中考英语写作指导（优秀20篇）

看图作文是以图画或图表来提供目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等情景，要求作者借助图画，通过联想将一组画面的直观内容转换成传神达意的文字形式，用于反映图中所表现的思想内容。

从写作体裁上看，可说明介绍，可叙事记人、可写景状物，也可以发表议论。

1.仔细审题、弄清题目要求

看图作文主要考查考生的观察能力、分析能力、想象能力、创造能力和语言表达能力。

想写好看图作文，必须遵循以下步骤：

首先，必须通读试题中的每一个字，认真观察所给的每一幅图画，正确理解提示所提出的各种要求，从而明确作文的中心思想，判断文章的类型、特点，了解文章的重点内容，力求切中题意。

2.审好图，确定要素

认真观察图中的故事发生于何时?何地?图中的人物为何人?他们做了什么事情?结果如何?

3.考虑用恰当的词语、句型和时态

弄懂了图上的大意后，在内心构思一个基本的框架，考虑用什么样的句型、词语、时态来充分表达文章的内容，尽可能用你熟悉的词语或句型，力求语言准确、意思明了。

4.列出要点，组织语言

在认真审题、弄清题意的基础上，我们应逐个完整无误地把内容要点列出来，我们可以在每幅图画的旁边用简单的词语标出其所表达的要点，这样，既可以提醒自己不要漏写了要点，又能防止过分发挥。接着就可以将内容要点译成英文词语或句子，以便下一步组织语言，形成短文。要注意使用适当的连接词或过渡性语句，以使上下文更为连贯，过渡自然。

5.详细得当

对一些细节方面的内容，如果是文章必不可少的细节，在写作时不可将这些细节忽略;如果是可有可无的细节，则可视具体情况进行增删。因此，我们在审图时，一定要注意各图中的一些细节内容，看其是否影响文章的内容。

6.仔细检查、修改

文章写完后，应进行必要的检查、修改，力求全文内容表达准确、完整，并最大限度减少错误。

具体从如下做起：

(1)核对图中要点是否有遗漏;

(2)时态、语态是否正确;

(3)文章句、段、篇是否连贯;

(4)用词是否得当、词数是否符合要求;

(5)单词大小写、拼写、标点是否准确无误。

最后提醒大家：一篇好的作文不但要内容写得好，字迹也要美观、工整、漂亮。

(一)提纲式。以记住书的主要内容为目的。通过编写内容提纲,明确主要和次要的内容。

读书笔记,是指人们在阅读书籍或文章时,遇到值得记录的东西和自己的心得、体会,随时随地把它写下来的一种文体。古人有条著名的读书治学经验,叫做读书要做到:眼到、口到、心到、手到。这“手到”就是读书笔记。读完一篇文章或一本书后,应根据不同情况,写好读书笔记。常用的形式有:

(二)摘录式。主要是为了积累词汇、句子。可以摘录优美的词语,精彩的句子、段落、供日后熟读、背诵和运用。

(三)仿写式。为了能做到学以致用,可模仿所摘录的精彩句子,段落进行仿写,达到学会运用。

(四)评论式。主要是对读物中的人物、事件加以评论,以肯定其思想艺术价值如何。可分为书名、主要内容、评论意见。

(五)心得式。为了记下自己感受最深的内容,记下读了什么书,书中哪些内容自己教育最深,联系实际写出自己的感受。即随感。

英语写作中有不少短语和表达大家会经常用到，下面我们就总结了100条常用的短语和表达句子，希望能给大家一些参考。

1. 经济的快速发展 the rapiddevelopment of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长theremarkableimprovement/ steady growth ofpeople’s livingstandard

3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw publicattention

8.不可否认 Itis undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题 a controversialissue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少 be indispensableto …

19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychologicalburden

30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质 comprehensivequality

37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

38.加大了…的可能性 increase the chances of

39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40. 应当承认 Admittedly

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43.可靠的信息源 a reliablesource of information

44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I

46.方便快捷 convenient andefficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection /environmentallyfriendly

49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of scienceandtechnology

51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue

52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of theformer/latteropinion

53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the followingreasons/evidence

54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way

55. 理论和实践相结合 integratetheory with practice

56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…

57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition

58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest

59.长远利益. interest in the long run

60.…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantagesanddisadvantages

61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorableconditions andavoidunfavorable ones

62.取其精髓，去其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。

63.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to

64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information

65.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreastwiththe latest development of …

66.采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth。

67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …

68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。(不推荐用。。。) No gardenwithout weeds。

69.对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person。

70.重视 attach great importance to…

71.社会地位 social status

72.把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…

73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scopeof knowledge

74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally

75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…

76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal

77. 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, hold the opinion/beliefthat

78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relievestress/ burden

79.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth。

80.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with

81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。

82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of 大写)

83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water

84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities

85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress

86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…

87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutualunderstanding

88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of

89.承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure

90.保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity ofoursociety

91.更多地强调 put more emphasis on…

92.适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society

93.实现梦想 realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true

94. 主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:

95. 首先 First， Firstly， In the first place, To begin with

96.其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place

97. 再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally,Moreover,Furthermore

98. 最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,

99. 总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,

100.我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go

导语：正如我们所知道的，安全是我们生活中最重要的东西。所以，我们应该尽力确保我们的安全。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

建设平安校园是我们每个人的责任与义务。作为一名学生，我们更应该珍惜自己的生命，更应该注意自己的人身安全。假如你是Li Hua，并担任校学生会主席，请你就安全问题，向全校学生发出倡议，写一封安全倡议书。

内容提示：(1)不带管制刀具到学校;(2)不私自下河洗澡;(3)不打架;(4)上学放学的途中应该注意安全;(5)遇紧急情况，立即报告警察或老师。

参考词汇：管制刀具：restricted knives or things;洗澡：have a bath;打架：fight;紧急情况：emergency;交通安全：pay attention to the traffic。

写作要求：(1)用词恰当，要点全面，层次清晰，书写规范。(2)可适当发挥，80词左右，开头、结尾已给出，不计入总词数。(3)严禁出现自己的真实姓名和学校等相关信息。

★ 范文

Dear students,

As we know, safety is the most important thing in our lives. So, we should try our best to make sure we are safe.

We mustn’t bring restricted knives or things to our school because these things may cause serious problems. Do not have a bath in rivers or ponds by ourselves without our parents’ permission. And, we should be friendly to others so fighting is strongly banned. Make sure that we should always pay attention to the traffic on our way to school or home. Furthermore, if we meet some emergency, we must call for help from the police or our teachers.

In a word, following these safeties rules above can make us live in peace.

Yours,

Li Hua

【汉语翻译】

亲爱的同学们，

正如我们所知道的，安全是我们生活中最重要的东西。所以，我们应该尽力确保我们的安全。

我们不能带限制的刀子或东西到我们的学校，因为这些东西可能会导致严重的问题。未经父母允许，不得在江河或池塘内洗澡。我们应该友好地对待别人，所以强烈禁止打架。在上学或回家的路上，一定要注意交通。此外，如果我们遇到紧急情况，我们必须向警察或我们的老师求助。

总之，这些安全规则可以使我们生活在和平。

你的好朋友，

李华

导语：希望!其实每个人都有着自己的希望，人也是为着希望而存活的。石头擦出希望的火光，这在黑暗中耀眼的火光点亮了道路，点亮了一跳长长的道路，那就是希望的道路，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

行走在喧嚣的大街，耳边充斥着形形色色的吵闹声，我不禁皱了眉，似乎一切看起来都是那么不顺眼，就像他看我不顺眼一样……

漫天的雨水劈天盖地朝我脸上打来，感到一阵一阵钻心的疼痛，抬头看天，那是雨水，是世界上最软弱的东西，为什么会疼呢?我伸出手，接住他，就像接住自己一样，那么软弱的它，怎么能经受住狂风的摧残呢，在天上不是很好，何必下来受这罪呢?雨水似乎不同意我的话，急着从我身边逃走，看着它随着风漫天飞舞，我却突然急躁起来，怕它不被需要，怕他不被理解，怕它会因讽刺而感到悲伤，怕我的悲剧在它身上重演，想到这，想到那个冷漠的身影，眼眸一淡……

跟着那欢快的小水珠走过大街，穿过小巷，它似乎没有停下来的预兆，可我却早已累了，心中却不远认输，希望能看看它到底归向何处，也许只是想看看自己该归向何处吧!

风停了，雨落了，我哭了……

它最终归向了农民伯伯的稻田里，看着伯伯们的笑脸，小雨似乎更加卖力，风儿也开始起舞，似乎将他们的全部生命都奉献给了这篇稻田。我悄然离开了，带着那份理解与感动……

带着那份重新出发的心情我重新回到了那里，那个梦魇……

打开了门，看着他那挺拔的背影，眼眶一红，忍住心中的那份不快，回到自己的房间，开始收拾那少得可怜的衣物，门毫无预警的被踹开来，但我早已见怪不怪，因为这不是第一次，“你为什么如此执着?我娶的是你妈，你知道吗?多你一个要承担多大的压力知道吗?”他仍然他滔滔不绝的说着，“不用说了，我会搬走的，不会再来打扰你们的生活!”“真的假的?不会又是糊弄我的吧!”看着他那怀疑的目光，我心中一痛，这就是我叫了三年的父亲，一个在妻子面前表现出父爱的好父亲!“不会的，你放心，妈妈那边我会跟他说，我自己自愿的，放心，你们安心过你们的日子，以后不会再来打扰你的生活!”“哈哈，我就知道我这三年没白养你，要走还是现在就走吧，不然一会你妈回来你就走不了了!”看着这个男人由衷开心的笑脸，我快速走出了家门，看着这个我待了三年的地方，心中居然没有一丝难过，只有轻松……我解脱了，就像那颗小水珠一样，终于脱离了天空的牵绊，找寻生命的新起点。

两年后……

山上，树木被春风摇醒，睁开睡眼，张开了柔嫩的臂膀，扭着腰肢。

“山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村，小朋友知道是什么意思吗?”“不知道”“这两句诗的意思呢，是说在遇到困难的时候千万不要放弃，因为……”“老师，我知道，因为希望就在前方!

【模拟文题】

一头驴子不小心掉进一口枯井里，他哀怜地叫喊求救，期待主人把它救出去。驴子的主人召集了数位亲邻出谋划策，也没能想出办法来搭救驴子。大家倒是认定，反正驴子已经老了，“人道地毁灭”也不为过，况且这口枯井迟早总要填上的。

于是，人们拿起铲子开始填井。当第一铲泥土落到枯井里时，驴子叫得更恐怖了——它显然明白了主人的意图。又一铲泥土落到枯井里，驴子却出乎意料地安静下来了。人们发现，此后，每一铲泥土打在它背上的时候，驴子都在做一件令人惊奇的事情，它努力地抖落背上的泥土，踩在脚下，把自己垫高一点。

人们不断把泥土往枯井里铲，驴子也就不停地抖落那些打在背上的泥土，使自己再升高一些。就这样驴子慢慢地升到枯井口，在人们惊奇的目光中，潇潇洒洒地走出了枯井。以上材料，引发了你怎样的思考？请以“绝境与希望”为话题写一篇文章，题目自拟，体裁不限，不少于800字。

导语：朱自清，朱自清对优雅和谐、含蓄节制的美的追求，一方面是中国传统文化精神的延续，另一方面也隐含着对中国现实社会景象的逃逸和否定。下面是小编整理的关于朱自清的相关材料，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

【朱自清简介】

朱自清(1898年11月22日-1948年8月12日)，原名自华，字佩弦，号秋实。原籍浙江绍兴，生于江苏东海，长大于江苏扬州，故称“我是扬州人”。北京大学毕业，曾任清华大学中文系教授、系主任。中国现代诗人、散文作家。文笔清新，所著合编为朱自清全集。为中国现代散文增添了瑰丽的色彩，为建立中国现代散文全新的审美特征创造了具有中国民族特色的散文体制和风格;主要作品有《雪朝》、《踪迹》、《背影》、《春》、《欧游杂记》、《你我》、《精读指导举隅》、《略读指导举隅》、《国文教学》、《诗言志辨》、《新诗杂话》、《标准与尺度》、《论雅俗共赏》。

1.朱自清的最后岁月

逝世前半年，常年劳累的朱自清体力衰弱，经常连走一点路都很吃力。他感到自己骤然衰老，不过并不因此而消极。他把唐人的诗句“夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏”，反其意而用之，改成“但得夕阳无限好，何须惆怅近黄昏”，作为对自己的鞭策，压在书桌的玻璃板下。每天一清早就坐在桌前，读书勤奋不息，工作毫不减轻。

在生命的最后两个月，朱自清的身体已极度衰弱，体重低到77.6斤，且又“彻夜胃痛不止”，“不断大量呕吐”，病情日益危重。可他仍然编辑《闻一多全集》，编写教科书，备课讲授，演讲呐喊。在这两个月的日记中，他直接写到读书、买书、选书的日记竟有17篇之多。其中有他认真阅读瞿秋白同志的《鲁迅杂感集序言》和《大众哲学》的记载。甚至在逝世前26天，他还在日记中订了一个阅读计划，要求自己除星期六下午和星期日外，每天坚持轮流读一本英文书和中文书，利用休息时间读诗。说到做到，此后两天，即订出计划的第一个星期一，他开始读布尔芬奇的《神话集》和《波罗克夫的眼界》一文。

2.朱自清先生的一则逸事

根据上个世纪30年代清华的规定，教授们在校工作五年，就有一年的学术休假，由学校资助去外国访问进修。朱自清时任清华大学中文系教授，于1931年利用学术休假，在英国伦敦皇家学院和伦敦大学注册旁听。据《朱自清日记》于该年记述，他有两次夜梦清华未能继续聘他为教授，理由是他在外国文学上的学养上尚有不足;梦醒，全身冷汗，深感不发聘书颇有道理，于是他更加努力利用在伦敦的一切便利条件，来提高自己。俗语云：日有所思，夜有所梦。所谓“不足”，并非真的来自清华校方的压力，而是朱先生对自己严格要求的反映。

3.朱自清宁可饿死，不领美国救济粮

朱自清是清华大学中文系教授。1948年初，人民解放战争进入最后阶段，6月，北平学生掀起了反对美国扶植日本军国主义的运动。当时，朱自清身患重病，又无钱医治，但他毫不犹豫地在写着“为表示中国人民的尊严和气节，我们断然拒绝美国具有收买灵魂性质的一切施舍物资，无论是购买的或给予的”。的宣言上签了自己的名字。8月初，朱自清病情加重，入院治疗无效，12日逝世。那时他年仅50岁。临终前，朱自清以微弱的声音谆谆叮嘱家人：“有件事要记住，我是在拒绝美国面粉的文件上签过名的，我们家以后不买国民党配合给的美国面粉!”

吴晗1960年写的《关于朱自清不领美国“救济粮”》说：“这时候，他的胃病已经很严重了，只能吃很少的东西，多一点就要吐。面庞瘦削，说话声音低沉。他有大小七个孩子，日子比谁过得都困难。但是他一看了稿子，毫不迟疑，立刻签了名。”朱自清夫人也写道：“我们家人口多，尤其困难。为了生活，佩弦(朱自清字佩弦)不得不带着一身重病，拼命多写文章，经常写到深夜，甚至到天明。那时家里一天两顿粗粮，有时为照顾他有胃病，给他做一点细粮，他都从不一个人吃，总要分给孩子们吃。”在吴晗找朱签名时，“他的病情已经很严重了，呕吐得厉害——医生说应尽快动手术。”当天朱自清的日记中写道：“此事每月须损失六百万法币，影响家中甚大，但余仍决定签名。因余等既反美扶日，自应直接由自身做起，此虽只为精神上之抗议，但决不应逃避个人责任。”由此可见，吴晗说“毫不迟疑，立刻签了名”显然有夸张之嫌，朱自清至少也是咬牙决定的，以身作则的观念使他决定牺牲家庭的生活必需。

4.函请接济家父

鲁修贤

芦沟桥事变发生之后，朱自清先生转往大后方，他写信给当时在上海教书的李健吾，请他就近接济自己住在扬州的老父亲，李健吾自然不会让老师失望。那么，朱自清先生何以有信心如此重托他人呢?原来，这二人之间早已建立了深厚的师生情谊。——1925年暑假过后，朱自清先生应聘来到清华大学担任了中国文学系的教授。李健吾这时刚好从北京师范大学附属中学毕业，考取了清华大学中文系。上第一堂课，朱自清先生点名，点到李健吾时，问道：“李健吾，这个名字怪熟的，是不是常在报纸上写文章的那个李健吾?”李健吾回答：“不敢瞒老师，是我。”确实是在师大附中读书时，李健吾就和蹇先艾等组织了爝火社，从事新文学活动了。“那我早认识你啦!”朱先生高兴地说。下课后，朱自清先生劝李健吾：“你是要学创作的，念中文系不相宜，还是转到外文系去吧。”当时中文系只念古书，所以朱自清先生这么说。李健吾听了朱自清先生的话，第二年就转到外文系去了。师生虽不在一个系，但李健吾写了作品，都先送给朱先生看，始终把朱自清先生当作导师。朱自清先生也每次都字斟句酌地帮李健吾定稿。多年互动，使他们真挚的师生情笃定终生。

5.朱自清的读书生活

朱自清在上中学时，就极喜欢读书。当时家里每月给他一元零花钱，他大部分都交给家乡一家广益书局了，而且还常常欠账。引发他对哲学兴趣的一部《佛学易解》，就是从这家书局得到的。

1920年，是朱自清在大学最后一年。一次，他到琉璃厂去逛书店，在华洋书庄见到一部新版的《韦伯斯特大字典》，定价要14元。这钱对这部大书说来虽不算太贵，可对一个念书的学生却实在不是个小数目。自己手头没这么多钱，可书又实在舍不得，思来想去，就自己的一件皮大氅还值点钱了。

这件大氅，是父亲在朱自清结婚时为他做的，水獭领，紫貂皮。大氅虽是布面，样式有点土气，领子还是用两副“马蹄袖”拼凑起来，可毕竟是皮衣，在制作的时候，父亲还很费了些心力。可当时实在舍不得那本“大字典”，又想到将来准能将大氅赎出，便在踌躇许久后，毅然将它拿到了当铺。

当铺在学校后门，转身就到。朱自清并没有过多考虑。因为想到将来赎回，便以书价作当价：14块。大氅当然不止这个价，所以当铺柜上的人一点不为难，即刻付款。

拿上钱，朱自清马上去把那本《韦伯斯特大字典》抱了回来。不料那件费了父亲许多心力的大氅，却终于没有赎回来。

now in the country areas, there are many children out of school. i think one of the reasons is that their families are too poor to afford their school. as a result, they have to stay at home to make money to keep their families.

another reason is that many parents think it useless for the girls to study and they would not like them to go to school. a third reason is that some children are not interested in their lessons, and would not like to go to school.

in my opinion all the children including the girls should have the chance to receive education. all the people should pay attention to the education of the children who will play a very important part in the future of our country.

中考英语作文范例：我的班主任

题目：请以“My Class Teacher”为题，写一篇不少于60个单词的作文。

My Class Teacher

我的班主任

My class teacher is Mr. Wang. He is strict but kind. He has taught us Chinese for two years.

我的班主任是王老师，他是一个要求严格而亲切的老师。他已经教了我们两年语文。

He always tells us to study hard but not all the time. Sometimes he plays with us. He says, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." I think he is a good class teacher.

他总是告诉我们要好好学习，但不是时时刻刻学习。有时他会和我们一起玩。他说：“只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。” 我觉得他是个很好的班主任。

点评：这篇文章取材的是身边熟悉的人，作者也有东西可写，更具有可读性。另外，写人时把主语稍作调整，读起来轻松多了。

I am a 15-year-old girl. My name is [ename]Cherry[/ename]. Now I am studying in the middle school. I want to be an actress because I think it is a funny and exciting job...

写人的常见句式如：

This is my friend, Mary.

She is... years old.

She is a teacher/ an artist/ a singer...

She/ He gets up at 6/5... / early/ late.

She/ He has sports at school.

She/ He likes...

She/ He is strong/ fat/ slim/ kind/ thin/...

She/ He looks like...

She/ He is good at English/ maths/ Chinese/ physics...

中考英语作文范例：给姚明的信

You are one of the fans of Yao Ming. Please write a letter to him.

题目：假设你是姚明的球迷，试着给他写封信。

参考作文

Dear Yao Ming,

亲爱的姚明：

How are you these days?

你最近好吗?

You are a bit surprised to get this letter. You dont know me but I know you. I am your fan. I have collected lots of information about you. When you left Shanghai, I felt a little sad. Ive been missing you all the time. But NBA is really a good place for a wonderful basketball player like you. Youve made the right choice.

收到这封信你一定觉得很惊讶。你不认识我，但我知道你。我是你的球迷，我收集了你的很多信息。当你离开上海时，我有点儿难过。我很想念你。不过对于一个优秀篮球运动员来说，NBA确实是个很棒的地方，你的选择很正确。

How about your wound? Do you still feel pain? Take good care of yourself and I do hope to see you win each match in the coming year.

你的伤怎么样了?是不是还很痛?好好照顾自己，希望你来年能赢得每一场比赛。

Yours

你的

Weiwei

魏伟

中考英语作文范例：上海的变化

题目：请以“Changes in Shanghai"为题，写一篇不少于60单词的作文。

Changes in Shanghai

1 300年前的上海

2 上海的今天(东方明珠、金茂大厦)

3 上海的明天(2010年的世博会)

参考作文

Shanghai was a small town three hundred years ago. There were only a few thousand people living here. Many of them were fishermen and farmers.

300年前，上海只是个小镇，只有几千人居住在这里，其中很多人是渔民和农民。

Today, Shanghai is becoming an international city. Many tall building have been built. Some bridges have been put up over the Huangpu River. More and more foreigners come to Shanghai for a visit every day.

今天，上海已变成一座国际大都市，并建成了很多高楼大厦。黄浦江上架起了很多桥梁。每天都有越来越多的外国人前来旅游。

Shanghai has already won the bid for holding the World Expo 2010. I think the environment will be better and better and the city will be more and more beautiful.

上海已经取得了2010年世博会的举办权，我相信上海的环境会越来越好，并且越来越美丽。

点评：虽然2010年世博会已经结束，但关于城市发展的话题依然热烈，除了上海，像广州、北京、深圳等大城市也有可能是考试的热点。

中考英语作文范例：通知的翻译

假如你陪你校的外籍教师Smith先生去音乐厅听音乐，在门口的布告栏里看见一张观众须知，内容如下：

观众须知

1、一人一票，凭票入场;

2、场内严禁吸烟;

3、食品和饮料请勿带进场内;

4、演出时请勿照相;

5、演出时请勿使用传呼机和移动电话;

6、提前30分钟入场。

Smith先生不懂中文，他很想知道布告栏里写着什么。现在，请你把观众须知的内容用英语告诉Smith先生，并把要讲的话写出来。

Mr. Smith, it is a notice to the audience. It says that we should enter the concert hall 30 minutes earlier before the concert starts. Entrance to the hall is by ticket only, each one each ticket.

史密斯先生，这是一则观众须知。上面说我们应该在音乐会开始前30分钟入场，每人凭票进入。

As a rule, food or drink should not be taken into the hall. Of course, smoking is not allowed in the hall either.

按照规定，食品和饮料不得带进场内，吸烟也是不允许的。

Please dont bring your digital camera with you because no photos can be taken during the concert. And what is more, beepers and mobile phones must be off during the concert.

请不要携带数码相机入内，因为场内严禁拍照。另外，音乐会期间，传呼机和手机必须关闭。

点评：文章的用词和句式有一定的难度，特别是关联词的运用，如of course，as a rule，and what is more使文章读起来朗朗上口，层层紧扣，环环递进，体现了作者较高的写作技巧和水平。

中考英语作文范例：保护环境是我们的义务

题目：请以”Its Our Duty To Protect Our Environment”为题，写一篇不少于60单词的作文。

Its Our Duty To Protect Our Environment

保护环境是我们的义务

Its our duty to protect our environment. Where do we live? The earth. The earth is the only one place we live in. So you know how important the environment is.

保护环境是我们的义务。我们居住在哪里?地球。地球是我们唯一居住的地方，所以可想而知环境对于我们的重要性。

But now, some people are harming the environment, like cutting down trees, drawing pictures on public walls, littering onto the ground. Its terrible if we still do it.

但是现在，很多人都在破坏环境，比如砍伐树木，在公共墙壁上乱涂乱画，随地扔垃圾。如果我们继续这样下去是非常可怕的。

Now, its time for all the people in the society to protect the environment. Its our duty. It needs each of us to make a contribution to improving the environment. We should make our environment more and more beautiful.

现在，是人们保护环境的时候了，这是我们的义务，我们都要为改善环境做贡献，我们应该努力让我们的环境变得更好。

点评：作者多用学过的词语，不但保证了正确，还巩固了所学的知识，并且注意句型的多样化，如长句、短句、疑问句，使用了“if，so，now，but”等词，整篇文章读起来朗朗上口。实际上，写文章就像串珠子，连接词就在于把一个个单词串起来。

议论文常用的句型有：

1、论点：

Computer is important.

We must learn English well.

Its very important for us to...

In my opinion...

2、论证过程常用一些衔接词可使文章读起来流畅、紧凑。如：

Firstly, ... Secondly, ... Lastly, ... Above all, ... 等。

3、结尾强调观点，最好用不同的句型来表达相同的观点，如：

So we must...

So its very important for us to...

I believe...

We should...

中考英语作文范例：树为什么重要

题目：请以"Why Are Trees Important"为题，写一篇不少于60单词的作文。

Why Are Trees Important

树为什么重要

Trees are very important to us. Do you know why? Let me tell you.

树对于我们非常重要，你知道为什么吗?让我来告诉你吧。

Trees take in carbon dioxide from the air and make oxygen. Thats important. People and animals need oxygen to live. Many small animals and s live in the trees. Some of them also get food from trees. Trees can also stop water and soil from going away. If we have a lot of trees, we stop deserts from being large. I think this is very important. You know, trees are green. They can make our country even more beautuful.

树木可以吸收二氧化碳，并释放氧气，这非常重要。人类和动物需要依靠氧气生存。很多小动物和昆虫居住在树里，有些从树里获取食物。树木还可以防止水土流失。如果我们有很多树就可以阻止沙漠扩大。我认为这非常重要。众所周知，树是绿色的，它们能使我们的国家更加美丽。

Trees are our good friends. We should plant more trees and take good care of them.

树是我们的好朋友。我们应该种更多的树，并好好照料它们。

点评：文章先阐明观点，接着论证，最后重申自己的观点。

【作文材料】

南极大陆的水陆交接处，全是滑溜溜的冰层或者尖锐的冰凌，企鹅身躯笨重，没有可以用来攀爬的前臂，也没有可以飞翔的翅膀，如何从水中上岸?

纪录片《深蓝》，详尽地展示了企鹅登陆的过程。在将要上岸时，企鹅猛地低头，从海面扎入海中，拼力沉潜。潜得越深，海水所产生的压力和浮力越大，企鹅一直潜到适当的深度，再摆动双足，迅猛向上，犹如离弦之箭蹿出水面，腾空而起，落于陆地之上，画出一道完美的弧线。

这种沉潜为了蓄势，看似笨拙，却富有成效。

人生何尝不是如此?企鹅的沉潜原则一定能给你一些人生哲理的启示。请根据你对这段文字所蕴涵哲理的理解，以“沉潜”为话题，写一篇不少于800字的议论文或记叙文。

【写作指导】

“沉潜”“蓄积与勃发”有三个层次含义：一是指一种策略，一种权宜之计，一种智慧，属于谋略层面意义;二是指一种思维方式，一种量变到质变的过程;三是指一种“忍”“韧”的哲学理念，一种“于无声处听惊雷”的心理素养，一种收敛、内向、自省，锻造灵魂的手段。它当然可以指具体的人或物，可以写个人的体验和感受。也可以指抽象的哲学思辨。可以写韬光养晦积蓄力量，更可以写果断出手一鸣惊人。

人生又何尝不是如此?当我们面前困难重重，出头之日遥不可及时，何不学学企鹅的沉潜?这种沉潜绝非沉沦，而是自强。如果我们在困境中也能沉下气来，不被“冰棱”吓倒，在喧嚣中也能沉下心来，不被浮华迷惑，专心致志积聚力量，并抓住恰当的机会反弹向上，毫无疑问，我们就能成功登陆!反之，总是随波浮沉，或者怨天尤人，注定就会被命运的风浪玩弄于股掌之间，直至筋疲力竭。甘于沉下去，才可浮出来，企鹅的沉潜原则，也适用于人的生存。

考研英语应用文写作范文之感谢信感谢信

结构要点感谢信是就某事向收信人表示感谢的信件，分为三个部分：

1． 指出对方帮助自己的事情，表示感谢；

2． 展开叙述这件事；

3． 再次感谢，并可表示希望回报对方。

Suppose your were recommended by Professor Sun to get further education in Yale University last June and now you have been admitted by that university. Write a letter to Professor Sun to express your gratitude in about 100 words. Do not sign your own name, using “Li Ming” instead.Dear Professor Sun,

I am writing to extend my gratitude to you—without your help I would not have been a postgraduate student of Applied Mechanics Department of Yale University.

Last June, you helped me with no reservation when I applied for Yale University. You wrote a recommendation letter for me to Professor W, the dean of the department. You gave me instructions on how to fill the application forms and write the application letters. Whats more, you also taught me how to take care of myself and get along with others, which I believe are lifes great lessons.

Your help enabled me to fulfill my dream to pursue my studies in a great university. In the following days I will remember what you have told me and work and study hard to be a capable, conscientious and responsible person.

Yours truly,

Li Ming

感谢信

语言注意点感谢信应充分表达自己的谢意，切不可给对方草率的印象。可借助谈对方的帮助来进一步表达感激之情。言辞应真挚、得体。

Suppose you were taken good care of by Aunt Sun when you pursued your studies in Los Angels where Sun lived. Write a letter in about 100 words to extend your appreciation. Do not

sign your own name, using “Li Ming” instead.Dear Aunt Sun,

It is a great pleasure to extend my sincere gratitude to you for your hospitality and consideration while I pursue my bachelors degree at University of California.

As soon as I arrived in Los Angeles, you found me an apartment near my university. When I met with difficulties you often sent your daughter to help me and when I felt homesick you often talked to me patiently. You told me how to improve my efficiency in both work and study and how to get on well with teachers and schoolmates. Furthermore, you invited me to dinner on nearly every weekend.

Without your help, I would not have graduated with honors and found a satisfactory job back here in China. I know I can never repay you for everything you have done for me in the past four years, but you can be sure that I

Best regards.

Yours faithfully,

Li Ming ll never forget it.

无论采用哪种文体：记叙文、或是议论文;无论采取哪种形式：日记、或是书信，考生最终的目的是将文章完整而精彩的呈现在阅卷老师的眼前，让老师心甘情愿的给你批高分。“万能写作技法”，任选其一即能兵来将挡，水来土遁，助你在考场上所向无敌。

1、第一人称叙事法

【特点】

由于文章的内容是通过“我”传达给读者，表示文章中所写的都是叙述人的亲眼所见，亲耳所闻，或者就是叙述者本人的亲身经历，使读者得到一种亲切真实的感觉。采用第一人称，由于叙述人是当事人，所以叙述的人与事，只能是“我”活动范围内的人物和事件。活动范围以外的人物和事情就不能写进去。

2、第三人称叙事法

【特点】

用第三人称叙事，叙述人既不受空间、时间的限制，也不受生理、心理的限制，可以直接把文章中的人和事展现在读者面前，能自由灵活地反映社会生活。但第三人称叙事又往往不如第一人称叙事那么亲切自然。

3、顺叙法

【特点】

顺叙是按时间的先后顺序来叙述事情，这就跟事情发生发展的实际情况相一致，所以易于把文章写得条理清楚，脉络分明。运用顺叙，要注意剪裁得当，重点突出。否则，容易出现罗列现象，犯平铺直叙的毛病，像一本流水帐，使人读了索然无味。

本帖隐藏的内容

4、倒叙法

【特点】

倒叙并不是把整个事件都倒过来叙述，而是除了把某个部分提前外，其他仍是顺叙的方法。采用倒叙的情况一般有三种：一是为了表现文章中心思想的需要，把最能表现中心思想的部分提到前面，加以突出;二是为了使文章结构富于变化，避免平铺直叙;三是为了表现效果的需要，使文章曲折有致，造成悬念，引人入胜。倒叙时要交代清楚起点。倒叙与顺叙的转换处，要有明显的界限，还要有必要的文字过渡，做到自然衔接。特别要注意，不要无目的地颠来倒去，反反复复，使文章的眉目不清。

5、插叙法

【特点】

插叙是为了表达文章中心的需要。有时是为了帮助读者了解故事情节的追叙，有时是对出场人物的情节作注释、说明。使用插叙一定要服从表达中心思想的需要，做到不节外生枝，不喧宾夺主。在插入叙述的时候，还要注意文章的过渡、照应和衔接，不能有断裂的痕迹。

6、补叙法

【特点】

补叙主要用于对上文的叙述补充说明，一般是片断性的、简要的，不具备完整的事件，也可以把解释或说明的文字放有前面，以引起下文。补叙的作用，一般不发展情节、事件，只对原来的叙述起丰富、补充作用。

7、分叙法

【特点】

分叙的作用是把头绪纷繁、错综复杂的事情，写得眉目清楚，有条不紊。分叙可以先叙一件，再叙另一件，也可以几件事情进行交叉地叙述。采用分叙时要根据文章内容和表达中心思想的需要确立叙述的线索，还要交代清楚每一事件发生和发展的时间。

8、详叙法

【特点】

9、略叙法

【特点】

略叙的作用是在于交代事件发生发展过程中不可缺少但又不必详叙的内容。它与详叙相结合，便整个叙述有详有略，疏密相间，形成叙述的起伏。略叙一般用于文章的开头和结尾;与中心思想关系一般的部分;人所共知的部分。

10、直接抒情法

【特点】

直接抒情可以使感情表达得朴实真切，震动人心。直接抒情一般适用于抒发强烈而紧张的感情。直接抒情的特点是叙述时感情强烈，节奏时快、紧张，情感直露，容易把握。

11、间接抒情法

【特点】

间接抒情的特点是抒情含蓄婉转，富有韵味，感染力强。间接抒情一般可以通过叙述抒情，作者在叙述时加上自己主观感情色彩，根据感情的流动来叙述，使读者在叙述的过程中感受作者的思想感情;也可以通过议论抒情，作者在议论中，表达强烈的爱憎、褒贬之情，这种记叙中的议论一般是利用判断来进行;还可以通过描写来抒情，作者在描写的过程中，渗透自己的情感。采用间接抒情的方法，要做到语言美丽而又富有感情色彩。

12、先叙后议法

【特点】

先叙后议是先叙事后议论，因此议论要起总结上文，点胆中心的作用。议论时，要对事件的主要内容，或事件的主要人物，或主要事物进行议论。这样才能做到叙事和议论的统一。议论的方法，可以通过文章的人物的语言、心理活动进行议论，也可以以第三者的身份进行议论。

13、先议后叙法

【特点】

采用先议后叙的方法，首先开门见山地提出记叙的要点和中心，并以此统全文，使全文所记事件的意义，通过议论之后，显得清楚明白。在叙事的时候，要根据议论的中心，抓住重点进行写作。

14、夹叙夹议法

【特点】

夹叙夹议的特点是叙事和议论穿插进行，写法上灵活多变，作者可以自由自在表情达意。采用夹叙夹议的方法写作要注意叙事的连贯性，议论插入要自然。

15、以物为线索

【特点】

在叙事的过程中，让某一物品在事件的各个阶段重复出现，并通过各种手段加强它的形象。这种物件往往起过渡作用或象征和点明中心思想。

16、以人为线索

【特点】

以人为线索叙事，要注意不同时间、不同环境人物性格的统一，还要注意人物年龄特征、外貌、动作、地方和民族特征、生活习惯等方面的统一。否则，容易造成混乱。

17、以思想变化为线索

【特点】

这种写法，思想发展的主线要分明。思想变化的各个阶段贯要自然，对照要清楚。

18、以中心事件为线索

【特点】

主要事件记叙突出，次要事件交代清楚，主次搭配合理，叙述井然有序。这种写法，事件再复杂，也可繁而不乱。

19、写生法

【特点】

学习画画，要从写生、素描学起;学习书法要从描红临帖练起;学习状物也需从写生素描练起。我们作文时，如果能把看到的物品用文字描绘出来，读者看了文章，如见其物，我们的作文就有了坚实的基础。用写生法描写物品要注意描写的顺序，或由上到下，或由下到上，或从左到右，或从右到左，或先中间后两边，或先两边后中间，或先整体后部分，或先部分后整体。其次要注意细部的描绘，使读者留下深刻的印象。

20、转动法

【特点】

采用转动法描写物品要有一定的顺序，不能颠来倒去。其次要准确地运用方位词如正面、反面、下面、上面、左面、右面等等，在转换物品的方向时，要用方位词标明。此外要有详有略，能反映物品特点的一面要详细描述，其他作简略交代，切忌面面俱到，平均使用力量。

21、剥笋法

【特点】

有些物品结构比较复杂，光用转动法还描述不清，抓不住特点，我们就要从外到里或从里到外的顺序把物品的结构描述出来。这就要用过渡词语把进入哪一层交代清楚。此外，要有重点地介绍物品的结构。

22、拟人法

【特点】

把动物比拟成人要注意找出动物的特征与人相似之处，并进行细致的描绘。把动物比拟成人，首先要从整体上把它比拟成人，然后找出局部相似之处。这样，我们读了以后才能有整体感。如果只抓住局部进行比拟，容易显得不伦不类，不易读者想象。把动物比拟成人，也用于动物动作的描写。这主要是按照人物的心理活动想象动物动作的目的。

23、化动法

【特点】

想象物品的动态要与静态描写相结合，这样才能相映成趣。文章从描写静态转入想象动态或从动态转入想象静态，描写要交代清楚，否则会分不清楚哪部分是看到的，哪部分是想到的。文章所想象的物品动态要符合物品的特点，使人读了可信。

24、说明法

【特点】

采用说明法描写物品时，首先要真实地说明它的特点，其次要抓住重点来说明。例如对物品的各部分进行说明时，有的部分，可以说明它的质地;有的部分，可以说明它的特点;有的部分，可以说明它的作用。此外说明物品的历史、特点或用途时要围绕全文的中心，切忌扯得太远。

25、运用“五觉”法

【特点】

眼睛可以看到物品的颜色、形状;耳朵可以听到各样的声音;鼻子可以嗅出香、臭、腥、臊;舌头可以知道物品的苦、辣、酸、甜、咸、淡、涩;皮肤可以感知物品的软硬、冷热。我们描写物品时，可以通过各种感觉器官的感受来写物品的特点。采用“五觉”法来描写物品，要注意围绕物品最主要的特点写，切忌支离破碎。此外，还要注意按一定的顺序描述。

26、借物抒情法

【特点】

借物抒情要求我们在描写物品时，把感情寄托于对事物的爱憎之中，要借物品的形象含蓄地抒发自己的感情。运用借物抒情的方法，关键是找准物品的特点与自己的感情引起共鸣的地方，使物品与感情相统一，使感情有所依托。

27、托物言志法

【特点】

采用托物言志法写的文章的特点是用某一物品来比拟或象征某种精神、品格、思想、感情等。要写好这样的文章，就要掌握好“物品”与“志向”，“物品”与“感情”的内在联系。首先是物品的主要特点要与自已的志向和意愿有某种相同点和相似点。其次，描述时，自己的志向要以物品的特点为核心。物品要能表达自己的意愿。托物言志的写作方法，最常用的有比喻、拟人、象征等。

28、物品自述法

【特点】

物品自述法是采用第一人称来描述物品，因此要我物品具有人的特点。在具体描写时，要注意准确地把握物品的特征，做到人格化后的物品既体现了人的特点，又不失去物的本色。具有人的特点，物品显得形象生动，吸引读者的兴趣，可鲜明地表现出作者的思想感情。保存物的本质特点，物品描写则显真实自然。

29、远眺近看法

【特点】

建筑物可以远眺，也可以近看。远眺建筑物，可以得到建筑物整体印象，看法楚建筑物的整体轮廓。但是，远眺不可能看清各个部分的具体情况，但是对建筑物在空间的位置，缺乏一种整体感，往往有一叶障目的感觉。我们描写建筑物时，把远眺和近看的结果结合起来写，可以使读者对建筑物的整体和各部分情况有详细的了解，从而获得完整的印象。

30、内外结合法

【特点】

从外面看建筑物，主要了解建筑物的轮廓，使读者对建筑物有一个完整的印象。从内材愫么建筑物，主要了解建筑物的构造，因此要作详细的介绍。从外面观察建筑物要着重从整体上进行描写，切忌写得支离破碎。从内部观察建筑物要细致，因此要按方位顺序依次进行介绍，这样才能条理清楚，读者也看得明白。采用内外结合法描写建筑物，要注意采用比喻、拟人等修辞法。

31、移步换形法

【特点】

采用移步换形的方法描写建筑物，可以不断地变换立足点和观察点，对建筑物进行多方面的观察描写。同一个建筑物，从不同的角度去看，得到的印象是不一样的。因此采用移步换形法描写建筑物首先要把观察点和立足点交代清楚，使读者明白你所描述的建筑物形象是从哪一个角度看到的。否则，容易把读者搞糊涂了。其次，采用移步换形法描写建筑物时，一定要抓住建筑物的最主要的特征来写。如果采用面面俱到的方法来描写，文章容易变成一本流水账。

32、说明介绍法

【特点】

采用说明介绍法描写建筑物时，首先要注意紧扣文章确定的中心进行必要的说明介绍，切忌不着边际的东拉西扯。在说明介绍的过程中要简明扼要，切忌拖泥带水。采用说明介绍法描写建筑物时，还要注意整体的连贯性，也就是说在说明介绍完毕以后，文章要返回到描写建筑物上来，并与前文衔接。文章从描写建筑物转到介绍说明，或从介绍说明回到描写建筑物要有过渡词或过渡句。

33、环境衬托法

【特点】

周围都是绿色，中间的一点红色就特别鲜艳夺目，所以说“万绿丛中一点红”。对建筑物周围的景色进行适当描写，建筑物就显得突出。描写建筑物周围景色的目的是为了突出建筑物，因此描写景色时要能衬托建筑物的特点，切忌离开建筑物而大写特写景色。造成喧宾夺主。在描写建筑物周围的景色时，要把观察点和立足点交代清楚，便于读者了解建筑物的位置。

34、彩笔描绘法

【特点】

植物总是由根、茎、叶、花、果组成的。运用彩笔描绘法时，要把根、茎、叶、花、果各个部位的最主要特点写出来，要写出它们的形状，写出它们的颜色。采用这种方法描写植物，要仔细观察。要分辨出植物各个部位的颜色，同样是红色，要分出是火红的，还是粉红的;同样是黄色，要分出是桔黄的，还是金黄的;同样是绿色，要分出是碧绿的，还是嫩绿的……要仔细区分各个部位的形状特点，同样是花，花骨朵与盛开的花就不一样。观察得仔细，描写得具体，读者就好像看到一张植物的彩色照片。采用这种方法描写植物，还要运用恰当的比喻，要写出自己的情感。

35、远近结合法

【特点】

同一棵植物，远看和近看是不一样的。这同照相一样，放在照相机的前面和远离照相机，摄下来的照片是大小不相同的。采用远近结合法描写植物，可以从不同的角度反映出植物的形状和颜色的特点，给读者以完美的印象。采用这种方法描写植物要把观察点交代清楚，也就是要说清楚是远看的还是近看的。其次要注意叙述的顺序，或由远及近，或由近及远，这样文章才能条理分明。

36、时序变换法

【特点】

植物各个部位的形态和颜色是随着季节的变化而变化。如果我们把植物在不同季节的特点写出来，同时把前后有关的情况交代清楚，就等于在不同的时间给植物拍了彩色照片。看了这一组彩色照片，读者对它就有了一个较为全面的了解。采用时序变换法描写植物，首先要注意在平时积累资料。要有计划地在不同季节对同一植物进行仔细观察，并记下观察日记，这样，写作时才能对积累的材料进行取舍，写出一篇好文章。其次要注意观察的连续性。

37、生长变化法

【特点】

植物总是要生长的，一般要经过发芽、生枝、长叶、开花、结果等阶段。如果把植物生长的不同阶段的形状、颜色的特点和生长的情况与下来，就好像给这棵植物拍了一部小电影。读者可以在很短的时间内，通过阅读，了解植物生长的全过程。采用生长变化法描写植物，首先要注意把植物生长过程中最突出的变化写下来;其次要交代植物发生变化的原因、前后情况和过程;此外要注意按时间的先后顺序有条不紊地写下来。

38、展开联想法

【特点】

我们看到一棵植物，往往联想到其它事物，这些事物往往与这棵植物有共同之处。例如我们看到棉桃，联想到洁白的雪花，这是因为雪花和棉花的颜色相同;我们看到大西瓜，联想到篮球，这是因为西瓜和篮球的形状相似;我们看到冰在雪地中郁郁葱葱的松树，想起那些在敌人面前不怕严刑拷打，决不屈膝的英雄，那是松树与英雄的品质上有相似之处。采用联想的方法描写植物，要注意抓住植物的主要特点，展开丰富的想象。要提高自己的联想能力，首先要认真读书，了解生活，使自己的头脑储备丰富的知识。其次是勤思勤想，经常训练，使自己有丰富的想象能力。

39、突出重点法

【特点】

植物总是由根、茎、枝、叶、花、果组成。我们在描写植物的时候，可以对植物的根、茎、枝、叶、花、果的各个部分进行描述，也可以只对植物的某一部分进行描述。采用重点突出法描写植物时，首先要找出这棵植物与众不同的地方。其次要对最能体现这棵植物特点的部分从颜色、形状、气味等多方面进行具体描写。此外还可以恰当地运用拟人、比喻等方法。

40、对照比较法

【特点】

俗话说：“不见高山，不知平地。”事物的特点往往在比较中得到显现。我们描写植物时，往往通过对照比较的方法来突出植物的特点。对照比较的方法有两种。一种是把这种植物与另一种植物进行比较;一种是把植物本身两种截然不同的特点放在一起比较。采用对照比较法要注意抓住所要描写的植物最显著的特点与其他植物作比较。这样才能给读者以深刻的印象和启示。采用对照比较法还要注意表达作者自己的思想感情和倾向性。这样才能使文章感人。抓住同一植物不同部位进行比较时，要注意找出矛盾点，这样才能引起读者的注意。

41、赞美颂扬法

【特点】

各种植物都有自己的特点，如青松不怕严寒，杨柳随处生长，莲花出污泥而不染，桂花香飘十里，留芳人间，野草有顽强的生命力，……植物的这些特点往往使我们联想到做人的道理。如看到莲花出污泥而不染，我们可以联想到要对不正之风作斗争;看到野草有顽强的生命力，我们可以联想到做人要不怕困难，不怕挫折……赞美颂扬法就是对植物的这些特点进行赞颂。采用赞美颂扬法首先要对植物的能联想到怎样做人的特点进行具体的描写，并以此贯穿全文，这样文章的中心才能突出。其次文章中要把赞美的感情抒发出来，要在描写植物中写出自己的情感，这样才能感人。此外还要注意首尾呼应，突出赞颂。

42、静态素描法

【特点】

动物的外形包括身体、毛色、脑袋、四肢、眼睛、耳朵、尾巴等。不同的动物，身体的各个组成部分不同，例如鸟只有两只脚，但有一对翅膀;鱼没有脚，但不鳞和鳍。静态素描法就是把动物静态时各个部位的形状和颜色的特点写出来。采用这种方法描写动物，首先要仔细观察，分辨动物各个部位的颜色有什么不一样。其次要找出各个部位形状的特点。此外，要运用恰当的比喻。这样，可以使读者好像看到一幅动物的写生画。

43、总分结合法

【特点】

采用总分结合法描述动物，要注意总述与分述之间关系。分述部分要紧紧围绕总述所讲的特点描写。如果总述是讲动物的美丽，分述部分都要围绕着美丽来写;如果总述是讲动物的“灵活”，分述部分就要围绕它的灵活来写。此外分述部分要有一定的顺序，或从上到下，或先形状后颜色，或先中间后两边，一定要有条理。

44、特征举例法

【特点】

采用特征举例法描写动物时，一般先指出动物的某一方面特点，然后举具体的例子加以证实。采用这种方法描写动物要注意抓住最能反映动物的这一方面的特点，而且要尽量写具体，使读者觉得可信。

45、特征说明法

【特点】

采用特征说明法描写动物，一般先介绍动物的某一特征，再说明它的作用，或说明为什么具有这一特征。接着采用同一方法逐一介绍动物的其他特征。采用这种方法描写动物，要注意科学性，要有依据，不能采取想当然的方法加以说明。为了提高写作能力，我们要注意多阅读科普读物，了解动物的习性。

46、重点突出法

【特点】

采用重点突出法描写动物，首先要仔细观察某一动物，找出它与众不同的地方加以描述。在描写动物的最主要特点时，要注意采用比喻、拟人、比较等方法，使重点部分给读者留下深刻的印象。采用重点突出法描写动物，有的对主要特点详细描述，次要特点一笔带过;有的则内写主要特点，不写次要特点。

47、成长变化法

【特点】

用成长变化法描写动物，要注意把动物从小到大整个过程中的几个主要阶段写下来，不能采用写流水帐的方法。描写动物成长过程中的几个主要阶段时，要注意把前因后果交代清楚，避免中间衔接不上，使读者看了莫明其妙。动物的成长过程是一个漫长的过程，因此采用这种方法描写动物，要注意系统地观察，要不意识地写系列观察日记，把观察结果写下来。最后，只要将观察日记加以剪裁，就可成一篇反映动物成长过程的文章。

48、实验证明法

【特点】

采用实验证明法首先要找出动物的一些鲜为人知的特点及习性，然后通过实验来证明动物确实具有这方面的特点和习性。在记叙实验的过程时，要把实验的方法、经过、结果有条理地写下来，这样才能使读者信服。这一类作文一般按提出问题---进行实验---明白道理的顺序写。

49、群体描写法

【特点】

描写一群动物，最要紧的是有详有略，详略得当。要选择具有特色的动物，重点观察，重点描写，其它的或者概括地写，或者略写一笔，要做到选材典型，重点突出。对重点描写的动物，要抓住它的形状、颜色、动作，进行具体的描绘。对略写的动物，可抓住某一方面略提一下。描写一群动物，切忌面面俱到。

50、现场目击法

【特点】

采用现场目击法描写动物，要把观察的地点交代清楚，这样读起来具有真实感。由于现场目击是以作者的观察视点作为写作的出发点，因此，描写时不强求全面、完整，但是也要慎重选择描写的内容，做到突出重点。采用现场目击法描写动物，要注意在叙述过程中交代清楚哪些是亲眼见到的，哪些是猜想的。这样文章具有科学性。

51、拟人法

【特点】

把动物比拟成人要注意找出动物的特征与人相似之处，并进行细致的描绘。把动物比拟成人，首先要从整体上把它比拟成人，然后找出局部相似之处。这样，我们读了以后才能有整体感。如果只抓住局部进行比拟，容易显得不伦不类，不易读者想象。把动物比拟成人，也用于动物动作的描写。这主要是按照人物的心理活动想象动物动作的目的。

52、动物自述法

【特点】

动物自述法是采用第一人称来描写动物，因此文章中要把“我”当作动物来写。这里要注意在写作时把“我”和动物融为一体，不能露出痕迹来。动物自述法是采用拟人的方法来描写动物，因此在描写时，既要反映动物外形、动作、习性的特点，又要体现人的一些特点。这样才能使文章既具有科学性，又显得生动活泼。

53、议论抒情法

【特点】

采用议论抒情法记叙动物，要对能给予启示的动物特点进行仔细观察，然后进行详细的描述，这样议论或抒情时就会更具说服力和感染力。议论抒情法要把动物的某些特点与人们在日常生活、工作中所要具有的精神、品质、思想紧密地联系起来。描写动物特点时，要为议论抒情作好准备;议论、抒情时，要围绕所描写的特点进行。采用议论抒情法描写动物，要注意围绕一个中心进行描写、抒情、议论。

54、景物衬托法

【特点】

景物衬托法就是描写动物，首先要集中笔墨描写好动物，写出动物的特点。动物的描写要成为文章的中心。其次描写动物周围的景物时，要为描写动物服务。景物的描写在全文中只是起衬托的作用，不能喧宾夺主。

55、季节特征法

【特点】

采用季节特征法描写自然景物，一定要对景物四季不同的特征进行仔细观察。描写时，既要逼真地再现具体的时令特征，又要表现景物本身的特征，使时令特征和景物特征融为一体。在描写景物的四季特征时，不能面面俱到，要做到各有侧重。此外，运用季节特征法描写景物时，不能变换景物的地点，要对同一地点的不同季节景色描写。

56、随时变化法

【特点】

随时变化法一般运用于描写日出、月上、日落、月夕等天空的景色变化，以及描写刮风、下雨、下雪等气色变化。采用随时变化法描写景物，一定要注意仔细观察时间的推移过程中，景物所发生的细微变化，这样才能言之有物。在描写景物时，要把时间的变化交代清楚，这样能反映景物变化的时间进程感。其次要把景物在各个时间里自身特征的变化描写具体，使读者好像看到一场景物变化的小电影。

57、日内变化法

【特点】

同一景物在一天内不同的时刻，景色是不一样的。采用日内变化法描写景物，我们必须随着时间的变化而变化，去勾画景物的不同画面，并做到各有侧重，避免画面相似。采用日内变化法描写景物，不能只改变景物的地点，但是侧重点可以变化。这样，才能做到同中有异。

58、定点换景法

【特点】

运用定点换景法描写景物，首先在观察景物时要注意选择好观察点。因为表现同一事物时，立足点不同，观察的“方位”、“角度”不同，呈现的面貌也各不相同，表达效果大不一样。其次描写时要注意把观察点交代清楚，即使不用文字作专门说明，也应该让读者能从描写中领会到作者观察的立足点和角度方位。此外，描写时要按照一定顺序，即由近及远或由远及近，由高到低或由低到高，从左到右或从右至左等等。这样可以把景物写得层次清楚，鲜明逼真，有立体感，给读者以如临其境，如在目前的感受。

59、定景换点法

【特点】

同一景物，从不同的位置去看，所呈现的面貌是完全不同的。采用定景换点法描写景物就是把不同位置观察到的景物的差异写出来。采用定景换点法描写景物首先要把观察点的变化情况交代清楚，使读者知道是在什么地方观察到的。其次交代观察点时要按一定的顺序，或由下至上，或由上至下，或由远及近，或由近及远，或由左到右，或由右到左。此外描写景物时，注意从不同的侧面去反映，使读者对景物有整体感。

60、移步换景法

【特点】

移步换景法一般适合于游记或参观记，描写景物时，人走景移，随着观察点的变换，不断展现新画面。采用移步换景法描写景物时，首先要把观察点的变换交代清楚。这样，读者才能清楚地知道游览或参观的路线。其次要把移步中或移步后所见到的景物具体地展现出来，使读者看到一幅幅绚丽多彩、内容丰富的生动画面。采用移步换景法描写景物时，要注意围绕一个中心展示不同的画面，避免有支离破碎的感觉。其次要进行精心的剪裁，要把一路上最有特色的景物描绘出来，删去一般性的描写，避免记流水帐。

61、围绕中心法

【特点】

我们描写景物时，不可能把看到的全部写下来，而且也不必要全写。围绕中心法就是根据文章中心的需要，选择有关的景物进行描写。采用围绕中心描写景物，首先要确定文章的中心。有了中心，写景就有了主心骨。中心的确定来自对景物的细致观察。通过观察，抓住景物的主要特点，这就是文章中心。中心确定以后，就要对观察到的景物进行筛选。能表现中心的就要进行细致的描绘。能衬托中心的也要进行必要的描写。与中心无关的，就略去不写。

62、分类描写法

【特点】

分类描写是按描写对象的不同类别，如天地、山川、草木、虫鱼等，或不同方面，如形状、颜色、声音等的顺序来写的。因此描写时，不一定要交代观察点，也不一定要按时间或空间的顺序进行描写。采用分类描写法要把握景物的总特征和各类景物特征的关系。描写各类景物时，都要围绕景物的总特征。采用分类描写法，还要注意准确地“分门别类”，避免重复交叉。

63、听看想法

【特点】

听看想法一般用于对刮风、下雨、打雷、下雪等气象变化的描写。采用听看想法描写景物，要围绕同一景物写听到什么，看到什么，想到什么。这样，文章的笔墨既集中，又有变化，能引起读者的兴趣。采用听看想法描写景物，要把在什么时间、什么地点听到和看到的交代清楚。在写看到的景物时要按一定的顺序，如从上到下或从下到上，从远到近或从近到远，从左到右或从右到左等等。

64、描写议论法

【特点】

采用描写议论法写景最主要的是把描写和议论紧密地结合起来。描写景物时要根据议论的中心，把有关景物写具体。议论时要针对描写得最具体的景物进行议论。采用描写议论法写景同样要注意把观察的时间和地点交代清楚;同样要按一定的顺序，有条理地描写具体的景物。

65、动静结合法

【特点】

采用动静结合法描写人物肖像既要写出人物静态时的身材、衣着、外貌，又要写出人物动态时的神情、姿态和气态。采用动静结合法描写人物时要注意围绕人物的特点来描写人物性格特点的动作和动态，做到静态特点和动态特点的统一。描写人物动态时，要在平时观察的基础上，找出最能反映人物性格特点的动作来写。描写人物静态，可以从人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌等方面选择最能反映人物个性特点的地方来写。

66、通篇拟人法

【特点】

采用通篇拟人法写景，要把看到的一切都写得像人那样有思想、有情感、有动作。采用通篇拟人法写景是把看到的各种各样景或物都比拟为人，因此它们的语言、动作、思想，全文显得和谐。

67、比较异同法

【特点】

俗话说：“不见高山，不知平地。”事物的特点往往在比较中得以显现。采用比较异同法描写景物，首先要有比较点。例如对两种植物相比，可以比颜色，比形状，比香味。有了比较点，就能比出差异来。其次要比出景物与众不同的特点来。有些自然景色粗看过去，大同小异。但是，通过比较可以从小异中比出特征。例如，同样是雨，就有暴雨、大雨、细雨等区别。比较有两种。一种是纵比，将现在和过去比较，通过事物的发展变化来说明问题;另一种是横比，即对两种事物进行比较，找出相异点来。采用比较异同法描写景物时，要灵活选用。

68、景物幻化法

【特点】

我们在平常的生活中，往往出现这样的情况：我们凝望某一景物时间较长以后，好像这个景物动起来变成另一种事物，这就叫幻化。幻化的景物实际上是随作者的联想或想象而构成的一幅新情景。采用景物幻化法写景就是把这种想象出来的情景写下来。采用景物幻化法写景首先要对原来的景物作必要的交代，这样读者才能知道新情景是由什么景物幻化出来的。当然这种必要交代可以在幻景之前，也可以在幻景之后。其次描写幻化景物时要注意完整性、连贯性，能帮助读者构成新的情景。

69、借景抒情法

【特点】

采用措景抒情法描写景物时，要注意带着强烈的感情来写，做到寓情于景，使客观的景物带上作者的感情色彩。这样，读者看了以后，会自然而然地引起同感。在抒情时，要直接抒发作者内心的思想感情，语言要优美而富有感情色彩。采用借景抒情法要做到景情相应，写景和心情要一致。

70、方位介绍法

【特点】

采用方位介绍法描写环境，可以以“我”为中心，按照前后、左右、上下的方位介绍，也可以按照自然界的东、南、西、北的方位介绍。采用方位介绍法描写环境，首先要把观察点交代清楚，这样读者才能清楚地知道是站在哪一个位置看到的。其次，要按照方位有顺序地描写，不要一忽儿东，一忽儿西。此外，描写环境的设施时，要注意把具有时代特点的、地域特点的地方写出来。

71、参观介绍法

【特点】

采用参观介绍法描写环境一般按照参观的顺序写。因此记叙时要把观察点的变换交代清楚，同时要根据参观的路线有条不紊地把看到的事物写下来。采用参观介绍法描写社会环境，要把看到事物的外观特点和它的作用、意义结合起来写，这样可以反映事物的主要特征和本质属性。在记叙的过程中，可以把自己看到的、听到的，和向导的介绍穿插起来写，这样可以给读者一个整体的印象。

72、画面组合法

【特点】

采用画央组合法描写社会环境，首先要从社会环境中选择具有时代特征、地域特点的不同画面。然后对一幅幅不同的画面按照方位顺序进行具体的描绘。最后将不同的画面按一定的顺序组合成一篇文章。采取画面组合法描写社会环境，要注意选择的画面具有代表性，还要注意画面与画面之间的内在联系。

73、分类介绍法

【特点】

描写社会环境，除了描写社会环境的景物外，还可以写人情风俗、地理风貌、气候物产和光荣历史等。采用分类介绍法描写社会环境就是有重点地选择几个方面进行介绍。采用分类介绍法描写社会环境，要注意选择最典型的材料进记叙，这样才能反映出社会环境的特点。其次各类之间要互相关联，使各个方面组成了一个整体，给读者以完整的印象。采用分类介绍描写社会环境，除了通过直接观察法了解社会环境的特点外，还要从报刊杂志上，从调查访问中了解写作的素材。

74、触景生情法

【特点】

采用触景生情法描写社会环境，首先必须是情由景生，有感而发。也就是看到景物以后，产生了深刻的感受，好像非说出来不可。其次描述时要以情为主，以景为次。写景为了抒情。笔在写景，都应当句句是情，字字是情。这样写来的文章就特别感人。这种写法可以先写景，再抒情;也可以先抒发对景物的感受，然后描写景物;还可以把两者交织起来，一边写景，一边抒情。

75、粗笔勾勒法

【特点】

采用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像，可以对人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、神情、姿态、风度的某一方面或几个方面作简要的勾勒。运用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像要抓住人物的最主要的特征，用朴实的文字简略地写出来，不宜用过多的形容词、过多的比喻。其次要简练传神，通过寥寥几笔勾勒出人物大致形象。

76、工笔细描法

【特点】

工笔细描不进对人物的肖像进行细致入微、一丝不苟地刻画，不同只描绘大致的轮廓。采用工笔细描法描写人物肖像，也要抓住人物外貌的主要特征，突出重点，以形传神，不能面面俱到。在描写人物外貌的主要特征时，要多角度、多侧面地进行描写，反映出人物的思想、品格、性格的特点。采用工笔细描法描写人物肖像，要对人物外貌进行细腻、具体的刻画，能使读者在头脑中浮现出一幅人物的彩色照片。

77、画龙点睛法

【特点】

鲁迅说过：“要极省俭的画一个人的特点，最好是画他的眼睛。“眼睛是会说话，会传神的心灵窗户。在人物肖像描写中，描写好眼睛可以深刻地揭示出人物的性格特点和精神品质。描写人物的眼睛，可以用细描的方法，也可以采用联想的方法，通过对眼睛的观察，想象人物的心理活动。采用画龙点睛法描写人物的外貌，并不是说描写人物只能描写眼睛。这里含有抓住重点的意思，也就是说要把最富有个性特点的东西写具体，把人物写活。

78、人物特写法

【特点】

特写是电影艺术的一种表现方法，是用极近的距离拍摄人或物的某一部分，使其特别放大。人物特写法就是围绕人物的最显著的特点进行细致的描写。采用人物特写法描写人物的肖像，要先抓住人物的最突出的特点。然后根据这个特点，把有关部分写具体。这样可以给读者留下极其深刻的印象。

79、动态速写法

【特点】

速写是绘画的一种方法，即一边观察，一边用简单的线条把人物的主要特点迅速勾画出来。动态速写法就是把人物动作过程中神态和表情的最主要的特点写下来。采用动态速写法描写人物肖像，要求抓住人物动作过程中最能反映人物特点的一个镜头进行描述，好像是作者用照相机拍下的一张彩色照片。采用动态速写法描写人物肖像时，既要用简笔勾勒出人物神态和表情的特点，还要适当地对人物的外貌进行描写。

80、动静结合法

【特点】

采用动静结合法描写人物肖像既要写出人物静态时的身材、衣着、外貌，又要写出人物动态时的神情、姿态和气态。采用动静结合法描写人物时要注意围绕人物的特点来描写人物性格特点的动作和动态，做到静态特点和动态特点的统一。描写人物动态时，要在平时观察的基础上，找出最能反映人物性格特点的动作来写。描写人物静态，可以从人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌等方面选择最能反映人物个性特点的地方来写。

81、展开想象法

【特点】

采用展开想象法描写人物肖像，可以根据人物外貌的特点，想象他的过去，进一步说明人物具有这些外貌、衣着、打扮的原因;也可以根据人物外貌的特点，想象他未来，进一步塑造人物的形象。采用展开想象法描写人物肖像，要注意合理地想象，即作者的想象要有依据。这样，读者看了以后就会信服。

82、比较描写法

【特点】

有比较才能有鉴别。所以比较是反映人物特点的一种好方法。采用比较描写法，可以写出人物外貌与众不同的地方，这样读者看了以后就会留下深刻的印象;也可以写出人物的神情、态度与别人不同的地方，这样可以充分反映人物的性格特点。要注意客观地进行比较，不要故意贬其他人。

83、人物漫画法

【特点】

漫画是用简单而夸张的手法来描绘生活时事的图画。一般运用变形、比拟、象征的方法来达到尖锐的讽刺效果。在描写人物肖像时，有时对人物的某一特点进行夸第描写，以充分反映人物的性格特点，往往能取到意想不到的效果。采用人物漫画法时，要注意夸攻得适当、合理，这样读者看了有真实感。人物漫画一般用于对人物的贬斥或讽刺。

84、自我介绍法

【特点】

要描写自己，首先要正确地认识自己，既要看到自己的优点，也要看到自己的不足。这样自我介绍时，就能做到实事求是描写自己，做到既不吹牛，也不自卑。要正确认识自己，还要知道别人怎样看自己，因此在平时要经常留心老师、父母、同学对自己的评价和议论。其次，描写自己要抓住自己的最主要特点写。要对自己的过去进行回忆，找出自己的优点和缺点，然后抓住最主要的写。

85、结合时代法

【特点】

时代不同，人物的外貌特点不同。例如清朝的男子，脑后都有一根长辫子;现代的男子一般是理西发或小平头。时代不同，人们的衣着打扮也不一样，旧社会的人穿着长袍、马褂;现代人穿中山装、甲克衫等等。描写人物的肖像，要反映时代特色。人们生活的地域不同，生活习惯不一样，外貌、衣着、打扮也不一样。少数民族的打扮与汉族的打扮就大不一样。所以描写人物的肖像还要注意地域性。采用结合时代法描写人物肖像时，要把人物最具有时代特征和地域特点的外貌、衣着、打扮、形态描写出来。

86、步步深入法

【特点】

步步深入法是肖像描写中的一种动态描写，也就是要写出人物外貌的发展、变化。因此采用步步深入法描写人物肖像要注意前后联系，做到前后描写，同中有异。这样，文章才能前后连贯。步步深入法是在记叙人物活动时对人物的肖像进行描写，因此描写时要自然、恰当，不能使读者看了不协调的感觉。步步深入法是分成几次描写人物肖像的，而且每一次的描写均有变化，因此在描写外貌前，要对变化的原因作必要地说明。

87、连续动作法

【特点】

连续动作法一般用于描写一个人的动作过程，如跳高、跳远、游泳、切菜、烧饭、钓鱼、挑水等。描写连续动作时，要按动作的顺序依次进行描写，这样文章才能通顺、连贯。其次描写连续动作，要注意准确地使用动词。

88、交替叙述法

【特点】

运用交替叙述法描写动作，主要有两种情况。一种是人与人之间的一对一比赛，如乒乓球比赛、下棋、摔跤、打羽毛球等。另一种是描写人和动物的争斗，如打虎、捉蟋蟀、钓鱼等。采用交替叙述法描写双方的动作，首先要注意动作合拍，即防守一方的动作与进攻一方的动作对应。其次，要注意各自动作的连贯性，即每一方的动作都是连续的。

89、概括描写法

【特点】

连续动作法和交替叙述法一般是把人物的每一个动作过程都描写出来，而概括描写法则并不把每一个动作过程都描写出来，而是抓住动作的特点进行概括描写。采用概括描写法描写动作，要先对动作的全过程进行仔细观察，然后通过分析，总结出动作的特点，再进行描述。采用概括描写法描写比赛过程中的双方动作，要注意有总有分，有详有略。

90、天女散花法

【特点】

天女散花法是场面描写的一种方法。采用天女散花法描写人物活动场面中的动作，首先要注意围绕一个中心来写，即每一个人的动作都要与确定的中心有关。其次所选择的动作要有代表性。这样，全篇文章才能有整体感。采用天女散花法描写人物的动作，一般采用先总后分法。先介绍动作的起因，再分述不同人物的动作。

91、动作分解法

【特点】

人物的一连串动作往往是一瞬间完成的。电影中，经常出现人物的慢动作，就是把人物的快动作慢慢地放映出来，使观众清晰地看到这种慢动作的方法。采用慢动作法来描写人物的动作，首先要仔细观察人物动作的全过程，然后对动作的过程进行分解，看看人物的动作是怎样完成的。最后一步一步写下来。采用动作分解法描写人物动作时，要注意对人物的细小动作进行描写。

92、独白法

【特点】

通常人们在激动、兴奋、得意、悲伤等心理状态下，虽然面前没有听话对象，有时也会说出话来。这些自言自语的话，有些是询问自己，有些是发议论等。总之，这些独白均表现出人物特定情势下的心态。采用独白法描写人物心理，要做到自我解剖，直叙心曲，展示内心世界和感情的变化。运用独白描写，首先要符合人物的性格特征，什么人说什么话。其次，要选准人物独白的时机，符合人物当时所处的环境。

93、对话法

【特点】

语言能反映人物的思想感情和性格特征。描写对话时首先要联系各人的思想感情、愿望，把说话人的心情、性格反映出来。其次要注意说话的内容要紧密联系，不能所答非所问。此外要灵活运用提示语放在句首、句中、句尾以及省略提示语等四种描写语言的不同方式，使文章灵活多变。

94、直接描写法

【特点】

直接描写法一般采用第一人称来描写人物的心理。采用直接描写法描写人物心理时，要把想什么、怎样想，为什么这样想写出来，这样才能直接刻画人物的心理活动过程。其次，要把人物心理的发展变化过程写出来，这样读者看了以后，才有真实感。

95、回忆想象法

【特点】

人们在痛苦的时候，往往会回忆美好的过去，盼望美好的日子重新回来。人们在困难的时候，也会回忆过去的苦难，激励自己奋勇前进。回忆想象法就是人物触景生情，激起对过去的回忆。采用回忆想象法描写心理活动时，首先要把人物是在什么情况下想起过去交代清楚，这样文章的心理描写，就显得合情合理。其次，回忆过去时，要把生活中的具体情节描述出来，使文章前后呼应。

96、梦境幻觉法

【特点】

俗话说：“日有所思，夜有所梦。”梦境和幻觉往往是现实的反映。我们在描写梦境和幻觉有现实的基础。文章中对梦境和幻觉的描写往往用来表现人物的理想或幻觉，因此描写梦境和幻觉时要写出人物的愿望和要求。梦境和幻觉往往有一定声面，所以描写梦境和幻觉时，要把场面具体地写出来。

97、一事写人法

【特点】

一事写人示是写人最基本的方法。采用一事写人法写人时首先要把事情的时间、地点、开始、经过、结果交代得清楚、明白。其次，要把事件的过程写得具体、完整。此外，在叙事的过程中，要着重刻画人物的语言、行动和心理活动。这样，人物的思想品质就能得到充分表现。人物形象也就鲜明、突出，给读者留下的印象也就很深刻。

98、几事写人法

【特点】

通过几件事写人，作者所选择的几个事例，可以是一件事表现人物某一方面的思想品质，全文连起来，表现一个人物几个方面的精神和品质;也可以几个事例紧紧围绕一个中心，表现人物某一方面的特点。采用几事写人法写人时，首先要注意几件事的内容不能互相矛盾，人物的性格、特点在几件事中是和谐统一的。其次要注意尽量用不同的事情反映人物的性格的不同侧面，类似的事情应避免重复出现。此外，文章的开头和结尾要交代与这几件事的有关内容，或对人物作概括介绍。第四写几件事时，可以按时间顺序;可以以某一事物为线索;也可以详写一件，略写几件;还可以按事情的分类排序。

99、对比写人法

【特点】

任何事物，只有通过对比才能显出高低、大小、好坏、多少。写人也是如此，通过对比可以反映出先进和落后、高尚与卑贱，优秀和不良。对比写人法有两种。一种是同一个人前后相比，说明这个人的变化。另一种是一个人和另一个比，歌颂其中一个人或使另一个人受到教育。采用对比法写人时，要注意突出主要人的和主要问题，做到主次分明，切不可喧宾夺主。其次，对比时要合情合理，不能采取故意拔高或贬低的方法，把好的捧上天，把差的贬入地，使人不可信。此外要注意前后照应。

100、细节表现法

【特点】

没有细节就不可能有艺术作品，作品的题材无论多有意义，主题思想多正确，如果没有真实感人的细节，就无法给人以强烈的艺术感受。运用细节表现法刻画人物，首先要找到真实的细节。细节不真实，人物就不真，作品就必然失败。其次还要注意细节的选择，要选择那些最具有特征的。最能表现作品主题的细节。否则，就应该毫不吝惜地舍弃。

由于十多年来，受高考影响，使用全国卷的省份都只注重话题作文和材料作文的训练了，所以，据考生反映，当今年的“看图作文”出现后，绝大部分都陷入了迷惘，不知从何处落笔。

的确，看图作文比话题作文和材料作文更难一些，因为首先要明白图画的本质含意。

怎样才能准确地理解图画的本质含意呢?

第一、 从图画的第一要件入手。

什么是“第一要件”?第一要件就是导致事情发生的第一件事物。拿《摔了一跤》来说，那个使孩子“摔了一跤”的“西瓜皮”就是第一要件。家长、学校、社会为什么同声呼叫“出事了吧”?因为孩子“摔了一跤”。孩子为什么摔跤?因为他踩上了“西瓜皮”。“西瓜皮”是这幅图画的“诱因”，没有“西瓜皮”则没有《摔了一跤》这幅图画。一般来讲，看图作文，只要把握住这属于“第一要件”的东西，就不会出现“跑题或离题”的失误。但是这样写属于“就事论事”，要想获得高分——难!

为什么?因为这样写达不到高考作文评判中的“思想深刻”等级。“思想深刻”乃是透过现象而得到的深层次的理性认识。因此，要想使我们的作文提高档次，就要从这“第一要件”深入思考，这“西瓜皮”单单指的是那被人丢在地上的“西瓜皮”吗?不是，这“西瓜皮”不单单是“西瓜皮”本身，它指代的是什么?是一切“垃圾”(包括生活垃圾和文化垃圾)。而如果再深入一层，“西瓜皮”则可被视为“一切能够使人跌跤的障碍物”。障碍物既可是有形的，也可是无形的。有形的，如陡坡、沟坎、绊脚石等阻挡在道路上的一切具体的实物;无形的，如坎坷、挫折、困难、问题等所有意识形态方面的事物。

在彻底理解了这块“西瓜皮”的基础上，对《摔了一跤》的内涵，我们就不难领悟了：

此幅图画，旨在告诉我们，当孩子跌跤(遭遇挫折等)之后，家长、学校和社会是如何看待的。只要明白了这层含义，按要求行文，获取本篇作文的高分就大有希望了。

第二、根据图画褒贬色彩，明晰内涵主旨。

看图作文，至关重要的一环是要判断图画的褒贬色彩。所谓“褒贬色彩”，指的是图画本身的褒贬性质。即是属于夸张褒扬还是属于批评讽喻。

关于此点，漫画表现得非常鲜明——要么“夸张褒扬”，要么“批评讽喻”。虽说此幅图画，出题人并没有说明是一幅漫画(这是出题人有意避开的)，实际上《摔了一跤》是一幅漫画。根据漫画的“褒贬色彩”，我们不难确定，此幅《摔了一跤》不是在“褒扬”什么，而是在“讽刺”什么。

确定了图画的褒贬色彩，那么，我们就可深入思考，《摔了一跤》是在讽刺谁呢?图画中有四个人物，而四个人物“家长、学校、社会与孩子”完全可以分为两个派别，一个是孩子，一个是站在孩子另一面的“家长、学校、社会”。这样一划分，很显然，图画并不是在讽刺孩子，嘲笑他摔倒了不知道怎么办;而是在嘲笑“家长、学校、社会”，嘲笑他们因为自己的教育及管理失之偏颇致使孩子“摔了一跤”反而笑话孩子。

为什么孩子不能成为“讽喻”的对象呢?因为在孩子没有长大成人不具备自立能力之前，被“西瓜皮”之类的东西“摔倒”是难免的，甚或是经常发生的。面对摔倒在地的孩子，我们既不能小觑他，也不能责怪他、挖苦他、嘲笑他，更不能袖手旁观、幸灾乐祸，称他的意，而应要以积极的心态对待孩子的跌交，即使孩子在跌跤之后，表现出一脸的无奈，不知所措地坐在地上不知自己起来。

当今，世界进入信息网络时代，西方文化、黄色读物、暴力凶杀音像、邪教毒品等如洪水猛兽般席卷神州大地。在这些“毒品”的侵蚀下，一个无知、幼稚的孩童被“西瓜皮”“摔倒”，作为家长，如果真正疼爱孩子，应该即刻蹲下身子，急切地问声：“摔着了吗，儿子?”紧忙将孩子扶起，假如是明智的家长，则会以关心的口吻说声“儿子，不要怕，摔倒了爬起来就是了”鼓励他自己起来，只有那些无知且冷血的妈妈，当自己的儿子“摔了一跤”之后，才跟漫画中的“家长”一样，发出那种责怪、怨恨的叫声;作为学校——育人圣坛，面对“摔了跤子”的学生，应该给予安慰，先启发或鼓励让他自己想法起来，然后再帮他找到摔跤的原因，教他学会自己走好路;社会，是一个大环境，大环境恶劣，“西瓜皮”当道，莫说孩子就是成人也难免被“西瓜皮”给“撂倒”。

根据分析，我们明白，此幅图画，是在讽刺“家长、学校、社会”,旨在呼吁三方齐抓共管，关心孩子的成长，以积极的心态帮他们解决成长中的“跤子”问题，为他们排除一切诸如“西瓜皮”之类的垃圾(包括生活垃圾和精神文化垃圾)，还社会一个文明美好的生态环境，为孩子们创设一个健康成长的发展空间。

呜呼，救救孩子!

图画的深刻内涵及主旨找到了，我们便可围绕此一主旨确立文章的题目了。试用以下题目完成作文，看看是否能够写出令阅卷老师耳目一新的文章。

《西瓜皮自白》、《谁之罪》、《救救孩子》、《家长•学校•社会》、《三方会话》、《谁丢的西瓜皮?》、《评漫画〈摔了一跤〉》、《〈摔了一跤〉给我们的启示》、《小弟弟，你摔坏了吗?》、《祸兮福兮》、《女娲造人》、《假如我是这位孩子》、《妈妈，我想对您说……》、《状告环卫局》等。

近年来中考作文大多为话题作文。相对命题作文和半命题作文而言，话题作文首先要求学生围绕话题拟一个恰当的题目。但常常见到话题作文的考卷上，或因粗心不写题目；或因懒于思考直接用原话题；或缺乏创新，拟定的题目千篇一律，毫无新意。这样，都会不同程度地对整篇文章产生不良影响。要知道，一个巧妙的题目不仅能调动阅读老师的阅读兴趣，而且能让阅卷老师很快捕捉到文章所要表达的中心，为进一步理解全文奠定基础。

当然，拟题是需要技巧的，或以题揭示中心，或以题引人深思。或借用修辞，或巧用诗句，或展开联想，例如，以“梦”、“梦想”为话题，下面这些题目都令人耳目一新。《想做英雄》《我生活在梦想的盒子里》(以题揭示中心)，《现实和梦想有多远》(以题引人深思)，《梦如潮水》《给心灵插上翅膀》(借用修辞)，《手可摘星辰》《梦想与人生齐飞》(巧用诗句)，《种子的梦想》《化作轻风》(展开联想)。

求真求深立新意。考场作文在立意上主要存在三个方面的问题：一是立意不真或空喊高调，矫揉造作；或编造悲剧，博得同情；二是立意不深。叙述生活，却不能深层次地挖掘生活中潜隐的哲理；三是立意不新。不能多角度审视生活，品味生活，尤其是不能写出自己对生活独特的心灵体验。如果同学们在考场上注意以上三点，就能在作文立意上独显风格。下面这篇习作之所以能得到认可，就是因为在立意上求真，写出了自己真实的生活，独特的心里感受，同时也挖掘出了生活背后令人深思的哲理。

“……面对这一切(指学业上所遇到的艰难痛苦)，我想逃避，但看到父母眼中闪烁着期待的目光，我又不忍心这样做。无意间，看到李敖说的一句话：?不怕苦，苦半辈子；怕苦，苦一辈子，?仅仅十三个字，就彻彻底底地征服了我，让我心中树起一座标牌，上面清晰地刻着?苦?字，然后是一个前进的标志。其实，真正地习惯了苦的生活，反而变得充实起来。一天忙碌之后，感觉如同沐浴后那样舒坦、惬意。”

导语：在我们的人生路上最灿烂的阳光应该属于知恩图报,感谢帮助我们成长的每一个人。是的，学会感恩,是一种情怀，学会感恩,更是一种情操。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关中考素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

亲爱的同学们,我们的人生之路总是阳光明媚,晴空万里,到底哪一缕阳光最耀眼?有人说是优异的学习成绩,有人说是给予别人帮助……而我认为在我们的人生路上最灿烂的阳光应该属于知恩图报,感谢帮助我们成长的每一个人.是的,学会感恩,是一种情怀,学会感恩,更是一种情操.

两年前,我得了一场大病,父母背着我东奔西跑,到处求医,从他们焦急的神态中,从他们悉心的呵护中,我深深地体会到父母对我发自内心的爱.一天,爸爸用自行车驮我去医院,我坐车后发现爸爸骑得很慢.几个月了,爸爸是太累了,我的病让他身心疲惫.我无意中发现了爸爸头上的一些白发.啊,爸爸变了,变老了.我在他身上看到了岁月的沧桑,看到了生活的艰辛,更看到了爸爸为我操劳的痕迹.啊,爸爸没变,大山般的父爱没变.我依然感受着他的温暖,他的爱.

那是我住院期间的一天傍晚,天很冷,外面的雪下得很大.爸爸下班后赶来给我送饭,可是我想吃饺子.他二话不说,放下手里提来的家里做好的饭菜,迎着凛冽的大风,冒着漫天飞舞的鹅毛大雪又出去为我买饺子.天黑了,风更猛了,雪更大了.这时,雪人似的爸爸一边走还一边说：“饿坏了吧!”看着爸爸慈祥的面容,摸着爸爸冻得通红的双手,我感动得流泪了.“爸爸,爸爸……”我在心里一遍遍地念叨,“你真是我的好爸爸!”.冬天是寒冷的,而爸爸所做的一切,却仿佛阳光,温暖我病痛的躯体;又似暖流,融进我愁苦的心坎里;爸爸的关爱,撑起了我战胜病魔的信念,经过一个多月的治疗,我康复出院.

我永远不会忘记父母对我的爱,对我的呵护和关怀.我能为他们做些什么?我常常这样问自己.哪怕是为他们垂垂肩,洗洗碗,给他们唱段曲儿,陪他们逛逛街,散散步,我也会感到心里的安慰.学会感恩,学会报答,我仿佛一下子长大了:我用心学习,不让他们为我的操心;我抢着洗碗拣菜,让他们能多休息一会儿;我经常哼哼小曲,让家庭充满欢声笑语……我尽我所能给父母留下最难忘的美好时光,让他们开心,让他们骄傲,

我爱我的父母,普天下的孩子们都爱自己的父母.让我们一起对父母说一声：“我们爱您!”让我们一起行动,知恩图报,学会感恩.冬天就不再寒冷,黑夜就不再漫长,幸福快乐就时刻陪伴在你我身边.

(1900年10月5日-1999年2月28日)，原名谢婉莹，福建长乐人 ，中国民主促进会(民进)成员。中国诗人，现代作家，翻译家，儿童文学作家，社会活动家，散文家。笔名冰心取自“一片冰心在玉壶”。

1919年8月的《晨报》上，冰心发表了第一篇散文《二十一日听审的感想》和第一篇小说《两个家庭》。1923年出国留学前后，开始陆续发表总名为《寄小读者》的通讯散文，成为中国儿童文学的奠基之作。1946年在日本被东京大学聘为第一位外籍女教授，讲授“中国新文学”课程，于1951年返回中国。

1999年2月28日21时12分冰心在北京医院逝世，享年99岁，被称为"世纪老人"。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

英语写作过程中我们经常会用到一些短语，下面请看语文迷整理的高级英语短语，希望对你有帮助。

1. feel frustrated (挫折的)/ discouraged

2. a precious (宝贵的) experience

3. raise / arouse the awareness of …

4. acquire knowledge and skills学习知识和技能

5. a growing /increasing tendency

6. have a desire for sth / to do sth

7. put sth into practice

8. be closely related to…与…息息相关

9. be essential to sb 对某人来说必不可少

10. in a society with more competitions and challenges / in a competitive society

11. be keen on… 热衷于…

12. broaden one’s horizons开阔眼界

13. a large variety of / a wide range of …

14. make one’s dream come true

15. lay a solid/firm/stable foundation for/in…为…/在…方面打下坚实的基础

16. listen to teachers attentively

17. make a practical plan

18. motivate sb to do sth

19. bury oneself into study埋头学习

20. our determination and efforts

21. express my gratitude to her sincerely

22. be strict with sb in sth

23. achieve the final victory

24. encounter/face some difficulties

25. neglect the disadvantages

26. With the great efforts we’ve made, …

27. enhance/improve his ability of singing

28. be optimistic about

29. hold the strong belief that…

30. I’m confident / I’m convinced that…

31. with iron will and perseverance

32. pursue one’s dream 追逐梦想

33. arouse one’s passion for…唤起对…的热情

34. resist the temptation of good food

35. change one’s original mind

36. spare no effort to do sth 不遗余力做…

37. redouble one’s effort 加倍努力

38. leave a deep impression on sb

39. turn to sb for help / advice

40. relieve/lessen/reduce/ease one’s burden

41. with time going by=as time goes by

42. cherish/treasure/value our lives

43. vary from person to person

44. a boarding school 寄宿制学校

45. What surprised me most was that…

46. cause severe consequences(后果)

47. pay their tuition/school fees/schooling

48. physically and mentally

49. Some in favor of it think that…., while others are against it, holding the opinion that…

50. Success stems from hard work as it can help us accomplish the goal we’re striving for.

51. establish a special fund to help the poor

52. its negative aspect/impact is also obvious.

命题作文作为作文命题最原始的、最老实的作文题型,命题作文(现在也有人称之为“标题作文”)所占比重正逐年递升,这可以看作高考作文题在命制思路上的“有限回归”。有限的返璞归真,是对传统的尊重,也是训练多样化、题型多样化的必然。下面是小编为你带来的高考命题作文的写作指导，希望对你有帮助。

一、重视命题形式的小类:区别大同中的小异

命题作文,一直有“全命题”和“半命题”之分。半命题形式近几年没有出现在高考卷上,根据求异心理,很可能今后会出现。半命题中由考生自填的内容,分为“自由选填”和“限项选填”两种。除了注意不要把限项选填误认为自由选填而导致偏题外,无论是哪一种选填形式,都应该综合考虑文体要求、自身特长和个性写作资源等方面选填有利于自己最佳发挥的内容。

全命题形式也不是单一化的,而是可以从不同角度进行不同分类。不同的小类在写作中的操作注意点也不尽相同。

按字数,可分为独字题(此前的高考卷尚未出现,故近期出现的可能将更大,请予重视)、双字题(“包容”“自嘲”)、多字题(“北京的符号”“今年花胜去年红”);

按语言单位,可分为独词题(包括单音词和双音词)、语句题(包括短语和句子)。一般规律是:字数越少,外延越大,包容性越强;字数越多,内涵越丰,限制性越强。例如:“安”比“安全”包容性强,“安全”比“安”限制性强;“符号”与“北京的符号”,关系也是如此。明确这种区分,有利于准确把握写作的范围,既不作茧自缚,放弃选择自由;也不超限越度,导致偏离题域。

按词或语句的感情色彩,理论上说应该分为褒扬类(如“今年花胜去年红”)、贬抑类和中性类(此类最多,如“包容”、“自嘲”、“留给明天”、“人与路”),但从已出现的题目看,还未出现过贬抑类的,恐怕主要是因为此类文题的思路容易失之狭隘。此外,如直白类和寄寓类等分类,与话题作文基本相同,不赘。

按信息,可分为“光杆型”和“附料型”两类。

光杆型是指除了作文题目,没有其他信息,不附有任何引示性资料或解释性资料或兼有二者(不包括立意提示、字数、体裁等方面的规定或要求),如“请以‘留给明天’为题写一篇文章”。对于光杆型的题目,必须从不同角度对题目进行审辨,决不放过一字。例如,作文题“今年花胜去年红”,短短7字,语意简单。首先要懂得“花”“红”都是比喻,所谓“花胜去年红”,喻指一种气象、一种生活状态或者是个人的发展态势,等等。这句话的逻辑前提是:不是去年花不红,去年花已是够红的,只不过今年更红(如果把“去年花”写成了黑色,那就偏题了)。

“附料型”就是除作文题目外,还附有引示性资料或解释性资料。对于所附的资料,要充分合理地加以利用。解释性资料主要帮助我们理解概念,特别是一词多义的情况,一定要重视对不同义项的辨别,选择最有把握、最能发挥自身优势的那个义项构思。引示性资料作用更大,一般说来有三种作用:一是直接指示立意的基本方向。例如 “北京的符号”,题中“随着时代的发展,今后还会不断涌现出新的北京符号。保留以往的符号,创造新的符号,是北京人的心愿。”属于引示性资料,“随着”句指示了北京的符号也应该是与时俱进的,“保留”“创造”实际上指示了人们对“北京的符号”应取的态度。二是指示了写作的范围或角度,如以“自嘲”为题,引示性资料“每个人都可以自嘲,也可以评议他人的自嘲”,实际上告诉考生,不必局限于写考生自己的自嘲,也可以写别人的自嘲。三是有限提供构思路子。例如,同是“自嘲”的另一部分引示性资料“自嘲既是一种幽默的说话方式,也是一种心理调节手段,还是一种人生智慧的表现”,就涉及了自嘲的主要功能,如果写议论文,就可以将这三句话稍作转化,使之成为三个分论点:(1)自嘲可以增添交际语言的幽默色彩,(2)自嘲可以有效地调节心理,(3)自嘲可以展示自身的智慧从而树立良好形象。

二、看清文体限制

明确规定“唯一文体”即只能写一种文体的只有命题作文,这可以说是命题作文的一个特点吧。最近有部分省市的命题都只允许写议论文,这就要求我们审题时一定要看清文体限制,不能凭惯性“滑行”。据理推测,今后也很可能会出现只允许写记叙文的情况。因此,我们对命题形式的体裁限制要格外注意,记叙文和议论文这两种基本文体一定要练好。一般说来,记叙文的选材要有个性,力避平庸;思想要有深度,力避幼稚;语言要生动活泼,力避学生腔。议论文,重分析说理。如果停留于浅层面的公众话语上,很难写出特色。要尽可能多角度说理,追求丰富性和深刻性。

三、开拓构思空间:多维思考提升档次

开拓思路,无非是“扩大外延”和“丰富内涵”二途。如果从技法角度审视,不妨归纳为以下几种：

(一) 抽象文题具体化。如“包容”比较抽象,可以将之具体化为“包容××”,如“包容学术分歧”“包容批评意见”“包容各种风格”“包容错误”“包容伤害过自己的人”“包容自己的失误”“包容反对者”,等等。但不能想到的都写,而是要选择自己确实有话可说且能够说得丰富深透的。

(二) 具体文题抽象化。如“肩膀”本身是具体的,我们可以把它抽象为责任、承担、依靠(依赖)、支撑等。

(三) 感性文题理性化。如“今年花胜去年红”,很有诗意,构思行文固然应该体现诗性的优美,但也必须有理性的骨骼作为支撑,比如指出“新胜于旧”“后胜于前”是事物发展的总趋势等。

(四) 理性文题感性化。如“说‘安’”这个题目很平正,偏于理性,但如果要说得活泼、精彩,完全可以设计一些感性化的情境,比如病人躺着聊“安”,被暴警踢翻小摊的下岗者跪着求“安”,建筑工人悬吊着祈“安”,黑心煤矿的矿工为钱冒险弃“安”……

(五) 浅白文题深刻化。如“留给明天”,词俗意浅,但如果我们在“留”的内容和“留”的质量上多加挖掘,则可以写出超越常规构思的好文章来。如主张迅速建立文革博物馆,留给明天深刻的教训,应该是对“留”的内容的独特表述。同样是“留环境”,仅仅考虑蓝天白云青山绿水还不是最高质量的留,如果在此基础上还能留下崇尚人文和民主法治的软环境,那才是最高质量的“留”。

(六) 中性文题辩证化。例如“肩膀”是中性词,一般人都写“铁肩担道义”之类,其实也可以指出:肩膀,有“不能承受之重”,也可能有“不能承受之轻”,某些轻薄庸俗的人整天浑浑噩噩,不知生命的意义,活得是多么的轻薄啊!轻佻的人生最不能承受,因为他使自己也感到心虚,没有分量的承负是空虚的。还可以联系成语“胁肩谄笑”,其意思是“耸起肩膀,装出笑脸”,形容谄媚的丑态。“胁肩谄笑”者,徒有一副肩膀,它根本担不起一毫克的道德分量,里面找不到半两骨气,真正的大写的人决不会长一副无骨之“媚肩”的。

开头部分:

How nice to hear from you again. Let me tell you something about the activity. I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th. I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit. I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.

结尾部分：

With best wishes. I’m looking forward to your reply. I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.

导语：我们要善于发现生活的美，多为生活点赞，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

生活如酒，或芳香，或浓烈，或馥郁，因为品尝，它才变得醇厚。生活如画，或明丽，或黯淡，或素雅，因为欣赏，它才变得美丽。生活如歌，或高亢，或低沉，或悲戚，因为聆听，它才变得悦耳。生活要我们用心去呵护;去品尝;去欣赏。

金无足赤，人无完人。当我们用挑剔的眼光去看待生活，朋友，你必须先反躬自问，切勿求全责备! 殊不知，没有宽容的心去支撑那一片美丽的天空，去耕耘那一抹理解的沃土，我们的生活怎么会绚丽多彩!

也许吧! 拿破仑的军事头脑足以弥补他的个子矮的不足! 毛主席脸上的黑痣也不能抹杀毛主席和蔼可亲的形象! 换个角度欣赏，拿破仑为矮个子的人树立了一个建功立业的榜样;毛主席的黑痣是他个性的代表，是他豪放气度的象征。所以我们说换个角度欣赏他人的缺点，也许你会觉得他更有个性。

对生活的欣赏正如我在文学路上体验。一蓬茅舍，凝聚着多少对影笔耕的日子;半壁青灯，漂泊着多少临窗寒读的夜晚，回首对文学的尝试，不知是酸、是甜、是辣…… 我对文学的欣赏正是这样，文学对于我，就像万仞之山上的灵芝招引我为之攀援，又像辽远的海上的灯塔鼓励我为之跋涉。我爱我的文学之路，因为我学会了欣赏自己的生活，学会了用欣赏的气度去回首我对文学的尝试，对生活的体验，甚至欣赏自己的不足。

尘世的喧嚣和霓虹灯的艳影大概早已吞没了人们的感觉，人们似乎早已忘记了生活的情趣。其实生活就如酒、如画、如歌，只要我们认真去品味、欣赏、聆听，你就感觉到那酒是如此香醇，那画是如此优美，那歌是如此动听!

缺乏欣赏的心灵就像失去源头的江流，就像失去了根基的大树，就像失去灵魂的躯壳，只能干涸、枯萎、消沉。

用欣赏酿造生活，你会发现，生活是美丽的，是具有丰富的内涵的;只要你学会欣赏，你会发现人间多了友善少了仇视，多了帮助少了冷漠……为生活点赞，用欣赏酿造生活吧!

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