高考英语写作讲解（汇总20篇）

初一是正式开始写英语作文，怎么样才能写出好的英语作文呢?

一、充分准备，打好基础。

为了提高初一英语作文写作水平，平时应加强阅读，多背诵一些句形、段落甚至短文。俗话说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，只有多读，多记，多背诵，才能出口成章，下笔成文。此外，写好初一英语作文还要掌握一些应用文体的写作方法，如书信、日记、通知等，它们大多有固定的格式。

二、认真审题，明确要求

在写初一英语作文的时候仔细看清写作要求和提示，分清材料的主次，接着确定体裁、格式和人物、地点等要素;最后确定时态，同时考虑相关的语态搭配用法。

三、遣词造句、表达规范

初一英语作文用词要恰当，不可逐句把提示翻译成英语。写作时，应尽量选用你最熟悉、最有把握的词和句型来表达思想。如果有些单词不会些，有些句型不会表达，可以设法绕开，用熟悉的同义词、同义短语或同义句来代替。要学会善于运用适当的关联词，如and, or, but, so，because, since等，以使初一英语作文行文逻辑紧密，自然流畅。

四、认真撰写，卷面整洁

初一英语考试中也会有初一英语作文题，如果时间允许，书面表达一定要先写草稿。在抄写入答题卷前，要先进行检查修改。首先检查所写内容是否切题;之后检查主题是否明确，表达方式是否恰当;最后检查所用时态、语态、人称是否符合要求，前后是否一致。

英语写作常用名言

1.Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量 2.Live and learn. 活到老,学到老

3.The more you know, the more you find you don’t know. 知之愈多,便觉知之愈少

4.Never teach a fish to swim. 切勿班门弄斧

5.Never too old to learn; never too late to turn. 学习不厌老,改过不嫌迟 6.Better sense is the head than cents in the pocket. 口袋里有钱不如头脑里有知识

7. The greatest artist was once a beginner. 最伟大的艺术家也曾是个初学者 8.It’s never too late to learn. 活到老,学到老 9.A good book is a good friend. 好书如同挚友

10. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会学习不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻

11. A young idler, and old beggar. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲

12. By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it.读书使人充实,交谈使人精明

13. Experience must be bought. 吃一堑,长一智

14. There is no royal road to learning. 学问无捷径

15. Imagination is more important than knowledge. 想象力比知识更重要 16. The empty vessels make the greatest sound. 满瓶不响,半瓶咣当

17. If you don’t learn to think when you are young, you may never learn.如果你年轻的时候没有学会思考,那么就永远学不会思考

18.There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.最有益的是知识,最有害的是无知

高考英语作文中常用一些大家都知道的短句能为自己的作文加分。下面是语文迷整理的英语作文短句，供大家参考。

1. at the thought of一想到…

2. as a whole (=in general) 就整体而论

3. at will 随心所欲

4. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be wellsupplied with) 富于，富有

5. access(to) (不可数名词) 能接近，进入，了解

6. by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地，意外.Without accident(=safely)安全地，

7. of one’s ownaccord(=without being asked; willingly; freely)自愿地 ,主动地

8. in accord with 与…一致 . out ofone’s accord with 同…。不一致

9. with one accord (=with everybodyagreeing)一致地

10. in accordance with (=in agreement with)依照，根据

11. on one’s own account

1) 为了某人的缘故， 为了某人自己的利益

2) (=at one’s own risk) 自行负责

3) (=by oneself)依靠自己

12. take…intoaccount(=consider)把..。考虑进去

13. give sb. an account of 说明， 解释 (理由)

14. account for (=give an explanation orreason for) 解释，说明。

15. on account of (=because of) 由于，因为。

16. on no account(=in no case, for noreason)绝不要，无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装)

17. accuse…of…(=charge…with; blamesb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ;

complain about) 指控，控告

18. be accustomed to (=be in the habit of,be used to)习惯于。

19. be acquainted with(=to have knowledgeof) 了解; (=to have met socially)熟悉

20. act on 奉行，按照…行动; act as 扮演; act for 代理

21. adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) 使自己适应于

22. adapt…(for) (=make sth.Suitable for a new need) 改编，改写(以适应新的需要)

23. in addition (=besides) 此外， 又， 加之

24. in addition to(=as well as, besides,other than)除…外

25. adhere to (=abide by, conform to,comply with, cling to, insist on,

persist in, observe, opinion, belief ) 粘附; 坚持， 遵循

26. adjacent(=next to, close to) 毗邻的， 临近的

27. adjust..(to) (=change slightly)调节; 适应;

28. admit of (=be capable of, leave roomfor) …的可能，留有…的余地。

29. in advance (before in time) 预告， 事先

30. to advantage 有利的，使优点更加突出地

31. have an advantage over 胜过

have the advantage of 由于…处于有利条件

have the advantage of sb。知道某人所不知道的事

32. take advantage of (=make the best of,utilize, make use of, profit from,

harness)利用

33. agree with 赞同(某人意见) agreeto 同意

34. in agreement (with) 同意， 一致

35. ahead of 在…之前， 超过…. ahead of time 提前

36. in the air 1)不肯定， 不具体. 2)在谣传中

37. above all (=especially, most importantof all) 尤其是，最重要的

38. in all (=counting everyone oreverything, altogether) 总共，总计

39. after all 毕竟，到底; (not)at all 一点也不;

all at once(=suddenly)突然; once andfor all 只此一次; above all 最重要的; first of

all 首先; all in all 大体上说; be all in 累极了; all but 几乎

40. allow for (=take into consideration,take into account) 考虑到，估计到

41. amount to (=to be equal to) 总计， 等于。

42. answer for (undertake responsibilityfor, be liable for, take chargefor) 对…负责。

43. answer to (=conform to) 适合，符合。

44. be anxious about 为…焦急不安; 或anxious for

45. apologize to sb. for sth. 为…向…道歉

46. appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人呼吁.appeal to sb. 对某人有吸引力

47. apply to sb. for sth. 为…向…申请; applyfor申请; apply to 适用。

48. apply to 与…有关;适用

49. approve of (=consent to, be in favorof, favor, agree to, consider good,

right) 赞成， approve vt. 批准

50. arise from(=be caused by) 由…引起。

51. arrange for sb./sth. to do sth. 安排…做…

52. arrive on 到达; arrive at到达某地(小地方);得出，作出; arrive in 到达某地(大地方);

53. be ashamed of (=feel shame, guilt orsorrow because of sth. done)

以…为羞耻

54. assure sb. of sth. (=try to cause tobelieve or trust in sth.)

向…保证，使…确信。

55. attach(to) (=to fix, fasten; join) 缚， 系 ,结

56. make an attempt at doing sth. (to dosth.) 试图做…

57. attend to (=give one’s attention,care and thought)注意，照顾;attend

on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after) 侍候，照料

58. attitude to/ toward …对…的态度。看法

59. attribute…to…(=to believesth. to be the result of…)把.。归因于..,

认为.。是.。的结果

60. on the average (=on average, on anaverage) 平均

61. (be) aware of (=be conscious of ,having knowledge or

consciousness)意识到，知道。

62. at the back of (=behind) 在…后面

63. in the back of 在…后部(里面); on theback of 在…后部(外面); be on one’s back(=be

ill in bed) 卧病不起。

64. at one’s back(=supportingor favoring sb.) 支持，维护; have sb. at one’s back

有…支持，有…作后台

65. turn one’s back on sb. (=turnaway from sb. in an impolite way)

不理睬(某人),背弃，抛弃

66. behind one’s back 背着某人(说坏话)

67. be based on / upon 基于

68. on the basis of 根据…, 在…基础上

69. beat…at 在…运动项目上打赢

70. begin with 以…开始. tobegin with (=first of all) 首先，第一(经常用于开始语)

71. on behalf of (=as the representativeof) 以…名义

72. believe in(=have faith or trust in;consider sth./sb. to be true)

相信，依赖，信仰。

73. benefit (from) 受益，得到好处。

74. for the benefit of 为了…的利益(好处)

75. for the better 好转

76. get the better of (=defeat sb.) 打败， 胜过。

77. by birth 在出生上，论出身，按血统 at birth在出生时; give birth to 出生

78. blame sb. for sth. 因…责备某人 .blame sth. on sb. 把…推在某人身上

79. in blossom开花(指树木) be inblossom开花(强调状态) come into blossom开花(强调动作)

80. on board 到船上， 在船上， 上火车或飞机

81. boast of (or about) 吹嘘

82. out of breath 喘不过气来

83. in brief(=in as few words as possible)简言之

84. in bulk 成批地，不散装的

85. take the floor 起立发言

86. on business 出差办事。

87. be busy with sth。于某事。 be busydoing sth. 忙于做某事

88. last but one 倒数第二。

89. but for (=without) 要不是. 表示假设

90. buy sth. for…money 用多少钱买

91. be capable of 能够， 有能力

be capable of being +过去分词：是能够被…的

92. in any case(=for love or money, at anyrate, at any price, at any cost,

whatever happens; anyhow)无论如何

93. in case (=for fear that) 万一;

94. in case of (=in the event of)如果发生…万一

in the case of 至于…, 就…而言

95. in no case在任何情况下都不(放句首倒装句)

96. be cautious of 谨防

97. center one’s attentionon(=focus one’s attention on) 把某人的注意力集中在…上

98. be certain of (=be sure of) 有把握， 一定。

99. for certain of (=for sure )肯定地，有把握地

100. by chance(=accidentally, by accident)偶然

1、开头部分

How nice to hear from you again. Let me tell you something about the activity. I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th. I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit. I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.

2、结尾部分

With best wishes. I’m looking forward to your reply. I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.

导语：英语写作中有不少短语和表达大家会经常用到，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关英语写作50条常用短语句子，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. 经济的快速发展 the rapiddevelopment of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长theremarkableimprovement/ steady growth ofpeople’s livingstandard

3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw publicattention

8.不可否认 Itis undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题 a controversialissue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少 be indispensableto …

19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychologicalburden

30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质 comprehensivequality

37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

38.加大了…的可能性 increase the chances of

39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40. 应当承认 Admittedly

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43.可靠的信息源 a reliablesource of information

44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I

46.方便快捷 convenient andefficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection /environmentallyfriendly

49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of scienceandtechnology

在英语教学中，培养学生听、说、读、写的能力是相辅相成的。经常练习写作，可以巩固和发展听说能力 ，还可以促进阅读能力的提高。写作能促使学生勤复习、多思考。通过对一词一句反复推敲，有助于提高使用 语言的准确性。学习用英语写作是培养英语思维能力的重要途径之一，有了一定的英语思维能力，英语学习就 能产生一个相应的飞跃。因此，在高中阶段指导、培养学生写英语作文是不容等闲视之的。

用英语解释生词，为学生打好写作基础。教师应创造语言环境，通过耳濡目染、潜移默化，培养用英语思 维的习惯。在教每课的单词和词组时，要尽量用学生学过的单词、词组进行解释。刚开始时，可由教师用英语 解释生词，后来可让学生根据汉语释意，用自己学过的单词、词组解释。这样，经过一段时间的训练，学生的 英语思维能力就会有所提高，为英语写作打下较好的基础。在作文时，如果不知道某个东西的英语表达方式而 又无词典可查，这时学生就会用其释义来代替，如用“a person who nakes clothes”来代替“atailor”， 这虽不完全符合英语语言习惯，但对初学写作的高中生来说还是值得鼓励的。

通过缩写和改写课文，培养学生的英语概括能力。缩写课文会激励学生去认真钻研课文内容，有助于加深 学生对课文的理解，提高学生归纳总结和进行简要表达的能力。缩写课文允许改动原意，不允许删去主要内容 。缩写课文一般应该用自己的话来写，不能只停留在拼凑原文的词句上，也不要逐句、逐段照原文去改写。这 些均通过示例让学生明白和掌握，并在实践中让他们仔细加以体会。改写课文可以培养学生举一反三的语言表 达能力，熟练掌握英语表达方法，促使学生去钻研、去思考，调动学习的积极性，学生把学过的知识运用到实 际中去，这对于提高英语水平大有裨益。改写，除了我们通常所说的句子、段落的释义之外，还包括用其他体 裁改写整篇课文。如高中英语第一册第三课短剧“The Lost Necklace”可改写为记叙文。有的课文，如高中英 语第一册“The Blind Men And The Elephant”和第十课“At A Tailors Shop”等，就可以让学生改写成短 剧，并让他们在班上表演。有的课文故事是第三人称叙述的，如“The Footprint”，就可以让学生用第一人称 加以改写，使他们身临其境，自由发挥。这样可创造情景，促使他们“下笔如有神”。

以多题材、多形式的自由作文训练，加强意念功能的培养。经过一段时间的缩写和改写的笔头训练之后， 学生对写作有了一定的基础和兴趣，就可以放手让他们进行多种题材的自由作文训练，使学生在自由表达思想 和内心感受中，加强意念功能培养。(1) 练习写周记日记是培养学生英语自由写作能力的第一步。写周记日记 ，学生不受内容和经验的限制，可就熟悉的题材，充分发挥自己的想象力，自由表达。(2) 看图作文新颖活泼 ，能激发学生英语写作的积极性。可以用流传较广的传说、故事作图，让学生写记叙文。比如画几幅老鼠商议 给猫挂铃铛的图，让学生以“The cat and the bell”作文。也可画一幅漫画，让学生写简易议论文。如画一 幅之人向三个方向划一条小船，让学生写出情景加以评论，并命题。(3) 作文可由教师统一命题，也可由学生 自由命题。命题作文要注意先易后难，开始让学生写一些自己熟悉、易于表达的题材。如：“Our School”、 “My Family”、“A Letter To Somebody”、“ARepectable Teacher”、“Life In Summer Vacation”等。 在此基础上，提高一步，写一些较难的题目。如:My Idea, Money And Happiness等。刚开始练习命题作文写作 时，可让学生课外完成，规定交作文日期即可。经过一段时间后，可要求他们在课堂上完成，借以培养他们的 思考能力，提高快速写作的能力。

通过讲评帮助学生逐步掌握写作要领。作文批阅应与课堂讲评相结合，一方面在班上朗诵优秀作文，说明 其好在哪里。另一方面要分析各种典型错误，尤其是汉式英语，务必通过讲译，使学生进一步了解错误产生的 原因，以及如何纠正。为了加深印象，避免讲评中烦琐指点，最好对各种错误进行分类整理，教师应注意分类 的合理性和系统性。

1

主语＋谓语(不及物动词)：S+V

It will rain tomorrow.

He often runs in the morning.

They cried.

Tom exercises every day.

2

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语：S+V+O

I miss my mother very much.

She wants to go home now.

The English club is going to hold an English party.

They all love her.

3

主语＋系动词＋表语：S+V+P

The music sounds wonderful.

The leaves have turned red.

She is a student.

We keep silent about that.

4

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语（人）＋直接宾语（物）：S+V+IO+DO

The teacher gave a book to him.=The teacher gave him a book.

They told me an interesting story.

The waitress offered me a bottle of wine.

My father will buy me a bike.=My father will buy a bike for me.

Miss Smith teaches us English.

5

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语：                                      S+V+O+C

They call me Xiao Wang.

I saw him swimming in the river.

We elected him monitor of the class.

初中英语写作技巧书面表达，首先要抓住所给的提示，然后运用所学词汇、语法及句型，避繁就简，简明表达要讲的内容。小编整理了初中英语写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、充分准备。打好基础。

为了提高书面表达水平，平时应加强阅读，应背诵一些句型、段落甚至短文。只要读得多、背得多，就能出口成章，下笔成文。其实，用英文写信，记日记等都是学生力所能及且行之有效的练习写作的好方法。

二、仔细审题，明确要求。

对题目所提供的信息要认真分析，明确要求，做到心中有数。要对所提供的信息加以分析、整理，使之更加具体化、条理化，为开始动笔做好准备工作，还要搞清题目的要求，以便根据不同的题材、体裁，写出不同格式，风格各异的文章，此外，还要注意人称、时态、地点等信息，避免出错。

三、抓住重点。寻求思路。

根据题目所提供的信息，草拟提纲，寻求逻辑次序，确定如何下手，否则，语无伦次的文章将不会被人接受，也不可能得到高分。

四、遣词造句，表达规范。

用词要适当，不可逐句把提示汉译英，亦不可生拼硬凑，不要硬拿英语单词到中文句子里去对号，否则写出中文式英语，闹出笑话。一般来讲，写作时，应尽量选出你有把握的词，尽量使用短句(简单句)。如果有的单词不会写，有的思想不会用英语表达，你可以设法绕开，最好找一个同义词、同义句，或近义词、词组短语来代替。要正确使用关联词，如and，or，but，so，because，since等，以便行文自然流畅。

五、修改润色，锦上添花。

作文写完之后，应注意检查修改，修改时先从全局修改。首先要检查主题是否明确，表达方式是否恰当，接下来检查所写内容是否切题，该交待的内容是否交待了，最后检查所用时态、人称是否符合要求，最后是否一致。

写完后，还应仔细校阅1—2遍。校阅要逐词逐句进行，注意检查语法、拼写、标点、大小写等方面的错误。校阅是自检的最后一关，应严肃认真的进行，尽可能地消灭一切差错，增强文章的效果。

因此，要写好一篇作文，不仅需要具有丰富的思想内容，掌握扎实的词汇、语法及修辞等方面的语言基本功，而且还需要掌握因不同思维方式和文化背景而形成的英语特有的篇章机构模式 惟有这样才能进行最有效的书面交际活动。

Han, also known as the Chinese family is the main part of the Chinese nation, for the ancient tribes and culture, descendants of the tribe or Chinese people. The han nationality or a in history has never been interrupted, long, also is the worlds most populous nation.

According to the pre-qin literature records and xia, shang and Zhou Li scope, the ancient ancestors of the han nationality can be generally up long mountain, mount tai in the east and west of Huang Hezhong, downstream for activity area; Are mainly distributed in the area of yangshao culture and longshan culture of these two types of neolithic culture, as the pioneers of the han Chinese ancient cultural relics. The two civilization as the representative of the circle of Chinese civilization.

For the ancestors of the han emperor and yan emperor in the central plains tribe alliance leader and an outbreak of e. springs, yan emperor tribes, incorporated into the huangdi tribe, yanhuang alliance into shape. Later, they defeated here in integration involved problems.the zhuolu war nine li group leader human-god, expand the coalition forces to todays shandong province. And then to yan tribes and huangdi tribe as the main body, and formed a larger part of shandong province here tribe of huaxia tribal alliance, huaxia basic fixed source. Before the 2100-2100 BC in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River descendants of the yellow emperor group has established the xia dynasty, shang dynasty and zhou dynasty.

In 221, before the qin dynasty unified China, huaxia clan from division to unity again. Han the pre-qin period claimed to China, from the beginning of the han dynasty and gradually appear "han" claim. Therefore, huaxia clan has another name: han. But the original title "huaxia" did not disappear, but with the name "han" used together ever since.

According to genetic research compare migration history record of fudan university, the expansion of the han nationality is mainly from north to south in the history of the mobile population. Before the jin han are mainly distributed in the north, and later due to factors such as always fine the disorderly moves southward migration, migrating south han and gene with the han nationality and language different aboriginal mixed in southern China. From north to south in the history of this mass movement has also changed the civil population distribution density.

汉族又名华夏族，是中国的主体民族，为上古时期黄帝部落和炎帝部落的后裔，即炎黄子孙。汉族还是一个在历史上从未中断过的、悠久的民族，也是世界上人口最多的民族。

据先秦文献的记载与夏、商、周立都范围，汉族的远古先民大体以西起陇山、东至泰山的黄河中、下游为活动地区;主要分布在这一地区的仰韶文化和龙山文化这两个类型的新石器文化，为汉族远古先民的文化遗存。这两个文明为华夏文明圈的代表。

汉族的祖先黄帝和炎帝在中原为争夺部落联盟首领而爆发了阪泉之战，炎帝部落战败，并入黄帝部落，炎黄联盟初具雏形。后来他们在涿鹿之战中打败了东夷集团的九黎族首领蚩尤，把联盟势力扩大至今日的山东境内。后又以炎帝部落和黄帝部落为主体，与山东境内的部分东夷部落组成了更庞大的华夏部落联盟，华夏族源基本固定。公元前2100～前770年黄河中下游黄帝集团的后裔先后建立了夏朝、商朝、周朝。

前221年，秦统一中国，华夏族又从分裂走向统一。汉族先秦时期自称华夏，从汉朝开始又逐渐出现“汉”的自称。因此，华夏族有了另一个名字：汉。但原先的称谓“华夏”并没有消失，而是与“汉”这个称谓一起使用至今。

根据复旦大学的基因研究对照历史迁移记录，汉民族的扩张主因是历史上的由北往南的人口移动。在晋朝以前汉族主要分布于中国北方，随后因永嘉之乱等因素大举向南迁徙，南迁汉族则和与汉族基因及语言相异的中国南方原住民混居。这历史上由北往南的大规模移动也改变了南北人口分布密度。

Lets prevent H1N1 from happening to usDuring the last few months,H1N1 ful has set off across the whole world.If we have the right way to prevent it ,it wont scare.Here are some suggestions for you:First of all,you should cover your mouth with a napkin whtn you cough re sneeze,Next youd better stay away from the public place if possible, if you have to,please wear a mask.Wash your hands carefully before meals and always keep your windows open so that the air will be fresh.At last,try to do more excisice to make your body strong so that you can stay in health.I think this is the most important.

最近这几个月里，H1N1病毒在全世界引发起来。如果我们用正确的方法预防它，免费学英语网站，它就不会那么可怕。这里有一些为你的建议：首先，当你在咳嗽或者打喷嚏的时候，你应该用手捂着嘴。然后你最好尽可能的离公共场所远一点，如果你必须去，免费英语学习网站，请戴上口罩。饭前仔细洗手，经常打开窗后这样使空气保持清新。最后你应该做更多的运动去使你身体更强壮，这样你就可以保持健康了。我认为这才是最重要的。

英语写作：Freedom in my Dream

在写作文的时候都会有这样的疑问：什么叫“有文采”？作文怎样做到“有文采”？下面是小编整理的高考作文7个写作技巧，欢迎大家阅读！

一、化抽象为形象

请比较下面两个句子：

1．繁忙的工作之后，女孩开始有些想家了。

2．繁忙的工作之后，女孩喜欢一个人爬上顶楼，面对家的方向，去读雁阵、夕阳。（颜文静《寻人启事》）

两句话虽然都表达“女孩想家了”，但前一句只是一般性的交代，“想家”是抽象的、模糊的，而后一句是通过女孩“一个人爬上顶楼，面对家的方向，去读雁阵、夕阳”的意象，蕴蓄思念萦怀、感伤别离的孤独感、凄凉感的，很容易使人想起“乡书何处达？归雁洛阳边”“断送一生憔悴，只消几个黄昏”之类的诗句，所以给人的印象特别深。

二、化静态为动态

莱辛在《拉奥孔》中说，动态之美是一纵即逝却令人百看不厌的美，比一般的美能产生更强烈的效果。正因为如此，对那些静态的事物，我们要善于“化静为动”，使之富有生气，充满活力。例如孔孚的《千佛山龙泉洞某佛前即景》，是这样描写佛像和绿苔的：

他微笑着，看苔爬上脚趾，他微笑着，听苔跃上双膝，他微笑着，任苔侵佛头……

佛本是静态的，就是生长着的苔在我们看到的一刹那也是静止的，作者却用“微笑、看、听”“爬、跃、侵”等动词，使佛和绿苔动态化了，仿佛有了生命似的。山水名胜，多为静物，静则无势，无势则不能动人，所以，要善于让静物动起来，让无生命的东西活起来。

三、绘形绘声绘色

所谓“绘形绘声绘色”，就是把自然界的声响、物体的形状与色彩等具体地描写出来，使人有身临其境的感受。陀斯妥耶夫斯基举过一个例子，他说“有个小银圆落在地上”，这个句子不够好，应该写成“有个小银圆，从桌上滚了下来，在地上丁丁铛铛地跳着”（转引自秦牧《语林采英》）。这样一来，就有声有色了。

四、幽默俏皮活泼

表达过于严肃，不免给人沉重感、压抑感，来一点幽默，讲一点俏皮话，能使文章形象生动，活泼有趣。请看高考满分作文《跟时代一起改变》收尾部分：

我们并不一定要追赶潮流，完全可以做自己；并不需要一味地学着人家的样儿，完全可以做更“高级”的事。

改变自己，使自己有高尚的品行，而不是只知“忙”。

改变自己，使自己有爱国的情操，而不是“爱大米”。

改变自己，使自己有出色的修养，而不是只看搞笑和言情。

改变自己，让自己有鹤立鸡群的素质，如今个性也是潮流，像这种特点，无疑是最“in”的。

周围的一切，正在对我们的成长形成影响，而它们常常是负面甚至颓废的，真是“一点技术含量也没有”。但只要改变自己，我们一样可以拥有过人的气质。否则，“后果很严重”。

作者娴熟地运用杂文笔法，写得亦庄亦谐，轻松自如，使文章具有了特殊的情调，读之令人忍俊不禁。

五、善用修辞手法

根据表达的需要，恰当地运用比喻、拟人、借代、夸张、对偶、排比、设问、反问等修辞方法，可以有效地增强文章的表达效果。请看数例：

1．蜘蛛也惜春归去，网住残红不放飞。

以“残红”代落花，鲜明生动；用拟人手法，生动地表达出惜春之情。

2．水清鱼读月；山静鸟谈天。

用对偶，有音乐之美；用拟人，不仅表现出环境的优美、幽静，而且渲染了一种让人心旷神怡的浓郁的书卷气。

3．那双眼睛，如秋水，如寒星，如宝珠，如白水银里头养着两丸黑水银……（刘鹗《老残游记》）

用博喻刻画白妞的眼睛：“秋水”见其清澈纯净，“寒星”见其晶莹明亮，“宝珠”见其圆润光泽，“水银”见其黑白分明、水灵生动。这双眼睛真是顾盼传情，美丽动人。

4．春听鸟声，夏听蝉声，秋听虫声，冬听雪声；白昼听棋声，月下听箫声，山中听松声，水际听欸乃声，方不虚此生耳。（张潮《幽梦影》）

运用排比，列举一连串悦耳之声，令人浮想联翩，心旌摇荡。

5．少年读书，如隙中窥月；中年读书，如庭中望月，老年读书，如台上玩月。皆以阅历之浅深，为所得之浅深耳。（同上）

以赏月喻读书，表达读书所获与阅历相关的道理，深入浅出。

6．这个地方花朵是太少了，颜色全被女人占去；石头是太少了，坚强全被男人占去；土地是太贫乏了，内容全被枣儿占去；树木是太枯瘦了，丰满全被羊肉占去。（贾平凹《延川城》）

用对比的手法，凸现延川少花少石、土地贫瘠、树木枯瘦和女人美丽、男人坚强、枣大羊肥的特点，造语新奇，让人过目不忘。

7．石墨黑不溜秋，稀松平常，价格低廉；而金刚石光彩熠熠，坚硬无比，价值连城。两者相比，如同鱼鳅与蛟龙，宛若毛虫与彩蝶，好比麻雀与凤凰，犹如地上的癞蛤蟆与碧霄的白天鹅……（《悦纳压力》）

鲜明的对比，生动的比喻，不仅突出了石墨与金刚石之间的天壤之别，而且给人审美的享受。

8．白生生、轻飘飘、软绵绵的棉花糖，在风中颤颤悠悠，好像一片洁白的云要从我手上飞走，我赶紧把它们往怀里靠一靠，拢一拢。我一跑，棉花糖似乎又要飞走，我赶紧把它们团一团，捏一捏……（王珂《甜丝丝的回忆》）

“洁白的云”的比喻形象、贴切，委实引人入胜。

六、注意句式变化

整句和散句、长句和短句灵活搭配，交替使用，语言就会变化多姿，产生特殊的美感。比如2006年浙江卷满分作文《且息且行》中的一段话：

有的人征服了高峰，又举目遥望更险峻的山崖；探得了魂宝，又跃跃于另一次奇异的冒险；策马路过梅园，却一心想着直奔边关，戍国杀敌。

这样的人不是痴顽，而是执著，他们在奔波里冲击生命的极限，在征服里体验生命的快乐，在“无所息”里实现自己的终极意义……最伟大的战士，都渴望战死沙场，在死神带来的永恒憩息面前，他们粲然微笑，死得其所。

这几段文字风格典雅，词语丰富，使用了许多成语、典故；从句式的角度看，以整句为主，兼用散文的章法，注重整散、对称与呼应，形成了一种整散结合的美。

七、引用化用名句

阅读面广、知识面宽、文化底蕴丰厚的同学，在符合题意的前提下不妨多引用、化用名言警句，以尽情展示自己的才华。例如2006年福建卷《月圆是画，月缺是诗》一文中写道：

秋雨先生曾说过，堂皇转眼凋零，喧腾是短命的别名。在流光溢彩的日子里，生命被铸上妖冶的印记。此时此刻，所谓生命的空白，或许就是一种“花开花落两由之”的淡泊心境吧。有哲人云：圣者，常人肯安心者矣。有时候，生命需要隐匿，心灵需要蜇居。在蜇居之中，为未来做准备，就是在蓄势，蓄水以后开了匣放水，便可以灌溉大地。

记得海德格尔曾说过，生命充满了劳绩，但还诗意地栖居于这块土地上。要感谢海德格尔，这位精神的探索者，为我的心里留下了一隅空白。让我在心烦意乱之际，能够冷静地思考，吟上一句“人生天地间，若白驹过隙，忽然而已”；让我在忙碌中，能够偷得浮生半日闲，欣赏一段“他年傍得蟾宫客，不在梅边在柳边”的还魂爱情。如五柳先生，“怀良辰以孤往，或植杖而耘籽”；如东坡先生，“诵明月之诗，歌窈窕之章”；如守着瓦尔登湖的梭罗，如遥望乞力马扎罗之雪的海明威……他们都是诗人，在属于自己的空白天地中，诗意地栖居。

这位考生旁征博引，撷英掇华：从余秋雨的名言，到海德格尔的精神；从鲁迅的诗歌《悼杨铨》，到庄子的语录；从《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘的吟咏，到五柳先生的理想展望，再到东坡先生的赤壁放歌；从守着瓦尔登湖的梭罗，到遥望乞力马扎罗之雪的海明威……其视野之广阔、材料之丰赡、信息之密集、语言之精美，令人叹服。

1、organize your thoughts before writing: brainstorm、make an outline、etc。 下笔前整合思绪：脑力激荡，写出纲要等。

2、write clearly。 be concise。 avoid wordiness。写作清晰，务必精简，避免赘言。

3、use good grammar and write complete sentences。 使用好的文法，写出完整句子。

4、write simple sentences。 avoid a fancy style。 尝试简单句，避免花俏的句法。

5、avoid slang、cliche and informal words。 避免俚语、陈腔滥调和非正式用字。

6、avoid use of the first person (i。e。 i/me/my) unless necessary to specific piece。除非必要，避免使用第一人称：如“我/我的”。

7、writing naturally。 read it aloud。 does it sound natural? does it flow? 自然挥洒，大声朗诵。整篇文章听起来自然吗?通顺吗?

8、move logically from one idea to the next。 dont skip steps。 上下句意要合乎逻辑。别毫无章法乱跳。

[坚持八条英语作文的写作守则

Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.船到桥头自然直。下面是小编为你带来的初中英语写作常用谚语，欢迎阅读。

1. All roads lead to Rome.

条条大路通罗马。

2. Well begun is half done.

好的开端是成功的一半。

3. East, west, home is best.

金窝、银窝，不如自己的草窝。

4. First think, then act.

三思而后行。

5. It is never too late to mend.

亡羊补牢，犹为未晚。

6. Time is money.

时间就是金钱。

7. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难见真交。

8. Great hopes make great man.

远大的希望，造就伟大的人物。

9. Where there is a will, there is a way.

有志者，事竟成。

10. Stick to it, and you‘ll succeed.

只要人有恒，万事都能成。

11. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

早睡早起，富裕、聪明、身体好。

12. A good medicine tastes bitter.

良药苦口。

13. It is good to learn at another man‘s cost.

前车之鉴。

14. Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.

船到桥头自然直。

15. No pains, no gains.

不劳则无获。

16. Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.

世上无难事，只要肯登攀。

17. Where there is life, there is hope.

生命不息，希望常在。

18. An idle youth, a needy age.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

19. A plant may produce new flowers; man is young but once.

花有重开日，人无再少年。

20. God helps those who help themselves.

自助者，天助之。

21. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

22. Diligence is the mother of success.

勤奋是成功之母。

23. Truth is the daughter of time.

时间见真理。

24. No man is wise at all times.

智者千虑，必有一失。

25. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

今天能做的事绝不要拖到明天。

26. Kill two birds with one stone.

一石双鸟。

27. Easier said than done.

说起来容易做起来难。

28. Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.

天才一分来自灵感，九十九分来自勤奋。

29. He who laughs last laughs best.

谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。

30. He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything.

身体健壮就有希望，有了希望就有了一切。

31. No man is born wise or learned.

人非生而知之。

32. Action speak louder than words.

事实胜于雄辩。

33. Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue.

勇敢和坚决是美德的灵魂。

34. There is no smoke without fire.

无风不起浪。

35. Many hands make light work.

人多好办事。

36. Reading makes a full man.

读书长见识。

37. Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

胸中有知识，胜于手中有金钱。

38. Seeing is believing.

百闻不如一见。

39. Money is a good servant but a bad master.

要做金钱的主人，莫作金钱的奴隶。

40. It‘s hard sailing when there is no wind.

无风难驶船。

41. The path to glory is always rugged.

通向光荣的道路常常是崎岖的。

42. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.

没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。

43. Quality matters more than quantity.

质重于量。

44. The on-looker sees most of the game.

旁观者清。

45. Joys shared with others are more enjoyed.

与众同乐，其乐更乐。

46. Happiness takes no account of time.

欢乐不觉日子长。

47. Time and tide waits for no man.

岁月不等人。

48. If you want knowledge, you must toil for it.

若要求知，必须刻苦。

49. Learn to walk before you run.

循序渐进。

50. From words to deeds is a great space.

言行之间，大有距离。

51. Skill and confidence are an unconquered army.

技能和信心是无敌的军队。

52. Habit is a second nature.

习惯成自然。

53. Two heads are better than one.

三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。

54. Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.

世上无难事，只怕有心人。

55. You can‘t make something out of nothing.

巧妇难为无米之炊。

56. Nothing for nothing.

不费力气，一无所得。

57. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.

不犯错误者一事无成。

58. Nothing seek, nothing find.

无所求则无所获。

59. A little of every thing is nothing in the main.

每事浅尝辄止，事事都告无成。

60. A great ship asks deep waters.

大船要走深水。

导语：2017年1月10日，重庆一名老人倒地受伤。女医生谭永超正好从旁边过，马上跪地按压急救，直至救护车到来，老人最终化险为夷。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

历史无非就是问题的消亡和解决，现实也无非是问题的存在和发展。从辩证法的角度看待我们所处的世界，本身就是一个不断发现问题、解决问题的过程。关键是要把问题放在中国的现实语境中观察，与国情对接、跟现实对表。

阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

2017年1月10日，重庆一名老人倒地受伤。女医生谭永超正好从旁边过，马上跪地按压急救，直至救护车到来，老人最终化险为夷。报道说，女医生的丈夫在那一瞬心里转过很多念头，老人身份不明、伤情不明、受伤原因也不确定啊!况且胸外心脏按压急救动作幅度、频率都比较大，妻子怀孕6个月了，不宜做剧烈运动……谭医生却没有丝毫犹豫，说这是做医生的习惯，见到病人就要冲上去。现场抢救的照片被人拍下上传网络，网友们点赞如潮。都夸：好医生啊!

请全面理解材料内涵，也可以选择一个角度，联系生活实际构思作文，但不可脱离材料的含意。

要求：立意自定，内容自选，题目自拟，除诗歌外，文体不限。

材料没有难度，一个身份不明的伤者，一位善良的医生，一名体贴的丈夫，一群热心的网友，一个有温度的故事。但如何让善念形成本能反应，如何挖掉恶行背后的养成土壤，值得我们深思。

站在谭永超医生的角度：①让善行成为习惯，让善念成为本能。②救死扶伤是医生的天职，恪守职责是公民基本的道德规范。

站在谭医生丈夫的角度：①小爱在左，大爱在右;患得患失，常常让人见义而不为。②见义勇为与理性同行，应建立在现实条件的基础上。

站在网友的角度：①让正能量化作时代的洪流;惩恶扬善，人人有责。②见贤思齐，见不贤而内自省也。③心存善念，爱满天下。

综合的角度：①每个公民既要守住真善，塑造自我，更要关爱他人，惠及社会。②道德选择离不开平时的养成。③勿以善小而不为，勿以恶小而为之。④铲除恶行滋生的土壤。

英语四级考试目的是推动大学英语教学大纲的贯彻执行，对大学生的英语能力进行客观、准确的测量，为提高我国大学英语课程的教学质量服务。下面是小编为大家带来的基础薄弱如何进行英语四级写作训练的知识，欢迎阅读。

英语四级写作备考可分为四大步骤：

一、 背诵：

首先认真研究历年四级写作真题，重点研究2001年6月—2005年12月的11次真题，分析近年来四级写作的出题规律和考试重点，从语言、结构、 内容三大层面，认真研读经典写作真题范文：语言方面学习范文中的精彩词汇、词组、句型；结构方面学习范文的框架结构、内在逻辑、关联词、同义替换和代词替换；内容方面学习范文的论点、论据和论证。同时背诵精彩写作范文，要求滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善，扎扎实实提高自己的写作实力。历年英语四级六级真题 >>

二、默写：

背诵熟练之后默写下来，仔细对照原文，会发现你默写的文章与原文有一些语法、拼写、标点的区别，这些区别就是你的写作弱点，学习关键在于针锋突破，不要全面出击。这些弱点正是你在考试中扣分的原因所在，把这些弱点意义克服，分数自然就会提高。

三、 中译英：

首先将写作真题范文译为中文，或参考范文的正确译文，然后进行中译英的工作，根据自己的理解把中文译为英文，最后对照英文原文，你会发现你的译文与原文存在较大的差别，这些差别正是你写作低分的症结所在。同样的一个中文句子，仔细对比一下你使用了哪些词汇、词组和句型，原文使用了哪些，这样你的写作水平才会逐渐提高。

四、 写作：

进行完上述工作之后，在考前必须进行写作的工作，只有动笔写作，才会发现自己的问题。可以写5—10篇真题或模拟题，模仿自己曾经背诵过的精彩词汇、词组、句型、框架和范文，写出一篇新的文章。最初不要求速度，但考前一定要进行模考，半小时写出一篇120－150词的文章。写完之后仔细修改其中的语言错误，将其改的更加精彩。

英语写作基础不太好的四级考生，必须按照上述步骤严格进行；基础较好的考生学习顺序正好相反，首先写作，直接写作英语四级真题；其次中译英，在研读原文之前，进行中译英的工作，译完对比，找出差距；然后背诵；最后默写。同时可以准备自己的写作框架，应用文和论说文分别形成固定的写法，积累精彩句型。

导语：中国人民伟大的抗战精神，汇聚起气势磅礴的力量，极大振奋了世界反法西斯的斗志，为各国注入了战胜邪恶力量的信心。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

正视与铭记中国人民在世界反法西斯战争中作出的不可磨灭的历史贡献，是为了守护历史真相与人类良知，与各国一道捍卫用鲜血和生命换来的和平。

“伟大的中国抗战，不但是中国的事，东方的事，也是世界的事”。诚如毛泽东所言，中国人民抗日战争从一开始就具有拯救人类文明、保卫世界和平的重大意义。

20世纪30年代，战争的幽灵在世界各个角落流窜——在非洲，意大利发动侵略埃塞俄比亚战争;在欧洲，除支持佛朗哥集团挑起西班牙内战，德国还吞并奥地利，肢解捷克斯洛伐克;在亚洲，日本在九一八事变后侵占中国东北，直至1937年发动全面侵华战争……

英、法等国采取绥靖政策，签订《慕尼黑协定》后，英国首相张伯伦甚至高喊：“从今以后，整整一代的和平有了保证”。美国奉行“中立”立场，面对日本称霸野心，美国国务卿赫尔甚至安抚日本，称美国将“走一半的路去迎合日本政府”。然而，绥靖“中立”非但没能换来哪怕短暂的和平，反而使法西斯的气焰愈发嚣张。

与此形成鲜明对比，在东方，面对悬殊的军事实力与经济实力，中国人民在抗日民族统一战线旗帜下，以血肉之躯同日本侵略者展开了一场艰苦卓绝的全民族抗战，最终宣告了日本军国主义的彻底失败。

中国人民用实际行动作出表率，并直接影响世界反法西斯战争的进程。中国抗战持续时间最长，牵制和抗击了日本陆军2/3以上的总兵力，消耗了绝大部分日军精锐部队，在战略上有力支援了欧洲和太平洋及亚洲其他地区的反法西斯战争，是当之无愧的东方主战场。

中国人民不仅为自身的主权和领土完整而战，而且为世界和平正义而战。中华儿女与各国人民同仇敌忾、并肩作战，展现了大国的责任与担当。尽管自身异常困难，但中国仍然尽最大努力为朝鲜、越南等亚洲国家和民族提供支援;苏联战场上，毛岸英、唐铎等许多中国热血青年战斗在一线;诺曼底登陆战伊始，中国工程师叶绍荫带领团队研究突破了真空管技术，解决了盟军地对空通信故障，保证飞机掩护配合作战……

积贫积弱的中国如何能够战胜日本军国主义?依靠的是中国人民前所未有的觉悟和团结，是中国共产党领导下坚忍不拔、英勇顽强的全民族抗战精神。伟大的抗战精神感动着、震撼着每一位与之切身接触过的西方人士：埃德加·斯诺感受到中国共产党及其领导的人民军队有一种独特的力量，他称之为“东方魔力”“兴国之光”;白求恩满怀激情地说，“我曾经参加过第一次世界大战，也参加过西班牙战争，然而中国军队这种勇敢的精神，我在世界上还未曾发现过”;哈佛大学政治学与国际事务教授罗斯·特里尔感叹，不管物质条件如何艰苦，他们有共同的目标，他们正用自己的双手建造崭新的世界。

中国人民伟大的抗战精神，汇聚起气势磅礴的力量，极大振奋了世界反法西斯的斗志，为各国注入了战胜邪恶力量的信心。面对德军疯狂进攻，英国首相丘吉尔提出“效法中国”，称赞“中国人民之奇异实力”，苏联最高统帅斯大林提出“以中国为榜样”。美国总统罗斯福致电中国政府，称“中国军队对贵国遭受野蛮侵略所进行的英勇抵抗已经赢得美国和一切热爱自由民族的最高赞誉”，中国人民的坚决抵抗“乃是对其他联合国家军队和全体人民的鼓舞”。

中国人民抗日战争是世界反法西斯战争的重要组成部分，中国人民抗日战争的胜利也是世界和平与正义的胜利。正视并铭记中国在世界反法西斯战争中作出的不可磨灭的历史贡献，正是为了守护历史真相与人类良知，与各国一道捍卫用鲜血和生命换来的和平。

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高考英语作文热门话题——运动会

高中阶段，小编最喜欢的除了放假就是学校开运动会了，因为可以我们可以玩三天！而且还是高质量的玩法。那假如让我写一篇关于体育运动或者运动会的文章呢？呃，这个……让我看看……

Last month we had a sports meeting. Though the weather wasnt very fine that day, the students were all very excited and the whole school was alive.This time, I was even more excited.

上个月，我们学校开了运动会。虽然那天天气并不是非常好，但是同学们都非常兴奋，整个学校一片欢乐的气氛，我更是激动的要命。

Because I went in for the sports meeting and my item was high jump. I didnt want to get any place, I only wanted to enjoy the game because I knew I wasnt good at sports. Joozone.com.

因为我参加了运动会，并且我的项目是跳高。因为我并不擅长于运动，所以我没有想过要取得名次，只想好好的享受比赛。

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When I got to the field with my friend. I was both excited and nervous. When I saw the first height, my heart could hardly heat.

当我和朋友们走进赛区时。我又激动又紧张。当我看到第一个高度时，我的心都快跳爆了。

How high it was! It was higher than our desks. I couldnt believe my eyes. This was too high for me to jump over. I wasnt nervous at that time, while I was a bit afraid. But I had gone there, I must have a try.

好高啊! 比我们课桌都高一大截。我简直不能相信我的眼睛。这让我跳过去，简直太高了。我那时已经不是紧张不安了，取而代之的是害怕。但是我都到这里了，我必须得尝试一下。

Not long after, the game began. The first person was great. He jumped over easily. I was too surprised to say a word. The second was good, too. The third nearly jumped over, but he wasnt bad…

不一会儿，比赛开始了。第一个运动员做的非常好，很容易就跳过去了。我简直惊呆了。第二个也一样顺利完成。第三个刚好越过，但是他不是最差的一个……

It was my turn. I had a deep breath and then ran towards. In front of the pole, I began to 洛基英语是中国英语培训市场上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被验证的东方人英语学习的最佳模式。洛基英

jump. Oh, no! My right foot hit the pole. “I failed.” I thought. And then, another unlucky thing happened.

轮到我了。我深呼一口气跑过去。在杆子前面，我开始跃起。噢，不!我的右脚碰到了杆子。我觉得“我失败了”。但是接下来，更糟糕的事发生了。

I didnt stand firm and I tumbled. I hurt my back badly. At that moment I felt my back was broken. It was too painful. It seemed that the people around field all didnt know that, they only laughed at my foolish posture.

我没有站稳，摔倒了。我的背狠狠的摔了一下。那时我感觉我的背摔坏了。太疼了。我周围的人似乎都不知道发生了什么，他们只是一个劲的笑我愚蠢的姿态。

After a very short rest, I stood up.

休息了一会后，我站了起来。

I push my pain back and then went out of the field with my red face. My friend hurried to come to me. He asked me if this was terrible. I was too pained with my back to answer his questions. I only shook my head. I was sad. Not only I had hurt my back but also I couldnt go on in the game. I had to see the others jump and wish them to get a 洛基英语是中国英语培训市场上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被验证的东方人英语学习的最佳模式。洛基英

good place.

我揉揉我疼痛的背红着脸走出了比赛区域。我的朋友跑过来。他问我是否严重。我强忍背部疼痛回答了他的问题。我只摇头。我很沮丧。不仅仅是摔坏了背，更主要的是我不能再继续参加比赛了。我只能观看其他人的比赛，并祝福他们得到一个好名次。

Though I didnt have the whole game. I was still very happy. Because a lot of my

classmates tried their best in the game and they got a lot of good places. They were all best in my eyes. I was thankful to them for doing their best for our class.

虽然我没有能完成比赛。但我依旧很高兴。因为我的同学们都尽其所能的完成比赛，并且都取得了很好的成绩。他们在我眼里是最棒的。我很感谢他们能为班级做出这么大的贡献。

现在工作了，运动的时间也越来越少了。但是小编还是建议大家每天都要想办法运动一下哦！啥？不知道怎么运动？我们的免费英语站上有方法哦！

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洛基英语是中国英语培训市场上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被验证的东方人英语学习的最佳模式。洛基英

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

​导语：要想写好英语作文，我们平时就得多练习，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1、Taking all thesefactors into consideration，we naturally reasonablycome to the conclusion that…

把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论…

2、Hence/Therefore,we’d better come to the conclusion that smoking has a great influence on ourhealth. 因此，我们最好得出这样的结论…

3、There is nodoubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.

毫无疑问，(跳槽)有优点也有缺点。

4、All in all, we cannot live withoutwater. But at the same time, we must try to find out new ways to cope withthe problems that would arise.

总之，我们没有…是无法生活的。但同时，我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。

5、It is high timethat we put an end to the (trend)。

该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了。

6、It is time to take the adviceof …and to put special emphasis on the improvement of …该是采纳…的建议，并对…的进展给予特殊重视的时候了。

7、不用说…… It goes without saying that= It is obvious that …

例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。It goes without saying that itpays to keep early hours.

8、……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.)to do / that … …

是重要的 It is important(for sb.) to do / that … ……

是适当的 It is proper(for sb.) to do / that ………

是紧急的 It is urgent(for sb.) to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep thepublic places clean.

It is proper that we(should)keep the public places clean.

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

9、Best wishes to you and yours.衷心的祝福你及你的家人。

I’m looking forward to hearing from you. 期待你的回信。

这里重点谈谈议论文思路展开的问题。议论文的思路简单地说其实就是三个短语，小编收集了议论文的思路如何展开，欢迎阅读。

1、总分开路。开头总提问题，然后话分两头剖析，结尾归纳论点，全文构成总分总的关系。中间分说依据一分为二、矛盾对立统一的辩证思维。

2、纵深开路。根据论点逐层论述，由表及里，由浅入深，步步深入，体现透过现象看本质的辩证思考。一般用于需要深层剖析事理的文章。

3、横向开路。围绕论点向横的方向思索，把论述的广度逐步扩大，最后再收拢来。一般用于议论文的事实列举。要注意的是：一则必须紧扣论点展开，一则不能堆砌，展开的各面务必分属不同角度。上举佳作《我们》即是这一思路。

4、纵横交错开路。一般用于比较复杂的论述，主要体现在全文的间架上，在一个段落内极少见到。

5、对比开路。其中一个方面是正面的，一个是反面的。往往是用反面的来突出正面的。行文过程，一般是先正后反;但如果是用正面的来论证反面是错误的，行文过程又往往是先反后正。

6、类比开路。通过讲故事、打比方或引用成语典故，对某些属性相同的事物进行比较，阐明问题，论证论点。行文结构，一般总是先概述用来类比的故事、寓言、成语典故，再引申到要说明的道理上来，进行类比阐发。最关键之点是借以类比的事物和所要说明的道理之间要有共同的属性，要类比得合乎逻辑，要准确把握两者之间的辩证关系。材料作文基本采用这种思路。

7、逆转开路。先从一个方面论述问题，后面忽然来个逆转，否定前面的看法，论述另一种看法，思路发生了大转折。一般常用于对某些错误认识的分析批判。

8、生发开路。有些议论文，上文从正面立论，直接阐明了作者的主张或见解，下文针对某些人不同意作者主张的看法进行驳斥，从而间接论证作者的主张，我们把这种思路称之为生发开路，或叫“生发开，驳异论”。这种辩证开路不但使正面立论更充分更周详，而且有妙笔生花之效果。

1. 大中取小法：如《追求》，从字面上看，题目很虚很大，审题立意时不知如何下手，这类题目就要从小处来写，可以写一个老教师的追求，一个普通工人的追求，一个边防战士的追求，一个中学生的追求，也可以写自己的追求，总之，各种典型人物的追求都可以写。

2. 揭示本体法：题目是喻体或象征体，就应该揭示它的本体。如《春风》、《暖流》，本体可以是党的政策的鼓舞，可以是师长的教导可以是同学的帮助等等。《红叶》，不是写经霜的枫叶，而是要赞颂老干部、老工人、老教师。老革命家等老同志保持晚节、争献余热的高尚粮神。也就是说，《红叶》就是写树老叶红，人老心红。

另外既可作本体来理解，也可作喻体来理解的题目，如《一次不寻常的考试》，则可以写文化科学知识方面的一次实实在在的考试，也可以写思想、道德、行为方面的一次考验。《珍贵的礼物》。可以写人情往来方面的赠送的珍贵物品，也可以写在某方面的突出成绩、成就或成果，还可以指父母、师长或上级领导教育自己的金玉良言。

3. 添加因素法：如《心事》，可以在原题前面加上“我的”、“老师的”、“奶奶的”、“班主任的”等。

4. 改造文字法：如(啊，新世纪)，这个题目抒情色彩很浓，审题的关键在于对“啊’”字的感情色彩的理解，“啊”字很显然含有惊喜、赞美之意，于是可将题目改造为《我赞美新世纪》、《新世纪畅想曲》等。

5. 扩大范围法：题目含意内容很窄，无法取材，可以扩大范围来写。如《在今天的课堂上》，可以将发生在“今e的课堂上的所见所闻”作为文章的线索，穿插回忆昔日课堂内外的事;也可以把“今天”作为广义的今天来理解，写最近一个时期的课堂上的事。

6. 瞬间升华法：如《得与失》、《机会》、《勇气》、《考场》、位置》等，均可叙写发生在一瞬间的事情经过，结尾道目从中悟出的哲理。

相信各位同学学习了以上几点一定对分析作文题目有了很多的想法和认识，加上平时复习中的对这类文章的着重训练，考生一定可以在高考中下笔有神、胸有成竹的!

【精讲与精练】

记叙文是以记叙为主，综合运用描写，抒情，议论等表达方式的一种文体。在近几年高考中，越来越多的考生开始选择写记叙文。优秀记叙文在高考阅卷现场尤其受到阅卷老师的青睐。

综观这些高考优秀记叙文，呈现如下特点：1.语言生动形象。2.人物丰满鲜活。3.叙事波澜起伏。4.情感真挚动人。与此相反，考生在写记叙文时也有很多失误，主要表现为：1.写人缺乏肖像、语言、心理、动作等描写，以致人物显得干瘪;2.叙述太过平淡，不带情感，缺乏感人的力量;3.表达方式太单调，如同白开水，索然无味。

那么，如何才能写出一篇优秀的记叙文呢?

一、多角度描摹法

所谓多角度描摹法，即对记叙对象综合运用多种描写手法进行多方面观照、多角度描摹，从而使景物人物形象化、立体化。例如：

例1、黑将军站在厨台上，威风地看着我，腿上绳子早已挣开。它发出得意的鸣叫，高亢、响亮、清脆，倒有一种虎啸山林之势。……我逼近它。它挑衅地看我一眼，向着窗户纵身一跃，跳了下去。(2011年江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：既有神态描写：“威风地看着”“挑衅地看”;又有声音描写：“发出得意的鸣叫，高亢、响亮、清脆”;还有动作描写：“纵身一跃，跳了下去”。尽管短短几十字，但通过多角度描摹法，一只勇敢无畏、不屈服于命运的公鸡形象跃然纸上，其拒绝平庸的精神不禁让人肃然起敬。

例2、我转身离去，而父亲仍旧默默地站在门口，踮着脚尖张望着儿子那越走越远的身影，“别忘了，多给家里打电话，记住，注意身体……”(2011山东考生《这世界需要你》)

点评：父亲的神情是“默默”的，“踮着脚尖”的动作则透露出对孩子的不舍，而语言描写对孩子的关心则表露无遗。三个角度的描写层层递进，形象地写出了父亲的情感变化。描写真实、自然，感人。

例3、深红的趟栊门前是三级浅平的石阶，某户人家的家猫正慵懒地躺在石阶上，享受正午到来前温和的阳光。偶有微风拂过，老猫用前爪轻轻拨弄脸上的胡子，发出“喵”的一声后，打了个滚又沉沉睡去。(2011广东考生《回到原点》)

点评：一幅温馨祥和宁谧的画面，来自于生动细腻的精心描写。猫是这幅画的中心，它“慵懒地躺在石阶上”“轻轻拨弄脸上的胡子”“发出“喵”的一声”“沉沉睡去”。有神态，有动作，有声音。有动有静，形神兼备。

例4、先生没别的嗜好，只好几口小酒。每餐一杯，绝无例外。记得在餐桌上吃饭时，先生看着酒杯里仅余的一小口，若有所思地说：“哎呀，就剩一小口了。喝还是不喝，这是个问题。”随即先生又摆摆手：“罢了罢了，喝!”我转而想说将来我孝敬您，又见先生喃喃自语道：“想下顿喝这顿的，日子才有盼头嘛!”我大笑不止。(2011年江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：寥寥数语就展现了一个幽默、不平庸的光彩夺目的形象，语言精炼，可见作者非凡的语言功底。我的“大笑不止”则是间接描写，进一步烘托了形象。

例5、时光渐渐赋予我怀念和遗忘的力量，过去我觉得我不能理解他，现在觉得爸爸就像一枚翠绿色的叶子，背面蒙蒙一片，将它翻转过来，叶脉清晰呈现在眼前。现在与过去叠加，记起的是若干年前的那个清晨，他告诉我向日葵没有眼泪。而我，还是泪流满面站定，等待他潮湿而温暖的拥抱。(2011湖南考生《向日葵没有眼泪》)

点评：“现在觉得爸爸就像一枚翠绿色的叶子，背面蒙蒙一片，将它翻转过来，叶脉清晰呈现在眼前”，优美的比喻，形象地写出了“我”的心理感受，“泪流满面”则是直写我的感情。心理描写和神态描写，一内一外，真实的写出了“我”对爸爸的内疚之情，也写出了对爸爸的爱，读来，真挚感人。

【跟踪训练01】请在古代诗人中任选一人，发挥想象，进行描写，以“坚守”为话题，写一片段。要求：运用多角度描摹法。

二、波澜起伏法

“文似看山不喜平”，记叙文忌平铺直叙。所谓波澜起伏法就是在记叙时可采用插叙、倒叙等叙述方式，或采用设悬念、埋伏笔、抑扬顿挫等写作手法，使叙事过程一波三折，引人入胜。例如;

例1、窗透初晓，日照西桥.追寻着一丝光亮，他疲困地睁开了双眼。“孩子他爸!你可醒了!”病床边的妻子激动的说。环顾四周都站满了人，但却仿佛没有他所要寻觅的东西，他着急的追问：“孩子，孩……”(2011上海考生《心雨》)

点评：开篇即用倒叙手法，设置悬念，吸引读者阅读兴趣。很好地避免了叙述的平板单调，使文章的情节波澜起伏，引人入胜。增强了文章的生动性。

例2、它是一只不普通的鸡。……它开始挣扎，尽管双腿被绑。…它挑衅地看我一眼，向着窗户纵身一跃，跳了下去。……它好似雄鹰，华丽地飞翔、降落，悠闲地离开。(2011江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：这个事件的叙述可谓波澜起伏，原因就在于这只鸡逃生的过程一波三折。而作者也很好地对此进行了生动详尽的描写。另外，这只鸡最终逃生成功，可以说是既出乎意料，又在意料之中。因为“不普通”“挑衅”已经给结局做下铺垫。

例3、当大胡子再次出现的时候，引来了许多人。“女士们，先生们，这就是我的作品。”说着拉下我身上的布。“啊……石——猴!”大胡子张大了嘴巴。(2011江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：出乎意料的结果，让故事的发展改变了既定的发展轨迹，不仅让故事中的人惊讶不已，也让读者享受到了记叙文波澜起伏带来的心理感受上的惊喜。

【跟踪训练02】请以“好奇心”为话题，以设置悬念的技法写一段文字。

三、叙议结合

一篇记叙文，如果只有记叙和描写，没有精当的议论，文章就会平淡无力。所谓叙议结合法就是在叙事和描写的文字后面，设置精当的一两句议论，以收点题、扣题、深化主题、升华感情之功效。

例1、后记：壮阔的臂膀担不起岁月的重量，一切不能忘记的也只能先跨过去，然后在某个人生时刻，它们会突然醒来。生活总是在忘记与铭记之间，让人被成长。(2011上海考生《心雨》)

点评：正文后的后记，闪烁哲理的点睛之笔，话语警策,富有感染力,。不仅扣题，还起到深化主题、升华感情之功效。

例2、它以置之死地而后生的拼搏，拒绝了平庸，超越了平凡。它属于自然。它本该离去。对于它，我只有敬意。(2011江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：一只等待宰杀的公鸡，不甘心命运的摆布，勇敢逃生。是一只不平庸的鸡。篇末的这几句议论揭示了该件事的意义，起到了点题的作用。而“对于它，我只有敬意”一句则从抒情的角度升华了主题。

例3、将这里拆掉，就是毁了我的根，就是毁了上百广州老街坊的根!可是，这样的呐喊谁会听见呢?人生的原点，文化的原点与高速发展的经济，与拔地而起的大厦相比，似乎已经变得渺小了。(2011广东考生《回到原点》)

点评：这几句饱含深情的议论，不仅扣题，而且读来引人深思，一是因为前文的叙述已体现出了作者对老街的热爱，很好地为此处的议论做足了铺垫。二是这几句中的对比，紧扣现实，蕴含哲理，显示了作者深刻见解。

【跟踪训练03】以“中秋月”为题，写一片段。要求：运用叙议结合手法。

四、饱蘸感情法

法国哲学家、文学家狄德罗说过：“没有感情这个品质，任何笔调都不可能打动人心”、“凡是有感情的地方就有美”。记叙文写作尤其如此。所谓“饱蘸感情”法，就是在记叙文写作中，要饱含感情，或直抒胸臆，或借景抒情，或寓情于事，以达到感染读者，打动读者，引起共鸣之功效。

例1我小心翼翼地把两只萤火虫放在一片宽阔的绿叶上。当它们呼吸到自然的气息时，燃起了那熟悉的萤绿色光芒，那么纯粹，又那么充满着生命力。(2011广东考生《回到原点》)

点评：“小心翼翼”形象地体现了“我”怕伤害到萤火虫的细微心情，而“那么纯粹，又那么充满着生命力”则体现了“我”的激动、欣喜之情。对萤火虫饱含爱护之情，含而不直露，是本句的抒情特点。

例2月光透过树梢撒在地上，鳞鳞散散的月光宛如孩子的心般支离破碎。只有布谷鸟红着眼睛在树上喊着：“不哭，不哭……”。(2011上海考生《心雨》)

点评：用比喻寓伤感之情于“鳞鳞散散的月光”，摹布谷鸟凄清的鸣叫为“不哭，不哭”，委婉含蓄的表达了孩子因误伤父亲而产生的极度悲伤之情，读来。让人伤感不已。

例3淡漠的我眼角流出一颗晶莹的泪珠伴着雨滴，滑下脸庞，砸在湿漉漉的地上，碎成几瓣：原来，父亲是那样的爱我。对不住，父亲!我明白，对我而言，世界上需要你，我的父亲!(2011山东考生《这世界需要你》)

点评：直抒胸臆，表达对父亲的愧疚和热爱，对伴着雨滴、滑下脸庞的泪珠的精致描写则加深了感情的抒发。

【跟踪训练04】以“母亲”为题。写一片段。要求：充满感情。

五、细节描写法

列夫托尔斯泰说：“艺术起于至微。”“至微”就是细节。细节是艺术的生命。所谓“细节描写”法，就是在记叙文写作中，通过真实生动的细节描写，使记叙从肤浅走向深刻，从枯燥走向生动，从平淡走向感人。细节描写是指作品中对人物动作、语言、神态、心理、外貌以及自然景观、场面气氛等细小环节或情节的描写。

例1、突然有一天，荒山里来了一位采石人，围着我转来转去，像驴子拉磨，还摸着我的屁股赞叹：“好石头，好石头!你是想平庸一生，还是愿随我去人间?”(2011江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：用“像驴子拉磨”来比喻采石人转来转去的动作，传神地写出了采石人对“我”(石头)极为欣赏的心理，语言幽默生动，让人读来不禁莞尔。而关于采石人的语言描写不仅点出话题“平庸”二字，还进一步丰富了对人物的塑造。生动细节描写使人物栩栩如生，跃然纸上。

例2、有一次，我拿起那条老手帕来到母亲的病床前，母亲用那只会活动的手掌，在泛黄的手帕上轻轻抚摸一会儿。随后，她笑着说：“这还是在你上小学三年级时我给你绣的。那个晚上下着雨，为了买一条新手帕，你闹的情绪比雨还大哩。”(2011四川考生《时间在流逝》)

点评：从细微的动作“轻轻抚摸”、神态“笑”以及对往事的清晰回忆的语言描写，刻画了一个挚爱女儿的温和可亲的母亲形象，也很好地表达了“时间在流逝”这个主题。

例3、父亲的手紧紧握住背带，我默默的低下头却看见父亲那双破布鞋早已湿透，裤腿也湿了大半截。雨越下越大。(2011山东考生《这世界需要你》)

点评：从“我”的视角看到的雨中的父亲：“手紧紧握住背带”“湿透的破布鞋”“湿了大半截的裤腿”。这是细节描写，传神地的刻画了一位生活艰辛，虽被大雨淋湿而心思依然放在孩子身上的一位可敬的父亲形象。环境描写(雨越下越大)则有力地烘托了父亲这一形象和“我”的不平静的心情。语句虽然简短，但通过细节描写很好地表达了“我”对父亲的感情：这世界需要你。同时，也巧妙地扣了题。

【跟踪训练05】以“晚自习时，一只小飞虫……”为开头写一片段。要求：有细节描写。

六、线串珍珠法

如果说丰富而生动的材料是一颗颗珍珠，那么线索就是将珍珠串起来的一条线。所谓“线串珍珠”法，就是通过设置贯穿全文的线索，把文中的人物和事件有机地连在一起，使文章条理清楚、层次清晰。文章线索的安排通常有以下几种形式：1.以主题为线索。2.以人物为线索。3.以事物为线索。4.以中心事件为线索。5.以“感情”为线索。

所要注意的是，无论采取何种线索，都必须从表现文章的中心思想和体现材料之间的内在联系出发，灵活巧妙地确定。

例1、一、五只粽子……可怜的屈原啊，您大概不会想到原本为了纪念您的粽子却成了我们的文化“吉祥物”吧?请原谅我吧，我只是一名平庸的考生，我要通过高考拒绝我的平庸呢。二、一只鸽子……可怜的“天然之子”鸽子啊，请原谅我吧，我只是一名平庸的考生，我还要通过高考拒绝我的平庸呢。 三、一棵树……亲爱的树啊，请原谅我吧，我只是一名平庸的考生，我要通过高考来拒绝我的平庸呢。(2011江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：文章设置了三个小标题，自然形成三个部分，在每个部分的后面用一句议论来点题。这三处议论中都包含的主题词(拒绝平庸)就是全文的线索。以主题为线索，不仅使文章条理清楚、层次清晰，还直接扣题。这种方法值得学习并应用。

例2、许多年来，在我的书桌抽屉里一直珍藏着一条老手帕。……数十年的时光匆匆而逝，而那条老手帕，好像是岁月送给我的一份特殊礼物。……有一次，我拿起那条老手帕来到母亲的病床前……母亲对它的记忆竟然如此清晰!……我希望自己像那条手帕一样，随着时光慢慢老去的同时，仍然能够珍藏温暖的亲情，并保留住一个真实的自我。(2011四川考生《时间在流逝》)

点评：本文是以事物(老手帕)为贯穿全文的线索。老手帕带出了对童年往事的回忆，也珍藏着一份温暖的亲情，从而也有了一种象征意义。“老手帕”之所以是“老”的，原因就是“时间在流逝”的结果。“老手帕”这个线索的设置体现了作者构思的精心和精巧。

例3我好奇地挤过去一看，啊，竟然是两只萤火虫!……我从回忆中回过神来，大家都散了，只剩下我还盯着萤火虫。……我鼓起勇气对抓萤火虫的同学说：“你能把这两只萤火虫送给我吗?”……我小心翼翼地把两只萤火虫放在一片宽阔的绿叶上。……我忽然觉得我们就像是萤火虫……是夜，流萤入梦，我回到了原点。(2011广东考生《回到原点》)

点评：本文是以中心事件为线索：发现萤火虫——回忆萤火虫——要萤火虫——放生萤火虫——梦见萤火虫。这一线索使文章的结构层次极为清晰，使文章的组材不枝不蔓，为表达主题起到了很好作用。

【跟踪训练06】请以“路”为题，写一篇作文提纲。要求：线索清晰。

七、靓化语言法

古人云：言之无文，行而不远。“文”就是“文采”。相对于议论文，记叙文更讲究“有文采”。所谓“靓化语言”法就是要让记叙文在语言上文采飞扬，吸引读者眼球，让读者有一种赏心悦目之感。要“靓化语言”就必须做到：词语生动，句式灵活，巧用修辞，文句有意蕴。

例1、一个熟悉的身影应声倒下，一座名为父亲的大山就此坍塌。倒地的声响不大，仅使得倒伏的玉米杆呻吟吱呀，却将一个孩子的心震碎成沙。(2011上海考生《心雨》)

点评：把父亲的倒下，比喻成一座大山的坍塌，形象的写出了父亲在孩子心中的崇高地位，还写出了自己内心因为误伤父亲而产生的深深的自责和巨大的悲伤之情。而“玉米杆呻吟吱呀”和“将一个孩子的心震碎成沙”的强烈对比，更是把孩子内心的自责和悲伤之情写到了极致。“玉米杆呻吟吱呀”一句尤为形象，是摹拟玉米杆倒下的声音，也是写父亲倒下时的痛苦，还有烘托孩子内心的悲伤的作用。文字简练，内涵丰富，给读者以鲜明而强烈的印象。

例2、冲锋的号角划破长空，9×10的小小战场刹那间狼烟四起，硝烟弥漫。疾驰的战车冲锋陷阵，摧城拔寨，骁勇善战;威猛的火炮杀机暗藏，“隔山打牛”，威风八面;奔驰的骏马跨日追月，卧槽挂角，纵横驰骋。而我，一个平庸的小兵孤零零地蜷缩在战场一隅。(2011江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：“狼烟四起”“硝烟弥漫”“冲锋陷阵”“、摧城拔寨”“骁勇善战”“杀机暗藏”“隔山打牛”“威风八面”“跨日追月”“卧槽挂角”“纵横驰骋”，此为整句，展示了作者深厚的语言功底，也生动地表现了“棋盘”上的那种激烈厮杀的场面。“而我，一个平庸的小兵孤零零地蜷缩在战场一隅”，是为散句，形象的写出了一个小兵的孤独平庸。整散结合，形成极为强烈鲜明的对比。有整句和散句语句气势上的对比，也有“小兵”和“车、马、炮”战斗能力上的对比，这种对比为下文写小兵的不甘平庸，勇猛作战做了铺垫。

例3、当孤傲的战车面对我与我的弟兄只能无奈地自嘲“自古双拳难敌四手”，当威风的火炮失去了炮架的支撑在我面前不堪一击，当“春风得意马蹄疾”的战马不经意间被我锁住了去路、缚住了马脚，当我撕开士象的坚固防线，当我挥舞着长矛刺穿敌方将帅的胸膛，我在他的眼里读出了失落，读出了恐惧，而更多的却是不解与震惊。(2011江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：综合运用了排比和引用。排比句写出了敌方车、马、炮和将帅的无奈、不解、震惊，从而反衬了小兵的因不甘平庸而产生出的巨大能量，切合了“拒绝平庸”的主题。“自古双拳难敌四手”和“春风得意马蹄疾”引用，则加强了上述表达效果，也展示了作者的文采。

例4往事越“十”年，“牧童”挥鞭。那时一放学，我总是“外甥打灯笼——照(舅)旧”，挥着鞭儿，牵着绳儿，吆着牛儿，上山去了。(2011四川考生《总有一种期待》)

点评：“往事越‘十年’，‘牧童’挥鞭”是化用毛泽东的诗句“往事越千年，魏武挥鞭”，巧妙而诙谐，表现了作者较高的语文素养和较强的语言功力;歇后语“外甥打灯笼——照(舅)旧”则使语言显得生动幽默。而“挥着鞭儿，牵着绳儿，吆着牛儿”，句式简短，活泼明快，读来朗朗上口，很有节奏感。

【跟踪训练07】请以“站在门口”，写一作文片段。要求：有文采。

【示例一】

①There are many cases/examples to explain ________(主题句). ②Take ________ as a typical example./The first example is that ________ (阐述例子), ________(可进一步阐述). ③The second example is that/In addition/Here is a counter example./Opposite case in point is that/On the contrary ________(第二个例子的内容或举一个反面例子). ④Therefore,/Only ________can ________(总结主题句/段落总结句).

【示例二】

① ________ (观点句). It can be best/well illustrated in/explained by(例子). ② ________(阐述例子). ③________(进一步阐述例子). ④Therefore, ________(段落总结句：进一步总结观点句的必要性和重要性).