能逐步把"再现型"水平提高到"表现型"水平，把他们自己的见闻、感受和想象写出来，内容具体，感情真实就可以了。所以，应根据不同的习作确立相关的创新思维训练目标，在习作教学中不断发现、鼓励学生的创新发现，将会极大地激发学生的"表现"热情，为习作创新奠定良好的基础。

三、多种形式的批改评价

评价是日记训练过程中的一个很重要的环节，它是激发和维持学生写日记积极性的一个主要因素。评价要注意做到以下两点：

一是评价要改变那种传统的"精批细改"、教师"一评定音"的方式。要采取多种形式的评价方式，悉心呵护学生的每一丝创新、发现。

二是习作批改评价应改变以往那种面面俱到的方法，针对习作训练的重点选一两个部分做重点评价或专题评价。如学了《人物描写》后练习习作，就可重点截取文中人物描写的句子做专题评价。

除教师积极参与评价外，还可激励学生结合习作要求进行自我评价和相互评价。要及时掌握学生写作情况，必要时给予个别指导。可把精彩的习作和普通的习作放在一起，让学生对比评价;也可交换日记，让学生间相互评价。此外，鼓励学生把习作带回去，让家长参与评价，掌握学生习作的情况。帮助学生扬长避短，更会促进学生写作的兴趣。

在这种多形式的评价中，都要力戒"评多导少""优少病多"的弊端，注重鼓励和引导，使学生在每一次评价中受益，提高表达、评价能力，从而使写作能力不断发展。

日记给学生带来巨大的好处，沟通了师生的心灵，让学生在其中快乐的成长，享受写作的乐趣。让我们用真情悉心浇灌创新的幼芽，用爱心和学生一起聆听"花开的声音"，期待那最美的时刻--让蛹破蝶飞。