中考英语写作指导通用20篇

想象作文好写。的确，完成一篇想象作文不难;但是，要写好想象作文，却有一定的难度。针对学生作文的现状，怎样指导学生写好想象作文呢?

【一】生活是想象作文的基础

学生在作文时，往往觉得没有合适的素材可写，或是不知从何想象。其实呢，不是生活中没有作文素材，而是学生缺少善于捕捉作文素材的能力。连素材都有限，自然就很难展开想象了。因此，培养学生的观察生活的能力，养成留心观察周围事物的习惯显得十分重要。

怎样指导学生观察呢?

1.观察周围事物，捕捉典型材料。学生的视线往往局限于一个小圈子，觉得一些司空见惯的小事没什么可写的。其实，平常的小事也可写出新意来。老师要选择最佳的观察对象，安排合理的观察顺序，指导学生认真观察。

2.动用多种感官，丰富写作素材。心理学认为，观察是思维的知觉，没有思维的观察是肤浅的，不是真正的观察。观察不仅仅是看，要动用耳、口、鼻、手、脑等感官去多方面地感知或判断，获得真实、全面、深刻的印象，为作文提供丰厚的材料。

3.填写观察记录，养成观察习惯。观察不应只是一次作文之前的例行公事。作为语文教师，除了指导观察的顺序、教给观察的方法外，还应指导学生填写观察记录。较好的办法是每周交流一次，评选班级“最佳观察员”，以提高学生的观察兴趣，养成留心观察的习惯。

【二】想象要合理、丰富

以《卖火柴的小女孩》为例，小女孩五次擦燃火柴所看到的奇异景象是作者的想象。这些想象奇特而大胆，而读者仍然觉得合情合理。为什么呢?因为作者亲眼目睹了穷苦孩子的悲惨遭遇，深深地理解他们的内心需求。在文章中，想象与现实有着相似的地方，那就是穷孩子对幸福生活的渴望。作者想象小女孩在神志不清时见到了温暖的火炉，喷香的烤鹅，美丽的圣诞树，慈祥的奶奶并和奶奶一起飞走，就显得自然而合理了。

那么，怎样指导学生做到想象合理、丰富呢?

1.再现。侧重于写景状物或叙事的想象作文，可以搜寻脑海中对相关事物的印象，加以再现。

2.移植。有时候，想象可以进行嫁接、移植，把优美的景色移为一处，或把有趣的现象归为一物，或把美好的品质浓缩在一人之身。即，学生可以按自己的意愿中的特定形象，结合生活实际，进行移植想象。只有善于把想象与现实生活中的事实联系起来，巧妙地设计人物之间的关系，才能使文章生动有趣。

3.幻想。幻想是更为大胆的想象。十九世纪丹麦著名作家安徒生的童话，充满幻想。在他的笔下花鸟虫鱼，家具、玩具乃至墙壁都有生命，都赋予了人的感情。小学生对于未知的世界、未来的世界充满了幻想。教师要鼓励学生幻想。对于未知的世界、未来的世界，学生的想象可以天马行空，任意驰骋，因为，任何限制都显得多余。

一句话，想象源于生活。学生想怎么写，就放手让他们怎么写。这也符合“新大纲”的要求。

【三】、想象要创新

文贵于有创新。想象作文也要求想象新颖。想象是创造性的思维活动，即使是再现想象，学生也不可能百分之百地照搬生活，改动、取舍是肯定有的。改动、取舍就是学生的创造。教师应努力指导学生在合理想象的基础上，尽量让其想象呈现多样化趋势。

作为教师，应努力拓宽学生的思维空间，激发学生进行创造活动的欲望，让学生的思维活起来，展开想象的翅膀。但要注意，对不同层次的学生，要求应有所不同。只要想象是合理的，可以新奇，亦可以平实。 学生的年龄不同，性别不同，都可以导致想象的多样化。在想象衬衣蒙难时，男生的想象往往是:打球时新衬衣丢了或被人误换了，后又失而复得;或是玩火时，不小心把新衬衣烧了一个洞。女生呢，则想象新衬衣染上了污迹，无法洗净;或是不小心挂破了，于是在污迹处或破损处绣上一朵小花，缝上一个装饰口袋。很明显，男生与女生在想象上表现出较大的差异，都很有创造性。要支持孩子大胆的去想，但文章还是不要脱离生活实际。

想象的多样性，符合生活的客观现实，便于学生真实地表达自己的内心感受，培养学生的创新能力。教师应多指导，少限制，坚持用孩子的眼光去审视作文。

【四】写作点拨

1、锁定目标、合理想象

2、讨论交流，让学生畅所欲言

3、明确要求，自主写作

在刚才的交流中，同学们的想象真奇特，下面，我们就把自己的灵感、自己饿希望记录下来。

4、学生根据提示要求，精心构思，完成习作初稿。

【五】互动评点

1、自查自改

你的文章写好了吗?自己先读一读，认真修改文中的不足。

2、邻座交流

同桌之间互相修改作文，提出看法，意见。教师予以适当的指导并帮助解决“互改”中的疑难问题。

3、小组评议

各组选一名习作尖子任组长，由组长评议，选出写得好的作品读一读，对于不够完善上网习作，共同讨论该如何修改。

3、教师点评

教师对各组评议进行小结后，选取有代表性的佳作和病文各一篇，采用引导、点拨的方式组织全班同学进行示范性点评。

【六】总结激励

很多孩子对作文的畏难情绪和厌烦心理十分严重。喜欢作文的少，对成绩不在乎的多。下面是小编整理的如何提高中考作文写作水平，欢迎阅读。

由于家长不了解孩子的实际情况，作文指导无法做到有的放矢，孩子胡编乱造，被动应付，必然产生厌烦情绪。要克服目前普遍存在的，孩子怕作文，家长有劲使不上的状况，对孩子作文水平的正确认识是一个前提。

孩子说作文难，归纳起来不外乎两点：

一是难在写作时不知道该写些什么

二是难在作文不知道该怎么写

究其原因主要有三方面：

一、积累不多

是生活积累受其年龄限制，不够丰富;

二、内容空洞

受其知识基储阅读量的限制，文章内容干瘪，缺乏知识性和趣味性;

三、缺乏理性

是受其表情达意的能力及写作方法掌握较少的制约，使文章缺乏条理性。

因此，我们家长必须改变，“讲”作文、“教”作文的做法，把解决作文题材作为突破口，把克服畏难情绪作为前提，把培养孩子的主动意识作为主线，从而全面提高作文水平。

阅读是写作的基础，养成良好的阅读习惯，积累更多的语言材料语文学科不像自然学科那样严密，它始终离不开由量变到质变的过程。现代著名作家巴金对于背诵记忆的积累作用谈得十分直接，他说：“现在有多篇文章储蓄在我的脑海里了。虽然我对其中任何一篇都没有很好地研究过，但这么多的具体东西最少可以使我明白所谓‘文章’究竟是怎么回事。”这便是积累的很好体现，孩子的阅读积累也是同样的道理：读得多了，自然就会从各个方面得到提高。

阅读包括两方面：

一是阅读语文课本上的文章

语文课本的文章是家长对孩子进行语文基本功训练的例子，要想使孩子学到更多的知识，并使其转化为能力，就必须加大阅读量。

二是阅读课本以外好的文章

古人云：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”。可见阅读与写作的关系是密切的。

阅读应养成良好的习惯：

一是要把文章读懂乃至读熟，要明白作者是怎样运用语言文字来表达中心的，切忌走马观花，囫囵吞枣。读后应能记住文章的内容，知道其大概的意思。

二是要养成“不动笔墨不读书”的习惯。读书时，不仅要善于把那些生动、优美的词语和精彩感人的片段摘录下来，还要勤于读书写心得等。只有引导孩子多读书，才能帮助孩子积累更多的语言材料。

叶圣陶先生说“生活犹如泉源，文章犹如溪水，泉源丰盛而不枯竭，溪水自然活泼地流个不停歇。叶老的话形象地说明了生活与作文的关系。我们要抓好作文训练这个“流”，就必须同时抓好生活这个“源”，家长应该沟通课堂内外，充分利用学校，家庭和社区等教育资源，开展综合性学习活动，拓宽孩子的学习空间，增加孩子语文实践的机会。所以教学中应积极引导孩子多参加一些社会实践活动，或引导孩子把目光投向现实生活，开发和利用各种课内外教学资源，让孩子阅读社会这本“无字之书”，并让孩子养成写日记写心得的习惯，做生活中的有心人，这样有了充足的“源”，自然就有取之不尽用之不竭的“清水”和“活水”了。

降低写作门槛，消除孩子的畏难情绪，题目要松绑，并要贴近孩子实际，鼓励写出真情实感，我们提倡孩子真实地做人，真实地思想，孩子在写作的艰苦劳动中，要随心所欲，爱写什么，就写什么，只要是积极奋进，健康向上的，都可以大写特写，阳光明媚，春风轻拂可以写，电闪雷鸣，风雨交加也可以写，一草一木，一笑一颦，一俯一仰，凡人凡事都可以写，整个写作过程中“应该积极参与作者的感情体验，做到感同身受，撞击出心灵的火花，让一个活生生的人写出他自然而然的内心喷涌而出的生活感受来”，宋人谢枋说这样做的好处是：“初学熟之，开广其胸襟，发舒其志气，但见文之易，不见文之难，必能放之高论笔端不窘矣。”

一篇好的作文，不仅需要良好的素材，充沛的感情，同时也需要一定的写作技巧进行适当处理。在实际教学过程中，教师也应该指导学生掌握一些基本的写作技巧，为自己的作文加分。比如，在文章的开头如果比较有新意，往往会给阅卷老师眼前一亮的感觉，可以增加第一印象。同样，如果文章的结尾有一个漂亮的总结，为整篇文章划上一个完美的句号，也可以为整篇作文加分。因此，学生在写作时，应在开头、结尾的地方多花点心思。

综上所述，作文教学在高中语文教学中占有极其重要的地位，对于提高学生的文学素质和综合素养具有极其重要的作用。新时期下，教师应转变教学理念，加强和学生之间的有效互动，激发学生的写作兴趣。同时应引导学生多阅读，积累素材，并且传授学生一些必要的写作技巧，全面提高作文教学有效性。

说明文是对事物形状、性能、特点、成因等进行的理解式表达表述的文章。其形式多为文字提示或图表。这种文体使用比较广泛。科普文、产品介绍、国情或民俗介绍都属于这类文体。说明文是陈述客观事实，谓语动词通常用一般现在时态。说明文具有以下特点：

1. 科学性。介绍事物或解说事理必须揭示其本质特征。做到概念准确，判断恰当，分类清楚。

2. 客观性。写说明文时，要按照事物的本来面目如实地加以介绍、说明和解释。不能带有个人愿望或主观倾向。

3. 知识性。说明文以说明为主要表达方式，用简洁的语言介绍事物或阐明事理，使人们获得关于某一事物的知识和道理。

4. 解说性。说明文的目的就是在于把事物、现象或道理解释、介绍清楚，让读者明白。

几点写作注意

写说明文要注意以下几点：

1. 抓住中心，分清主次。首先根据要仔细阅读文字提示或观察图表，确定文章的中心内容。再根据内容把文章文分成几个段落，每段都要拟定一个主题句。然后确定中心人称和主体时态。

2. 列全要点，扩编句子。以拟定的主题句为中心，选择恰当的词和句型组织材料，编写句子，形成段落。

3. 布局谋篇，连段成文。按照一定的逻辑顺序，用适当的过渡词把已经写好的段落串连成一篇完整的文章。

具体写作实例

例如：根据下列提示，写一篇介绍你们学校的短文。

1. 位于市中心。

2. 有50多年的历史。

3. 现有60个教学班，近3000名学生。

4. 校园美丽，教学设备先进。

5. 教师经验丰富，工作努力。

6. 已为国家培养了许多高素质人才。

7. 本校为全市最好的学校之一。

要求：词数100左右。

写作示范：

Our school is located in the center of the city. I t has a history for more than 50years. Now, there are nearly 3000 students studying hard here, who were divided into 60 classes. I t has a beautiful campus and modern teaching facilities. The teachers are well experienced and they all put their hearts into teaching. Many students with high quality have been educated since the founding of the school. It is now one of the best schools in the city.

词汇拼写错误较为严重，词汇选用上会有不当的情况。

应对策略就是平时阅读过程中注意单词拼写，关注单词使用语境，多积累高级词汇和句型。

语法掌握不好，句子的基本构成主谓结构掌握不清。

Due to the fact that the mental state, we have to keep a balance between the physical and the mental.

这句话中，due to the fact that后面需要接一个句子，而上句中只是一个名词性短语，所以错误。另外，between...and...需要连接两个名词短语，上句中形容词physical和mental后缺少名词性成分。改正为Due to the fact that the mental state plays a significant role, we have to keep a balance between the physical well-being and the mental health.

格式不正确，结构不清晰，汉语式英文思维太过明显，翻译的过程中常常不合英文写作要求。

应对的策略是多阅读范文，写作前列提纲，注意使用衔接词。

格式不正确常常出现在应用文中，有人会忘记写落款。这是我们在写作过程中特别需要注意的，否则格式错误就要相应的扣分。另外，有些文章结构不清晰，或者没有分段，或者段落之间的内容混乱。开头段就开始论述问题，第二段提出建议，结尾段又给出原因，逻辑混乱不清，抓不住重点。所以我们在写文章时一定要先打腹稿，明确行文结构和大概内容，这样在写作过程中才不至于不知道说什么，甚至瞎写一通。

总而言之，新大纲非常强调大家的英语写作技能，我们在平时的备考过程中一定要多进行英文文章的写作，养成良好的写作习惯，注意单词拼写、语法检查、逻辑结构，这样写出的文章才能过关。

教学课件是辅助教学的多媒体教具，是现代教育技术发展的产物，具有很强的时代特点，也是教育现代化的标志之一。下面是小编整理的英语写作基础教程课件，希望对你有帮助。

一、课程教学目标

本课程为高等学校英语专业课程体系中一门英语专业知识课程，属专业必修课性质。通过本课程的教学，使学生能正确理解和掌握英语写作的基础知识和技巧，例如词汇的恰当用法、英语成分与各类型结构的多样化运用等，并能按照不同要求正确书写便条、信函和通知等应用文，缩写课文内容，组织提纲并根据提纲书写短文（150单词左右），正确使用标点符号。

二、先修课的要求

本课程面向英语专业一年级学生，学生应具备基本英语写作能力，达到英语专业入学时的各项要求。

三、教学环节、内容及学时分配

Unit 1:正确用词

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

通过举例及练习提升学生对词汇的敏感度，学会如何正确运用词汇；写便条。

【本章重点及难点】

辨析词汇不同侧面的意义，如：denotative & connotative meanings; affective & collocative meanings.

【教学内容】

1. Denotation and connotation

2. Attitude and collocation

3. False friends

4. Subject-verb agreement

5. Note-writing

5. Follow-up exercises

Unit 2:恰当用词

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

学会鉴别不同文体，即正式、常用、口语和俚语，并根据不同文体使用恰当的词汇；写较为正式的便条。

【本章重点及难点】

避免中式英语

【教学内容】

1.Various styles in English

2. Chinglish

3. Writing notes to older people, strangers and business clients

5. Follow-up exercises

Unit 3:简洁精确用词

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

纠正学生习作中常见的冗余用词，帮助学生建立分类记忆词汇的习惯从而精确用词；写正式通知。

【本章重点及难点】

提高学生对词汇细微差别的敏感度，尤其是名、动、形容词，培养良好的词汇学习的习惯。

【教学内容】

1. Conciseness

2. Preciseness

3. Effectiveness

4. Modifiers and related problems

5. Informal notice

Unit 4：基本句型

【学时】 3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

通过例句比较，使学生理解并学会选择恰当的词汇作主语，避免动词的名词化倾向；明确主语通常的位置及主语后置时的影响；总结何种情况下使用主动语态或被动语态的原则；归纳一般现在时的较特殊用法及单句中时态的匹配；掌握虚拟语气的常见用法；学写正式通知。

【本章重点难点】

构建最基本句子框架；句中词序的变化对语意重心的影响。

【教学内容】

1. Subject and its position

2. Active voice & passive voice

3. Tense and sequence of tenses

5. Mood

6. Extended notice

7. Follow-up exercises

Unit 5:基本句型的扩展（一）

【学时】 3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

使学生掌握扩展基本句型的方式之一：增添修饰成分，并会正确使用七种类型的修饰语；正确使用定语从句达到强调作用；为段落缩写。

【本章重点难点】

使用修饰语扩展句子，以及修饰语的顺序。

【教学内容】

1. Attributes

2. Relative clauses

3. Incomplete sentences

4. Word order

5. Precis for short paragragh

6. Follow-up exercises

Unit 6基本句型的扩展（二）

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

学会使用分词和独立主格结构来扩展句子；为较长篇章写缩写。

【本章重点难点】

复杂分词结构的使用；学会在两个或以上的动词中正确选择用作分词结构的动词；避免悬垂修饰语、连写句、连串句。

【教学内容】

1. Participles

2. Absolutes

3. Comma-split sentences

4. Fused sentences

5. Precis for longer articles

6. Follow-up exercises

Unit 7连接句子的方法之一：并列

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

了解并列在单词、词组、从句和句子这四个层面的使用；学会不同类型连接词的用法；掌握并列句的具体用法和功能，以及更为复杂的并列句的使用，例如并列词的重复或缺失、用分号连接的并列句和有插入结构的并列句。

【本章重点难点】

如何正确应用并列句；错误的并列。

【教学内容】

1. Coordinate structures

2. Coordination at the sentence level

3. Functions of coordinate sentences

4. Advanced usages of coordinate sentences

5. Lack of unity & faulty parallelism

6. Follow-up exercises

Unit 8连接句子的方法之二：从属

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

辨析并列句与从属句在表达语意上的区别；正确使用名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句；理解从属句的两大功能；学写提纲。

【本章重点难点】

从属句的有效使用；从属句与并列句的选用原则。

【教学内容】

1.Subordination vs.coordination

2.Types of subordination

3.Functions of subordination

4.Effective use of subordination

5.Misplaced modifiers

6.Basic format of a short composition

7.Follow-up exercises

Unit 9句子多样化

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

使学生理解句子多样化的重要性，并从句子长度、句子结构、语意重心和句子开头这四个方面达到句子多样化的目的；正确使用倒装，避免逐字翻译；学写短文开头。

【本章重点难点】

达到句子多样化的方法；如何通过重新排序和特殊结构达到强调的目的。

【教学内容】

1. Ways to achieve sentence variety

2. Inversion & word-for-word translation

3. Introduction of a short paragraph

4. Follow-up exercises

Unit 10标点符号

【学时】3

课堂讲授学时：2

其他教学学时：1

【教学目的和要求】

理解常用标点符号的功能和用法；学写短文结尾。

【本章重点难点】

标点的用法；插入语的三种不同标点组合的区别。

【教学内容】

1.Functions of punctuation

2. How to end a sentence

3. How to join sentences of equal weight

4. How to punctuate within a sentence

5. The conclusion of a short composition

四、教学策略与方法建议

本课程采用课堂讲授和写作实践相结合的教学方式。课堂讲授使用多媒体教学，由教师讲解写作技巧引导学生发现使用规律，结合小组活动和个人训练等各种形式提高学生的写作学习热情。在课外布置适量的写作任务，及时操练和巩固所学的写作知识和写作技巧，加强对语言的实际运用能力。

五、教材与学习资源

本课程教材为邹申主编的《写作教程（第一册）》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2005。

掌握好的学习方法非常重要，下面内容2019中考英语作文命题预测如何拿高分?，希望能给您带来一定帮助。

2019中考英语作文命题预测 如何拿高分?

随着中考逼近，考生都进入了紧张的备考状态，初三老师们也一直与同学们并肩作战。在最后不到60天的时间里，如何让考生更有针对性的复习，如何让考生尽可能多得分是我们老师一直在思考的问题。

中考英语的基础部分只要学生基础扎实，一般拿分没多大问题。如今，令大部分学生头疼的问题是作文。为了让学生对中考英语作文更有信心，老师为学生们解析历年的中考英语作文题目，并作出预测，为同学们指点迷津。

首先让我们一起来看看历年的中考英语作文真题。

2006年作文题目：

Write a passage of at least 60 words on the topic “I Have a Dream”。

2007年作文题目：

Write at least 60 words about the topic “Things I Hate to Do”。

2008年作文题目：

Write at least 60 words on the topic “A Story about My Parent(s)&rdquo,周记;。

2009年作文题目：

Write at least 60 words about the topic “I want to do something for my school”

2010年作文题目：

Write at least 60 words about the topic “I‘m proud of myself”

2011年作文题目：

Write at least 60 words about the topic “I‘m a member of… ”

我们可以发现，中考的英语作文其实难度并不大。命题都是与学生自身相关，为的是让学生有话可说。但是学生往往得不到高分，到底我们该如何去拿分呢?从以上题目可以看出，中考作文的写作思路通常为：what—why—how.评卷主要从内容、结构、文采三个角度给予评分。学生在写作文时，最好能够根据提示进行书写以得内容分，另外，注意连接词的使用以得结构分，同时注意遣词造句以得文采分。现在我们一起来分析2009年真题的优秀作文，让同学们更能感受到如何去写一篇优秀作文。

If you ask me what I want to do for my school， my answer is to plant trees in my school garden. I have found there are too many buildings and few trees in our school yard， so I want to make my school much greener and more beautiful. After I plant trees there， maybe more and more students will do as me.Moreover， students can read under the trees. Of course， I will do it with my classmates. I hope our school will be a nicer place to study.

此文分三层，先提出自己的观点，然后写出为什么这么做，最后写出我会怎么做。

全文立意好，贴近实际，可行性强。从语法来看，没犯语法错误;从结构来看，用了so、after、moreover等连接词使行文更加流畅;从文采上看，文章多处用了从句，用到了形容词的比较级等。整篇文章简洁、让人读起朗朗上口，是一篇很值得借鉴的文章。

导语：软文与硬广告相比，软文之所以叫做软文，精妙之处就在它将宣传内容和文章有料内容完美结合在一起，好的软文是双向的，即让用户得到了他想需要的内 容，也让用户在阅读文章时候能够了解我们所要宣传的产品/品牌卖点。比如360手机卫士在做7周年品牌宣传时，为了体现“陪用户默默走了七年”、“7.0 版本上线”的产品和品牌特色，用葫芦娃为何是7只的有料解读进行了包装。

做为什么都得会的运营来说，难免会接到用软文做推广的任务(当然有的是自己想用的获取用户方式)，这个时候你可以有两种策略。一种是自己写软文然后 在渠道进行投放，在这种策略下则需要运营自己能够去挖掘产品卖点与撰写用户感兴趣的内容;另外一种是预算充足时的策略，直接找跟目标用户调性一致的营销 号，把挖掘的产品卖点告知他们，然后把软文撰写和投放都全部交由营销号负责。考虑到普适性，本文聊的是前一种选择，当运营打算自己做软文营销时该怎样写好 一篇软文。

软文的三要素：

一、在高中那会写论文，要想拿到作文高分，你得有出色的论点，然后足够新颖丰富的论据，其次是配上华丽的辞藻，可以说论点、论据、辞藻是组成一篇完整论 文的核心要素。软文跟论文一样，也可以简单的看成为证型的文章，它需要用足够多的论据(用户感兴趣的内容)说服用户使用产品，所以用论文对软文的话，它也 有着自己的核心要素：

1、产品卖点，你想通过软文重点包装的产品核心卖点。

2、软文主题，根据目标人群，找到戳人心的“痛点”、“high点”、“娱乐点”的同时能够完成对产品核心卖点的包装的主题。

3、内容素材，根据主题多维度的进行素材收集，让软文主题得到论证和具象化。

文字功底好的运营，把软文的三要素都码出来之后加以润色一篇软文基本成形了。如果你和我同是语文学渣，估计也得跟我一样多花些时间去雕琢软文里的措辞了。文字素养靠的是日常大量的积累，能够帮运营马上get到的是核心三要素的挖掘和撰写的技巧。

二、挖掘可植入软文的核心卖点

通常情况下软文的是用户感兴趣的“有料”内容作为主体部分，产品宣传内容只能是其中的一小部分，篇幅过多会影响软文的传播效果。建议可以采取鱼骨图 的方法，从产品的功能、内容、活动、用户四个方向层层剖析，寻找产品关键核心卖点。这里以小贤自己创建的运营知识型社群「运营研究社」为例做一个“为何加 入运营研究社”的卖点鱼骨图。

因为在产品卖点介绍上可以发挥的文字空间有限，所以运营只能抓产品的其中1-2个卖点进行软文包装，这个卖点越具体越独特越具体就越有可包装性。就像我们看到手机厂商在写软文时，基本就围绕像素高、性能号、高续航、机身薄..的其中一到两个卖点进行软文包装。

三、用于包装核心卖点的软文主题

写软文最难的地方在于怎样在文章里写完有料的内容后，非常自然的转到产品推介内容，为了不出现辛辛苦苦码了很久的文字到最后衔接不上产品想要传递的 卖点这种尴尬局面，运营在写软文前可以把这衔接部分也就是软文里的产品卖点包装部分先根据软文主题写出来，再去做软文主体(有料)内容的素材收集与编写。

就目前自己见过的软文来说，可以把常用的产品卖点包装的主题(方式)分为以下几类：鸡汤类、情感类、娱乐八卦类、干货类、热点类、癔症类、搞笑类、 表态类、生活场景类，其中传播度比较好的情感、鸡汤、娱乐八卦类主题软文，干货传播不会太广但比较适合写专业文章的自媒体去做给企业做产品软文植入。

另外，我在16年6月份观察了小红书周年庆时在“休闲璐、HUGO、深夜发嗤”等微信大号上做的软文投放，它们对周年大促这一“活动类型”的产品卖点上均采用的是表态类包装。

比如深夜发嗤的表态是「勇敢做自己」，然后文章主体采用徐老师特有的幽默和排版风格讲述了，一个不自信的人在学校(不敢向喜欢的妹子表白而)在工作 中的各种不勇敢的产生的遗憾，进而引出“人生苦短、路途复杂，想要啥就该伸手去拿。想要全世界的好东西?还是想要(睡)全世界最美的人?”嗯，就是这句话的过度，顺利的把广告的引了出来，后面就是周年庆的福利说明和参与方式。

一个是软文所宣传的产品卖点一定要介绍的简单清晰有质感。比如上面周年庆例子，详细地解释周年庆的福利和领取方式，再比如之前有一做文案的朋友给HeyJuice排毒果蔬汁写的软文，清晰地记录了该产品的外型和使用方法，很有说服力。

四、根据软文主题收集素材

这里的素材收集指的是收集好的内容来支撑你的观点，也就是有料的论据。软文主题可以天马心空的多样化，但落地到具体的写作就要能够自圆其说，为什么你要提议大家“勇敢做自己”、“做人对就要对自己好”、“不要恋后邋遢”、“坚决要做运营”…

有特长或者说有独特兴趣爱好的人，在素材收集方面就会比较有优势了，喜欢研究历史的运营在做素材收集时就可以找到各种历史事件来为论据，喜欢研究电影的则可以用电影大片里的剧情来做论据，喜欢研究情感问题的可以拿各种日常情感纠葛作为论据…

如果你跟小贤一样是什么兴趣特长都没有的话，其实还可以靠搜商来弥补，围绕产品卖点包装的主题通过搜索引擎收集一些素材，看看哪些能够用做主题的论据，虽然效率会慢点但是还是能够0基础的驾驭它。

下面是自己在15年底给FiLL耳机写的一篇软文，当时想给包装这款耳机的核心卖点是“史上最高颜值”，为了体现这个主题我想把各个发展阶段的耳机 样子扒出来做对比，这对于一个非耳机发烧友来说很难，但是通过在百度贴吧、知乎、百度图片、耳机论坛等地方进行关键词搜索还是可以做到的。我从这篇软文摘 取了一部分内容，大家可以感受下这些素材。

19世纪80年代，诞生了与音乐没有半毛钱关系的第一副耳机，当时重达几十磅，别说美观度了，它能够顺利发声就不错了。

五、软文的展示形式

谈完软文的三要素，现在再说一下软文的展示形式。现在见的比较多的有三种：纯文字类、图文并茂类、纯图片类。

个人感觉纯文字类适合一些比较深沉的主题，如情感、梦想、抉择的文章，这种类似的文字排版可以多学习下「咪蒙」用数字区隔来提升文章的逻辑性和可阅读性。图文并茂类是一种比较普遍的软文形式，可以通过PS、影视剪辑、搞笑图片的穿插，实现娱乐的效果。

纯图片类的软文代表「深夜发嗤」，图片类有利于做出有特色的排版，目前做图软文的应用也比较多。一种是微信、QQ对话框的截图，三言两语讲一个故 事，不用PS，准备小号就好了。多用于感情类、撕逼类软文。然后可以多关注一些微博上的“小野妹子学吐槽、娱乐圈扒姐、同道大叔、大尸兄漫画、找节操”等 营销账户。

最后还要再啰嗦一句，写软文是需要自己多阅读几遍软文并不断修改的，运营零基础写软文灵感来了同样也一天可以搞定，要是没感觉估计憋一周也是白倒 腾。另外如果自己所运营的产品不是消费级应用，还是不要期待软文这种形式能够有多好的提升销售/下载量的效果，因为本来就不是一个普适性的产品感兴趣的人 不会多。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

题目：请以“My Class Teacher”为题，写一篇不少于60个单词的作文。

My Class Teacher我的班主任

My class teacher is Mr. Wang. He is strict but kind. He has taught us Chinese for two years.我的班主任是王老师，他是一个要求严格而亲切的老师。他已经教了我们两年语文。

He always tells us to study hard but not all the time. Sometimes he plays with us. He says, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." I think he is a good class teacher.他总是告诉我们要好好学习，但不是时时刻刻学习。有时他会和我们一起玩。他说：“只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。” 我觉得他是个很好的班主任。

点评：这篇文章取材的是身边熟悉的人，作者也有东西可写，更具有可读性。另外，写人时把主语稍作调整，读起来轻松多了。

I am a 15-year-old girl. My name is [ename]Cherry[/ename]. Now I am studying in the middle school. I want to be an actress because I think it is a funny and exciting job...

写人的常见句式如：

This is my friend, Mary.

She is... years old.

She is a teacher/ an artist/ a singer...

She/ He gets up at 6/5... / early/ late.

She/ He has sports at school.

She/ He likes...

She/ He is strong/ fat/ slim/ kind/ thin/...

She/ He looks like...

She/ He is good at English/ maths/ Chinese/ physics...

文章摘要：1. 遇见你的那一刻，世界轰然倒塌；两人抬起头有点不相信的盯着我。英语如何写出中考高分作文儿子出院那天，已经夕阳西下了，他笑了笑对儿子说：乖啊，不怕，有爸爸呢，我还有办法。关于事业:没有什么高低贵贱之分,人人为我我为人人,只要合法,能干什么就干什么,口袋没钱最丢人,死要面子活受罪的事千万别干.！

①文体：记叙文。

②要点：what → when →how → why → hope and plan for the future.

③时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时的自然变化。

内容具有开放性，但它也是“控制性”的写作试题，因此不能随意发挥，要善于抓信息，写完要点。选用这两篇学生真实习作，一是因为他们选材相同，二是因为他们都是英语成绩优秀的同学。同学B灵活使用连词so...that，so，little by little，when，so that等，恰到好处地使用新句型和短语used to，became interested in，come true......等，使内容丰富，读起来优美流畅。其实这些表达同学A也会，只是缺乏技术加工。通过这两篇作文点评，同学们便能悟出其中的奥妙。

四、培养途径

1.根据老师布置的写作内容，独立完成一篇写作。

2.与同伴合作，交流自己的写作，通过交流找出各自作文中写得好的地方和优美的句子，合作创造一篇新的文章，供大家欣赏。

3.找老师点评，请求老师指点，尤其是怎样润色。

4.自己纠错，写下反思。

五、备考演练

缙云山是重庆著名的游览胜地，每天有大量的游客。请你根据下面提供的信息写一篇报道，说明现在的游客在环境保护方面的变化。

写作要求：

1.词数在100左右。

2.条理清楚，语句通顺。

3.开头已写好，但不计入总词数。

Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest ...

趁现在，没有孩子，没有牵绊，我也不贪图他什么，该是离婚最好的时机吧；他还能自己走路，朋友却已经站不起来了。英语如何写出中考高分作文12、诚实是上策。他们用钱去做坏事!多么痛的领悟，你曾是我的全部，只愿你挣脱情的枷锁 ，爱的束缚，任意追逐，别再为爱受苦。最后只能采取自愿加班的方式。

在一般的记叙文中，景物描写点到为止，不宜过多铺排。小编收集了记叙文写作指导，欢迎阅读。

景物描写，是指对自然环境和社会环境中的风景、物体的描写。记叙文中的景物描写主要是为了显示人物活动的具体环境，使读者身临其境。因此，在写作中，适当地加入景物描写，可以起以下几个作用：

交代故事发生的时间、地点，揭示作品的时代背景。例如《三颗枸杞豆》中有这样一段：“我的故乡是一个小山村，有山有水。尤其是门前的山沟，长满了各种各样的树木，里边还有小松鼠、小兔子、小蚱蜢………山谷里的树林成了我的乐园。”其中生动细腻的自然环境描写交代了故事发生的地点——一个可以让孩子自由自在玩耍的故乡。

渲染气氛，烘托人物心情。生动的景物描写有时可以渲染一种特定的氛围，烘托人物的情趣、心境，表现人物具体的心理活动。例如《月迹》一文描述了中秋节的夜晚，一群孩子早早地就坐在院子里盼月亮。作 者将一种心理情绪交织在对景物的描写之中，用景物的渐变过程来写孩子们的心理感受过程。

展示人物性格。人物所处的环境，能够展示一个人的身份、气质、个性等，因此得体的景物描写一定程度上可以展示人物性格。例如《从百草园到三味书屋》中有这样的描写：“从一扇黑油的竹门进去，第三间是书房。中间挂着一块匾道：三味书屋;匾下面是一幅画，画着一只很肥大的梅花鹿伏在古树下。”简朴大方的书斋和作者的老师寿镜吾先生质朴方正的性格特点相得益彰。

在一般的记叙文中，景物描写点到为止，不宜过多铺排。同学们要能抓住景物特征，特别是能够从细节上凸显景物的与众不同之处;同时还要精心设计描写景物的角度和顺序;另外还要发挥丰富的想象，力求唤起读者的想象和共鸣。

要写好英语作文，还要带着敏锐的目光细心地观察，注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。小编收集了中考英语作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、要善于模仿

对大多数学习英语的同学来说，英语的词汇量、句式的积累还极其有限，远不能达到用英文流畅表达，挥洒自如的境地。在这一阶段进行创作是不合时宜的，如果非要创造，只能写出“long time no see”这样的文字来。因此，模仿是这一阶段的必经途径。

谈到模仿，一些同学的办法就是背一堆范文，然后再到考场上进行一个“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作，效果可想而知。这不是真正意义上的模仿，充其量算是默写课文。如何模仿呢?

首先，模仿的目标要明确。模仿的重点永远要放在一定的句式结构上，而非个别的词汇。道理很简单：一个词，随着文章内容的变换，可能就不能用了;而句式结构是放置四海而皆准的东西，适用的范围广，学来对写作的帮助也就明显。

其次，模仿的材料要地道。像新概念英语这样的教材就提供了很多原汁原味的英语表达法。盲目选择文章学习，记一些不中不洋的句子，以讹传讹，浪费时间。

最后，模仿要体现在实际动笔上。比如说，新概念第三册有一个句式说：“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么，用在大学英语考试中，我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行，表达为：“the bicycle is very popular in china for the simple reason that…”。然而，很多同学经常背了这些句式不用，一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”，等等。

二、要灵活变通

在批改英语作文的过程中，经常能发现一些将中文生硬地翻译成英文的表达法。由于中英文之间的差异和词汇量、表达法积累的不足，出现难于表达的情况是十分正常的。关键问题在于如何处理。有一句话叫做“立志如山，行道如水”，套用在这个问题上就很合适。写英文作文，一定要有决心把它写好，有信心把意思表达清楚，这是“立志如山”;但关键是遇到问题时要有个灵活的态度，能像流水一样变通解决问题。

有个翻译界的故事说：在某大型国际会议的招待会上，一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译：“what is it made of?”本来是非常简单的一个问题，结果翻译太紧张，忘了“egg”这个词，但是他急中生智，回答：“it is made of miss hen’s son.”这里，就是一个灵活变通的范例。绕道表达，是写作中应该常常运用的一种方法。

三、要细心观察

要写好英语作文，还要带着敏锐的目光细心地观察，注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。

比如说，在正式文体的写作中，很少用 “it isn"t”这样的略缩形式，而往往是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理，在正式文体中的日期一般不缩写，阿拉伯数字一般会用英文表达(特别长的数字除外)。

再比如说，翻翻新概念第三册所有的课文，会发现凡是一段文章的段首句出现转折时，转折词however都放在句子结构中的第二部分，以插入语的形式出现。分析原因，是因为段落一开始就用转折词，会时转折显得较生硬、突兀。

最后，许多同学在写作文时，习惯于把 “since” “because” “for”这样的词放在句首引导原因状语从句。事实上，在我们见到的英语报刊杂志文章中，这样的从句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外, “and”也常常被误放在一句话的开头，表示两个句子之间的并列或递进关系。其实，经常留心地道的英语文章能发现，如果是并列关系，完全可以不用连词;如果是递进关系，用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为普遍。

四、要心有全局

英文写作十分强调形式上的严谨性，特别是全局的丝丝入扣。如果写作时结构意识良好，应试写作就简化成为一个填空的过程了。框架万变不离其宗，适当地填如观点、素材，文章就自然而然地立起来了。

掌握了这些英文写作中的练习技巧，会使提高英文写作水平的努力有更大的收益。

下面智康教育跟大家分享写作的“五项基本原则” ：

1、 长短句原则

工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：

as a creature, i eat; as a man, i read. although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.

如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!

强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

2、 主题句原则

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!

to begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

3、 一二三原则

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐，原因：俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，原因：俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐，原因：俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐，原因：俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

4、 短语优先原则

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如：

i cannot bear it.

可以用短语表达：i cannot put up with it.

i want it.

可以用短语表达：i am looking forward to it.

这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

5、 多变句式原则

1)加法(串联)

都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：

i enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.

如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：

not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.

其它的短语可以用：

besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)

批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。

the car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.

the coat was thin, but it was warm.

更多的短语：

despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3)因果(so, so, so)

昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!

the snow began to fall, so we went home.

更多短语：

then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)

有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。

举例：this is what i can do.

whether he can go with us or not is not sure.

同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：

when to go, why he goes away…

5)附加(多此一举)

如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他;或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。

the man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.

i don’t enjoy that book you are reading.

mr liu, our oral english teacher, is easy-going.

其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

小明做了一个梦。他梦见自己为北京奥运会做一名志愿者：他努力帮助来自世界各国的外国朋友……在交谈中，小明让外国朋友更多地了解北京。外国朋友感谢小明，并认为小明的英语非常好。小明很高兴，他甜蜜地笑了……

请你根据设定的梦境并加以想象，写一段 80 词左右的短文。开始语和结束语均已给出（不计入总词数）。

内容要求：

（ 1 ）帮助外国朋友；（ 2 ）与外国朋友交谈；（ 3 ）感谢小明；（ 4 ）小明很高兴。

词汇参考： try （ do ） one＇s best ， find （ that ）， heavy （ lost ）， carry （ show ， take ）， taxi （ car ， bike ）， on the way ， talk with （ about ）

Xiao Ming had a dream （梦） last night . In the dream ， he volunteered to serve （志愿列队） the Beijing Olympics .

Xiao Ming had a dream last night . In the dream ， he volunteered to serve the Beijing Olym pics . He tried his best to help the foreign friends from different countries . When he found a foreign friend worried in the street ， he went up to him and asked him what was the matter . The foreigner told Xiao Ming he was Jack ， and he forgot the way to the Sun Hotel . Then Xiao Ming stopped a taxi and took him to the Sun Hotel . Xiao Ming talked with Jack on the way and made Jack know more about Beijing . Jack thanked Xiao Ming very much and thought Xiao Ming＇s English was very good . Xiao Ming was very happy . He smiled and smiled ， then he woke up .

导语：对比开篇法，把两个同类的景物放在一起，去进行一褒一贬或一扬一抑，而构成对比。使用这种方法作为文章的开篇，叫做对比开篇法。

使用这种方法能增强文章的说服力，使读者能更好的体会到作者的写作意图。

使用这种方法应注意：

1、要明确的表现出赞扬什么。

2、对比的范围要因人、因事、因景而异。

3、对比开篇只在开篇局部进行。

4、对比多用转折句式，要委婉自然。

例文：

初春的夕阳

人们都喜爱观赏朝阳，无不赞叹太阳升起时候的壮观景象。许多中外名人都热情地歌颂过日出，海涅就曾记述过在布罗肯高峰看日出的情景。善于观察大自然的屠格涅夫，对于日出，也作过精湛的描绘。但古往今来，人们对落日的观赏，描绘、吟咏却比较少。虽然古人也曾留下“大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆”、“夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏”的诗句，但是总写得有些萧瑟之感。

春

那绚丽多彩的夏，我不喜欢她，她太热情;那果实累累的秋呢，我也不爱她，她太深沉;那冰冷刺骨的冬，更让人感到她的冷酷无情;只有春，那婷婷少女办的春，那充满活力的春，那生气勃勃的春为我所爱恋。

I saw an interesting scene from a TV show. A girl and a boy were forced to have the blind date, and they know nothing before they came to the dinner table. They felt embarrassed and after introducing each other, the girl began to speak English with the boy. The parents did not know what they were talking about, but they felt happy to see them communicating. Actually, the boy and the girl said they didn’t want this date and decided to tell their parents the truth, and they felt relieved. Mastering another language provides people more ways to communicate. Sometimes we can use it in the fun way.

我在电视节目上看到有趣的一幕。一个女孩和一个男孩被迫相亲，在他们来到餐桌前根本毫不知情。他们觉得很尴尬，互相介绍后，女孩开始和男孩说英文。父母不知道他们在说什么，但是很开心他们在聊天。其实，他们两个是在说不期待这样的约会，决定把真相告诉父母，他们觉得松了一口气。掌握另一种语言给人们提供了更多的交流方式。有时候我们可以进行有趣的交流。

本次英语考试以中考题型命题，加强对基础知识的考查，侧重考查学生综合运用语言的能力。命题材料贴近学生生活，难度适中。其中听力笔录要点和书面表达失分较多。我所教两个班级19班比20班在人平，及格率和优秀率方面稍高。

从本次考试所反映的现状来看，今后的教学中应注意：

1.加强单词听写和课文背诵的落实工作，多关注课文文本知识。

2.狠抓基础知识，加强写作训练。书面表达能客观地反映学生英语基础知识掌握情况，并且一直是学生的薄弱环节。

3.继续注重英语阅读教学。阅读理解在我们的各种测试中所占分值越来越大，而且选材也更趋广泛化。因此课堂教学中要侧重“篇章”，强调“含义”，将语篇教学贯穿于课文教学和阅读理解教学中，利用语篇教学扩大学生词汇量，增强语感，丰富文化知识，提高学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。

4.注重兴趣培养，慎防两极分化。从试卷分析中可以看出，每个学校都不同程度地出现了令人担忧的“两极分化”现象。初学阶段一定要注意激发培养学生的学习兴趣，关注学生的情感，营造宽松，民主、和谐的教学氛围，保护每个学生的自尊心和学习英语的积极性。只有这样，掉队的学生才会减少，也才可能大面积提高人平。

5.注重课堂“时效性 ”，在优化课堂组织教学、合理设计教学活动，加大训练强度和密度的基础上，注重因材施教、分层教学。既要使大多数学生掌握好基础的知识与技能，同时注重知识的扩展和规律性知识的总结与归纳，让好学生也能获得充分的发展。

6.加强听力训练，营造语言环境。课堂上一定要加强对学生的听力训练，坚持用英语组织教学，尽可能利用多种教学资源让学生接触地道的语音、语调，多听英、美人士的录音材料。

外籍教师Richard想了解一下你所在班级学生的到校方式。假如你是李华，请以The way I go to school为题，写一篇英语短文，想Richard介绍自己的到校方式。

提示：

1. How do you go to school?

2. Why do you prefer to go in that way?

注意：

1. 短文必须包括所有提示内容，并围绕你所选择的某种交通方式，写出二至三个理由，可适当发挥。

2. 文中不得出现真实的人名，校名和地名。

3. 词数60-80个。(短文开头已给出，不计入总词数)

The way I go to school

I’m Li Hua.

参考样文：

I’m Li Hua. I go to school on foot. I have several reasons for that.

First, my home is not very far from my school, it is just about two kilometers away from school. It takes me about 20 minutes to get there. Second, walking to school is a kind of exercise. It is good for my health. Third, it’s pretty safe to walk to school because there is a lot of traffic on the road at this time of a day. So I prefer going to school on foot. It’s really a good choice.

1

主语＋谓语(不及物动词)：S+V

It will rain tomorrow.

He often runs in the morning.

They cried.

Tom exercises every day.

2

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语：S+V+O

I miss my mother very much.

She wants to go home now.

The English club is going to hold an English party.

They all love her.

3

主语＋系动词＋表语：S+V+P

The music sounds wonderful.

The leaves have turned red.

She is a student.

We keep silent about that.

4

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语（人）＋直接宾语（物）：S+V+IO+DO

The teacher gave a book to him.=The teacher gave him a book.

They told me an interesting story.

The waitress offered me a bottle of wine.

My father will buy me a bike.=My father will buy a bike for me.

Miss Smith teaches us English.

5

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语：                                      S+V+O+C

They call me Xiao Wang.

I saw him swimming in the river.

We elected him monitor of the class.

导语：人生不可能一帆风顺,难免会有灾难猝不及防地降临到我们的面前。但只要我们的心中充满希望,我们就能发现灾难下的生机,也就能找到一条新的人生之路。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1924年，美国家具商尼科尔斯家突然失火。大火把家里的一切烧个精光,连同他准备出售的家具。火灾之后,面对满地狼藉,心有不甘的尼科尔斯到处寻找,终于找到一块已被烧焦的红松木。他的目光,长久地注视着那块木头独特的形状和漂亮的木纹。尼科尔斯找来一块碎玻璃片,小心翼翼地刮去红松木上的沉灰,接着用砂纸打磨光滑,然后又在上面涂了一层清漆。一番打理之后,那块烧焦的红松木呈现出一种温暖的光泽和特别清晰的木纹。尼科尔斯灵机一动,若是将这种光泽与木纹应用到家具的制作上,生产出“仿纹家具”，效果应该不错吧?灵感突至的尼科尔斯,立刻着手制作仿纹家具。果然,这种仿纹家具一问世,就受到了顾客的热烈欢迎。大家争相购买,尼科尔斯生意也就越做越好。如今,尼科尔斯创造出的第一套仿纹家具,还收藏在纽约州博物院。人生不可能一帆风顺,难免会有灾难猝不及防地降临到我们的面前。但只要我们的心中充满希望,我们就能发现灾难下的生机,也就能找到一条新的人生之路。那条路,其实正是灾难馈赠给我们的最好礼物。

【温馨提示】“人生不可能一帆风顺,难免会有灾难猝不及防地降临到我们的面前。但只要我们的心中充满希望,我们就能发现灾难下的生机,也就能找到一条新的人生之路。那条路,其实正是灾难馈赠给我们的最好礼物”。这段话说得多么好:人生只要充满希望,就一定会赢得机遇,就会有美好的未来。这段话适用于“人生”、“奋斗”、“机遇”、“理想”、“自信”等作文话题。

导语：点题开篇法，点题开篇就是文章开头要围绕题目写出题目的意思或文题要求所写的内容。

使用这种方法应注意：

1、要认真审清题目，确立文章要表达的中心思想。

2、题目是文章的眼睛，文章开始就围绕题目意思展开叙述描写，入题快，避免臃肿;目标明确，避免离题万里。

3、如果题目上点明了中心，开头就有揭示中心的作用;如果题目没点明中心，开头可作为全文的总结。

4、要根据文章需要，灵活巧妙的与其它方法结合运用。

例文：

故乡的水

如果你有机会乘着飞机在长江三角洲上俯瞰，你会发现一座五光十色的神奇宝岛，它像一颗璀璨的明珠，镶嵌在一汪清泉中。这颗“明珠”，便是我的家乡——崇明岛。在它上面，有冰肌玉骨、闻名于世的赢洲水仙;有碧绿茫茫、硕果累累的果园田野;有味美绝伦的崇明螃蟹……我爱它们，但更爱哺育它们的母亲，崇明岛的卫士——水。

游吼山

在我的家乡有一座古老的名山——吼山。它位于臬阜镇的东南，离臬阜约七公里。山上怪石嶙峋、鸟语花香。据说鲁迅先生小时候也曾游过吼山。