高考英语写作讲解（合集20篇）

【示例一】

①Considering all these reasons/this situation/Confronted with such a problem, I think we need to take some positive measures. ②On the one hand, ________ (方法/建议一). ③On the other hand, it is necessary for us to ________(方法/建议二). ④Thus/Only in this way, can ________(总结自己的观点/建议/态度).

【示例二】

①In order to improve the situation/To sum up the above argument/Confronted with such an issue/problem, we should find several solutions to it/need to take some positive measures. ②On the one hand/For one thing, we should ________ (方法/建议一). ③On the other hand/For another, ________(方法/建议二). ④Therefore/Thus/Only in this way, can ________ (段落总结句).

导语：小编为你整理，每年全国各地的高考英语满分作文，说不定其中就有你不知如何下笔的类型。拿起你的笔记来记录吧，为你的英语作文添亮点，让英语成绩更出色。

【全国卷】

【试题回放】假定你是李华，从小喜爱大熊猫(panda),一直通过有关网站(website)关注三年前在美国圣迭哥动物园出生的大熊猫苏琳和她的母亲白云。现在苏琳即将三岁。请根据以下要点给动物园工作人员写一封信：

1、 自我介绍; 2、祝贺苏琳生日; 3、感谢工作人员; 4、索取苏琳三岁生日照。

注意：1、词数100左右;2、可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯;3、开头语已为你写好。

例文：

Dear Sir/Madam,

Greetings from China!

Im Li Hua, a student in Sichuan. Ive been a panda lover since I was a child. About three years ago I was delighted to learn that Baiyun gave birth to her daughter Sulin and Ive been watching her grow on your website,. Now shes going to be three. Id like to wish her a happy birthday and to express my thanks to you for your hard work, because of which Sulin and her parents are living a happy and healthy life in the US.

By the way, could I have a photo of Sulin taken on her third birthday? Thank you very much in advance.

Once upon a time, someone asked me low carbon life really so important? I firmly answer is ! But real sample is low carbon life? Let me tell you!

Low carbon life is very simple. For example: washing, the faucet screw tightly, dont let the water escape; Water washing a face can be used to wash feet, wash clothes of water can also be used for polishing the floor, and then the wastewater is also used to flush the toilet.

Before, and my brother is watching TV with closed with the remote control, I said to the younger brother: "brother, do you turn off the TV with the remote control, in fact is still in power, only turn off the switch on the television, the television is no electricity. Brother listened to my words, hurried and switch off the television. From then on, my brother watching TV, will turn off the TV switch, see this scene, I was so happy, think brother also learned to" low-carbon life"

Want to talk about mom and dad low carbon than a brother. Whenever something can be used again, my father and I were so happy, we used some cardboard and can make a pen holder, what can make a pencil case or wallet with some cloth; Mother is a fan of flowers, we looked at those green, green, suck, heart suddenly feel filar silk cool idea, has the good air and beautiful, really kill two birds with one stone!

Our family is low carbon life. How, carbon in enough!

曾经，有人问我低碳生活真的很重要吗?我坚定地回答是!可是真样才算低碳生活呢?就让我告诉你们吧!

低碳生活其实很简单.例如：洗好手,就把水龙头拧得紧紧的,不让水逃出来 ;洗脸的水可以用来洗脚，洗衣服的水也可以用来檫地板，然后这些废水还拿来冲马桶。

以前，弟弟看完电视就随手用遥控器关了，我就对弟弟说：“弟弟你用遥控器把电视关上，其实还在耗电，只有把电视上的开关关上，那电视才没有用电。弟弟听了我的话，就急忙吧电视的开关关上。从此以后，弟弟看完电视，都会把电视的开关关上，看到这一幕，我太高兴了，以为弟弟也学会了‘低碳生活’了

要说起爸爸妈妈比弟弟还要‘低碳’。每当有什么可以再次利用的东西，我和爸爸就无比高兴，我们用一些纸板又可以做出一个笔筒，用一些布就可以做出铅笔盒或钱包什么的;妈妈是一个养花爱好者，大家看着那些绿色，允吸的绿色，心中顿时感觉丝丝的凉意，有了好空气又养眼，真是一举两得呀!

我们就是低碳生活的家庭。怎么样，够地碳吧!

还是有的。我这里给即将高考的考生赠送一粒“临时抱佛脚”的“高考作文速升法仙丹”，让你们在高考作文时，不会那么慌乱、盲目、抓瞎。敬请服用!药不能停!

上周在广东某市，晚上吃饭时，一位教育局领导问我，孩子在市重点上学，初中作文写得还不错，上了高中之后，作文写得越来越不好了。能不能抽出半个小时，跟她谈谈怎样写好作文?

写作文是个大难题，只谈半个小时就要有效果，就是天上文曲星下凡也做不到啊。但老虎老师知难而上，略微思考了三秒钟说，好吧，我试试。

实际上谈得很融洽，四十多分钟，高中生很高兴地走了。教育局领导说，没想到，叶开老师竟然可以从阅读开始，这么讲写作文。

我说，这是我长期的实践经验，对于在小学初中阶段缺乏有效阅读积累的学生，这种临时抱佛脚的方法，也非常有效。

前 天，我在杭州讲课，与来杭州东站接我的省语文教研员章老师说到这件事情，我说，写作文还是有技巧的，但是中小学作文教学都比较盲目，教师自己擅长“下水” 写作的很稀少，又没有好的写作课教材可以参考，完全是“摸着石头过河”。因此，中小学作文的教与学，除了少数语文老师摸到窍门之外，大多数主要都处在“摸 猫”状态，学生写作文很不稳定。我的办法是：“一本书，一名作家，一个时代······”

具体解释了我的“速成法”之后，章老师觉得非常有效，值得推广。

语 文能力本应是一种综合的人文素养，但今天的应试教育体系下，语文也变成了没完没了的刷题，并且耗费了大量的精力和时间，并没有刷出好的效果。尤其是高考作 文，通常做法是猜题测题套题，滥用好词好句名人名言，而通篇内容空洞，虚情假意。这样的作文，即使“不离题”，也只能拿到中等的分数。高考一分只差就会痛 失名校，这样的“中等”作文，在参加高考时完全不行。

语文的客观题，通常在学生们的三年高中学习中都刷题刷到头晕了，基本合格的学生，大多知道王维王摩诘李白李太白，丢分通常是课文以外的知识没法答出来。这些我们不讲。

而70分的作文，则是难以把握的重中之重。满分要靠命，不能乱追求。但是要保证能考到58-63分的优秀线，语文分数就很高了。

如果深入了解“一本书、一名作家、一个时代”的深阅读写作法，你真的很有可能写出满分高考作文。对于初中生、小学生来说，这个方法也非常有效，可以说更加有效。

丰富有效的阅读，是中小学生写出好作文的核心基础，丢开阅读谈写作的都是耍流氓。但如果在小学、初中里读书比较少，积累不够多，到了高中阶段怎么办?具体的做法是：

1、找一本你最喜欢的书，精读。读过了没关系，再读两遍。广东那个高中生是喜欢毛姆的《月亮与六便士》，我建议她再读两遍，然后找英文原版读一遍。并且要对法国大画家高更的人生有个了解，看看他的画和他的相关传记。

2、了解英国作家毛姆的人生和他的其他作品，有时间的话可以延伸阅读他的其他名作如《人性的枷锁》《刀锋》、以及游记《在中国的屏风上》等。毛姆曾不远万里来到中国，去四川成都拜见一个拖着大辫子的中国老头辜鸿铭。你要知道这些琐碎的事情。

3、 了解毛姆所处的时代，对那个时代的其他作家也要有些了解，知道个大概。如第一次世界大战时毛姆在干什么，第二次世界大战时他在干什么。还有，他同时代的作 家如英国的萧伯纳、德国的托马斯·曼、法国的安德烈·纪德等，他们都在干什么。那个时代的中国，还有怪人辜鸿铭等，凡是毛姆知道的、认识的，都可以略微了 解，明白一点当时的时代背景和思想潮流，会知道毛姆对自然与人性的认识。

在深入阅读《月亮与六便士》之后，你在写作文时，就可以不断调用这 部作品以及这位作家的资料来充实内容了。比如，某年广东的作文题目是“心灵中闪过微光”，题目不佳，很抽象，很难写好。但我们运用《月亮与六便士》的内 容，可以这么说，“当法国画家高更离开繁华而喧嚣的巴黎，来到南太平洋深处的波利尼西亚群岛时，他的内心充满了矛盾与沮丧。就在那里，他碰到了一个塔希提 姑娘。在塔希提岛上，他度过了人生中最丰富也是最珍贵的时期······”

如此类推，无论什么作文题，都可以套用。

对中国考生，通常来说最好的选择是“四大名著”，因为阅卷老师大多读过，没读过的也肯定知道(没读过四大名著的语文老师?哼哼!不配当语文老师)，因此，你在高考作文时，恰当地引用“四大名著”的内容时，他们都会知道，很容易让他们产生亲切感。

上海特级语文教师余党绪说，他有个学生特别喜欢《水浒传》，了如指掌，说什么都知道，写作文时，无论什么题目都能绕到《水浒传》上。因此他的作文说理时很有逻辑，资料很有说服力。高考时，这位同学写出了满分作文。

如果你对《水浒传》如数家珍，在写作时能够恰当地引用，并逻辑合理，即使不能满分，也基本都是可以达到优的分数，确保语文的考试在优秀级别，就可以于考试中，立于不败了。

昨天下午两点钟，我在杭州江干区采荷中学讲《人工智能时代的创造性写作》，谈了一堆万物互联、纳米技术、大脑扫描、人机结合声明、碳基生命和硅基生命等内容，最后谈到了《西游记》，

我 建议听课的六百多名初一同学，如果喜欢的话就精读《西游记》。什么叫做精读呢?就是除了吴承恩的《西游记》之外，你还知道朱鼎臣的《唐三藏西游释厄传》杨 致和的《西游记传》等相关作品，最好还知道丘处机等《长春真人西游记》、玄奘的《大唐西域记》等不直接有关但是可以拓展认识的作品。当代的影视改编版本， 如上海美术电影制片厂早期的动画片《大闹天宫》、央视版《西游记》、如刘镇伟、周星驰版《大话西游》、如周星驰版《西游降魔篇》，还有新的动画片《西游记 之大神归来》，新的改编版《西游记之三打白骨精》以及周润发等主演的新《大闹天宫》等。另外，现代人新解《西游记》，如今何在等《悟空传》等，也可以了 解，还可以看看《孙悟空等师父是谁》等网文，知道一下人们为何用“猪一般的队友”等方式来活用《西游记》这部经典，这样，你写作文时，就言之有物，下笔如 有神了。

我小时候是胡乱生长的，整天都是打家劫舍、捉鱼摸虾，没干什么好事。但是父亲比较关心我们的阅读，在七十年代末书籍缺乏年代，我们还是能读到“四大名著”连环画等小人书，后来看到梁羽生、金庸、古龙等人的武侠小说，语文课本之外，知道了世界如此丰富。

这些武侠小说虽然算不上是经典名著，但也开拓了我们的知识，拓展了我们的思维。我少年时代读金庸的《天龙八部》，完全不明白什么叫做“天龙八部”，也完全不懂佛经佛法佛教，但知道了大理国、吐蕃、西夏、大辽，那个宋代四面受敌的时代，在武侠小说里写得比革命史精彩多了。

后来，我算是把金庸的武侠小说全都读透了，八十年代初进入大陆的香港电视连续剧如《射雕英雄传》《神雕侠侣》等，成为我们那个时代的精神大餐。

为了深入理解新派武侠小说，我也曾有意识地了解了金庸先生的人生经历，后来顺藤摸瓜，又去读了旧式武侠小说如《三侠五义》等。这种延伸性阅读法，使我的阅读比同龄人丰富得多，在高考时，我几乎毫不费力地拿到了全县语文高考的最高分。

后来考研究生、考博士，我都是第一名，这个真是轻轻松松，势如破竹，完全可以大肆吹嘘的。

女儿说：“爸爸是考神!”

是因为，我有好办法，又能更早地运用这种方法。

好方法不常有，能把好方法运用好的更是不寻常。

Dear editor,

I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we have had about whether an

entrance fee should be charged for parks. 60% of us schoolmates think t hat an

entrance fee do not meet people’s expectations, for a park is considered to be a

place where the public can have a good time when they are not busy either a t

home or at work. If an entrance fee must be paid by the visitors for a park, it

will be necessary to build a gate and surrounding walls. In the end a city will

take on a bad look. 40% of us schoolmates think that an entrance fee can be

accepted, but it must not be too expensive. The money from ticket selling can be

used for paying the gardeners in the par k and buying some other kinds of

flowers and trees.

With regard to myself, I think an entrance fee is useful, for it can be

used to protect a park. Do we share the same opinion, dear editor?

Yours truly,

Li Hua

在整一张语文卷当中，作文占的比例分数是最高的，下面是小编为大家整理的高考满分作文的写作方法，希望能帮到您！

第一：全

全即文章的结合呼应，给人完整感。阅卷人的心理，对文章的开头、中间、结尾很看重，特别是结尾的结构呼应或者主题升华的语言等等。

第二：亮

亮就是试卷上的亮点。亮点是多方面的，字迹端正、卷面整洁是其中第一要着。文章无错别字，没有明显的病句，没有明显的涂改痕迹，行款漂亮等等，都会让阅卷老师一翻到试卷就精神大振，产生好感，不忍心打低分。

第三：显

由于时间关系，高考阅卷老师不能细细揣摩文章，也不能明晓考生的作文功底，考生要特别讲究一个“显”字。

首先，文章的主旨要明了，平时作文，有学生喜欢写些含蓄的文字，以求文学的含蓄美，也得到了老师的青睐，甚至发表了不少的文章，但是高考场上不能这样做，太含蓄了，就会使文章走进隐讳的死胡同，短时间内难以让人读懂，就很容易被阅卷老师误认为离题打入冷宫。

其次，文章的分论点最好用分段的方式明确摆出，开头、中间、结尾都要顾及体现自己中心思想的语句，最明显的方法就是把它们放在段首，好让阅卷者一目了然。

第四：虚

虚就是虚构。高考作文能写实固然好，但由于我们长期处在学校——家庭两点一线的生活方式，很难发现生活中真实动人的故事。高考作文要求有创新，必然把原本平淡无奇的事情编得生动曲折。

第五：简

简即简笔勾勒。高考的一般议论文也好，一般记叙文也好，最好需要多种材料的荟萃，这样信息量大，以符合“内容充实”的要求，因而不欢迎一些时间、地点、人物、发生、发展、高潮、结局俱在的材料啰嗦记叙。

如果在高考作文的时候，能够很好的把握上面五个字，那高考作文将有可能获得满分。

1. From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.

在我看来，支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理。

2. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that …

我无法完全同意这一观点……

3. Personally, I am standing on the side of …

就个人而言,我站在……的一边。

4. I sincerely believe that …

我真诚地相信……

5. In my opinion, it is more advisable to do … than to do ….

在我个人看来，做……比做……更明智。

6. Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why …

最后，坦白说，也有一个更实际的理由......

层进式结构：按照“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”层层推进，环环相扣。下面是小编为你带来的2017年高考议论文写作之层进式结构，欢迎阅读。

层进式结构(内容深刻美)特点：结构上，按照“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”层层推进，环环相扣;内容上以深入深刻见长。

《让梦想在现实中起舞》

(1号文,以演绎推理展开的层进式议论文)

仰望星空，那似乎没有纤瑕的星辰在银河中闪耀，它带给我们无限的遐想，那 不染纤尘的星空里，放飞了多少人美丽的梦想!飞上星星的人知道，那里像地球一样，有灰尘也有石渣，于是他们失去了对幻想的渴望。我们虽不能一味沉溺于自己 的幻想之中，却也不能让自由飞翔的思想湮没在无情的现实里。

(第一段提出论点,即论述“是什么”)

阮籍目瞩世间的浑噩不堪和好友的身首异处，借醉酒逃避现实，他的一生一直 在逃避、逃避、逃避，却终因一篇《为郑冲对晋王笺》被人唾弃。嵇康则完全生活在现实之中，不肯向生活做出任何妥协，最终以一曲《广陵散》而成为绝响。其实 人生由阮籍的醉酒向前一步便是嵇康的《广陵散》，人生有嵇康的《广陵散》向后退一步便是阮籍的醉酒，殊途同归者的境遇竟是如此迥异。若是两人各向中间迈出 一步，将幻想与现实稍加中和，也许就不会落得生者隐入迷幻，死者融入苍穹，只留给后人无尽的怅惘。

(第二段举例,正反对比分析原因,即论述“为什么”)

我们如何才能让仰望星空的人了解现实，又如何才能让飞上星星的人保留梦想呢?

在那个人人埋怨的时代，沈从文先生目瞩现实的残酷，却依然将那个江南小城写成了山美、水美、人美的世外桃源，现实没有湮没他对人生的希望，他用一份最原始的情感和一颗赤子之心看待这个社会，看待自己的人生。他没有沉醉于自己的幻想，亦没有让现实麻木自己的心灵。

张允和先生亦是一位智慧的老人，她一生经历了大富大贵，也经历了战火纷飞，十年浩劫，而她却永远保有一副悲天悯人的情怀，一颗永不衰老的童心。她那悲天悯人的情怀使她正视现实并战胜现实，而她那颗永不衰老的童心则使她在任何艰难的情况下都不放弃幻想的权利。

川端康成浅浅的一句“凌晨四点钟，看到海棠花未眠”，瞬间感动了多少心灵，这是梦和现实最完美的结合。让那些世俗之物顷刻间土崩瓦解，让多少在现实中日渐麻木的心灵得到了温暖。

(以上三段段提出解决现实问题的办法,,即论述“怎么样”)

正视现实，但不委身于现实，保持幻想，但不沉溺于幻想，让梦想在现实中去跳一曲酣畅淋漓的舞蹈!(06山东高考作文，关于远看近看星星不同的材料话题)

命题作文作为作文命题最原始的、最老实的作文题型,命题作文(现在也有人称之为“标题作文”)所占比重正逐年递升,这可以看作高考作文题在命制思路上的“有限回归”。有限的返璞归真,是对传统的尊重,也是训练多样化、题型多样化的必然。下面是小编为你带来的高考命题作文的写作指导，希望对你有帮助。

一、重视命题形式的小类:区别大同中的小异

命题作文,一直有“全命题”和“半命题”之分。半命题形式近几年没有出现在高考卷上,根据求异心理,很可能今后会出现。半命题中由考生自填的内容,分为“自由选填”和“限项选填”两种。除了注意不要把限项选填误认为自由选填而导致偏题外,无论是哪一种选填形式,都应该综合考虑文体要求、自身特长和个性写作资源等方面选填有利于自己最佳发挥的内容。

全命题形式也不是单一化的,而是可以从不同角度进行不同分类。不同的小类在写作中的操作注意点也不尽相同。

按字数,可分为独字题(此前的高考卷尚未出现,故近期出现的可能将更大,请予重视)、双字题(“包容”“自嘲”)、多字题(“北京的符号”“今年花胜去年红”);

按语言单位,可分为独词题(包括单音词和双音词)、语句题(包括短语和句子)。一般规律是:字数越少,外延越大,包容性越强;字数越多,内涵越丰,限制性越强。例如:“安”比“安全”包容性强,“安全”比“安”限制性强;“符号”与“北京的符号”,关系也是如此。明确这种区分,有利于准确把握写作的范围,既不作茧自缚,放弃选择自由;也不超限越度,导致偏离题域。

按词或语句的感情色彩,理论上说应该分为褒扬类(如“今年花胜去年红”)、贬抑类和中性类(此类最多,如“包容”、“自嘲”、“留给明天”、“人与路”),但从已出现的题目看,还未出现过贬抑类的,恐怕主要是因为此类文题的思路容易失之狭隘。此外,如直白类和寄寓类等分类,与话题作文基本相同,不赘。

按信息,可分为“光杆型”和“附料型”两类。

光杆型是指除了作文题目,没有其他信息,不附有任何引示性资料或解释性资料或兼有二者(不包括立意提示、字数、体裁等方面的规定或要求),如“请以‘留给明天’为题写一篇文章”。对于光杆型的题目,必须从不同角度对题目进行审辨,决不放过一字。例如,作文题“今年花胜去年红”,短短7字,语意简单。首先要懂得“花”“红”都是比喻,所谓“花胜去年红”,喻指一种气象、一种生活状态或者是个人的发展态势,等等。这句话的逻辑前提是:不是去年花不红,去年花已是够红的,只不过今年更红(如果把“去年花”写成了黑色,那就偏题了)。

“附料型”就是除作文题目外,还附有引示性资料或解释性资料。对于所附的资料,要充分合理地加以利用。解释性资料主要帮助我们理解概念,特别是一词多义的情况,一定要重视对不同义项的辨别,选择最有把握、最能发挥自身优势的那个义项构思。引示性资料作用更大,一般说来有三种作用:一是直接指示立意的基本方向。例如 “北京的符号”,题中“随着时代的发展,今后还会不断涌现出新的北京符号。保留以往的符号,创造新的符号,是北京人的心愿。”属于引示性资料,“随着”句指示了北京的符号也应该是与时俱进的,“保留”“创造”实际上指示了人们对“北京的符号”应取的态度。二是指示了写作的范围或角度,如以“自嘲”为题,引示性资料“每个人都可以自嘲,也可以评议他人的自嘲”,实际上告诉考生,不必局限于写考生自己的自嘲,也可以写别人的自嘲。三是有限提供构思路子。例如,同是“自嘲”的另一部分引示性资料“自嘲既是一种幽默的说话方式,也是一种心理调节手段,还是一种人生智慧的表现”,就涉及了自嘲的主要功能,如果写议论文,就可以将这三句话稍作转化,使之成为三个分论点:(1)自嘲可以增添交际语言的幽默色彩,(2)自嘲可以有效地调节心理,(3)自嘲可以展示自身的智慧从而树立良好形象。

二、看清文体限制

明确规定“唯一文体”即只能写一种文体的只有命题作文,这可以说是命题作文的一个特点吧。最近有部分省市的命题都只允许写议论文,这就要求我们审题时一定要看清文体限制,不能凭惯性“滑行”。据理推测,今后也很可能会出现只允许写记叙文的情况。因此,我们对命题形式的体裁限制要格外注意,记叙文和议论文这两种基本文体一定要练好。一般说来,记叙文的选材要有个性,力避平庸;思想要有深度,力避幼稚;语言要生动活泼,力避学生腔。议论文,重分析说理。如果停留于浅层面的公众话语上,很难写出特色。要尽可能多角度说理,追求丰富性和深刻性。

三、开拓构思空间:多维思考提升档次

开拓思路,无非是“扩大外延”和“丰富内涵”二途。如果从技法角度审视,不妨归纳为以下几种：

(一) 抽象文题具体化。如“包容”比较抽象,可以将之具体化为“包容××”,如“包容学术分歧”“包容批评意见”“包容各种风格”“包容错误”“包容伤害过自己的人”“包容自己的失误”“包容反对者”,等等。但不能想到的都写,而是要选择自己确实有话可说且能够说得丰富深透的。

(二) 具体文题抽象化。如“肩膀”本身是具体的,我们可以把它抽象为责任、承担、依靠(依赖)、支撑等。

(三) 感性文题理性化。如“今年花胜去年红”,很有诗意,构思行文固然应该体现诗性的优美,但也必须有理性的骨骼作为支撑,比如指出“新胜于旧”“后胜于前”是事物发展的总趋势等。

(四) 理性文题感性化。如“说‘安’”这个题目很平正,偏于理性,但如果要说得活泼、精彩,完全可以设计一些感性化的情境,比如病人躺着聊“安”,被暴警踢翻小摊的下岗者跪着求“安”,建筑工人悬吊着祈“安”,黑心煤矿的矿工为钱冒险弃“安”……

(五) 浅白文题深刻化。如“留给明天”,词俗意浅,但如果我们在“留”的内容和“留”的质量上多加挖掘,则可以写出超越常规构思的好文章来。如主张迅速建立文革博物馆,留给明天深刻的教训,应该是对“留”的内容的独特表述。同样是“留环境”,仅仅考虑蓝天白云青山绿水还不是最高质量的留,如果在此基础上还能留下崇尚人文和民主法治的软环境,那才是最高质量的“留”。

(六) 中性文题辩证化。例如“肩膀”是中性词,一般人都写“铁肩担道义”之类,其实也可以指出:肩膀,有“不能承受之重”,也可能有“不能承受之轻”,某些轻薄庸俗的人整天浑浑噩噩,不知生命的意义,活得是多么的轻薄啊!轻佻的人生最不能承受,因为他使自己也感到心虚,没有分量的承负是空虚的。还可以联系成语“胁肩谄笑”,其意思是“耸起肩膀,装出笑脸”,形容谄媚的丑态。“胁肩谄笑”者,徒有一副肩膀,它根本担不起一毫克的道德分量,里面找不到半两骨气,真正的大写的人决不会长一副无骨之“媚肩”的。

英语写作中有不少短语和表达大家会经常用到，下面我们就总结了100条常用的短语和表达句子，希望能给大家一些参考。

1. 经济的快速发展 the rapiddevelopment of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长theremarkableimprovement/ steady growth ofpeople’s livingstandard

3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw publicattention

8.不可否认 Itis undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题 a controversialissue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少 be indispensableto …

19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychologicalburden

30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质 comprehensivequality

37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

38.加大了…的可能性 increase the chances of

39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40. 应当承认 Admittedly

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43.可靠的信息源 a reliablesource of information

44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I

46.方便快捷 convenient andefficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection /environmentallyfriendly

49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of scienceandtechnology

51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue

52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of theformer/latteropinion

53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the followingreasons/evidence

54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way

55. 理论和实践相结合 integratetheory with practice

56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…

57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition

58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest

59.长远利益. interest in the long run

60.…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantagesanddisadvantages

61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorableconditions andavoidunfavorable ones

62.取其精髓，去其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。

63.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to

64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information

65.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreastwiththe latest development of …

66.采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth。

67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …

68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。(不推荐用。。。) No gardenwithout weeds。

69.对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person。

70.重视 attach great importance to…

71.社会地位 social status

72.把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…

73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scopeof knowledge

74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally

75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…

76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal

77. 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, hold the opinion/beliefthat

78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relievestress/ burden

79.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth。

80.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with

81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。

82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of 大写)

83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water

84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities

85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress

86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…

87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutualunderstanding

88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of

89.承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure

90.保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity ofoursociety

91.更多地强调 put more emphasis on…

92.适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society

93.实现梦想 realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true

94. 主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:

95. 首先 First， Firstly， In the first place, To begin with

96.其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place

97. 再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally,Moreover,Furthermore

98. 最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,

99. 总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,

100.我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go

下面是小编整理的2017年高考散文写作指导，欢迎阅读。

1.题目鲜亮。作文题目要忌讳平淡、呆板，要有个性、与众不同，既能够一下子抓住读者的视线，同时又能够体现文章的内容。一个鲜亮的题目，就是一个极好的得分点。因此散文的题目是最有嚼味的题目。有的是场景入题，《无边落叶》、《昨夜雨，今朝下》;有的是感觉入题，《花香》、《路是月的痕》、《眼睛上的窗帘》;有的呼告，《茉莉，我爱你》;有的祈祷，《让双眼更加清澈》;有的比喻，《放下感情的叶片》;有的口语化，《明天一定记着开窗》;有的化用成语诗词，《随遇而安》、《月是故乡明》;有的繁复，《眼前同一水，笔下各异情》;有的简洁，《网里人生》。比较一下其他文体的题目，我们可以发现散文的题目没有一个相同，富有个性，富有创新精神，而且又跟高考"感情亲疏和对事物的认知"的话题十分切合。

2.取材广泛。散文的题材十分广泛，因此其内容非常丰富。"举凡国际国内的大事，社会家庭的细故，掀天之浪，一物之微，自己的一段经历，一丝感触，一撮悲欢，一星冥想，往日的凄惶，今日的欢快，都可以移到纸上。"(周立波《散文特写选·序言》)凡是能够引起作者动情的，凡是对读者有教育意义的，都可以是散文的题材。在一篇散文里，作者可以展开广阔的思路，无所拘束，任意驰骋。高考作文取材最忌讳旧、俗，阅卷老师老是看到常见的材料，首先就感觉不佳。散文广泛的题材领域，可以弥补这一缺陷。上面举到的几篇文章，取材面相当广泛。有的是以个人经历为突破口，深挖细掘，探索心灵中隐秘的宝藏(如《茉莉，我爱你》);有的敏锐地抓住当今时事，细察社会发展轨迹(如《随遇而安》);有的恰到好处地联系课本知识(如《让双眼更加清澈》)，有的则进入历史的海洋去舀一勺水(如《眼前同一水，笔下各异情》)。广阔的题材显示了考生敏锐的思维，丰富了文章的内容。

3.表达灵活。散文取材广泛，它的表现形式也就显得自由灵活，表达方式也就多种多样。从表现形式看，它不必像诗歌那样格律化，不必像戏剧那样模式化，只要在一定的思想情感的统率下，把零碎的材料组织成文就行。散文在选材上可以涉及古今中外、各行各业，在结构上也可以几放几收、舒卷自如。对叙述、说明、议论、抒情、描写等几种表达方式也一样，可以根据需要，灵活运用。有时突出其一，作为重点加以运用;有时几种方式熔为一炉。因为散文总是有抒情性的特点，抒情方式尤其丰富多样。满分作文《昨夜雨，今朝下》(山东考生)先由栀子花开状写惜花恨雨之人的心态，然后联想到古代诗人和诗境，中间穿插议论抒情，结尾用栀子花重开暗示自己的见解。《拨开天空的乌云》扣住对道家音乐的感悟一事，写心境，写游览，写谈话，写品曲，无不为"感情亲疏不同，对道家音乐的感知也千差万别"张本，写得大气。

4.情理相透。散文是忠于生活反映生活的一种文学作品，它强调生活真实，而不仰仗于虚构，表现作者对生活的真情实感。大凡优秀的散文，往往有深邃的思想内容，而这种深刻寓意又饱含诗情，因为散文具有情理相透的特点。它的思想内容往往不是直接表露的，而是常常寓于"物"或"景"之中，以强烈的感性形象激发读者的理性思考。今年的话题具有很强的思辨性，富有才华的考生就把这种理性通过感性形象来展开。如《无边落叶》写童年记忆中遗失一枚香山红叶而误解同学的故事;《随遇而安》写了从北方来广州的母亲饮食上的改变，进而引发对广州人生活习惯的认同，富有生活气息，巧妙道明"感情影响认知"的观点。《黄色蛹·金色蝴蝶》是一篇公认的"散文诗"，虽没有叙述一个完整的故事，但精心挑选的三个片段，重点表现了自己感情在生活经历中的变化过程，语言上处处洋溢诗情，极好地扣住话题。这对一些不注重生活积累的考生，只会空洞发表议论的考生，应该是一种矫枉过正的启发吧。

5.语言精美。"真正的散文是充满诗意的，就像苹果饱含着果汁一样。"(巴乌斯托夫斯基《散文的诗意》)散文的真情实感、灵活的表达方式，需要优美的语言才能相称。我们往往在散文中读到让人一见不忘的语言。《与你同行》显示了良好的语言功力，文章写道："让水与火同行，情与理同行。坚持爱与美的真理，让冲动与成见在你的足下沉淀，带上淬火之后的智慧--与你同行!"理性思考在激烈的感情下化为不可抑制的内心独白，强烈表明自己的观点，也以情动人。《月是故乡明》将话题巧妙转化为"因为深情，所以偏执"这一警策之语之后，直接用铺排方式将生活感受强化："这就是为什么加利福尼亚更透明的阳光，莱茵河畔更圆满的月亮，剑桥小郡更浪漫的流水都远远逝去;家园日暮时点起的那一束桔黄的灯光。只因这是我们所熟悉而深爱的地方。南方小城温暖湿润的空气，菁菁校园里若有若无的花香，来来往往的人，似曾相识的脸，母亲洗过的洁净的衣裳，老师批过的严整的笔记。……这一切都让我们享之坦然并且心存感激，任是将来走远了，在异国他乡也能满心骄傲地怀想--"通过语言，把感性与理性融合为一，成为美文。

题目，即“题材”的眼睛。常言道：“目以传神。”有了好的题目，文章的神采就出来了。自拟标题的基本原则有三：首先是准确、贴切，即标题与作文体裁、内容相符合，宽窄适度，恰如其分;其次是精练、简明，即言简意赅，高度概括;还要力求新颖、含蓄、优美，这样才能不同凡响。

拟题的方法很多，下面结合近几年高考的实例略作介绍：

(一)并列法：以相关或不相关的并列词语做标题。如：《诚信·人生》(2017年高考);《绿太阳·红太阳》(2017年高考);《哀痛者·幸福者》《左手·右手》(2017年高考);《为人·为文·为政》《晶莹雪·寂寞林》《八·十八·二十八》(2017年高考)。

(二)引用法：直接引用或间接改动现成的诗文、歌曲、影视广告等，以引起共鸣。如：《得失寸心知》《选择三叠》(2017年高考);《借我借我一双慧眼吧》《花非花·雾非雾》《情不误人人自误》(2017年高考);《醉翁之意，不在山水之间也》《今年过节不收礼》《穷则独善其身》《一蓑风雨任平生》《靡不有忙，鲜克有得》《快乐地唱一首忙碌歌》(2017年高考);《晓看红湿处》《任尔东西南北风》《莫为浮云遮望眼》《和而不同》《寸有所长，尺有所短》《没有异想，哪来天开》《谁能叫世界停止三秒》(2017年高考)。

(三)修辞法：用比喻、拟人、双关、借代、设问、对偶、夸张等修辞方法做标题。如：《谎言不开花》《“放羊娃”说谎的新代价》《言必信，行必果》《诚为立身本，信是成事源》(2017年高考);《选择牢笼》《选择孔子?选择庄子?》《瞬间选择，永恒坐标》(2017年高考);《拨开天空的乌云》《你有两颗心吗》《血浓于水 理大于情》(2017年高考);《给“从谏如流”上把锁》《两把钥匙一扇门》《镜子人生》《心的舞台》《架起隔膜间的桥梁——语言》《用语言连缀心灵的星空》《追忆似水流年》《苏轼：心胸如海》《冷眼看“雪”》《含泪的玫瑰》《坚定的心，灵空的耳》《西西弗斯你快乐吗?》《宋江归顺错在哪里?》《忙，生命的时钟》《还原生命的润滑剂》《请给心灵留片绿阴》《给忙一个深呼吸》(2017年高考);《灌溉心灵的花园》《穿越时空的旅程表》《成长在潮流的森林》《为文化撑起一把伞》《我饿了》《文化邂逅金钱》《文化在青春里回荡》《文化的呼吸》《今年我几岁》《我们把什么广祥论坛丢了》《谁动了我们的文化观》《谁偷走了生活的美感》《你是否会打文化的算盘》《美丽的流行，永恒的经典》《稳定中繁荣，变化中发展》(2017年高考)。

(四)观点法：直接以文章的观点做标题。如：《诚信是治国之道》《诚信，万万丢不得》(2017年高考);《选择团队合作》《选择文学，我一生无悔》《张开双臂，选择博爱》《选择真善美》(2017年高考);《把握感情，认知事物》《真理只有一个》《用理性的双眼看世界》(2017年高考);《相信自己 相信他人》《学会聆听》《坦然看生活》《忙亦有道》(2017年高考);《张扬个性，放飞个性》《处世之道(不断调整你的生活态度)》《各有千秋，扬长补短》《兼容互补才有优势》《无须完美》《守住颜面》《本没有意外》(2017年高考)。

(五)公式法：借用数字等公式。如：《××+××=快乐》《10减1等于》(2017年高考);《1：6的启示》(2017年高考);《1〉100》(2017年高考);《情≠真》(2017年高考)。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

要想写出满分作文，得到阅卷老师的青睐，那么就需要一些作文技巧，下面是小编整理的满分作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

满分作文炼成法之一是从人生的体会方面去思考，写人，一定要写出人生体验，人在这个社会上，满分作文最重要的就是要有一种责任感，除却大的不说，自己对自己也是有责任的，其次是家庭责任感，再次是社会责任感，并且每个人在每个阶段的责任感是不一样的，并且对于写人文主义这一方面的作文，更多人会更加关注，也会更加容易得到阅卷老师的喜爱。

满分作文炼成法之二是从哲理思辨性去思考，作文能够写出深度那就是要从感悟和哲理方面去思考，去挖掘，任何事物之间都是有一定的联系的，比如，成功和失败，这在表面上看起来，明显是对立的，大家都偏爱成功而讨厌失败，那么从哲理方面去思考的话，失败也未必就是那么痛苦，失败可以给人经验，让人从经验中再次找到成功的动力，并且失败了还能够时刻提醒自己。一定不能再大意。如果作文内容能够反弹琵琶，那说不定能够收到更好的效果，这才是满分作文炼成法。

满分作文炼成法之三是结合时代特点，任何一个时代都有任何一个时代的特点，所以，同学们在作文文时需要在平时的时候多关注一些时事，看一些报刊评论等等，这样有利于同学们站在时代角度去思考问题。

满分作文炼成法之四是同学们一定要注重作文素材的累积，不同的作文题材需要不同的作文素材，所以，对于情感，道德，科技，自然，还有文化问题等等，这些方面都需要积累一些。积累的多了，作文起来也就有题材了，这是满分作文形成的基础。

导语：.生活只有在平淡无奇的人看来才是空虚而平淡无奇的。下面是小编整理的关于生命的价值的写作素材，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

1.人生天地间，忽如远行客。

2.生活就是战斗。——柯罗连科

3.人生天地之间，若白驹过隙，忽然而已。——庄子

4.生当作人杰，死亦为鬼雄。——李清照

5.一个伟大的灵魂，会强化思想和生命。——爱默生

6.苦难是人生的老师。——巴尔扎克

7.有生命，那里便有希望。

8.我们的生命是天赋的，我们惟有献出生命，才能得到生命。

9.人生的最高理想是为人民谋利益。——德莱塞

10.人生的光荣，不在永远不失败，而在于能够屡扑屡起。——拿破仑

11.人为某事而诞生，并不是为无所事事而诞生。——武者小路实笃

12.芸芸众生，孰不爱生?爱生之极，进而爱群。——秋瑾

13.天下兴亡，匹夫有责。——顾炎武

14.人生包含着一天，一天象征着一生。

15.但愿每次回忆，对生活都不感到负疚——郭小川

16.懂得生命真谛的人，可以使短促的生命延长。

17.我们的骄傲多半是基于我们的无知。——莱辛

18.我们的生命只有一次，但我们如能正确地运用它，一次足矣。

19.在我们所具有的一切缺点中，最为粗鲁的乃是轻视我们的存在。

20.生命不等于是呼吸，生命是活动。——卢梭

21.一生复能几，倏如流电惊。——陶渊明

22.世间之活动，缺点虽多，但仍是美好的。

23.人生不售来回票，一旦动身，绝不能复返。

24.少年易老学难成，一寸光阴不可轻，未觉池塘春草梦，阶前梧叶已秋声。——朱熹

25.如能善于利用，生命乃悠长。——塞涅卡

26.你若要喜爱你自己的价值，你就得给世界创造价值。——歌德

27.人的一生可能燃烧也可能腐朽，我不能腐朽，我愿意燃烧起来!——奥斯特洛夫斯基

28.充满着欢乐与斗争精神的人们，永远带着欢乐，欢迎雷霆与阳光。——赫胥黎

29.谁要游戏人生，他就一事无成;谁不能主宰自己，永远是一个奴隶。——歌德

30.寿命的缩短与思想的虚耗成正比。——达尔文

31.天地无终极，人命若朝霞。——曹植

32.人生应该如蜡烛一样，从顶燃到底，一直都是光明的。——萧楚女

33.我们只有献出生命，才能得到生命。——泰戈尔

34.人生的价值，并不是用时间，而是用深度去衡量的。——列夫·托尔斯泰

35.没有人能平安无事度过一生。——埃斯库罗斯

36.路是脚踏出来的，历史是人写出来的。人的每一步行动都在书写自己的历史。——吉鸿昌

37.人生有一道难题，那就是如何使一寸光阴等于一寸生命。

38.内容充实的生命就是长久的生命。我们要以行为而不是以时间来衡量生命。——小塞涅卡

39.社会犹如一条船，每个人都要有掌舵的准备。——易卜生

40.生命，那是自然会给人类去雕琢的宝石。——诺贝尔

41.为了解人生有多么短暂，一个人必须走过漫长的生活道路。——叔本华

42.珍惜生命就要珍惜今天。

43.人生不是一支短短的蜡烛，而是一支由我们暂时拿着的火炬，我们一定要把它燃得旺盛。

44.生命短暂，切不可猬琐偏狭。

45.亲爱的朋友，所有的理论都是灰色的，而宝贵的生命之树常青。

46.人生的价值，即以其人对于当代所做的工作为尺度。——徐玮生命

47.人的一生就是进行尝试，尝试的越多，生活就越美好。——爱默生

48.人只有献身于社会，才能找出那短暂而有风险的生命的意义。——爱因斯坦

49.春蚕到死丝方尽，人至期颐亦不休。一息尚存须努力，留作青年好范畴。——吴玉章

50.世界上只有一种英雄主义，那就是了解生命而且热爱生命的人。——罗曼·罗兰

51.一个人的价值，应该看他贡献什么，而不应当看他取得什么。——爱因斯坦

52.我从不忘记活着本身就是乐趣。

53.生命是真实的，生命是诚挚的，坟墓并不是他的终结点。

54.我们全都是短命人，回忆者和被回忆者全都一样。——马可

55.在我们了解什么是生命之前，我们已将它消磨了一半。

56.人生不是一种享乐，而是一桩十分沉重的工作。——列夫·托尔斯泰

57.每一朵花，只能开一次，只能享受一个季节的热烈的或者温柔的生命。

58.生命在闪耀中现出绚烂，在平凡中现出真实。——伯克

59.对人说不，生命是一切宝物中最高的东西。——费尔巴哈

60.生命的意义是在于活得充实，而不是在于活得长久。

61.应该笑着面对生活，不管一切如何。——伏契克

62.生命是一条艰险的狭谷，只有勇敢的人才能通过。——米歇潘

63.世界上只有一种英雄主义，那就是了解生命而且热爱生命的人。——罗曼。罗兰

64.生活真象这杯浓酒，不经三番五次的提炼呵，就不会这样可口!——郭小川

65.生活只有在平淡无奇的人看来才是空虚而平淡无奇的。——车尔尼雪夫斯基

66.生命不可能有两次，但许多人连一次也不善于度过。——吕凯特

67.三万六千日，夜夜当秉烛。白日何短短，百年若易海。——李白

68.生活只有在平淡无味的人看来才是空虚而平淡无味的。——车尔尼雪夫斯基

69.谁能以深刻的内容充实每个瞬间，谁就是在无限地延长自己的生命。——库尔茨

70.生命是单程路，不论你怎样转变抹用，都不会走回头，你一旦明白和接受这一点。人生就简单得多了。

71.生命的用途并不在长短而在我们怎样利用它。许多人活的日子并不多，却活了很长久。——蒙田

72.在我心目中，生命不仅是肉体的东西，精神东西也是有生命的，是更需要珍惜的，生命并不在于长短，行尸走肉地延长生命，不如有真挚追求、哪怕是短暂的生命。

73.生是一所学校，再那里，不幸比起幸福来是更好的老师。——弗里奇时间顺流而下，生活逆水行舟。——艾青

74.我们既到世上走了一道，就得珍惜生命的价值。在某种意义上说，生要比死更难。死，只需要一时的勇气，生，却需要一世的胆识。

75.在我心目中，生命不仅是肉体的东西，精神东西也是有生命的，是更需要珍惜的，生命并不在于长短，行尸走肉地延长生命，不如有真挚追求、哪怕是短暂的生命生命是单程路，不论你怎样转变抹用，都不会走回头，你一旦明白和接受这一点。人生就简单得多了。

导语：中国人民伟大的抗战精神，汇聚起气势磅礴的力量，极大振奋了世界反法西斯的斗志，为各国注入了战胜邪恶力量的信心。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

正视与铭记中国人民在世界反法西斯战争中作出的不可磨灭的历史贡献，是为了守护历史真相与人类良知，与各国一道捍卫用鲜血和生命换来的和平。

“伟大的中国抗战，不但是中国的事，东方的事，也是世界的事”。诚如毛泽东所言，中国人民抗日战争从一开始就具有拯救人类文明、保卫世界和平的重大意义。

20世纪30年代，战争的幽灵在世界各个角落流窜——在非洲，意大利发动侵略埃塞俄比亚战争;在欧洲，除支持佛朗哥集团挑起西班牙内战，德国还吞并奥地利，肢解捷克斯洛伐克;在亚洲，日本在九一八事变后侵占中国东北，直至1937年发动全面侵华战争……

英、法等国采取绥靖政策，签订《慕尼黑协定》后，英国首相张伯伦甚至高喊：“从今以后，整整一代的和平有了保证”。美国奉行“中立”立场，面对日本称霸野心，美国国务卿赫尔甚至安抚日本，称美国将“走一半的路去迎合日本政府”。然而，绥靖“中立”非但没能换来哪怕短暂的和平，反而使法西斯的气焰愈发嚣张。

与此形成鲜明对比，在东方，面对悬殊的军事实力与经济实力，中国人民在抗日民族统一战线旗帜下，以血肉之躯同日本侵略者展开了一场艰苦卓绝的全民族抗战，最终宣告了日本军国主义的彻底失败。

中国人民用实际行动作出表率，并直接影响世界反法西斯战争的进程。中国抗战持续时间最长，牵制和抗击了日本陆军2/3以上的总兵力，消耗了绝大部分日军精锐部队，在战略上有力支援了欧洲和太平洋及亚洲其他地区的反法西斯战争，是当之无愧的东方主战场。

中国人民不仅为自身的主权和领土完整而战，而且为世界和平正义而战。中华儿女与各国人民同仇敌忾、并肩作战，展现了大国的责任与担当。尽管自身异常困难，但中国仍然尽最大努力为朝鲜、越南等亚洲国家和民族提供支援;苏联战场上，毛岸英、唐铎等许多中国热血青年战斗在一线;诺曼底登陆战伊始，中国工程师叶绍荫带领团队研究突破了真空管技术，解决了盟军地对空通信故障，保证飞机掩护配合作战……

积贫积弱的中国如何能够战胜日本军国主义?依靠的是中国人民前所未有的觉悟和团结，是中国共产党领导下坚忍不拔、英勇顽强的全民族抗战精神。伟大的抗战精神感动着、震撼着每一位与之切身接触过的西方人士：埃德加·斯诺感受到中国共产党及其领导的人民军队有一种独特的力量，他称之为“东方魔力”“兴国之光”;白求恩满怀激情地说，“我曾经参加过第一次世界大战，也参加过西班牙战争，然而中国军队这种勇敢的精神，我在世界上还未曾发现过”;哈佛大学政治学与国际事务教授罗斯·特里尔感叹，不管物质条件如何艰苦，他们有共同的目标，他们正用自己的双手建造崭新的世界。

中国人民伟大的抗战精神，汇聚起气势磅礴的力量，极大振奋了世界反法西斯的斗志，为各国注入了战胜邪恶力量的信心。面对德军疯狂进攻，英国首相丘吉尔提出“效法中国”，称赞“中国人民之奇异实力”，苏联最高统帅斯大林提出“以中国为榜样”。美国总统罗斯福致电中国政府，称“中国军队对贵国遭受野蛮侵略所进行的英勇抵抗已经赢得美国和一切热爱自由民族的最高赞誉”，中国人民的坚决抵抗“乃是对其他联合国家军队和全体人民的鼓舞”。

中国人民抗日战争是世界反法西斯战争的重要组成部分，中国人民抗日战争的胜利也是世界和平与正义的胜利。正视并铭记中国在世界反法西斯战争中作出的不可磨灭的历史贡献，正是为了守护历史真相与人类良知，与各国一道捍卫用鲜血和生命换来的和平。

碎片阅读的好处

Many people read on digital devices like cell phones and e-books. The fast pace of life leaves many people no time to sit and read a whole book, so making use of fragmented time to read is sure to be a trend. Fragmented reading has its advantages. People can get hold of large amounts of information, knowledge, and entertainment in a short time. Digital reading is faster and more interactive than traditional deep reading.

Fragmented reading makes it harder for people to reflect on what they read. People may not bother to remember facts because they know they can always just search for answers online. It is important to read quality books in a deeper way, even if that means forcing yourself to do so. We read not only for knowledge and for practical use, but also for spiritual satisfaction.

[高考英语作文话题:碎片阅读的好处

Protect environmental health and build a good home -- speech

The teachers! The classmates! Everybody is good! My topic today is "protecting the sanitation of the environment and building a beautiful homeland."

We live on earth, and the earths environment is protected by everyone. Head is LanYingYing day, is at the foot of green land, the majestic beauty of high mountain, the flow of water on the bottom, the tall green trees, the bright beautiful flowers, the earths favor of human is so beautiful environment, we can feel life here is very comfortable and happy, some people, however, not only protect the environment, also damage the environment, this is what a shameful act.

Currently, yichang is creating a national health city. There is no national health city in hubei province, but there are national health cities in the underdeveloped areas of the west. The city of yichang province, the world three gorges dam and ge zhou dam are located in yichang, the golden three gorges, the silver dam, the green yichang. The beauty of the mountain.

In the second half of last year, we started the "triple town" campaign and should start from me. Now the streets are littered with litter, spitting and scribbling. The dustmen tore up the rubbish ads, the people secretly taped up, and the people scrawled on the walls with paint, called the "psoriasis" of the street. These dirty and messy phenomena and to be governed.

The three orders of the state have led to the prevention and reduction of pollution and pollution, and the protection of air and environment. Now there are more and more cars, and the emissions are getting worse and worse. There are factories, sewage, pollution and water quality that directly harm crops and live life.

What is the benefit of this environmental destruction, and the destruction of the environment? Teachers, students, and to strengthen the awareness of environmental protection, improve their quality of civilization, actively join the "tri-cities lianchuang" activities, must start from me, starts from the minor matter, do a civilized, townsfolk hand in hand to build better homes!

my favourite pop star is zhou huajian. i like him not only because he is very handsome, but also his songs are very beautiful.

on october 18, he gave a performance in tianjin. about 2500 fans went to the stadium to see him. almost all of them were students. some of them were even from beijing, the capital city of china ,which is about 200 kilometres from tianjin. i really wanted to watch the performance,but unfortunately,i didnt get a ticket. so i watched him on tv.zhou is one of the most popular stars in china. he is living in hong kong. his family is very happy. he has a good wife and three lovely children. he liked playing football when he was a university student. however, he has no time to play football now.

i hope he will be happy all his life, for he is loved by all of us.

As students born after 1990, we have so many advantages. We are usually kind and helpful. When someone is in trouble, we always give him or her a hand. We are also active. We like to do sports and go traveling. Most of us can work hard in class and play happily after school. Besides, we are imaginative and creative. We always try something new and do everything differently.

On the other hand, we also have some disadvantages. Sometimes we can’t express our opinions in proper ways; sometimes we are a little over confident. And many students have no brothers or sisters, so they may do evthing for themselves. These problems may make us seem impolite, even we can’t communicate with others well. So it’s the most important for us to learn how to get on well with others.

[人际关系和情感态度高考英语作文

烟台二中的于志高老师是今年高考的阅卷老师，写出精彩高考作文 阅卷老师谈批阅心得。他在批阅高考作文时看到一篇非常出彩的作文，文思飞扬，思想深刻，不禁拍案叫好……，后来这篇文章被打了满分。记者获悉这一消息后，及时与于老师取得联系，这篇满分作文得以与广大读者见面(见上)。因为是封闭阅卷，目前无法知道这篇文章的作者是谁。

昨天(19日)，记者还就如何写好高考作文采访了于志高老师。于老师分析了今年高考作文的整体情况，并给出一些实用建议。

整体良好尖子较少

今年高考作文情况普遍良好，平均分高达42分多，比去年的39分高出3分。这和今年的作文题目有关系，审题没有难度，一般人都不会走题，但同时，想写得出彩也很难。所以今年作文整体良好，但低分少，拔尖的也少，50分以上的作文比往年减少很多。

于老师将今年的高考作文做了一个简单分类，基本上有三种情况：个人记忆类、民族记忆类、人类记忆类。

个人记忆类的，考生基本都以自己的亲身经历为材料发挥。按道理，亲身经历很容易写出真情实感，但学生生活大部分平淡乏味，没有起伏，写出来便也缺少深度和新意，流于单调肤浅。但印象中有一篇《老宅》写得不错，文里考生写到自己曾经住过的地方，写到那里的人、环境，点点滴滴小事饱含着真挚的感情，不止给考生留下难以磨灭的记忆，也给阅卷老师留下深刻印象。这篇作文最终得了50多分。

民族记忆类的，考生大部分取材历史，向年代要记忆，书写历史名人、民族苦难或民族辉煌史，包括火烧圆明园、南京大屠杀等事件，这些内容因其本身的影响已经具备一定的深度，但可惜的是，大多数考生只停留在表面，挖掘不够，文字肤浅，只写出了那些记忆不会风化，但这些记忆为什么不会风化、其作用和价值是什么，几乎很少予以剖析，高考作文《写出精彩高考作文 阅卷老师谈批阅心得》。这就像一个被埋没的含水量丰富的泉眼，只需要再向下挖一点点，清澈的泉水即会喷涌而出，但是考生却在泉眼之上停止了动作，令人遗憾。

最后一类是写人类的记忆，这些作文涵盖了世界的记忆，事件深刻，但作文普遍也缺少思想深度。这篇满分作文作为这一类的代表，作者没有停留在事件表面，融入了自己对事件的剖析、挖掘，思想深刻，文字灵动，非常出彩。

作文应有个性

总体来说，今年的作文普遍缺少个性、深度、文采。

关于个性。今年的高考作文呈现出一种趋同的特点，选材趋同、表述趋同、作文同质化。比如很多考生选择了感动中国人物，说他们不应该被遗忘，但这些作文大多停留在对这些人物光彩照人这一层面的描写，而对其背后深层次的东西没有触及。或者蜻蜓点水、浅尝辙止，还有的从古到今，从中到外，前面还是南京大屠杀，一会儿就飞到了奥斯维辛，罗列了一大堆材料，看起来包罗万象，但都是单调的堆砌，缺少内在逻辑关系，成了人物记、大事记。很多考生的作文张冠李戴，混沌一体，看不出是眉毛眼睛。

关于深度。从老师的角度来看，并不希望学生有苦难的经历，没有丰富多彩的经历从而无法写出生动深刻的文字不是他们的错，但学生平常应该多读书，掌握丰富的材料，更重要的是要多思考。这里的思考不是用别人的文字和思想思考，而是应该多用自己的大脑思考，将掌握的材料进行深层挖掘、剖析，把最深层次的东西提炼出来，化为己用。

关于文采。今年的考生作文有文采的很少，文字干巴空洞、平铺直叙，缺少生动性，没有意蕴。于老师9天批了4500份卷子，那些干涩单调的文字让他很头痛。偶然碰到语言生动流畅、文采斐然的，阅卷老师就像是酷暑天气忽然感受阵阵凉风，那种感觉痛快舒畅，精神陡然振作起来的阅卷老师，怎么会不打出高分呢？

卷面书写很重要

于老师提醒，卷面书写一定要工整，清晰。再漂亮的姑娘，抹了一脸灰，也看不出美丽。部分考生的卷子因为书写糟糕，评分受到很大影响。于老师告诫考生，书写是汉语言文学非常重要的一个方面，它给阅卷老师的是第一印象，而这个印象会直接影响到阅卷老师对这篇作文的接受程度。好马也需好鞍配，美女也需靓衫衬，即便不能写一手漂亮的字，也一定要整齐、清晰，不要因为这些影响了大局。

另外，标题是文章的灵魂，拟一个有意蕴、吸引人的标题还是很值得的。题好半篇文，如果标题能让阅卷老师眼前一亮，这篇作文就已经成功了一半。·彩云初阳·

阅读提示

20XX年高考，山东卷语文作文题目：请以《时间不会使记忆风化》为题写800字文章，自拟题目，自选主题自选文体，文体特征明显。满分60分。