英语写作段落扩展的方法【热门20篇】

从结构上看，一篇读后感至少要有三个部分的内容组成：一是要介绍原作的篇名内容和特点;二是根据自己的认识对原作的内容和特点进行分析和评价，也就是概括地谈谈对作品的总体印象;三是读后的感想和体会。下面是小编整理的读后感的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

首要的一点是“读”。“读”是感的基础，“感”是由“读”而生。只有认真的读书，弄懂难点疑点，理清文章的思路，透彻的掌握文章的内容和要点，深刻地领会原文精神所在，结合历史的经验、当前的形势和个人的实际,才能真有所“感”。所以，要写读后感，首先要弄懂原作。

其次要认真思考。读后感的主体是“感”。要写实感，还要在读懂原作的基础上作出自己的分析和评价。分析和评价是有所“感”的酝酿、集中和演化的过程，有了这个 分析和评价，才有可能使“感”紧扣原作的主要思想和主要观点，避免脱离原作，东拉西扯，离开中心太远。

所以，写读后感就必须要边读边思考，结合历史的经验，当前的形势和自己的实际展开联想，从书中的人和事联系到自己和自己所见的人和事，那些与书中相近、相似，那些与书中相反、相对，自己赞成书中的什么，反对些什么，从而把自己的感想激发出来，并把它条理化，系统化，理论化。总之，想的深入，才能写的深刻感人。

第三，要抓住重点。读完一篇(部)作品，会有很多感想和体会，但不能把他们都写出来。读后感是写感受最深的一点，不是书评，不能全面地介绍和评价作品。因此，要认真地选择对现实生活有一定意义的、有针对性的感想，就可以避免泛泛而谈，文章散乱，漫无中心和不与事例挂钩等弊病 。

怎样才能抓住重点呢?

我们读完一部作品或一篇文章后，自然会受到感动，产生许多感想，但这许多感想是零碎的，有些是模糊的，一闪而失。要写读后感，就要善于抓住这些零碎、甚至是模糊的感想，反复想，反复作比较，找出两个比较突出的对现实有针对性的，再集中凝神的想下去，在深思的基础上加以整理。也只有这样，才能抓住具有现实意义的问题，写出真实、深刻、用于解决人们在学习上、思想上和实践上存在问题的有价值的感想来。

第四，要真实自然。就是要写自己的真情实感。自己是怎样受到感动和怎样想的，就怎样写。把自己的想法写的越具体、越真实，文章就会情真意切，生动活泼，使人受到启发。

从表现手法上看，读后感多用夹叙夹议，必要时借助抒情的方法。叙述是联系实际摆事实。议论是谈感想，讲道理。抒情是表达读后的激情。叙述的语言要概括简洁，议论要准确，抒情要集中。三者要交融一体，切忌空话、大话套话、口号。

从表现形式上看，也有两种：一种是联系实际说明道理的。这是用自己的切身体会和具体生动的事例，从理论和实践的结合上阐明一个道理的正确性，把理论具体化、形象化，使之有血有肉，有事有理，以事明理，生动活泼。另一种是从研究理论的角度出发，阐发意义。根据自己的研究和理解，阐明一个较难理解的思想观点，或估价一部作品的思想意义。它的作用是从理论上帮助读者加深对原文的理解。这一种读后感的重点仍在“感”字上，但它的理论性较强，一定要注意关照议论文论点鲜明、论据典型、中心明确突出等特点。

“读后感”的“感”是因“读”而引起的。“读”是“感”的基础。如果是走马观花地读，囫囵吞枣地读，可能连原作讲的什么都没有了解，哪能有“感”?读得肤浅，当然也感得不深。小编收集了读后感的写作方法指引，欢迎阅读。

可以是从书中领悟出来的道理或精湛的思想，可以是受书中的内容启发而引起的思考与联想，可以是因读书而激发的决心和理想，也可以是因读书而引起的对社会上某些丑恶现象的抨击、讽刺。读后感的表达方式灵活多样，基本属于议论范畴，但写法不同于一般议论文，因为它必须是在读后的基础上发感想。要写好有体验、有见解、有感情、有新意的读后感，必须注意以下几点：

首先，要读好原文

“读后感[1]”的“感”是因“读”而引起的。“读”是“感”的基础。走马观花地读，可能连原作讲的什么都没有了解，哪能有“感”?读得肤浅，当然也感得不深。只有读得认真，才能有所感，并感得深刻。如果要读的是议论文，要弄清它的论点(见解和主张)，或者批判了什么错误观点，想一想你受到哪些启发，还要弄清论据和结论是什么。如果是记叙文，就要弄清它的主要情节，有几个人物，他们之间是什么关系，以及故事发生在哪年哪月。作品涉及的社会背景，还要弄清楚作品通过记人叙事，揭示了人物什么样的精神品质，反映了什么样的社会现象，表达了作者什么思想感情，作品的哪些章节使人受感动，为什么这样感动等等。

其次，排好感点

只要认真读好原作，一篇文章可以写成读后感的方面很多。如对原文中心感受得深可以写成读后感，对原作其他内容感受得深也可以写成读后感，对个别句子有感受也可以写成读后感。总之，只要是原作品的内容，只要你对它有感受，都可能写成读后感，你需要把你所知道的都表示出来，这样才能写好读后感。

第三、选准感点

一篇文章，可以排出许多感点，但在一篇读后感里只能论述一个中心，切不可面面俱到，所以紧接着便是对这些众多的感点进行筛选比较，找出自己感受最深、角度最新，现实针对性最强、自己写来又觉得顺畅的一个感点，作为读后感的中心，然后加以论证成文。

第四、叙述要简

既然读后感是由读产生感，那么在文章里就要叙述引起“感”的那些事实，有时还要叙述自己联想到的一些事例。一句话，读后感中少不了“叙”。但是它不同于记叙文中“叙”的要求。记叙文中的“叙”讲究具体、形象、生动，而读后感中的“叙”却讲究简单扼要，它不要求“感人”，只要求能引出事理。初学写读后感引述原文，一般毛病是叙述不简要，实际上变成复述了。这主要是因为作者还不能把握所要引述部分的精神、要点，所以才简明不了。简明，不是文字越少越好，简还要明。

第五，联想要注意形式

联想的形式有相同联想(联想的事物之间具有相同性)、相反联想(联想的事物之间具有相反性)、相关联想(联想的事物之间具有相关性)、相承联想(联想的事物之间具有相承性)、相似联想(联想的事物之间具有相似性)等多种。写读后感尤其要注意相同联想与相似联想这两种联想形式的运用。

编辑本段如何写读后感

格式

一、格式和写法

读后感通常有三种写法：一种是缩写内容提纲，一种是写阅读后的体会感想，一种是摘录好的句子和段落。题目可以用《读后感》;还可以用自己的感受(一两个词语)做题目，下一行是——《读有感》，第一行是主标题，第二行是副标题。

二、要选择自己感受最深的东西去写，这是写好读后感的关键。

三、要密切联系实际，这是读后感的重要内容。

四、要处理好“读”与“感”的关系，做到议论，叙述，抒情三结合。

五、叙原文不要过多，要体现出一个“简”字。

六、要审清题目。

在写作时，要分辨什么是主要的，什么是次要的，力求做到“读”能抓住重点，“感”能写出体会。

七、要选择材料。

读是写的基础，只有读得认真仔细，才能深入理解文章内容，从而抓住重点，把握文章的思想感情，才能有所感受，有所体会;只有认真读书才能找到读感之间的联系点来，这个点就是文章的中心思想，就是文中点明中心思想的句子。对一篇作品，写体会时不能面面俱到，应写自己读后在思想上、行动上的变化。

八、写读后感应以所读作品的内容简介开头，然后，再写体会。

原文内容往往用3～4句话概括为宜。结尾也大多再回到所读的作品上来。要把重点放在“感”字上，切记要联系自己的生活实际。

九、要符合情理、写出真情实感。

写读后感的注意事项

①写读后感绝不是对原文的抄录或简单地复述，不能脱离原文任意发挥，应以写“体会”为主。

②要写得有真情实感。应是发自内心深处的感受，绝非“检讨书”或“保证书”。

③要写出独特的新鲜感受，力求有新意的见解来吸引读者或感染读者。

④禁止写成流水账!

编辑本段要写关于学习的读后感应该读什么有感

(1)引——围绕感点 引述材料。简述原文有关内容。

(2)概——概括本文的主要内容 ,要简练,而且要把重点写出来。

(3)议——分析材料，提练感点。亮明基本观点。在引出“读”的内容后，要对“读”进行一番评析。既可就事论事对所“引”的内容作一番分析;也可以由现象到本质，由个别到一般的作一番挖掘;对寓意深的材料更要作一番分析，然后水到渠成地“亮”出自己的感点。要选择感受最深的一点，用一个简洁的句子明确表述出来。这样的句子可称为"观点句"。这个观点句表述的，就是这篇文章的中心论点。"观点句"在文中的位置是可以灵活的，可以在篇首，也可以在篇末或篇中。初学写作的同学，最好采用开门见山的方法，把观点写在篇首。

(4) 联——联系实际，纵横拓展。围绕基本观点摆事实讲道理。写读后感最忌的是就事论事和泛泛而谈。就事论事撒不开，感不能深入，文章就过于肤浅。泛泛而谈，往往使读后感缺乏针对性，不能给人以震撼。联，就是要紧密联系实际，既可以由此及彼地联系现实生活中相类似的现象，也可以由古及今联系现实生活中的相反的种种问题。既可以从大处着眼，也可以从小处入手。当然在联系实际分析论证时，还要注意时时回扣或呼应“引”部，使“联”与“引””藕”断而“丝”连这部分就是议论文的本论部分，是对基本观点(即中心论点)的阐述，通过摆事实讲道理证明观点的正确性，使论点更加突出，更有说服力。这个过程应注意的是，所摆事实，所讲道理都必须紧紧围绕基本观点，为基本观点服务。

(5)结——总结全文，升华感点。“读”的内容不放松。

以上五点是写读后感的基本思路，但是这思路不是一成不变的，要善于灵活掌握。比如，"简述原文"一般在"亮明观点"前，但二者先后次序互换也是可以的。再者，如果在第三个步骤摆事实讲道理时所摆的事实就是社会现象或个人经历，就不必再写第四个部分了。

一、先要重视感

感要多 读要少，要善于灵活掌握。比如，“简述原文”一般在“亮明观点”前，但二者先后次序互换也是可以的。再者，如果在第三个步骤摆事实讲道理时所摆的事实就是社会现象或个人经历，就不必再写第四个部分了。

二、要重视"读"

在"读"与"感"的关系中，"读"是"感"的前提，基础;"感"是"读"的延伸或者说结果。必须先"读"而后"感"，不"读"则无"感"。因此，要写读后感首先要读懂原文，要准确把握原文的基本内容，正确理解原文的中心思想和关键语句的含义，深入体会作者的写作目的和文中表达的思想感情。

三、读完一本书或一篇文章

会有许多感想和体会;对同样一本书或一篇文章，不同的人从不同的角度思考问题，更是会产生不同的看法，受到不同的启迪。以大家熟知的“滥竽充数”成语故事为例，从讽刺南郭先生的角度去思考，可以领悟到没有真本领蒙混过日子的人早晚要"露馅"，认识到掌握真才实学的重要性，若是考虑在齐宣王时南郭先生能混下去的原因，就可以想到领导者要有实事求是的领导作风，不能搞华而不实，否则会给混水摸鱼的人留下空子可钻;再要从管理体制的角度去思考，就可进一步认识到齐宣王的"大锅饭"缺少必要的考评机制，为南郭先生一类的人提供了饱食终日混日子的客观条件，从而联想到改革开放以来，打破"铁饭碗"，废除大锅饭的必要性。

四、叙述作品不能用大量篇幅复述原文

一篇读后感，不能写出诸多的感想或体会，这就要加以选择。作为初学者，就要选择自己感受最深又觉得有话可说的一点来写。要注意把握分析问题的角度，注意联系自己的实际情况，从众多的头绪中选择最恰当的感受点，作为全文议论的中心。

初中作文课中，除了写"读后感"外，老师还会要求同学们在看完一部电影，电视片或参完某一展览后写"观后感"，观后感的写法与读后感是一样的，只需在第一部分简述所观的内容，然后引出观点，展开论述就可以了。

五、写景、物的读后感应该怎样写

(1)简述原文有关内容。如所读书、文的篇名、作者、写作年代，以及原书或原文的内容概要。写这部分内容是为了交代感想从何而来，并为后文的议论作好铺垫。这部分一定要突出一个“简”字，决不能大段大段地叙述所读书、文的具体内容，而是要简述与感想有直接关系的部分，略去与感想无关的东西。

(2)亮明基本观点。选择感受最深的一点，用一个简洁的句子明确表述出来。这样的句子可称为“观点句”。这个观点句表述的，就是这篇文章的中心论点。“观点句”在文中的位置是可以灵活的，可以在篇首，也可以在篇末或篇中。初学写作的同学，最好采用开门见山的方法，把观点写在篇首。

(3)围绕基本观点摆事实讲道理。这部分就是议论文的本论部分，是对基本观点(即中心论点)的阐述，通过摆事实讲道理证明观点的正确性，使论点更加突出、更有说服力。这个过程应注意的是，所摆事实、所讲道理都必须紧紧围绕基本观点，为基本观点服务。

(4)围绕基本观点联系实际。一篇好的读后感应当有时代气息，有真情实感。要做到这一点，必须善于联系实际。这“实际”可以是个人的思想、言行、经历，也可以是某种社会现象。联系实际时也应当注意紧紧围绕基本观点，为观点服务，而不能盲目联系、前后脱节。以上四点是写读后感的基本思路，但是这思路不是一成不变的。

(5)简要地说明原文有关内容，重写有感，不要重点介绍，偏离主题。

我们在写作文是，一般都能写的好，但想要拿高分就很难了，下面是小编整理的提高写作水平的方法，欢迎阅读。

一、细观察

细致观察是提高写作水平的金钥匙。文章是客观事物在作者头及中反映的产物，要反映客,不必须对客观事物作仔细的观察。只有仔细地观察，才能从生活现象的矿藏中发现碎金璞玉，于泥沙混杂中攫取闪光的宝物。不掌握，“观察”这把开门的金钥匙，作文的“铁门限”是决然跨不进去的。

二、多阅读

广泛阅读是提高作文水平的前提条件。要写出好文章，就必须多读书。“读书破万卷，下笔如有神。”“熟读唐诗三首，不会作诗会吟。”鲁迅先生也提倡多读书，“必须如蜜蜂一样，采过许多花，这才能酿出蜜来，倘叮在一处，所得就非常有限，枯燥了。”我们强调既要多读，又要选择地读，更要读进去，理解所读文章的结构技艺，语言特点，从中掌握作文定得深刻些，变化多一些。

三、巧选材

精心选择是提高作文水平的加速器。选材的要求是要新颖，所谓新颖，就是批要选择一般人没有接触过的，或熟视无睹崦实含表深刻意义的。一经作者笔之于书，就会发人深思令人感奋的材料。选材角度要小，要以小见大，写人人眼中有，人人笔下无的材料。为此，必须在头脑中把各种材料比较、分析、综合，进行去粗取精，改造加工，只有这样，才能使材料新颖。而这种积极思考、反复推敲的选析工夫，对提高作文水平很有帮助。

四、常练笔

经常练笔是提高作文水平的关键。要想入作文的大门，并求得不断进步，更重要的是多练。谚语说的好：“文章读十篇，不如写一篇。”这就道出了作文实践出真知的道理。我们学习了一篇文章之后，弄懂了文章的结构方法，弄清了文章的写作特色，就要学着运用这些知识与方法去实践，去练习，使之变成自身的作文能力。实际上，我们第学习一篇课文后都可以进行练笔。而片断练习是练笔的一种好方式，片断练习所花的时间不长，又达到了练笔的目的。写日记也是一种有效的练笔方式，天天坚持写日记，以后俄文就有了坚实的基础。

五、勤修改

反复修改是提高作文水平的催化剂。修改是作文必不可少的步骤，是提高作文质量的有效措施。前人说的好，“文章不厌百回改。”“文章是改出来的。”曹雪芹写《红楼梦》“披阅十载，增删五次，”托尔斯秦的《战争与和平》反复修改了七次;鲁迅先生主张“定完后至少看两遍，竭力将可有可无的字、句、段删去，毫不可惜。”可见，文章修改，一般是指从初稿写出来到最后定稿的加工过程。修时要做到五看：看用词是否通顺，看主题是否鲜明，看结构是否紧凑，看语言是否优美。总之，“文章是改出来的。”一般来说文章总是越改越好的，我们要在“修改”上下工夫。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

一、结合课堂教学实际，引导学生观察生活，做生活的有心人。

车尔尼雪夫斯基说过：“美是生活”。他的意思是，生活是美好的，生活中处处有美的闪光点，要善于观察、发现、捕捉，才能充实头脑，美化心灵，从而写出好的文章来．如夏衍经过两个多月的时间，每天半夜三点多钟起身，走十几里路，去观察包身工上班的情景，终于搜集到关于包身工日常生活的第一手材料，写出脍炙人口的《包身工》。又如刘白羽的《长江三峡》，朱自清的《荷塘月色》，《绿》，叶圣陶的《景泰蓝的制作》等等都是观察生活后写出的名篇。

因此，在课堂教学中，我结合课文内容，引导学生注意观察生活，做生活的有心人，从高一开始写日记，写周记，内容包括校园、家庭、社会，要求学生注意观察各种景物，观察各种人和事并细心体会个人的感受．结果不少同学写出了好文章。如97级黎青云的《春夏秋冬话九中》因观察生活，写出个人的真情实感，所以以高一级学生的身份参加学校校庆征文比赛，仍获校庆征文一等奖，并发表在《南海报》上。

二·、提倡学生关心时事，多听新闻．多阅报刊，以便有感而发。

学生要写好议论文，没有素材是不行的，故而我要求学生多听新闻．在家里，早、午、晚饭时间都要求学生注意收听新闻，关心时事。同时，我还提倡学生多阅报刊，增长见识，开阔视野．班里订的《羊城晚报》、《中国青年报》，学生个人订的《参考消息》、《文摘报》、《文萃》、《作文报》、《语文世界》等，同学们都争相阅读，作读书笔记，积累不少的典型素材，在此基础上，我又要求学生把报纸上他们感兴趣的、有感受的文章剪下来，写读后感，写评论文章等。结果学生的剪报作文比教师的命题作文还要写得好，因为他们是有兴趣而写，有感而发。

三、精选作文体裁和题目，作文训练力求系列化、系统化。

四、加强审题训练，多审题精写作。

五、借鉴名家名篇，提倡学以致用。

画家齐白石说过：“学我者生，似我者死。”搞艺术离不开一个借鉴模仿的过程，但不能生吞活剥、生搬硬套，作文也是如此。学习了课文中的名家名篇，让学生也去尝试一下，用刚学到的方法去仿写文章，也是我进行写作训练的一种方法。如学习了李健吾的《雨中登泰山》后，要求同学们用“移步换景法”去写《登奇山》、《游西樵山》等；学了李乐薇的《我的空中楼阁》，让学生用“定景换点法”写《校园之春》，提倡学生学以致用。当然这种仿写不是呆板的照搬照套，而是让学生借鉴，学习名家的写作方法。

六、尝试写作辩论式作文，突破常规思维。

1991的高考作文题是“近墨者黑／近墨者未必黑”，要求考生任选其一写作，这其实便是一种辩论式作文题型。我借鉴这种作法，以“名师出高徒／名师未必出高徒”，“有志者事竟成／有志者未必事竟成”等为题，让学生进行作文辩论，让他们持其中一个观点去驳另一与之对立的观点，要求既要观点鲜明，又要注意论证的辩证法，不失之于片面偏激、写作时要求学生按观点分成两组，写出文章后各派四个代表出阵参与辩论。结果不少学生能突破常规思维，拓阔写作思路，写出了言之成理，不落俗套的好文章，辩论场面也十分热烈，学生兴趣盎然。

七、教师评改作文与学生互改、自改相结合，教师重在讲评、鼓励。

为了发挥同学们的积极性，激发他们作文的兴趣，培养他们批改作文的能力，从而提高作文水平，我在作文评改方面，除了教师本人评改外，还采用学生互评或自评的形式。具体做法是：课前教师浏览了学生作文，找出作文中的优缺点，课堂上进行审题分析，指出此次作文的优缺点，示范评讲两三篇文章，列出批改的标准，然后让学生批改，可互评，可自评，先找优点，再指出缺点，重在鼓励，然后教师收上来再阅，贴出优秀习作。这样，学生亲自参与了文章批改，所以对本类作文的写法要求理解得更为深刻。

以上这些做法都是我在教学中的一些尝试，其中对写日记、周记、剪报作文、作文系列化训练和文章互改等方面有所侧重，收到较好的效果，98学年在学校征文比赛中，我所教班的几位同学的征文，均获校二等奖，2000学年，我任教班的几位同学，在学校征文比赛成绩不俗，其中邓佩琪是高一、高二两个年级中唯一的一个一等奖。另外，每个学期都有同学的作文刊登在校刊《红棉报》上。

一、一线串珠

内涵：记叙文的线索是贯穿全文、将材料串联起来的一条主线，它把文章的各个部分联结成一个统一和谐的有机体。如果说丰富而生动的材料是一颗颗珍珠，那么线索就是将这些珍珠串联起来的一条线。

记叙文的线索主要有实物、人物、事件、时间、地点以及作者的思想感情等。无论采取何种线索，都必须从表现文章的中心思想和体现各种材料之间的内在联系出发，灵活巧妙地确定。

[示例]当代作家赵丽宏的《炊烟》是此类作品中的杰作，该作品记叙的是作者在福建武夷山风景区旅游途中的一次经历，作品中作者从渴望炊烟写到看见炊烟，再由看见炊烟写到走近炊烟，认识炊烟，直到最后告别炊烟。

文章刻画了一对淳朴憨厚热情好客的对未来满怀憧憬的山村中年夫妇形象，始终围绕“炊烟”行文，推动情节发展。文中炊烟不光渲染了一种亲切自然的意境，更重要的还在于它为作品的展开铺设了一条亮丽的大道，起到了“一线串珠”的良好效果。

二、以小见大

内涵：就是以小题材表现大主题的方法。生活中有些材料看起来似乎很平常，却包含了深刻的意义。“一滴水也可以反映太阳的光辉”。只要善于透过现象发现本质，小材料同样能反映深刻的主题。在写作中对形象进行强调、取舍、浓缩，以独到的想象抓住一点或一个局部加以集中描写或延伸放大，以更充分地表达主题思想。这种艺术处理以一点观全面，以小见大，从不全到全，给写作者带来了很大的灵活性和无限的表现力，同时为读者提供了广阔的想象空间，获得生动的情趣和丰富的联想。

[示例]克里蒙·史东是美国联合保险公司的董事长。小时候，家里穷，他就卖报纸为家里补贴。一天他到一家餐馆卖报纸，刚进去就被老板赶出来。他没有放弃，趁老板不注意又溜了进去，老板发现后把他踢了出来，小史东揉揉屁股又走了进去，客人们被这个小男孩的勇敢所感动，纷纷向老板求情，又买了他的报纸。中年后史东创建了保险公司，以被认为傻的举动，获得了惊人的销售额。他说过：要是在哪里倒下，就要在哪里爬起来。(《倒树精神》)

本段节选就是运用了“以小见大”手法，用克里蒙·史东的事件折射那些没有放弃生存的希望，以顽强的生命力证实自己的一类人。“以小见大”中的“小”，是描写的焦点，它既是写作创意的浓缩和生发，也是写作者匠心独具的安排，因为它已不是一般意义的“小”，而是小中寓大，以小胜大的高度提炼的产物，是简洁的刻意追求。

三、穿插流动

[示例]王安忆的《雨，沙沙沙》记叙一位姑娘在雨夜没搭上末班车而走回家，一路上思绪流动，文章就多次插入这位姑娘心灵深处的意识活动，反映了姑娘对美好未来的向往和追求。

这篇文章就是运用了穿插流动的手法。这些插入，不仅让我们了解了姑娘的内心世界，丰富了文章内容，而且增加了可读性。

四、粗笔勾勒

内涵：粗笔勾勒法就是用寥寥的几笔重点勾勒出人物外貌的主要特征。采用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像，可以对人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、神情、姿态、风度的某一方面或几个方面作简要的勾勒。

运用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像要抓住人物的最主要的特征，用朴实的文字简略地写出来，不宜用过多的形容词、过多的比喻。其次要简练传神，通过寥寥几笔勾勒出人物的大致形象。

[示例]领头的纤夫是个肩膀宽阔的老头儿。他包着头巾，衣服上打着补丁，他的眼睛漠然地望着前方，路还长着呢!老头儿的右边是一个头发胡须都很浓密的中年人。他身强力壮，显得很有力气。这两个人走在行列的前头。紧跟在他们后面的是个高个子，保留着农民的打扮。他直着身子，没精打采地衔着烟斗，好像已经厌倦了拉纤的生活。(《伏尔加河上的纤夫》)

这段文字运用粗笔勾勒法描绘了伏尔加河上纤夫的形象。

文段在勾勒这些纤夫时，侧重点不同。领头的纤夫，是写他的衣着和肩膀;中年人，是写他的胡须和体型;高个子，是写他的神态和动作。

五、曲径通幽

内涵：曲径通幽法就是通过曲折回环的描写和起伏多变的文笔来揭示文章的主旨，使文章摇曳多姿、引人入胜的写作方法。运用“曲径通幽”法，要注意两点：第一、“曲径”是手段，“通幽”是目的，手段要为目的服务;第二、行文的曲折应适当有度，不要为曲折而曲折。

[示例]杨朔的散文《荔枝蜜》意在由蜜蜂而赞颂劳动人民的崇高品质，并表达自己向劳动人民学习的意愿。但文章并没有直接道出这一主题，而是通过展示作者对蜜蜂思想感情的变化，曲折有致地表达了主题。作者开头写自己对蜜蜂在感情上“疙疙瘩瘩”，接着写自己因吃了荔枝蜜而“想去看蜜蜂”，然后又写了蜜蜂的辛勤劳动与养蜂人对蜜蜂的介绍。文章结尾写作者做梦“变成了一只小蜜蜂”。

由《荔枝蜜》可见，“曲径通幽”不是开门见山、直抒胸臆，而是曲折委婉地逐步显现主题的一种谋篇手法。在很多情况下，运用“曲径通幽”能够造成峰回路转、恍然大悟的艺术效果。

六、铺垫照应

内涵：为了使文章内容衔接紧凑，结构严谨，一篇文章中，前面写到的，中间或结尾要有交代;后面提到的，前面要有所铺垫，这种安排设计叫做“照应”。照应一般有以下几种：(1)文题照应。这种照应方法常常是文章中安排多处和题目照应，在恰当的地方直接或间接地点明题意。

(2)前后照应。这种照应方法就是在文章前面写事，后面行文交代前面所写事的结果，使内容相互补充，层层深入。

(3)首尾照应。在文章的结尾处对开头交代的事情作必要的提及，使文章首尾一致，成为有机的整体。

[示例]这三种照应在《小桔灯》一文中都有所体现。

(1)文题照应。全文中，多处照应了题目。如第5段的买桔子，第6、7、8段小姑娘掰开桔子及做小桔灯的动作，第10段我提着小桔灯走在路上的联想等。语文新高考博客

(2)前后照应。如第2段对房间陈设的描写，提到竹凳及墙上的电话;第3段写小姑娘登上凳子要打电话的动作;第2段提到朋友有事出去，第11段则交代朋友已经回来了;第9段写小姑娘的话“我爸爸一定会回来的”，第12段则呼应“那小姑娘的爸爸一定早回来了”。

(3)首尾照应。开头写道：“这是十几年以前的事了。”“在一个春节前一天的下午……”结尾呼应：“但是从那时候起，每逢春节……十二年过去了……”从《小桔灯》行文的处处照应，没有丝毫疏漏，可见作家冰心的写作技巧，正因为如此，文章才做到结构严谨，清晰鲜明。

作文时，注意前后照应很重要，这样能使文章结构严谨，重点突出，中心明确。不管用哪种照应方法，下笔前都必须考虑周密，不可提笔就写，写着前边，忘了后边;或前边没写，“半道杀出个程咬金”来，首尾脱节，使别人读不懂。

1.写熟悉的人和事。因为熟悉的人和事，都是自己了解透彻、认识深刻、感受深切的，写作时就能准确地把握住写作对象的个性特征，就能写得真实自然、生动形象，具有感人的力量。日常生活中，学生接触最多的是父母、老师和同学。因此，学生对他们的外貌、性格、爱好、思想品质等了如指掌，描写时自然容易抓住人物的特点。

2.真情实感。写规范记叙文最重要的就是要有真情实感，只有你把自己的感情投入其中才能赢得别人的共鸣，有时候文章不需华丽，但求恳切，用词华丽堆砌起来的东西，会让人感觉很单薄，无法打动人心，而一篇好的文章，只有在“于人心有戚戚焉”的时候，才叫成功。

3.学会观察。生活是创作的源泉。写作文，也不能脱离生活，所以要看，要听。

4.各种技巧的综合运用。学会运用各种写作技巧，但不能为了技巧而技巧。

作文写作除了掌握写作方法外，多读书，提高自己的语言表达能力也是很重要的。下面是小编为你带来的语文作文写作方法有哪些，欢迎阅读。

一、提高认识事物和表达事物的能力。

我国著名教育家叶圣陶先生指出：“写任何东西决定于认识和经验，有什么样的认识和经验，才能写出什么样的东西来。反之，没有表达认识的能力，同样也写不出好作文”。

二、把认识结构作为作文的核心。

认识结构包括学习知识，观察积累，记忆储存，训练思维，丰富想象，培养情感，锻炼意志;从说到写，推敲修改，多读勤写。

三、树立大作文观，听、说、读、写有机结合

一要注重审题;二要明确写作目的，立意要新;三是选材要有根据;四要讲究谋篇技巧，安排好篇章结构;五要注意文章分段，事先列小标题，作文提纲;六要注重文章写法，因文用法;七要妙用语言，用思想调遣语言。

学会五种立意法：以事赞人，直抒胸臆，借物喻理，触景生情，托物言志。

四、作文大目标的逐年级分解。

一年级字词，二年级句子，三年级片断，四年级篇章，五年级综合，六年级提高。

五、实施五项训练

根据认识是作文的核心这一原则，围绕这个发展学生心理机制的核心，扎扎实实地进行了五项训练：

(一)字词训练。学习掌握大量字词。掌握运用字词的金钥匙：联系自己熟悉的事物;联系自己生活实际;联系自己学会的语言及字词知识。

运用“十引说”的方法，把字词学习与说话训练相结合。“十引说”是：1、分析字形;2、利用教具;3、凭图学词;4、组词扩词;5、选词填空;6、词 语搭配;7、调整词序;8、触景用词;9、词语分类;10、联词成句。丰富了说话训练内容，使自己积累大量会说会用的字词，为写作文打下坚实基础。

(二)句子训练。只要是一个句子，都包括两个方面：一是说的人、事、物、景，二是说目的。可有些教师指导学生说一句话时，没有很好凭借图画和事物， 认真教学生观察、认识、分析、表达的方法，只是拿出一张图或一事物让学生说写一句话，学生不知道为什么要说写一句话，怎样说写一句话，说写一句什么句型、 什么句式的话，导致作文中语调单一、呆板、不活泼生动。可以改让学生凭图、看物、对话、练习说写一句时间、地点、人物、事件四要素完整的话，四种句型，九 种句式的话。学生才会在作文中运用不同句型、句式，表达不同的思想、感情、态度、目的。

(三)段的训练。结合八种段式：以事物发展为序段，时间先后为序段，空间变换为序段，总述、分述结构段，因果段、转折段，递进段，并列段。以此认识 客观事物的发生、发展规律。不论哪种段式，都是记叙事物的发展和人们对事物的认识，即段的内容，段的中心。它和一句话一样，也是对人、事、物、景的叙述， 也是表达一个意思。只不过是把一句话进一步说得更清楚、更深刻。

(四)篇章训练。篇是由段组成的。通过对审题、立意、选材、谋篇、定法、用语的知识与方法，通过记叙、描写、抒情、议论四种表达方法，文章开头与结尾、过渡与呼应方法，各种文章体裁的知识与方法。学会写中心明确，意思完整，详略得当的记叙文和应用文。

(五)生活现场训练。采用生活现场训练，更好地体会“从内容入手”写作文。 通过各种作文教学活动，如“确定中心讨论会”、“选材讨论会”、“作文会诊会”、“小诸葛审题会”、“妙用词语比赛会”，从活动中生动具体地学到作文知识 与写作文的方法。另外，还可开展各种校内外活动，如跳绳、拔河、踢毽、球类、背书比赛，从而学会如何写比赛作文;开展校内外义务劳动，学会如何写劳动场 面;举行诗歌朗诵、讲演会，学会如何写会议场面及会议上的见闻;通过参观访问，浏览名胜古迹，学会如何写参观访问记、游记。学习观察方法，留心周围的事 物、事件，“处处留心皆学问，人情练达即文章”。通过现场生活作文，进一步认识到：生活是作文的沃土。从而学会写真事、抒真情，陶冶真、善、美的情操，培 养良好的文风。

同学们掌握了初中语文作文写作方法，在平时的写作中我们就应该按照这样的方法进行学习，作文的写作是比较主观的题型，是需要我们的实力的，所以应该多读书，提高自己的语言表达能力，使成绩提高。

班主任评语是教师对学生一学年终极性的评价，是班主任工作的一项重要内容。评语是一种教育手段，一份好的评语，应该能反映学生的个性特点，充分肯定学生，鼓励学生，又能适当指出缺点，既使学生能正确认识自己，明确今后努力的方向，体会到班主任评语的用意，又能使家长了解到子女的情况，有效的配合学校。评语不仅仅是评价学生，它作为一面镜子无声地折射出对班主任工作的评价，反映出一个班主任的学识、素质和师德。

一、首先平时要注意积累、收集学生的个人素材

“巧妇难为无米之炊”，积累、收集学生的个人素材，掌握学生的第一手资料，这是写好评语的重要前提。那么怎样才能积累，收集学生的个人素材呢？

1、要注意细心观察，积累学生的闪光点，为日后写评语准备素材。如我几次看到一位平时默默无闻的女同学捡纸屑，就在她的评语中写到“你非常关心班集体，有着良好的行为习惯，每当你默默地捡起纸屑时，我是多么高兴！”

2、兼听各方面意见，尽量使素材充实丰富，全面中肯。班主任直接写评语，较为省事，但主观性强。为此可以向任课老师了解学生情况，充实你的素材。也可以让学生先自我评价，再让班委评价，充实你的素材。有时候，也不妨让每个学生写2—3个他最熟悉的同学的评语，学生的兴趣浓，积极性高，反馈过来的情况又可以充实素材。这样全员参与，发挥教育集体的教育力量。而班主任兼听各方面意见，写作的评语也将趋于准确和中肯。

二、写作评语时，宜用“你——我”的温馨的评语

传统评语常用的“该生”如何如何，应该淘汰，因为“该生”面对的是家长，而不是面向学生，语气冷漠，面孔冷峻，不宜让人接近，忽视了评语对学生的教育作用。而用“你——我”的温馨式的评语，一下子缩短了教师与学生之间的距离，使学生充分体会到教师的关爱和尊重。“你——我”的温馨式的评语娓娓道来，宛如与学生促膝谈心，让学生家长倍感亲切，学生的上进心、自信心自然而然就增加了。

如以下一则评语“你辛苦了！我知道你一直很尽力地要干好每一件事。对你来说，虽然课堂是乏味的，但你却总是挺直腰板，睁大眼睛。这真让老师感动，即使没有一个同学为你的努力喝过彩，但是我肯定地说，你是个积极向上的好孩子，成功的道路充满坎坷，总结经验教训，继续努力吧，我相信在不远的未来，会有一片蔚蓝的晴空在等着你”，这个学生很努力，但进步不大，教师的这则评语充分的肯定了他的努力，并提出了希望，相信这样的评语学生看了，会感到老师对她的爱心和厚望，并为之而努力。

三、评语要能反映出学生的个性特点

从心理学角度上看，学生期待班主任对自己有独到、新颖的评价。而传统评语的通病，空泛而雷同，千篇一律，没有个性，如"该生热爱祖国，尊敬师长，热爱集体，团结同学，礼貌待人……但上课听讲尚欠专心……希望今后改正缺点，更上一层楼。"典型的老式操行评语，让人读了，连学生操行等次都难判断出。

偏重对学生行为的评价，忽视对学生个性的评价；评语一般化，往往不符合学生实际，不同学生的评语之间差别甚小，千人一面。如对一位各方面优秀但常规不佳的学生的评语“你活泼开朗、充满热情、积极向上。你在学习上取得的成绩令同学们羡慕，你为班级工作作出的努力使班级赢得了荣誉，可你在课上的闲话却令我为难，在我的意识中，一个好学生不该出现如此的反复，你说对吗？”这样的评语写出了学生的闪光点，同时，又能指出该生自身存在的缺点，不会伤害她的自尊心，具有一定的教育效果。家长看了，无疑也会很好地配合老师帮助孩子克服缺点。

四、评语要以鼓励肯定为主，发挥激励功能

在教育教学中，我们要以发展的眼光看待学生，要善于发现学生的优点进行正面教育，切忌将学生一棍子打死。写评语更是如此，如果把一个学生的评语写的一无是处，不要说学生接受不了，就是家长也接受不了，我们也怀疑，难道他一点优点都没有吗？这样的评语只会加深教师与学生之间的隔阂，更难达到教育的目的。

一份好的评语对学生的发展和所取得的成绩表示认同，将学生的缺点通过语言的隐含信息折射出来，这样学生就更易接受教师的教育，形成健康的自我认识，更好地把握自己未来的发展。如对一位各方面习惯都比较差但天赋不错的学生的评语“你的聪明、你的悟性、你的记忆力都让老师欣赏，同学羡慕。但你的散漫、你的与老师同学的不合作，不仅限制了你的发展，而且让老师不安，同学不快。你若能加强‘自控’能力，养成良好的行为习惯，定能成为‘人杰’。”这样的评语教师的用意一目了然，学生、家长看后心中有数，很好的达到教育的目的。

五、评语中可以赠送警句、格言，或可融进对人生哲理的思考

格言，是人类智慧库中的瑰宝。评语中赠送警句、格言，或融进对人生哲理的思考，追求了评语的美育功能，含蓄隽永，耐人寻味。如评语中以下几个片断：“卓越的人的一大优点是：在不利和艰难的遭遇里百折不挠——贝多芬”。“每一项错误都是学习的机会。只是不要一再一再地犯同样的错误。”“多则价廉，万物皆然，唯独知识例外。知识越丰富，则价值就越昂贵。”“人的天才只是火花，要想使它成熊熊火焰，哪就只有学习！学习！！！”“有教养的头脑的第一个标志就是善于提问。”

一句透彻的格言可以使人迷途知返，投向光明；进而立志，创出伟业来。这样的格言对学生的激励鞭策作用是显而易见的。再如融进对人生哲理的思考的内容“当你拥有的时候，你并不知道珍惜，一旦失去了，你就会知道它的可贵。岁月不居，时节如流，只有把握住现在，才是你最明智的选择。”“人是一切社会关系的总和，与同学们融为一体，你会觉得这世界是非常美好的”这些评语片段，针对性强，对学生会产生较大的影响力。

六、评价学生要全面，客观

评价学生时，教师应做到校内、校外相结合。不仅注重对学生学习成绩的评价，学习态度的评价，而且注重学生创新能力及学生发展趋势和发展潜能的评价。校内校外一起评定，可促使学生校内外表现一致，严格要求自己，使自己健康成长。同时，班主任写评语还要注意一分为二，深掘优点；暗示缺点，饱含期待；实事求是，客观准确；多元评价，贯穿始终；措词用语，讲究艺术；多“情”少“评”，爱护学生。

近几年来，抒情作文一直很热，那么抒情作文怎么写呢？下面是小编为大家整理的抒情作文写作方法，希望能帮到您！

真情实感是作文的价值所在，魅力所在;胡编乱造，弄虚作假，这是作文的大忌。在2001年各省市的中考作文试题中，直接写明要求有真情实感的就有很多，有的虽然在提示中没有写明，但在评分标准中非常强调。从作文教学的发展趋势看，对作文的真情实感的要求必定会进一步加强，特别是记叙性作文。那么，考场作文中如何才能表达真情实感呢?这里以2001年几篇优秀中考作文为例来具体谈谈。

(1)述亲身经历

写作需要生活，越是亲身经历过、体验过的生活，写在文章中往往就越真实，越感动人。在构思过程中，我们要尽量从自己经历的生活中筛选素材。作为中学生，生活经历也许并不算丰富，但只要认真回忆和筛选，再进行适当的加工和组合，就一定能找到具体的材料，写出充满真情实感的作文。《我发现爸爸老了》是南通市的一篇优秀中考作文，作者写的就是自己亲眼所见的情景：小时候，为了不让我一个人孤零零呆在家里，父亲将两条毛巾平铺在装满秧苗的筐上，用那根我熟悉得不能再熟悉的扁担挑着我，在泥泞不堪的小路上送走了我的童年。当时的父亲，身材魁梧，虎背熊腰，在村里是数一数二的壮汉子;如今，父亲原先那嘹亮清脆的号子声已失去昔日的雄壮，隐约间还夹杂着几丝沙哑，原先油亮的黑发现在已染上了霜色，原先红润的面庞在已渐渐变得土黄，原先笔直的腰杆也略显弯曲……由于都是亲眼所见，印象特别深刻，写出来就有真情实感。

(2)多细节描写

真情实感离不开生动的、典型的细节，细节的多少和真实与否，反映出作者对生活的体验程度，也直接关系到文章的真情实感。如果文章中都是些笼统的、概括的叙述，即使是亲身经历过的，也往往会给人不真实的感觉。细节不细，这个“不细”，就是指它的作用不小。《我喜欢童年的竹林》是荆州市的优秀中考作文，之所以说它有真情实感，就是因为它有生动具体的细节描写，如：伸出手，扶住竹竿使劲一摇，“哗啦”一声，雪花“簌簌”地如天女散花般地飘落下来，洒到我的脖子里，凉丝丝的，滋润我“咯咯”的笑声。又如：有时，我们从家里偷出绳子，牢牢地拴在竹子上，做成秋千。摇啊，荡啊，从秋千底下，摇出我心中的歌。这些细节，不但真实，而且写得也富有诗意。

(3)明人事要素

具体和真实是一对孪生兄弟，要使文章有真情实感，就必须写得具体。虽不能说凡具体就一定真实，但一般而言，具体的叙述往往更能让人信以为真。你简单地说某地发生一件抢劫案，听者不一定会信，假如你有鼻子有眼睛地说，把抢劫的时间、地点、受害人的单位或姓名及被抢劫的数量都说出来了，那别人就会相信。在作文过程中，要尽量写清楚相关的人事要素。人，主要是单位、姓名、年龄、相貌、性格等;事，主要是起因、经过、结果等。《为自己喝彩》是泉州市的中考优秀作文，第一段是这样的：我坐在座位上，手捧着《简?爱》，心无旁骛。忽然不知谁传来消息：“明天要体检了!”体检?我一愣，小心翼翼地探听：“测些什么?”同桌不以为然地说：“身高、体重，这些都免不了呗。”啊，我心里发虚，低头看看自己的“虎背熊腰”，想想矮矮的个儿，听着后排那两个瘦如麻杆、身材苗条的女生半真半假对自己的身段作着自我批评，真是欲哭无泪。这个开头，把什么人、正在干什么、发生了什么、问些什么、想些什么等，都通过对话介绍出来了。因而，给人真实的感觉。

(4)用生活语言

作文是用语言记录生活。作文虽然要对生活进行加工和改造，但必须力求保持生活的原汁原味，尽量有生活气息。用生活语言，就是要正确和准确地反映生活，生活是怎样的就写成怎样的，不要走样，不要变味。《我喜欢童年的竹林》一文中用了不少拟声词，仔细体味，你就会发现用得非常准确，如“哗哗”形容摇竹的声音; 用“簌簌”形容雪花飘落的声音;用“咯咯”表示我们童年快乐时的笑声;用“沙沙沙”表示风吹竹林时的响声……作者把生活中确实如此的声音准确地搬进了文章之中，让人读后自然就觉得亲切感人。用生活语言，还要特别注意人物语言，什么样的人物说什么样的话，老年人有老年人的语言结构和常用词汇，而老年人口中一般就不会有这样的词。语言要符合人物身份，要根据人物的身份、年龄、文化程度和性格特点等来写，尽量写出个性。

(5)露潜在意识

潜在意识，也叫潜意识，指的是人的深层意识，它与浅意识和表层意识相对，它是人最质朴、最本质的心理活动。之所以称“潜”，是因为它隐藏于思维的底层，不经意袒露出来。人类生活是自然界中最为复杂的现象，有许多人，在许多场合想到的意思，往往不能说，不便说，或者不该说，不敢说，有时是为了礼貌，有时是为了工作需要，有时是为了自我保护，想到的而没有说出来的话就是潜意识。每一个人都有潜在意识，而且要比浅意识活跃和丰富，但在作文时，它在很大程度上受到抑制，替代潜意识的往往是那些与心相违的浅意识，这样写出来的作文，当然就没有真情实感。因此，要想作文有真情实感，最好大胆一些，充分展露自己的潜意识，心里是怎样想的，就怎样写。《为自己喝彩》的后半部分有这样几句：晚上，我站在穿衣镜前细细地端详自己。不!我不要这张苦大仇深的脸，我拥有别人没有的优点，我上进、奋发、勇敢，知识填高了我，我有什么好自卑的呢?这几句话，一般人出国留学网是不会公开对人说的，但作者把它写了出来。心里想的就是这样，写出来当然就有了真情实感。

(6)拟相应情景

作文要尽量写自己经历过的事，但有时，从自己的经历中找不到恰当的材料，有时，必须对自己经历过的事作一定的加工和改造。换句话说，作文中的事并不是自己完全或真正经历过的。这能不能给人真情实感呢?应该说，虚构也能做到有真情实感，关键是要注意这两点：一是这种事，自己虽然没有经历过,但现实生活中必定会有，别人肯定经历过;二是要模拟相应生活情景，把自己置于其中，仔细地想一想：假如我在那个时间、那个场所，遇到那样的事会怎么样呢?如果写的是一位老年男子，那么，就不妨借助自己的外公或爷爷，从他们平时的表现中想一想：假如爷爷在遇到这种事时会怎么对待?如果所写的是中年妇女，那不妨借助自己的母亲或邻居的大婶，根据母亲等平时的性格特征和行为习惯，想一想：她会怎样处理这件事?模拟生活情景，转换人物角色，能使虚构的文章多一点真情实感。

1 做模版：不用找什么马思德，就拿几片范文，找几句比较拽的结构型句子，拼凑出一个你自己顺手的框架即可。不用到处找，也不用找很多，一个框架即可，当然，准备一些可以替换的词：比如recommendation替换conclusion.漂亮句子很多，但若水三千，我只掬一瓢饮。

2 找出主要的错误类型，每种写出一道两句经典的表述即可。

3 考时30分钟分三个阶段：一)12-15分钟，写出完整的第一段，三个征文段的topic sentence，和完整的末段。写第一段的同时就构思topicsentence,末段无非是重复结论和三句topic。这样的好处是结构已经完整了，你不用慌了。。二)13-10分钟，完成三段正文。我以前觉得这个很困难，后来想通了。无非是把这层意思说清楚就行。3句话就够了。也够长了。三)5分钟check.还一个作用时，是在前面没有完成，还有一个buffer,也不至于弹尽粮绝。

4 非常措施：考试万一时间不够，首段就抄原句;如果时间还不够，末段就cut-paste首段和topic 的文本，稍加修改即可。但是，结构是完整的。

5 gmat快速成文法的精髓和适用范围：精髓：看上去很美。适用范围：不想得6分的人(因为想的6分的人追求的是实际上也很美。如果运气好，可以的5分，运气不好，可以的4分。

纵观近年各地中考英语写作题，题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说，不同的写作题材，它的人物，时间，写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面结合一些常见的题型介绍一下写作的注意事项以及写作技巧。

1、以图表提供情景的作文要以读为主，首先要读懂图表中的数据、时间、编码、序号以及相互间的变化关系，对所给的信息加以分析、推断、筛选、概括、去粗取精;在写作时目的要明确，要注意内容的准确性和严肃性，尤其是图表中的数据、时间等不得有误。

2、以图画提供情景的作文应以看为主，通过细心观察图中的人物、景物、文字、环境、数字等，弄清写作的意图，通过分析思考把握逻辑联系，找出主题并借助所给的文字，把图中的信息转化成文章，但要注意，文章不能停留在图画的浅表，而要表达出提供情景的意图和内涵。

3、以提纲提供情景的作文。这种形式本身的要点已经很明确，重点也很突出，只要把各个提纲加以发挥，注意遣词造句的灵活性和语法规则的正确性，就不会造成审题不清而偏离主题，但要注意，文章必须覆盖所提供的各个提纲的要点。

4、以书信格式提供情景的作文。首先要了解书信的格式，英文书信格式与中文有所不同，

(1)一般在信纸的右上角写上写信人的地址和日期，地址应按从小到大的顺序排列;

(2)左边顶格写上收信人的姓名;

(3)正文部分;

(4)祝愿的话;

(5)写信人签名。信的内容一定要按所给的要求写，不要漏写。

(一)绝妙开头示范

1.引用名言名句

①问世间情为何物，直教人生死相许。元好问的确好问，也很会问。他这一问可谓一问问千古。多少年来，有多少人在这个问题上徘徊，又有多少人在付出巨大代价后作出了人生最终的答案。但各家之言却如每个人的脸一样，各不相同。

西施说:“爱情是工具。……”(《问世间情为何物》)

②在中世纪的一个教堂里，一位圣者开始了他的演讲:“我之所以成为圣者，是因为我看破了钱财，我的就是大家的。”悠悠岁月，弹指一挥。在跨世纪时的一所监狱里，一个小偷开始了他的人生独白:“我之所以会成为小偷，是因为我看破了钱财，大家的就是我的。”(《圣者与小偷》)

③美学大师罗丹曾经说过:“美是到处都有的，对于我们的眼睛，不是缺少美，而是缺少发现。”今天，受这位富有创新精神的学者启发，我想说:“答案是普遍存在的，对于我们的脑袋，不是缺少思考，而是缺少角度。”许多时候，我们都迷惑于问题的不解或徘徊于多解的选择路口，怎样走便成了心中的疑团，往往举棋不定，左右乱倾，这时，就有换个角度考虑的必要，这样会给你带来更多成功的机会。(《旋转这只万花筒》)

2.巧用书信格式

①尊敬的孔子老爷爷:

你好!我是你的一个普通子孙，相隔数千年后斗胆写信打扰你，不仅为了向你致上崇敬的问候，而且怀着几个难解的问题急待你的指教。(《给孔子的一封信》)

②可恶的标准答案:

看到你，我实在是义愤填膺。所以，在愤怒火焰的驱使下，我写了这封信来声讨你。答案本是丰富多彩的，可是你却偏偏要戴上“标准”这顶帽子。要知道，就因为“标准”二字，发生了无数的悲剧。以下是你的三大罪状:(《给“标准答案”的一封信》)

3.借用章回小说笔法

①“话说天下大势分久必合，合久必分。”当初魏、蜀、吴三国鼎立的时代已不复存在，大江东去，浪花淘尽了往昔的英雄们。而曾经的蜀国的继承人阿斗也变得“乐不思蜀”了，天下已成为“司马氏”的天下。(《三国英雄开会》)

②梁山泊的聚义厅里，现在是灯火通明，人声鼎沸。一百单八位好汉都齐聚在这里，大伙儿都在争吵不休。他们在争吵什么呢?原来梁山泊最近要评选打虎英雄。这个荣誉称号评上就了不得，谁评上了就可以坐上梁山泊的第二把交椅。所以惹得众好汉齐聚在此，争论不休。(《谁是打虎英雄》)

4.巧用修辞

①“砰!”随着一声锤子的敲打声，问号先生清了清嗓子说，“时空讨论会现在正式开始，今天我们的主题是‘什么才是美’，请各位来自不同时代、不同国度的学者们积极发言。”(《什么才是美》)

5.巧用寓言故事

①愚公一家世世代代居住在这儿，门口王屋、太行两座大山挡住了去路，日子难过啊!这里好像与世隔绝，城里有什么新鲜事儿传到这儿早已变成旧闻了，这种生活真的需要改变了。愚公寻思着:得想法子把太行、王屋两座山给搬了。(《新愚公和智叟的故事》)

②喜鹊贴出了大型广告:“为适应时代需要，本校将推行全能素质教育，无一不学、无一不教，包你的孩子成为无所不能的通才，在竞争中立于不败之地。学费，每学期3000元;培养费， 2000元;赞助费， 15000元。”(《全能学校》)

6.巧用揭示主旨的题记

①没有树的伟岸，但你可以有草的翠绿;没有牡丹的娇艳，但你可以有小野菊的洒脱……生命，可以不灿烂，但必须伟大! 题记

蝶曾是个美丽善舞的女孩。她一头披肩的长发，她窈窕的舞姿，曾给她带来了如雷的掌声与无数的鲜花，她曾被别人赞为中国将来的邓肯……然而，一切结束了，命运之神永远将她按在了轮椅里。生命暗淡了，寂静了，“白天鹅”变为无人关心的丑小鸭。多少次，她梦见自己穿上了水晶鞋，继续她的追求，可醒来时只听见“凄凄惨惨戚戚”的冷漠秋风。(《星星夜话》)

②如果你失去了金钱，你只失去了一小部分; 如果你失去了健康，你只失去了一小半;

如果你失去了诚信，那你就几乎一贫如洗了。 题记

何为“诚信”，诚实、守信是也。综观历史，这“诚信”二字浸透了多少人的血泪啊。(《是谁在赞美皇帝的新装》)

7.巧用解题形式

曾经有一位朋友，别出心裁地给我出了这样一道题:

在下列美景中，你最喜欢哪一个?

A.一片纯白的羽毛，在熠熠生辉的金色阳光中，悠然飘落。

B.一瓣落红，在清幽深邃的池水中回旋漂浮。

C.一颗流星，在黛蓝色的天幕中，一瞬而逝。

D.一滴晶莹剔透的露珠，在青嫩新绿的草叶尖，悄然滑落。

看完这道题，我顿时呆住了，万千变化的自然，日升日落、潮汐起伏，多少美景令人怦然心动，悠然神往。……(《无穷的可能无穷的美》)

8.巧用名人作问答

①有人问:幸福是什么?答案是丰富多彩的。

尼采认为:“能把蜈蚣、碎玻璃、肉虫、石头一齐吞下肚，但却毫不恶心，这种人是最幸福的。”

而思多葛派却认为:“拥有无穷的财富和威力，而且能够处事不惊，那才是真正的幸福。”(《答案是丰富多彩的》)

②阿基米德说:“给我一个支点，我能把地球撬起来!”

我说:“给我一个支点，我能把灵魂支撑起来!”(《给灵魂一个支点》)

9.巧用诗文显诗意

①翻开灿若银河的唐诗宋词，数不胜数的当算离别诗了，王勃壮怀高歌:无为在歧路，儿女共沾巾。柳永则声情哀怨:今宵酒醒何处？杨柳岸晓风残月。江淹却千帆过尽一言蔽之:黯然销魂者，惟别而已矣。还有人捶胸顿足:扬鞭哪忍匆匆！当今又有汪国真低吟:人生一瞬百年，哪堪去去还还。无论耳在何处，只祈如水如船。又来了席慕蓉温柔的警语:如果离别能够勾起我们因聚在一起而引起的疏忽的细节，离别真的不好吗？如此种种情思，真是美不胜收。涵咏不同时代不同人生的感悟，会让你有意外的收获。(《万象人生坚守自我》)

②美是什么?我知道，美是地平线上升起的第一道曙光，美是秋天里比火更炽热的枫叶，美是黄昏的沙滩上疾行的丹顶鹤，美是大草原上驰骋的梅花鹿……鲍姆嘉通同意我的说法，并补充道:“美是感性认识，研究美学即研究感性认识的科学。”可康德却愤怒地瞪着我说:“片面，美是人类纯形式的主观感受，与事物本身毫无关系。我劝你还是看一看我的《判断力批评》。”我很虚心，认真仔细地研究了他的关于情感的美学著作。我正在为我的玄虚而洋洋自得时，黑格尔却泼给我一盆冷水:“不对，美应该是人类本质的外化”。接着，他就洋洋自得地谈起了他的美学理论。正当我丈二和尚摸不着头脑的时候，马克思在我旁边耳语道:“别听他的，他乾坤颠倒，是非不分，你千万别掉进唯心主义的泥坑里。美其实应该是人类本质与自由形式的统一。”美究竟是什么?我决定离开莫衷一是的欧洲，去一趟东方文明的古国，寻找美的答案。(《美是什么》)

③当广袤的天宇被染成漆黑的底色，新月初升无垠的天幕上缀满星星时，依栏凭吊的我总禁不住思绪满怀，我遥问天际的月亮:寂寞是什么?曾几何时，有李白“举杯邀明月，对影成三人”，也许，寂寞便是皓月当空，好风如水，万籁俱寂时形影相吊的那种感觉吧!曾几何时，有李后主感慨“无言独上西楼，月如钩，寂寞梧桐深院锁清秋”，也许，寂寞正是深宫大院，国愁家愁人也愁的情丝纠缠吧!曾几何时，有陈子昂感叹“前不见古人，后不见来者，念天地之悠悠，独怆然而涕下”，也许，寂寞就是芳草依旧，天涯依旧，物是人非的空虚心境吧!于是，我问月亮，广寒宫的嫦娥告诉我，寂寞是“云母屏风烛影深，长河渐落晓星辰”的“碧海青天夜夜心”。寂寞到底是什么?我无法回答。(《寂寞的意韵》)

④是什么，来得悄无声息，走得不留痕迹，却激起所有色彩的轻舞飞扬? 是什么，走得不留痕迹，来得悄无声息，可留下穿越一季的倾情歌唱?

是什么，轻轻地来了，又悄悄地走了，在收获的季节留下飘垂的金黄?

是什么，悄悄地走了，又轻轻地来了，为沉寂的大地纺出洁白的梦想? 哲人对着蓝天微笑:“是时间。” 孩童握着风筝拍手:“是风。”

流浪者说:“什么都不是，只是一个梦。”(《拥有答案的幸福》)

10.借用病历好行文

①病人姓名:吴良心

身份:商人

临床印象:诚信缺乏综合症(晚期)

病史:二十年前初次缺斤少两坑害顾客，染上此病。此病伴随吴良心坑蒙拐骗、投机倒把，手段日渐高明，此病日益加重。三年前诚信医院曾诊断过此病人，吴良心拒绝本院药方，逃离病房，赴境外经商。经查，此人诚实信用指数已下降为零，社会威胁力+100。(《吴良心病历》)

②姓名:张大毛

性别:男

年龄: 18

病史:精神分裂症

病例:不胜枚举

Ι. 8岁，幼儿园时。老师要求画画，画自己的爸爸妈妈。张大毛画了一只瞪着绿眼睛的大灰狼和一只温柔的梅花鹿和一只在地上哭的小白兔。老师给了零分。

医生诊断:老师判得好，大毛画的是森林里的故事，偏题。(《诊断书》) 11.巧用听课笔记

听课时间: 2000年9月15日

听课目的:以小学二年级学生为示范，研究探讨“诚实做人”，以《诚实的孩子》为内容，教育孩子“诚实做人”。

听课内容:……(《听课记录》)

11.巧用产品说明书

①产品:纯天然诚信口服液

主治:“信用”分泌不足，诚实缺乏症，“谎言连篇病”等等，由人体内“诚信”合成量过少而引发的一系列病症。

用量:重度缺乏诚信者，一日三次，每次两瓶。

轻度缺乏诚信者，一日两次，每次一瓶。

妇女、儿童减半。

广告创意:……(《纯天然诚信口服液》)

(二)绝妙结尾示范

①年轻人，来生要记住，在迷津渡口千万别选错。诚信是人生幸福的源泉，不可丢。仅以此诗作结:

〖JZ〗迷津渡口诚信抛，

〖JZ〗一生苦恨悔难消。

〖JZ〗且将虚伪付江澜，

〖JZ〗斩闯红尘任逍遥。(《代抛弃诚信者拟墓志铭》)

②大会结束了，答案仍未有，世间事果真千变万化，难以预料，是非均留给后人评说吧。“滚滚长江东逝水……”(《三国英雄开会》)

③突然有人叫道:“大虫来了，快跑呀!”众人一听大惊失色，纷纷躲避，只听武松叫道:“老虎在哪?”李逵吼道:“虎在哪里?”待人们惊魂初定，回过神来，哪里有老虎?原来是鼓上蚤时迁干的好事。众人都吁了一口气，突然发现打虎将李忠早已不知去向。(《谁是打虎英雄》)

④忠信桥 信义里 诚信坊 …… 收笔处，不觉积习又起，以一首诗来抒我心志:

疏影不悔柳头风，

先贤诚信本相同。

欲借此言呈观众，

熟料笔底波澜重!(《诚信吴门》)

⑤陆游曾说:“谁能养气塞天地，吐出自足成虹霓。”即使你没有博大的思想，但你有意识，也就拥有了发言权，站起来吧，像王朔叫板金庸一样，舞出自我生命的亮点。(《吐出自足成虹霓》)

⑥“何处是归程?长亭更短亭。”不管我们以什么样的身份去诠释“家”的内涵，我们都应知道家中有等待，家中有爱。(《何处是归程?长亭更短亭》)

⑦可见，列夫·托尔斯泰的名言“幸福之家各个相同，不幸之家各有各的不幸”也不必完全奉为真理。关于幸福的答案，同样是丰富多彩的。(《答案是丰富多彩的》)

⑧话音刚落，全场响起了热烈的掌声。这时问号先生红着脸说:“刚才那位青年朋友讲得很对，但是我们这是时空讨论会，所以各位的意见也不尽相同。其实答案是丰富多彩的，并没有统一标准，愿各位都能发现美。今天就到这儿，散会。”(《什么才是美》)

说明文的中心鲜明突出，文章具有科学性，条理性，语言确切生动。它通过揭示概念来说明事物特征、本质及其规律性。说明文一般介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能，解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词等。说明文有的是以时间为序，有的是以空间为序；有的由现象写到本质，有的由主写到次；有的按工艺流程顺序来说明，有的按事物的性质、功用、原理等顺序来说明。

①认真观察说明对象，抓住了特征;

②说明讲究了一定的顺序，条理性强;

③依据说明对象或说明内容采用合适的说明方法;

④语言表达讲究分寸，用语准确，并力求多样性。怎样才能写好说明文呢?首先，要抓住事物的特征。

所谓特征，就是事物本身的某一点(或几点)的独特属性，也就是这一事物与其他事物在本质上的差别,即这一事物区别于其他事物的标志。

要准确地把握特征，一要靠观察，二要靠比较。

观察，必须认真、仔细、全面，这就是发现、抓住并说明事物特征的前提;比较，有纵向比较，如现在和过去相比;有横向比较，如此物与彼物相比。对于事物说明文来讲，还要通过调查资料、向人请教等途径弄清事理。只要善于观察研究，就能把握特征。

同是建筑，有的以雄伟著称，有的以精巧见长，有的简朴自然，有的典雅华丽;同是动物，有的凶猛，有的温驯。这些都是可以通过观察来把握的。比如要你写一篇介绍水的说明文，你必须介绍水是一种什么物质、水的种类和形态、水的重要性等。要做到这一点，你必须观察研究，知道水是由氢、氧组成的无色无味的透明液体，随着温度的变化而呈液态、固态和气态，水是人民生活和工农业生产必不可少的物质。

1993年全国高考小作文，要求根据所绘图画介绍圆规。小而平常的圆规，乍看无特征可言，但一深究，圆规最大的特征是什么呢?当然是画圆，这是它最大的属性，也是特征。抓住这一点，文章就好写了。

按要求要写圆规的构造、功能和使用方法，但这一切又必须紧紧围绕画圆这个主要特征，其作用是画圆，而它的构造和使用方法也都是为画圆服务的。

第二，用词要准确。在说明事物形态、性质、功用或操作程序时，必须将数量、范围、程度、次序等表达清楚、恰当，尤其要注意修饰、限制、补充性词语的选用。第三，条理要清楚。根据说明对象及其特征的不同，分别选用空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序及主次顺序、因果关系等。

最后，要学习运用举例子、列数字、作比较、分类别这四种主要的说明方法。把所要说明的对象说清楚,就应做到把握说明对象的特征，注意说明顺序和说明方法，有条有理地予以介绍。说明文写作的重点也就应放在这三点上。

大纲要求初中生能写简单的说明文，中考说明文写作考查只要求写小作文。从说明对象的类型看，常见的考题有以下几类：①根据图表内容写说明文;②介绍某物的制作过程;③介绍某一物件的结构、性能等;④介绍某一特定环境的位置;⑤说明某种现象的成因;

时间就像海绵里的水，只要愿挤，总还是有的。下面是语文迷为大家提供的关于时间的英语谚语，希望对你有帮助。

Time is money.

(时间就是金钱或一寸光阴一寸金)

Time flies.

(光阴似箭，日月如梭)

Time has wings.

(光阴去如飞)

Time consecrates: what is gray with age becomes religion.

(时间考验一切，经得起时间考验的就为人所信仰)

Time reveals(discloses) all things.

(万事日久自明)

Time tries all.

(时间检验一切)

There is no time like the present.

(现在正是时候)

Take time by the forelock.

(把握目前的时机)

Time is a file that wears and makes no noise.

(光阴如锉，细磨无声)

Time stays not the fools leisure.

(时间不等闲逛的傻瓜)

Time and I against any two.

(和时间携起手来，一人抵两人)

Time is life and when the idle man kills time, he kills himself.

(时间就是生命，懒人消耗时间就是消耗自己的生命。或时间就是生命，节省时间，就是延长生命)

Time spent in vice or folly is doubly lost.

(消磨于恶习或愚行的时间是加倍的损失)

Time undermines us.

(光阴暗中催人才。或莫说年纪小人生容易老)

Time and tide wait for no man.

(岁月不待人)

Time cannot be won again.

(时间一去不再来)

Time brings the truth to light.

(时间使真相大白。或时间一到，真理自明。)

Time and chance reveal all secrets.

(时间与机会能提示一切秘密)

To choose time is to save time.

(选择时间就是节省时间)

Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today.

(今日事，今日毕)

Procrastination is the thief of time.

(拖延为时间之窃贼)

One of these days is none of these days.

(拖延时日，终难实现。或：改天改天，不知哪天)

Tomorrow never comes.

(明天无尽头，明日何其多)

What may be done at any time will be done at no time.

(常将今日推明日，推到后来无踪迹)

Time works wonders.

(时间可以创造奇迹或时间的效力不可思议)

Time works great changes.

(时间可以产生巨大的变化)

Times change.

(时代正在改变)

Time is , time was , and time is past.

(现在有时间，过去有时间，时间一去不复返)

Time lost can not be recalled.

(光阴一去不复返)

Time flies like an arrow , and time lost never returns.

(光阴似箭，一去不返)

Time tries friends as fire tries gold.

(时间考验朋友，烈火考验黄金)

Time tries truth.

(时间检验真理)

Time is the father of truth.

(时间是真理之父)

Time will tell.

(时间能说明问题)

英语作文一般都是15-20分，你想指导你的分数被扣在哪些地方了吗?

中考英语作文对考生的要求有四点：1、内容要完整。 2、语句流畅。3、没有语法错误。4、书写规范。能达到上述要求的作文，都会得到相应的高分。

一：先看一下扣分点：

1.内容方面：要点缺失，可酌情扣分。比如中考作文“I want to do something for my school”，若没有写一件具体的事情，是要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻，没有实际内容，也会扣1-2分。

2.字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。

中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。但是60字的作文能不能得高分?从我们拿到的实例作文来看，16分以上的作文，没有少于75字的，甚至少于80字的也少之又少。当然，也极少有超过100字的，因为中考试卷的短线格一共80个，在格子下面大约还有2行的空间，可以加20字左右，再多阅卷人就很难看清了，也会影响卷面的美观。所以，同学们如果想让作文得到高分，最好是让字数在75-100字之间。

3. 语法和拼写错误：每个扣0.5，重复错误不计;

4. 标点错误：每4个扣0.5.

二：加分点

除了这些扣分点，还有一些得分点：比如说作文的组织结构分，就是根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。

只要文章中有1个亮点，基本就可以争取到1分(3分的文采分是很难全部拿到的)。而这1分的亮点，是可以提前准备的。例如，有一些“万金油”式的复杂句型，例如强调句型、only相关的倒装句等，只要同学们多操练几次，几乎是一定能用到作文当中，从而为自己争取到这1分。

其次就是卷面分

很多家长[微博]和同学，尤其是部分书法并不是十分整洁的同学，都会关心是否真的有“卷面分”的存在。虽然在阅卷标准里面并没有卷面分这一项，但是这个分数却真切地反映在了同学们的分数里面。

据阅卷老师的经验，在阅卷的时候并不是按这3个部分逐项打分的，而是在第一遍读完全文之后，心里已经形成了一个“印象分”，然后再细读第二、三遍，把印象分分配到各个打分部分。因此，这个“印象分”就非常重要，而同学们的书法，也正是在这个环节，影响到了自己的分数。所以初三的考生，如果书法不好，一定要注意。所谓的书法并不需要写的很漂亮，符合3个简单的标准即可：没有斜体、没有连笔、涂改较少。

导语：冰冻三尺，非一日之寒，练习英语写作也是一样，三天打鱼两天晒网是不行的，必须得持之以恒的练习，才会有进步。下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，校园里进行着广泛的争论。

52. By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。

53. Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必须承认，由于学费和书费日益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。

54. Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

因此，业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。

55. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。

56. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

现在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。

57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less

laborious.

人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。

58. At the same time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.

同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。

59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

60. In the second place, there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.

第二方面，失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。

61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.

成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

62. According to a recent survey, a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.

根据最近的一项调查，越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。

63. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.

通过以上讨论，我完全相信，随着现代社会的进步，幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。

64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.

近些年，国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。

65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.

许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。

66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.

但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。

67. As for me, Im firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制，理由如下：

68. In addition, in order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.

另外，为了吸引旅游者，大量人工设施被修建，这对环境是不利的。

69. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

由于缺乏独特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。

70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

近些年，父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。

71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。

72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。

73. In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。

74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。

75. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。

76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

当别的孩子在玩耍的时候，很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。

77. Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。

78. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管额外学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。

79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与玩耍的平衡，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

现在，父亲或母亲留在家里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。

81. Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。

82. However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

然而，这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑，他们指出，孩子总是呆在家里，和父母在一起，是不健康的。

83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力，但是必须承认，与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比，他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。

84. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出如下结论：尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的，但是这样做的缺点远大于优点。

85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园，这将对孩子，家庭，甚至整个社会产生深远的影响。

86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

只要一提起艺术和文化项目，一些政府领导就会兴奋不已，他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园，城市中心漂亮的雕塑，还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中，没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。

87. But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

这是真的吗?这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首位。

88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。

89. Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

然而，很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。

90. From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

通过以上讨论，我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面，基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。

91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点，将会付出他们无法承受的代价。

92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势，这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。

93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。

94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

必须指出，农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加，并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。

95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献，然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响。

96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场，他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。

97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences, information and knowledge with peasants, which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.

建议政府应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平;应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验，知识和信息，这些将有助于发展农村经济。

98. In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.

总之，我们应理智考虑这一问题，重视农民的生活。任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life, parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people, including teachers and experts in education, should pay considerable attention to this problem.

尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分，然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人们应该认真对待这一问题。

100. As for me, it is essential to know, at first, what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.

我认为，首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题。

121. on the one hand, it is indisputable that boarding schools are exerting a growing important effect, especially in last few years.

一方面，寄宿学校正在发挥越来越重要的作用，尤其是最近几年，这是无可争辩的。

122. students attend a boarding school would cultivate their independence as apart from their parents.

离开父母上寄宿学校的学生将会培养他们的独立性

123. whats more, living in school can save them a great deal of time on the way between home and school everyday, so they would be able to concentrate more time and energy on their academic work.

而且，生活在学校里能节省大量每天往返于学校和家的路上的时间，这会使他们有更多的时间和精力放在学习上。

124. on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored.

另一方面，日制学校的贡献是不能忽视的。

125. due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.

因为较高的学费，大部分普通家庭支付不起他们的孩子上寄宿学校的费用。

126. since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.

由于无需考虑学生的日常生活，日制学校可以将重点放在教学上而不是放在像宿舍和食堂管理这些方面。

127. furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.

而且，学生生活在自己家中，有舒适的生活，并有更多机会和父母交流，这对他们个性的培养是有利的。

128. from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论，寄宿学校和日制学校对我们社会培养年轻学生都是重要的。

129. there is much discussion over science and technology. one of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.

关于科学技术存在许多争论，其中一个问题是当国家发展现代科学技术时，传统的技术方法是否可能会消亡?

130. as for me, the declining of traditional technology and methods is not a bad thing; it is the natural result of progress of society.

我认为，传统技术方法的消亡不一定是坏事，这是社会进步的自然结果。

131. in the first place, some aspects of the traditional technology and methods are harmful and hampering the development of modern technology science.

首先，传统技术方法有些部分是有害的，并且会阻碍现代科技的发展。

132. although modern science and technology have proved that such methods are absurd, there are still millions of people use such methods in many remote places nowadays.

尽管现代科学技术已经证明了这些方法是愚昧的，然而在许多偏僻的地方，仍有成千上万的人们在使用这些方法。

133. in the second place, many values of traditional technology are out of date and should be replaced by modern science.

第二点，许多传统技术方法已经过时，应被现代科技所取代。

134. although many people tend to live under the illusion that traditional technology and methods are still playing extremely important role in peoples life, an increasingevidences show that it is less useful than many people think.

尽管许多人保持着传统观念，认为传统技术方法在人们生活中仍发挥着重要作用，但是越来越多的证据显示它并没有人们想象的有用。

135. from what has been discussed above, i firmly believe that time will prove that traditional technology and methods would die out with the development of modern science and technology. the maintenance of the traditionaltechnology and methods is futile.

通过以上讨论，我坚定地相信时间会证明传统技术方法将会随着现代技术的发展而消亡，坚持传统技术方法是徒劳的。

136. at the time when technology means ever more harmful carbon in the air we breathe, we need these forests now more than ever.

当技术的发展意味着我们会吸入更多有害气体时，我们比任何时候更需要森林。

137. nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

138. we cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

139. there is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

无可否认，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

140. it is universally acknowledged that trees are

indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

141. there is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问，我们的教育制度令人不满意。

142. an advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会产生任何污染。

143. the reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

144. so precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵，我们不能浪费它。

145. rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.

虽然我们的国家很富有，但是我们的生活质量却令人很不满意。

146. the harder you work, the more progress you make.

你越努力，你越进步。

147. the more books we read, the more learned we become.

我们书读得越多，我们越有学问。

148. to average people, they often tend to live under the illusion that english often means a good opportunity for ones career, is this really the case?

对于一般人来说，他们常常以为掌握英语就意味着一份好的工作，然而这是真的吗?

149. by taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

通过体育锻炼，我们能够始终保持健康。

150. listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.

听音乐能使我们放松。

151. on no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

我们绝对不能忽视知识的价值。

152. it is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

153. those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

违反交通规则的人应该受到处罚。

154. there is no one but longs to go to college.

人们都希望上大学。

155. since the examination is around the corner, i am compelled to give up doing sports.

既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃作运动。

156. it is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

157. summer is sultry. thats the reason why i dont like it.

夏天很闷热，这就是我不喜欢它的原因。

158. the progress of the society is based on harmony.

社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

159. we should bring home to people the value of working hard.

我们应该让人们知道努力的价值。

160. taking exercise is closely related to health.

作运动与健康息息相关。

161. we should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

162. the condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

我们的交通状况令人不满意。

163. smoking has a great influence on our health.

抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

164. reading does good to our mind.

读书对心灵有益。

165. overwork does harm to health.

工作过度对健康有害。

166. pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

污染对我们的生存造成巨大威胁。

167. we should do our best to achieve our goal in life.

我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

168. weather a large family is a good thing or not is a very popular topic, which is often talked about not only by city residents but by farmers as well.

家庭人口多好还是家庭人口少好是一个非常通俗的主题，不仅是城里人，而且农民都经常讨论这个问题。

169. as is known to all, fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers.

众所周知，假冒伪劣商品损害了消费者的利益。

170. today an increasing number of people have realized that law education is of great importance. in order to keep law and order, every one of us is supposed to get a law education.

现在，愈来愈多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。为了维护社会治安 ，我们每人都应该接受法制教育。

171. from what i have mentioned above, we can see clearly that violence on tv has great influence on youngsters behavior.

从上面我所提到的，我们可以清楚地看到，电视暴力对青少年的影响是极其深远的。

172. there are two reasons for the improvement in peoples living conditions. in the first place, we have been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy. secondly, there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy. furthermore, the birth rate has been put under control.

人民生活状况的改善原因有两点。首先，我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次，国民经济正在迅速发展，而且出生率已经得到控制。

173. my suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. to begin with, it is urgent to create nature reserves. secondly, certain rare wild animals that are going to be extinct should be collected, fed and reproduced artificially. finally, those who hunter them must be punished severely.

我对解决这个问题的建议如下：首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保护区。其次，有些濒临灭绝的珍稀野生动物应该收捕、人工喂养并繁殖。最后，对于捕猎珍稀野生动物的人必须严惩。

174. people differ in their attitudes towards failure. faced with it, some of them can stand up to it, draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfill what they are determined to do. others, however, lose heart and give in.

人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败，有人能够经得起考验，从失败中汲取教训，并努力去完成他们下定决心要做的事情。然而，另一些人却丧失信心并退却了。

175. it is desirable to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas and other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.

人们希望建立更多的医院、购物中心、娱乐中心、电影院和其他公用设施来满足人们日益增长的需求。

176. as a popular saying goes, "everything has two sides." now the public are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological inventions. on the other hand, the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble. people in many countries are suffering from public hazards.

常言道：事情总是一分为二的。如今人们从科技发明中得到越来越多的好处。另一方面，科技进步也给我们带来了许多麻烦。现在许多国家 的人民饱受公害之苦。

177. lets take cars for example. they not only pollute the air in cities, but make them crowded. furthermore, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents. the noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.

就拿汽车为例。汽车不仅污染城市空气，而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外，汽车造成许多交通事故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两旁的居民日夜不得安宁。

178. it is generally believed that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed countries is not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care.

普遍认为，在发达国家人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善使死亡率下降了。

179. there is no doubt that the increase in demand caused the rise in prices.

毫无疑问，需求的增长导致了价格的上涨。

180. additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)引发的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

如何写一封成功求职信范文？首先，最基本的要知道求职信的格式，其次就是要掌握好个人求职信的写作技巧,以下为大家提供一些成功求职信写作方法，仅供参考。

A:开头

开头一定要开门见山的写明你对公司有兴趣并想担任他们空缺的职位，以及你是如何得知该职位的招聘信息的。

例如：获知贵公司****年**月**日在******上招聘******的信息后，我寄上简历敬请斟酌。

B:推销自己

信的第二部分要简短地叙述自己所学的专业以及才能，特别是这些才能将满足公司的需要。没有必要具体陈述，详细内容引导对方查看你的简历。此外，推销时要适度，不能夸大其词。

C:联系方式

写清楚在求职信中给出你电话预约面试的可能时间范围，或表明你希望迅速得到回音，并标明与你联系的最佳方式。

D:收尾

感谢他们阅读并考虑你的应聘。

另外还有几点是一定要注意的：

A:首先求职信的篇幅不要太长，简明扼要就可以了。

B:其次不要粘贴或附带太多支持文件，诸如证书、奖状等复印件，除非是招聘单位在招聘广告中特别申明要求的，否则寄了厚厚一大叠材料，成本代价不菲，收效可能甚微。

C:最后，态度要诚恳，不需要任何豪言壮语，也不用使用任何华丽的词汇，只要让对方读来觉得亲切、自然、实实在在就可以了。

Where possible, reduce the use of "which," "who" "that" "whom" "whether... or not" etc.

少用关系代词

学会运用关系代词是你学习英文过程中的一个重要的阶段。学会少用它们则表明你取得了更大的进步。在校对你的作品时，仔细检查一下所有的which’s, who’s that’s和whom’s是否必要。删除不必要的关系代词会使你的文章更精彩。

Example:

Unnecessary: It is a truth that is universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

(用两个 that’s，读起来很别扭)

Better: It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

-- Jane Austin

注：被动语态修饰的名词通常不须用关系代词。

Unnecessary: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, which was built with American assistance.

Improved: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, built with American assistance.

Unnecessary: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation which was undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Improved: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Unnecessary: Justice theories have a long tradition, which goes back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Improved: Justice theories have a long tradition, going back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Unnecessary: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million that she made by tap dancing which made her famous in the movies.

Improved: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million she made tap dancing her way to fame in the movies.

Unnecessary: We told them they were the victims who deserved sympathy the most.

Improved: We told them they were the victims, most deserving of sympathy.

Unnecessary: Only a person who is oblivious* to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Better: Only a person oblivious to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Unnecessary: Not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea, whether it contains caffeine or not.

Better: With or without caffeine, not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea.

Unnecessary: Usually the Washington family married people who were socially better off than themselves, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Better: Usually the Washingtons married their social betters, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Unnecessary: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach the person to whom the letter is addressed.

Better: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach its intended receiver.

有效的写作步骤，我认为离不开想、说、写、读、改。小编收集了指导学生写作的有效方法，欢迎阅读。

一、引导学生从生活中捕捉写作的素材

学生写作的源泉来源于生活。要想让学生喜欢写作文，首先要引导学生学会寻找写作文的源头。生活是实实在在的，又是丰富多彩的，学生留心观察生活，能把平凡生活反映出来，这对学生写作来说具有重要意义。叶圣陶老先生说过：“作文这件事离不开生活，生活充实到什么程度，才会写成什么文字。”因此，只有让学生平时多留心观察生活，多参加实践活动，才能积累学生对事物的认识和感受。为了让学生能够从日常生活中获得丰富的写作素材，我注意培养学生留心观察周围事物的习惯。经常安排一些联系学生生活实际的活动。如利用周末或妈妈的生日、母亲节、妇女节等时间，帮助妈妈做一些力所能及的家务活，亲身体验一下父母平时的辛苦，并把劳动的过程、父母的反应、自己劳动后的心情和感受写下来;观察自己喜欢的小动物，把它的样子特点、生活习性和自己之间发生的有趣事情，以及对它的喜爱之情表达出来。如果学生平时能够养成多看、多听、多思、多问的好习惯，日积月累，就丰富了自己的作文材料。

二、鼓励学生大量阅读，丰富语言的积累

常言道：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神，”多读多练是写好作文的“诀窍”。阅读是作文的基础，要提高学生的写作能力，就要指导学生做好读书笔记，要做好课内课文的读书笔记，但这远远不够，还要指导学生大量阅读课外读物，并做好读书笔记。我除了通过教学课文进行语言积累外，还鼓励学生大量阅读有益的，对身体发育成长有利的课外读物，并向学生推荐一些好的报刊读物，如《小龙人报》《小学生拼音报》《十万个为什么》《童话故事》《爱的教育》等。书读多了，就能把书中的营养吸收到自己的写作之中。平时阅读教学中指导学生体会、认识课文中语言表达的规律性知识，要求学生不能只是泛泛而读，要深入进去用心读，还训练学生逐步养成不动笔墨不读书的好习惯，引导学生把课文中的好词佳句、优美片段分类摘抄在采集本上，进行读、背、记在心中，加强体会，以便在习作中运用。

三、有效仿写练习，促进学生写作能力

对于初学写作的小学生来说，虽然是写自己身边发生的事，也知道是将自己看到的、听到的、做过的、所想的写下来，可是一动起笔就不知道该怎么写，写出来的作文总是不具体。这需要为他们提供一些范文，学习范文的写作思路、特点、方法，根据范文的语句以及表达方式进行具体的模仿，习作起来就有了兴趣，写出的作文也就比较具体。

首先，仿写文中的一段话或句群的表达方式。如教《有趣的作业》一课，有这样一段话“展示作业的时间到了。嗬!同学们的课桌上可热闹啦!有小小的野花，有嫩嫩的桑叶，还有青青的小草。”在说话写话时就指导他们用上“……有……有……还有……”这样的句式，学生写到“我家冰箱里存放的东西可丰富啦!有又嫩又绿的黄瓜;有鲜红的西红柿;还有白嫩的豆腐”。学生学会了仿写段，也就为写篇打下了基础。

其次，指导仿写课文的写作方法，进行篇的训练。语文教材中安排的课文都是佳作，无论是语言文字，还是篇章结构都是学生学习的典范。从语文教学实践看，学生从读学写，由仿照写到创写效果明显。学生读一篇好文章既可以学到作者的观察方法、思维方法、还可以学到表达方法，经过由仿照写到创写，走一条写好作文的捷径。如学习了《假如》这篇课文，让学生模仿这一课的写法写了想象作文《假如我有一支马良的神笔》，学生写出的作文用词恰当，表达清晰，写出了自己内心的愿望，充满了一片纯洁的爱心。这样就可以把课内学到的知识巧妙地运用到了作文教学当中，达到了学以致用的目的。

四、学生良好的写作习惯，离不开有效的写作步骤指导

有效的写作步骤，我认为离不开想、说、写、读、改。

想：写作之前先想清楚要写什么内容，作文要求是什么。这时，教师对学生写作选材做及时地指导，引导他们打开记忆，选取记忆中印象最深刻的部分。这样既可以紧扣作文要求，又可以表达出自己的真情实感。

说：想好后，同桌先练习说一说，在互相说的过程中，指出对方用词不当之处，交代不清楚、不具体的地方等等，都可以进行再思考调整。这样做，既避免了写作时前言不搭后语的现象，又锻炼了学生的口头表达能力。

写：觉得自己思路清楚，说得通顺连贯，比较满意了，就可以进行写作了。

读：写完后，还要读一读，找出错别字及用得不当的词句等，养成边读边想的好习惯。

改：在认真读的基础上，修改自己找出有毛病的地方，学会修改自己作文的能力。然而许多小学生有这样的问题：若要他把自己写的东西进行修改，那他就找不出毛病来，但如果让他去修改同学的作文，去挑别人作文中的毛病，他倒真能找出许多不当的地方，有的甚至连老师也想不到。根据小学生的这种心理特点，我因势利导地让他们通过作文的“互改”去发现问题，提高自己的作文能力。

只要培养学生留心观察生活和阅读积累的习惯，再加上教师的善于启发、巧于点拨、及时激励，我相信学生的写作能力一定会提高。

小作文一般以书信居多，因此，在写作时要注意一下两点。

第一，既然是书信，一定要按照书信的格式写作。阅卷老师最先注意到的就是格式，其次才通过阅读看看内容是否符合要求。不注意格式，肯定被扣分。还不熟悉书信格式的同学赶紧多多练习。

第二，要仔细审题。这个问题年年在强调，但是年年有人不注意，写作时往往会跑题。这样怎么能得高分?考试时时间很紧张，怎样快速审题?笔者建议大家首先要脑子里要迅速构建一副写作场景，接下来要抓住关键词，然后围绕场景和关键词进行扩展。这一点不是说一说看一看就能掌握，需要同学们现在多做强化训练。

具体写作就按照题目要求一个点写一段，总共分三段。这样给人的印象是重点突出、条理清晰。下面就以2014年小作文为例，简单分析一下每一段怎么写。

称呼：Dear John,注意称呼中，所有实词首字母全部大写，Dear John后面的逗号不可丢，也不能写成冒号。

正文：

第一段：写作内容需涵盖两点：自我介绍，写信目的。文章开门见山就是自我介绍，用到了这样的表达：I am Li Ming who will go to study in your university and live together with you in one department. 其中的“I am …who…”这个句型来自于建议信的表达，放在这里也十分贴切。接下一句话表明了写信目的：Now I am writing this letter to tell you some of my habits and ask you for some suggestions to adapt myself there.

第二段：写作内容为习惯介绍以及寻求建议。首先，介绍自己的生活习惯，自己一般早上六点起床外出锻炼;周末一般在图书馆看书;其次，希望John就如何适应当地生活给自己一些建议。

第三段：写作内容表示期待，良好祝愿。用到了这样的表达：I am looking forward to seeing you soon and wish everything goes well.

落款：Yours sincerely, 特别提醒sincerely后面逗号不能丢;

签名：Li Ming，特别注意Li Ming 后面一定不能出现句点。

附注：

1、格式

称呼：英语应用文称呼有这样的特点，如果是不认识的人，一般称呼为敬词+尊称。例如，DearSirorMadam或者ToWhomItMayConcern(需注意每个单词首字母都大写);如果是写给关系正式的某团体或个人，称呼为敬词+尊称+名。例如，DearMr.xx或DearMs.xx;;对于关系较亲密的人可以直呼其名，即Dearxx。需要注意的是：1.称呼要顶格写;2.称呼之后要加逗号或者冒号(推荐大家用逗号，因为历年的高分范文都是用逗号的)。

正文：正文格式一般有两种格式，一是缩进式，即首段开头空四个字母，段落之间不空行;一是齐头式，即每段开头不空格，但是各段之间空一行。老师建议考生采用缩进式，因为如果用齐头式，段间空行的话很可能答题空间不够，导致字数不够。

2、语言

写作用词准确是最基础的要求之一。其次，句型可以多变，例如既有并列句，也有复合句，还有从句，但注意语法运用要正确。此外还要注意，正式语言一般是写给具有正式关系的团体或机构，这种情况不用缩略语和口语用法。除了正式的文体以外，其他的文体皆为非正式文体，像写给朋友的书信等。

一般小作文的考查要求中会体现出写该篇的目的和场合，所以考生在写作时要注意针对不同场合使用不同语言，使交流得以进行。另外，考生也要注意不同的应用文有不同的用语。建议考生对某些应用文的格式和习惯用语，应该加以熟悉和背诵，以便运用自如。

3、其他

考生在考试时注意在看到题目要求后不要忙于动笔，虽说小作文的字数充其量在一百多个单词，但是依旧要在脑子里理清思路。最好能够在仔细审题以后，认真列个提纲，这样更有利于思路清晰。写作时，注意表达清楚以下几个方面：首先交代清楚写信目的;其次为了让阅卷者对你的文章结构及表意一目了然，注意关联词或衔接词的运用;接下来，应该对个人的观点进行阐述(在写作有此必要的时候)。最后，行文间要注意简化描述，用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。在作文完成的时候，应该检查、修改，以免遗漏一些需要表达清楚的要点和细节。