中考英语写作指导通用20篇

成长的过程中，每个人总会有很多难以忘怀的事情，成长的本身是通过事件的发生至结果的全过程，来显示事件本身所具有的重要意义，从而给读者以深刻的教育和有益的启迪。怎样写好关于成长的作文呢?下面是小编整理的成长的类作文的写作指导，希望对你有帮助！

一、对“成长”的解读

1、成长阶段要不断完善自我。

2、环境对人的成长影响很大，我们要努力消除不良环境的影响。

3、圆滑、世故，这些看似成熟所要达到的目标，实则对人的成长是有害的。

4、要正确对待成长过程中所犯的错误，成长就是不断改正错误、走向成熟的过程。

二、关于成长作文的创新构思

①写记叙文，可以结合自身经历，记叙生活中使自己由不成长走向成长的故事，展示自己的成长轨迹;选材上可以以小见大，情节上可以欲扬先抑，力求曲径通幽;形式上可以采用日记体等创新形式。

②写议论文可以正面立论，论述成长在人生成功中的重要作用，或论述一个人怎样才能走向成长。可以写成驳论文，针对一些对于成长的错误认识，比如把世故当做成长，有的同学把吸烟当做成长，把染黄头发，穿奇装异服当做成长，针对这些偏颇或错误的认识进行批驳，提出自己的观点。

③可以写童话。写成长的骗局，变换视角，从一根黄瓜、一个西红柿或一串荔枝的角度，描写社会上有些人为追求利益而不择手段的现象。例如，以大棚中的黄瓜的视角，写我是一根长在大棚中的黄瓜，从成形开始，主人就不停地给我打生长激素，还给我抹一种“化妆品”，以让我看起来更翠绿，全然不管那些激素和“化妆品”中含有的大量毒素对食用者身体的危害!不仅我遭此厄运，我的邻居西红柿、西瓜等都难逃此劫。而主人却鼓起了腰包，成了致富状元，还把所谓的经验介绍给更多的人。呜呼，长此以往，人将不人!

④也可以写成长大家谈。采用采访记录的形式，写不同年龄、不同身份或不同职业的人对成长的看法。

三、选材有代表性

生活中的事有大有小，有轻有重，千姿百态;有的简单，有的复杂，有的一般，有的特殊，千变万化。但主要写有代表性的事，对人们有积极作用的事。

四、叙事的六要素要完整、清楚

对事件的来龙去脉交代得要清楚，事件发生的时间、地点、参加的人物以及事件的起因和结果，交代得要完整、清楚，以使读者了解事件发展的全过程。

五、叙事和写人相结合

成长故事虽然是以叙事为主，但是在叙事中常常要写出人物的活动。这是因为任何事件必然有人物或人物的思想的参加，所以不写人物活动的事件是空洞的，而空洞的事件是无法激励人、感染人的，更无法达到写作的目的。

六、对客观事实的叙述有鲜明的态度

感情可以蕴含在叙事之中，也可以直接表达出来，使叙述、抒情和议论结合起来，起到画龙点睛的作用。如果你是写一件事的启示，那么就要在确定什么事之后，分析这件事所蕴含的道理，表达自己的观点。

中考英语作文范例：我的班主任

题目：请以“My Class Teacher”为题，写一篇不少于60个单词的作文。

My Class Teacher

我的班主任

My class teacher is Mr. Wang. He is strict but kind. He has taught us Chinese for two years.

我的班主任是王老师，他是一个要求严格而亲切的老师。他已经教了我们两年语文。

He always tells us to study hard but not all the time. Sometimes he plays with us. He says, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." I think he is a good class teacher.

他总是告诉我们要好好学习，但不是时时刻刻学习。有时他会和我们一起玩。他说：“只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。” 我觉得他是个很好的班主任。

点评：这篇文章取材的是身边熟悉的人，作者也有东西可写，更具有可读性。另外，写人时把主语稍作调整，读起来轻松多了。

I am a 15-year-old girl. My name is [ename]Cherry[/ename]. Now I am studying in the middle school. I want to be an actress because I think it is a funny and exciting job...

写人的常见句式如：

This is my friend, Mary.

She is... years old.

She is a teacher/ an artist/ a singer...

She/ He gets up at 6/5... / early/ late.

She/ He has sports at school.

She/ He likes...

She/ He is strong/ fat/ slim/ kind/ thin/...

She/ He looks like...

She/ He is good at English/ maths/ Chinese/ physics...

中考英语作文范例：给姚明的信

You are one of the fans of Yao Ming. Please write a letter to him.

题目：假设你是姚明的球迷，试着给他写封信。

参考作文

Dear Yao Ming,

亲爱的姚明：

How are you these days?

你最近好吗?

You are a bit surprised to get this letter. You dont know me but I know you. I am your fan. I have collected lots of information about you. When you left Shanghai, I felt a little sad. Ive been missing you all the time. But NBA is really a good place for a wonderful basketball player like you. Youve made the right choice.

收到这封信你一定觉得很惊讶。你不认识我，但我知道你。我是你的球迷，我收集了你的很多信息。当你离开上海时，我有点儿难过。我很想念你。不过对于一个优秀篮球运动员来说，NBA确实是个很棒的地方，你的选择很正确。

How about your wound? Do you still feel pain? Take good care of yourself and I do hope to see you win each match in the coming year.

你的伤怎么样了?是不是还很痛?好好照顾自己，希望你来年能赢得每一场比赛。

Yours

你的

Weiwei

魏伟

中考英语作文范例：上海的变化

题目：请以“Changes in Shanghai"为题，写一篇不少于60单词的作文。

Changes in Shanghai

1 300年前的上海

2 上海的今天(东方明珠、金茂大厦)

3 上海的明天(2010年的世博会)

参考作文

Shanghai was a small town three hundred years ago. There were only a few thousand people living here. Many of them were fishermen and farmers.

300年前，上海只是个小镇，只有几千人居住在这里，其中很多人是渔民和农民。

Today, Shanghai is becoming an international city. Many tall building have been built. Some bridges have been put up over the Huangpu River. More and more foreigners come to Shanghai for a visit every day.

今天，上海已变成一座国际大都市，并建成了很多高楼大厦。黄浦江上架起了很多桥梁。每天都有越来越多的外国人前来旅游。

Shanghai has already won the bid for holding the World Expo 2010. I think the environment will be better and better and the city will be more and more beautiful.

上海已经取得了2010年世博会的举办权，我相信上海的环境会越来越好，并且越来越美丽。

点评：虽然2010年世博会已经结束，但关于城市发展的话题依然热烈，除了上海，像广州、北京、深圳等大城市也有可能是考试的热点。

中考英语作文范例：通知的翻译

假如你陪你校的外籍教师Smith先生去音乐厅听音乐，在门口的布告栏里看见一张观众须知，内容如下：

观众须知

1、一人一票，凭票入场;

2、场内严禁吸烟;

3、食品和饮料请勿带进场内;

4、演出时请勿照相;

5、演出时请勿使用传呼机和移动电话;

6、提前30分钟入场。

Smith先生不懂中文，他很想知道布告栏里写着什么。现在，请你把观众须知的内容用英语告诉Smith先生，并把要讲的话写出来。

Mr. Smith, it is a notice to the audience. It says that we should enter the concert hall 30 minutes earlier before the concert starts. Entrance to the hall is by ticket only, each one each ticket.

史密斯先生，这是一则观众须知。上面说我们应该在音乐会开始前30分钟入场，每人凭票进入。

As a rule, food or drink should not be taken into the hall. Of course, smoking is not allowed in the hall either.

按照规定，食品和饮料不得带进场内，吸烟也是不允许的。

Please dont bring your digital camera with you because no photos can be taken during the concert. And what is more, beepers and mobile phones must be off during the concert.

请不要携带数码相机入内，因为场内严禁拍照。另外，音乐会期间，传呼机和手机必须关闭。

点评：文章的用词和句式有一定的难度，特别是关联词的运用，如of course，as a rule，and what is more使文章读起来朗朗上口，层层紧扣，环环递进，体现了作者较高的写作技巧和水平。

中考英语作文范例：保护环境是我们的义务

题目：请以”Its Our Duty To Protect Our Environment”为题，写一篇不少于60单词的作文。

Its Our Duty To Protect Our Environment

保护环境是我们的义务

Its our duty to protect our environment. Where do we live? The earth. The earth is the only one place we live in. So you know how important the environment is.

保护环境是我们的义务。我们居住在哪里?地球。地球是我们唯一居住的地方，所以可想而知环境对于我们的重要性。

But now, some people are harming the environment, like cutting down trees, drawing pictures on public walls, littering onto the ground. Its terrible if we still do it.

但是现在，很多人都在破坏环境，比如砍伐树木，在公共墙壁上乱涂乱画，随地扔垃圾。如果我们继续这样下去是非常可怕的。

Now, its time for all the people in the society to protect the environment. Its our duty. It needs each of us to make a contribution to improving the environment. We should make our environment more and more beautiful.

现在，是人们保护环境的时候了，这是我们的义务，我们都要为改善环境做贡献，我们应该努力让我们的环境变得更好。

点评：作者多用学过的词语，不但保证了正确，还巩固了所学的知识，并且注意句型的多样化，如长句、短句、疑问句，使用了“if，so，now，but”等词，整篇文章读起来朗朗上口。实际上，写文章就像串珠子，连接词就在于把一个个单词串起来。

议论文常用的句型有：

1、论点：

Computer is important.

We must learn English well.

Its very important for us to...

In my opinion...

2、论证过程常用一些衔接词可使文章读起来流畅、紧凑。如：

Firstly, ... Secondly, ... Lastly, ... Above all, ... 等。

3、结尾强调观点，最好用不同的句型来表达相同的观点，如：

So we must...

So its very important for us to...

I believe...

We should...

中考英语作文范例：树为什么重要

题目：请以"Why Are Trees Important"为题，写一篇不少于60单词的作文。

Why Are Trees Important

树为什么重要

Trees are very important to us. Do you know why? Let me tell you.

树对于我们非常重要，你知道为什么吗?让我来告诉你吧。

Trees take in carbon dioxide from the air and make oxygen. Thats important. People and animals need oxygen to live. Many small animals and s live in the trees. Some of them also get food from trees. Trees can also stop water and soil from going away. If we have a lot of trees, we stop deserts from being large. I think this is very important. You know, trees are green. They can make our country even more beautuful.

树木可以吸收二氧化碳，并释放氧气，这非常重要。人类和动物需要依靠氧气生存。很多小动物和昆虫居住在树里，有些从树里获取食物。树木还可以防止水土流失。如果我们有很多树就可以阻止沙漠扩大。我认为这非常重要。众所周知，树是绿色的，它们能使我们的国家更加美丽。

Trees are our good friends. We should plant more trees and take good care of them.

树是我们的好朋友。我们应该种更多的树，并好好照料它们。

点评：文章先阐明观点，接着论证，最后重申自己的观点。

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to a publishing house on food safety. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:

A Letter to a Publishing House on Food Safety

June 15th, 2006

Dear Sir or Madam,

Thank you for taking time to read this letter. As the problem of food safety has been becoming worse and worse nowadays, I am obliged to write to you.

Several days ago, one of my classmates came back from supermarket with a large bag of food. Because of having found a new style of tinned?ish in the

food store, she was very glad. Several other roommates were invited to enjoy the mouth?atering chicken. Unfortunately, after finishing the food, all of my three friends had stomachaches and vomited, their faces having become paler and paler. Due to sensitivity to that kind of tinned food, I escaped that suffer. At that time, my mind went blank. I dialed the emergency number with my trembling hand, therefore they were quickly sent to hospital. The doctor said they were lucky to be out of danger because they did not eat too much of that rotten fish and were hospitalized on time.

This is the matter that happened around me which made me realize the seriousness of the food safety problem. I sincerely hope that the whole society could attach much importance to this issue.

Thanks!

Yours,

Julie

1、对教师的状况

(1)在作文教学中，教师过于强调作文技巧、方法的传授，不重视对学生想象力的培养，学生作文枯燥、乏味，缺乏应有的童趣，小学生作文技法指导。

(2)教师自身的创造性不够强。只照本宣科，不注重自身想象力的发挥。

(3)教师作文教学单一的模式框死了学生，严重阻碍了学生想象力的发展。

2、对学生的状况

(1)学生不会仔细观察、善于想象、过分依赖教师。

(2)学生没有生活积淀，缺乏生动的想象力。

在上述情况中，我们不难感觉到现今作文教学的弊端：教师一味地强调了写作的结果，而忽略了写作的过程。只有善于培养学生写作综合能力,包括观察力、思维分析能力、想象力等，才能真正提高作文水平。

我们没有去过桂林，那么我们读完《桂林山水》的课文后，脑海里会出现一幅幅桂林山水的图画。漓江的水是那样的静，那样的清，那样的绿;桂林的山是那样的奇，那样的秀，那样的险，仿佛身临其境，这就是想象的作用。大科学家爱因斯坦曾说过：“想象力比知识更重要，因为知识是有限的，而想象力概括着世界的一切，推进着进步，并且是知识进步的源泉。”由此可见，培养和发展学生的想象力是何等的重要。

小学生作文，虽不是什么艺术创作，但同样需要比较丰富的想象。例如：要形象地描绘客观事物，就需要生动的比喻、拟人和夸张的手法;要完整地刻画某个人的形象，就需要对他的内心活动作某些合理的推测;要比较深刻地揭示某一事物的象征意义，就更需要展开丰富的想象。

基于对想象作文教学的浓厚兴趣，故以“小学想象作文教学”的研究为切入口，有意识地在小学阶段培养好学生的想象力，让学生“敢想象、会想象、善想象”。在全新的作文教学中体现“求新、求趣、求美”。

二、研究目标

1、本课题旨在构建想象作文教学的行之有效的方法、过程。主要是依据心理学中有关想象力的培养发展策略，以“想象手法教学”和“想象篇章练习”为着重点，分层教学，激发学生写作的兴趣，以充实文章的内容，突出文章的中心，增强文章的感染力。

2、通过想象作文的教学，有意识地培养学生的想象力，丰富学生的想象力，发展学生的想象力，并由此丰富学生写作的题材。

三、研究过程

(一) 在丰富学生的表象中发挥学生的想象力

小学生作文是一种创造性的认识活动和书面表达练习活动。在我们指导孩子写想象作文时，我们通常强调内容的独创性，鼓励学生凭借生活经验的积淀，大胆展开想象，尤其是创造性想象，来表达自己的体验和意愿，写出充分显露个人创造力的习作。可这一切并不是孩子们与生俱来的，在发挥他们的想象力，指导他们写出好的想象作文之前，必须丰富他们的表象，增加表象的贮备。为接下来的一系列写作打下基础。

1、在实践活动中发挥想象力。

(1) 创造性观看电影、电视节目。

在每周一次的观看电影、电视节目中，充分利用学校红领巾影库，播放一些生动、活泼，孩子们感兴趣的、喜闻乐见的节目，比如《猫和老鼠》、《白雪公主和七个小矮人》、《米老鼠和唐老鸭》等，在看完一遍后，选取学生最感兴趣的一个片段，消去声音后，让学生观看，据画面中一些小动物的动作、神情，想象它们的语言，并能把它比较逼真的模仿或者在创造，作文指导《小学生作文技法指导》。最后，再和原画面的声音和故事情节进行比较。

(2) 从参观、访问中寻找灵感。

每月一次的参观或访问是孩子们特别喜欢的。如何恰好地利用机会，发挥学生的想象力，最为重要。在历次的参观中，做到参观前有要求、有目的、有计划。春秋游的活动中，教师要求学生自己分组活动，明确本次活动的主要项目，要求学生写好参观笔记，把印象最深刻的详细记录下来，在班中进行交流，以备在今后的想象作文练习中积累生活实际。在访问军营基地时，鼓励学生积极参与，除了观看军队训练，更应深入军营，多看看、多摸摸、多走走，回校后能模仿解放军叔叔的队列练习，回家去试着折折被子、摆摆生活用品，在体验中激发学生写作的灵感。

(3) 在劳动、活动中进行创造。

每周一次的劳动，我们的安排颇为独具匠心，它不同于一般意义上的劳动，它要能使学生在劳动中进行创造。比如：为娃娃添眼睛——钉纽扣。在为卡纸娃娃美化的同时，学会了钉纽扣，并且使学生在劳动中，体会到了纽扣的妙用，感受到了原来可爱娃娃的眼睛像黑黑的纽扣，产生了比喻的想象。再有就是拆装玩具。学生生活中喜欢的玩具人人都有几件，他们的想象也是随着这些玩具的刺激而引发的，因此，我们让学生几人一组，分配给他们一些可搭筑的条条块块，如何有创意性地搭建，成了这次活动的评分标准。

(4) 利用十分钟队会，发挥想象，激发真情。

在队会中，能结合课题，有机地发挥学生的想象力。一次以《爱》的主题队会中，设计了这样一个场景：

情境一：你在国外工作的爸爸已有三年没回家了，如今中秋节临近，许多在外的游子都已回来。看到这些，你想到了什么,说一说。

情境二：正当你准备把写好这些话作为一封信投寄给你父亲时，他却突然出现在你的家门口。这时，父子(女)相见会是一个什么样的场景呢?请说说。

情境三：正当你们相见时，爸爸从包中掏出了你梦寐以求的笔记本电脑，这时你又是怎么想的?说说。

这种连续性的情境，用一条线索贯穿始终，步步深入地进行想象训练,在无意识中让学生体验情感，刺激想象，为今后“为情而造文”铺设道路。

2、阅读文学作品，积累素材。

文艺作品的特点是用生动的语言、典型的人物形象，具体的故事情节来反映社会生活的。它的突出特点是形象性。通过阅读文学作品，学生可以获得丰富的具体形象，同时还可以获得大量词汇，这些形象的词汇在想象中有着不可忽视的作用。鼓励学生借阅书籍，有计划地、持之以恒地学习，做好记录，切实指导学生读好书，多读书，巧读书。

所谓材料作文，是要求写作者根据所给的一段文字或图画等具体材料，按照作文命题要求，进行写作的一种作文形式。它的特点是读写结合。写作者要经过阅读材料、理解分析、提炼主旨、联想想象、筛选甄别、文字表达等步骤，才能完成一篇文章的写作。材料作文的类型有：根据文字材料作文、看图作文、扩写、缩写、改写、续写等。例如2005年中考作文题。

高考历年满分作文选

材料作文写作中需要注意的是：

1.要读懂材料。认真阅读材料，理清材料思路，明确材料指向，归纳材料要点，把握材料寓意，最终提炼写作中心。这是材料作文写作的关键，也是考场作文能否及格的第一步。

提炼中心练习。阅读所给文字，归纳写作要点：

小时候妈妈经常教育我们说：“滴水之恩，当涌泉相报。无论何时何地，都不要忘记别人对你的恩情，这才是做人的根本。”现在我也用妈妈这句话教育我的孩子，希望他做一个知恩图报、懂得感激的人。2002年6月的某一天，儿子放学回来，一进门就说：“妈妈，我们学校要给受灾地区捐款，这一次我捐100元。”“为什么？”“因为这次受灾地区有陕西省，我很担心周至县枣春小学的孩子们，还有我住过的老乡家是否被水淹了。妈妈，他们会被水淹死吗？还有那些可爱的小狗。”说着说着儿子的眼圈红了起来，我也被他感动了，于是从包里拿出100元递给他。他所说的地方是他2001年随星星河记者团采访过的地方。

这则材料只要找到点题句——希望儿子做一个知恩图报、懂得感激的人，即“感恩”，中心内容就迎刃而解了。

2.要联系实际。确定写作中心后，内容构思是要选择切入点，从身边小事、眼前情境、街头见闻等入笔，徐徐展开生活画卷，联系作者的学习、生活实际，写实事、抒真情、谈看法、说体会。

3.要力求出新。在文章观点无误的前提下，展开多角度的思考，突破思维定势，克服从众心理，独辟蹊径，力求写出人无我有、人有我新、摄人心魄的好文章。还是“感恩”的材料，一位同学的作文是这样开头的：

family，家庭。F代表爸爸，father；a代表和，and；m代表妈妈，mother；i代表我，I；l代表爱，love；y代表你们，you。把汉语的意思连在一起，就是“爸爸和妈妈，我爱你们”。

那晚，我和一个语文课代表，为了帮老师查点什么，晚上八点左右，才在同学们的关心声与道别声中，走出了校门。也就在此时此刻，我才想起我忘记把晚归的事情告诉给这个世界上最爱我，最疼我，最关心我的人——我那恩重如山的家人。

4.要锤炼语言，巧用修辞，力求使文章达到内容与形式的和谐统一。

5.避免材料作文跑题的方法是要注意开头、结尾的写法，做到首尾呼应，反复点题。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：任何时候都不要看轻了自己。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

战后受经济危机的影响，日本失业人数陡增，工厂效益也很不景气。一家濒临倒闭的食品公司为了起死回生，决定裁员1/3。有三种人名列其中：一种是清洁工，一种是司机，一种是无任何技术的仓管人员。这三种人加起来有三十多名。经理找他们谈话，说明了裁员意图。清洁工说：“我们很重要，如果没有我们打扫卫生，没有清洁优美、健康有序的工作环境，你们怎么能全身心投入工作?”司机说：“我们很重要，这么多产品没有司机怎么能迅速销往市场?”仓管人员说：“我们很重要，战争刚刚过去，许多人挣扎在饥饿线上，如果没有我们，这些食品岂不要被流浪街头的乞丐偷光?”经理觉得他们说的话都很有道理，权衡再三决定不裁员，重新制定了管理策略。最后经理在厂门口悬挂了一块大匾，上面写着：“我很重要!”从此，每天当职工们来上班，第一眼看到的便是“我很重要”这四个字。不管一线职工还是白领阶层，都认为领导很重视他们，因此工作都很卖命。这句话调动了全体职工的积极性，几年后公司迅速崛起，成为日本有名的公司之一。

【温馨提示】这个故事冲击我们眼球、触动我们心灵的就是“我很重要”这四个字。是啊，任何时候都不要看轻了自己。在关键时刻，你敢说“我很重要”吗?试着说出来，你的人生也许会由此揭开新的一页。简单的四个字，却蕴含着丰富的内涵，有自信、有勇气、有意志，这些都可以成为你作文的话题或主题。

小明做了一个梦。他梦见自己为北京奥运会做一名志愿者：他努力帮助来自世界各国的外国朋友……在交谈中，小明让外国朋友更多地了解北京。外国朋友感谢小明，并认为小明的英语非常好。小明很高兴，他甜蜜地笑了……

请你根据设定的梦境并加以想象，写一段 80 词左右的短文。开始语和结束语均已给出（不计入总词数）。

内容要求：

（ 1 ）帮助外国朋友；（ 2 ）与外国朋友交谈；（ 3 ）感谢小明；（ 4 ）小明很高兴。

词汇参考： try （ do ） one＇s best ， find （ that ）， heavy （ lost ）， carry （ show ， take ）， taxi （ car ， bike ）， on the way ， talk with （ about ）

Xiao Ming had a dream （梦） last night . In the dream ， he volunteered to serve （志愿列队） the Beijing Olympics .

Xiao Ming had a dream last night . In the dream ， he volunteered to serve the Beijing Olym pics . He tried his best to help the foreign friends from different countries . When he found a foreign friend worried in the street ， he went up to him and asked him what was the matter . The foreigner told Xiao Ming he was Jack ， and he forgot the way to the Sun Hotel . Then Xiao Ming stopped a taxi and took him to the Sun Hotel . Xiao Ming talked with Jack on the way and made Jack know more about Beijing . Jack thanked Xiao Ming very much and thought Xiao Ming＇s English was very good . Xiao Ming was very happy . He smiled and smiled ， then he woke up .

If you’re reading this, there’s a good chance that you have an email account. You may well have several – perhaps separate accounts for professional and personal contacts.

如果你正在阅读这篇文章，你肯定有一个或若干个甚至是不同帐号的私人或办公邮箱。

It’s easy to assume that we know how to use email effectively: it’s been around for long enough. But if you find yourself struggling to communicate effectively by email, these six tips should help:

邮件这样的沟通方式早已经渗入到了我们的生活工作中，因此可以说大多数人都能有效地使用邮件与他人交流。但如果你发现自己还没做得足够有效，我想以下这六点可以帮到你：

1. Start With an Appropriate Salutation

邮件开头称呼要恰当：

Some people jump straight into the text of an email without so much as a “hi”. It’s polite to add a salutation, just as you would with a letter. That might look like:

有些人写邮件不喜欢加称呼，甚至连简单的“你好”都忽略，直接开始正文内容。孰不知就像在传统的信件上一样，写上称呼是一种礼貌的象征。称呼可以这样写：

#Dear Sir/Madam 亲爱的先生/女士

#Dear Mr. Johnson 亲爱的约翰逊先生

#Hi Sue 苏，你好

#Hello Fred 你好，福瑞德

Your salutation needs to be appropriate. If you’re writing to a prospective employer, “Dear Mr. Johnson” is probably the best way to go. “Hi Bob” is going to look unprofessional.

称呼必须恰当。若邮件对象是你未来的上司，“亲爱的约翰先生”这样的称呼应该为最得体的。像“你好，鲍勃”更适用于随意的场合。

But don’t assume that formality is always the right answer. If you’re writing to a friend of a friend, using “Dear” plus their surname is going to seem oddly stilted.

那么，是不是正式的用语就万能呢?绝对不是。若你给你朋友的朋友写邮件，那用“亲爱的+姓”就显得异常别扭。

If in doubt, “Dear [first name]” will usually work just fine.

当你判断不出哪种场合该用什么称呼合适，你可以使用“亲爱的+名”来应付所有情况。

2. Get Straight to the Point

直奔主题

Your correspondent won’t want to wade through paragraphs of waffle – so get straight to the point. If you’re writing to someone out of the blue, don’t give them your life story before you make a request.

相信阅读你邮件的人不会愿意仔细浏览你那空洞无聊的长篇大论，所以你需要直奔主题。如果你想写封邮件安慰某个心灵受伤的朋友，开头先把你的建议亮出来，然后再用你的亲身经历来辅助说明。

Getting straight to the point might mean that the first line of your email (after the salutation) looks something like this:

直奔主题意味着邮件内容的第一行应该是这样：

#I’m working on an article about Acme Widgets for XYZ publication, and wondered if you had a few minutes to answer the following three questions.

我现在正在写一篇要交给某某出版社关于极致控件的文章，不知道您有没有时间回答3个问题呢?

#Could you supply me with a quote for the following project?

可否对下面的设计项目进行引证?

#I’d like to discuss the revisions with you. Would Tuesday at 2pm be a good time?

我想和你谈谈修订的事。这周二下午两点您有空吗?

#I’ve attached the documents you requested at our meeting yesterday.

昨天会议上您要求的文件已附上，请查收。

You may well need to include more details, but if you put the important point up front, your email is more likely to get a timely response. If your question comes too far down, the recipient may not even realise that you need a reply.

当然，你需要再增加更多的细节内容。若将邮件重点放到内容的开头，你将收到更加及时的回复信息。如果你的问题在邮件后头，收信人可能都不会意识到你在等他回复。

3. Keep it Short

内容言简意赅

try to keep your email as short as possible. Make the paragraphs short, too – long paragraphs can be difficult to read and take in.

尽可能将你的邮件内容写得简单明了。文章太长不易阅读和吸收。

Do make sure you give enough information for your correspondent to be able to make a decision, if that’s required. You might find that it’s best to offer this as an attachment – you’ll have more flexibility over formatting, and your correspondent can print out the attachment easily.

若对方需要通过你的邮件来做决策，那你一定要在邮件中将相关信息写完整。为了能更灵活地排版，你可以把这些信息作成附件形式，以方便对方将其打印出来。

4. Use Numbered Points

将内容编号

If you’ve got several questions or points to make, it’s very helpful to number them. This makes it easy for the other person to respond to each one, especially if some just require a yes/no response or a single word answer. For instance:

对于那些为了咨询或提供各种问题的邮件，最好将问题一点一点的列举出来，以便于他人对每个问题作答，尤其当某些人更倾向于对问题只回答“是”和“否”的时候。例如：

#Could you let me know:

能否告知：

#1. How much it would cost for the website design

1. 网站设计费用

#2. How much for the website design plus a tri-fold brochure

2. 网页设计加一份三页宣传册的费用

#3. Whether you could complete #2 by the end of April

3. 您能否在四月底完成第二点所述工作?

It’s also useful to list your questions or points as bullets in this way; if you write a single paragraph, some of your questions might get missed.

将你的问题或观点用图标的方式罗列出来是很实用的，倘若你用一段话将几个点全部涵盖，那对方有可能会漏看其中的几点。

5. Re-read and Use Spell-Check

重新阅读一遍，校对拼写错误

A typo or spelling mistake can turn one word into an entirely different one. If you’re using email in a professional capacity, that mistake could be embarrassing – or even offensive. It might alter the whole meaning of your email: a missing “not”, for instance, could potentially cause problems.

排版或拼写错误有时能导致对一个单词的误解。尤其当你用邮件来沟通专业性内容时，这样的错误就很尴尬，甚至有些失礼。它可能改变你整个邮件的意思。比如：少写了个“不”，就可能会引起某些问题。

Spell-check should help you avoid any silly mistakes – but use your eyes and brain too. There are plenty of words that spell-check won’t pick up. If you’re emailing from a device with predictive text and an auto-correct feature, make sure you always re-read what you’ve typed.

因此检查拼写将避免你犯这些低级错误，但这里强调——不仅仅用眼睛检查，还得用大脑思考。有些错误不一定能轻易检查出来。如果你的邮件系统有字句联想功能和自动纠错功能，一定要把写出来的内容再通读检查一遍。

6. Make Your Signature Useful

充分利用邮件签名

Do you have an email signature? (That’s the text that appears automatically at the bottom of your email.) Some people don’t use one at all; others have a funny quote or favorite saying.

你设置过邮件签名吗(它将会在你每次邮件内容的下方自动生成)?有些人从来都没有使用过它，但我们也看过一些非常有意思和哲理的签名。

Whether you’re using email for professional or personal reasons, make your signature useful for both you and your recipient. That might mean:

无论你是为了工作还是私人聊天，加注签名对你和邮件接收者都有好处，因为这意味着可以：

Giving the link to your website

加上你的网页链接

Including your work address and/or phone number

写上你的工作地址或电话号码

Adding links to your social media accounts

注上你的社会媒体工具帐号(例如博客，微博，论坛)

Putting in a line to promote your recent book / blog / product

宣传你最新的书籍，博文或产品

If your email provider allows it, you may even want to create several signatures to use for different purposes (e.g. one for emailing friends, one for new business contacts).

有些邮箱甚至还提供用户根据不同目的设计不同签名的服务(比如：一个对朋友使用，一个对新结识的企业伙伴使用)。

一位哲人说：“一个人赚得了整个世界，却丧失了自我，又有何益？”由此看来，真正的救世主便是那个拥有坚定的精神核心的自我，拥有这个精神的坐标轴，守住自我，我们就不会随波逐流。另一个哲人说：“生命如一泓清水，需要流动。”他告诉我们，要打开心灵的堤坝，融入江海，改变自我，这样的生命才能得到进一步提升。

在大千世界中，我们该以什么样的态度来对待自我呢？请选择合适角度，科学立意，自拟题目，写一篇800字以上的文章。

【立意角度】

观点要辩证，坚守自我精神和信仰 改变自我知识和能力，二者都必须谈。否则谈其中一个方面就片面。

【作文素材】

（一）

抬头是星空，仰望是群星璀璨。各行星默默的坚守着自己的轨道，有条不紊的轮回。

抬头是碧落，仰望是云卷云舒。各浮云随风的追寻着自己的梦想， 轻逸自由的飘去。

高山巍峨，坚守一方沃土；清泉淙淙，舞动着一个灵动的魂魄。山川相缪，方显自然之美。

“走自己的路，让别人说去吧！”

“一个径直走路的人迟早会走到尽头！”

任尔云卷云舒，花开花落，高山只坚守“壁立于仞，无欲则刚”的箴言，守住自我；

无论秋风萧瑟，人生几何，流水总相信“穷则变，变则通”的警句，改变自我。

水活则灵，山活则碧，棋活则胜，人活则生。

生活并不是一个人工开凿的运河，不能把河水限制在一些规定好了的河道内。 泰戈尔

（二）

坚守自我是“凌寒独自开”的傲骨，是“任而东南西北风”的坚韧，是“清净傲妙，抱玄守一”的清净，是“一片冰心在玉壶”的高洁。坚守自我，就坚守了人性的崇高和爱的美好。

大江东去，淘不尽的是一个又一个执著坚守精神核心的灵魂。屈原“举世皆浊而我独清，世人皆醉而我独醒”，鲁迅在”奴隶”的时代傲然屹立；居里夫人的美丽被放射性物质吞噬，被誉为“唯一没被荣誉迷住双眼的人”；伽利略不畏强权，冒死解释“日心说”真理。

守住就是守住自己的精神核心，任花开花落，云卷云舒，我心依旧。

改变就是打开心灵的堤坝，适当地融入江海，为了更好地生存，也为了提升生命的高度。

坚守的志者，改变的智者

【佳作展台】

人生中的守与变

古人云：修身养性，然后治国平天下。修身、养性其实就是守住自我的同时改变自我的过程。那么守什么，又变什么呢？

守住自己的诚实，守住自己的梦想，守住自己的灵魂。改变自己的懒惰，改变自己的平庸，改变自己的人生。守，给自己一片心灵的净土，变，给自己一个提升的空间。

屈原汨罗江的一跃，守住了自己的公正廉明，不随波逐流，不同流合污的高贵品质；李白大唐宫殿门前的毅然转身，守住了“安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜“的豪气；朱自清对美国空投粮食的拒绝，守住了文人的一身正气。他们是中华的骄傲，是历史上的星光。他们的守，守住了灵魂，为中华民族千百年来民族精神的传承贡献了自己的力量。

一个“守”字，简单几笔，却留了人类最高贵、最独特的灵魂；一个“守”字，多少行动，才能真实的阐释他。守住自我，即使举世混浊，也能拥有一棵看守心灵月亮的树。

变，是好的，是需要勇气的。可怎样变，就决定怎样的人生。李斯变了，从一个本可留芳百世的兴国者变成一个与小人为伍的奸臣，这变，是可耻的。唐玄宗变了，从“开元之治”到“安史之乱”，从一个明君到一个只知享乐的昏君，这变，是可悲的。可是还有一些人，他们变了，让我眼前一亮。邰丽华改变自我对黑暗的盲从，从一个聋哑人到美丽舞者的蜕变，谱下了世间最美丽的心灵之舞；奥普拉温弗瑞改变了对黑人命运的盲从，凭借一个人可以清贫困顿，但决不可没有梦想的简单信念，写下了从丑小鸭到黑天鹅的美丽蜕变，成就了一代传媒女皇。改变自己，从平庸到出众，从平凡到不平凡，从胆怯到勇敢，从成功到失败，我们做得还很少，路还很长。

守，变，应是我们共同的追求。不死守，不乱变，改变我们性格上的缺憾，守住我们灵魂上纯洁，才能造就独一无二，光彩照人的自我，才能写下精彩绝伦，波澜壮阔的一生

为你而守，为你而变，我珍贵的人生。

根据中文设置的情景和英文提示词语，写出语法正确，意思连贯的句子。所给的英文提示词语必须都用上。

上星期日，我们乘车去西山植树。一些学生种树，其他学生……

1. it, fine, last sunday

2. we, go, west hill, by bus

3. some, plant trees, other, carry water

4. because, we, work hard, tired, happy

5. all, know, stop… form, blow, and, city, make, beautiful

___________________________________

it was fine last sunday. we went to west hill by bus. some students planted trees, others carried water. because we worked hard, we were tired, but we felt happy. we all know trees can stop the wind from blowing the sand towards the city, and they can make the city beautiful.

[中考英语作文训练:去西山植树去(Goes to Xishan to plant trees)

1)结构2)内容要点 3)语言(词组搭配、句型、句式变化、过渡词)看结构和内容要点定分数档，看语言给成绩。这是中考英语阅卷的潜规则。 三段四步法——中考英语满分杀手锏 知己知彼，方能百战不殆，既然中考阅卷流程和内部标准已经明朗化，相对的策略也就顺利成章的形成了。现在和大家分享，笔者教学和阅卷过程中总结创立的写作满分秘诀。

1 “三段”(三个段落)——针对的阅卷老师先看文章结构和内容要点，让阅卷老师不得不给你定位一类文。 中高考情景是作文，无论是那种文体，都可以用三段法来表示。这个方法的起源是来自美国的“高考”SAT考试，(SAT是美国或它国学生想要申请美国大学必须参加的考试，故被叫过美国的高考)。 我们管这样的文章叫做HamburgerWriting(汉堡写作)

顾名思义，就是无论是记叙文、还是议论文、或者08年中考以及09一模西城的夹叙夹议文章，都可以通用。简单解释如下：

今年的作文依然书写青年和时代的话题，比较适合写议论文。虽然形式上可能对学生有一定的难度，而根据写作主题，作文素材选取，和语言表达上，学生依然有较大的发挥空间，比较容易出现佳作。

材料首先提出建团一百年的时代背景，接着第二段从具体人物切入，要求考生在写作时，可有大的视域，不仅就事论事;还可引导考生挖掘小的切入点，以小见大，层层递进，可有深刻思考。考生在写作的时候，可以从“选择”“创造”“未来”等方面进行创作，同时关注两个问题:一是要将人物和时代紧密联系——建团百年，少年青年责任传承，承担着时代的责任，青年应抓住建团百年的时代契机，牢记使命担当，为祖国的建设积蓄力量。另一方面是将三个主题关键词能建立有机联系，而不各自分立。青年响应时代召唤，确定职业选择，更要将个人融入到时代发展中，矢志创新，这样会更好地建设祖国的未来。

因此，也可从选择是青年面向未来的方向，创造是青年实现未来的途径和方法。这样在新时代环境下去写个人的选择与创造，在个人的选择创造中展现美好未来，各个点也能较好融合。

导语：文明礼仪是人类为维系社会正常生活而要求人们共同遵守的最起码的道德规范，它是人们在长期共同生活和相互交往中逐渐形成，并以风俗、习惯和传统等方式固定下来的。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的中考写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1.德厚者流光，德薄者流卑。

2.让者，礼之实也。——朱熹

3.静以修身，俭以养德。——诸葛亮

4.安上治民，莫善于礼。——孝经

5.德行广大而守以恭者荣。

6.德必报，怨不仇。——赵谦

7.所守者道义，所行者忠信，所惜者名节。

8.礼，不妄说人，不辞费。

9.勿以恶小而为之，勿以善小而不为。

10.为善则预，为恶则去。

11.爱人者，人恒爱之;敬人者，人恒敬之。

12.环境整洁优美，生活健康科学，社会文明进步。

13.怀着善意的人，是不难于表达他对人的礼貌的。——卢梭

14.礼貌之风为每一个人带来文明温暖和愉快。——诺·文·皮尔

15.人待我一尺，我待人一丈;人待我一丈，我把心捧上;好话一句三冬暖，冷言半句六月寒。

16.美德是精神上的一种宝藏，但是使它生出光彩的则是良好的礼仪。

17.向老师说声“好”，不困难;困难的是，要坚持向老师真心地说声“好”。

18.礼仪是微妙的东西，它既是人们交际所不可或缺的，又是不可过于计较的。——培根

19.一个人的礼貌，就是一面照出他的肖像的镜子。——歌德

20.有礼貌不一定总是智慧的标志，可是不礼貌总使人怀疑其愚蠢。——兰道尔

21.有一种内在的礼貌，它是同爱联系在一起的：它会在行为的外表上产生出最令人愉快的礼貌。——歌德

22.人无礼则不生，事无礼则不成，国无礼则不守。——孔子

23.德厚者流光，德薄者流卑。

24.人之有德于我也，不可忘也;吾有德于人也，不可不忘也。

25.仁者爱人，为仁由己。唯仁者能好人，能恶人。克己复礼为仁，一日克己复礼，天下归仁焉。

26.以爱己之心爱人则尽。——张载仁

27.仁之发处自是爱。——朱熹

28.人必知道而后知爱身，知爱身而后知爱人，知爱人而后知保天下。

29.信则人任焉。——论语

30.唯宽可以宽人，唯厚可以载物。君子以厚德载物。——易传

31.君子诚之为贵。——礼记

32.君子己善，亦乐人之善也。——礼记

33.恭近于礼，远耻辱也。恭则不侮。——论语

34.敬人者，人恒敬之。——孟子

35.德行广大而守以恭者荣。

36.为善则预，为恶则去。

37.不学礼，无以立。——孔子

38.礼貌和文明是我们共处的金钥匙。

39.微笑是我们的语言，文明是我们的信念。

40.学校是学习之所，文明是成功之本。

41.让我们一起来：关心集体，爱护公物，保护环境!

42.手边留情花似锦，脚下留情草如茵!

43.花儿用美丽装扮世界，我们用行动美化校园!

44.不敬他人，是自不敬也。——旧唐书

45.让，德之主也，让之谓懿德。——左传

46.让者，礼之实也。——朱熹

47.让，德之主也，让之谓懿德。——左传

48.谦恭有礼，人人欢迎。——托马斯。福特

49.良好的礼貌是由微小的牺牲组成。——爱默生

50.良心是由人的知识和全部生活方式来决定的。——马克

51.人不能象走兽那样活着，应该追求知识和美德。——但丁

52.善气迎人，亲如弟兄;恶气迎人，害于戈兵。——管仲

53.礼义廉耻，国之四维，四维不张，国乃灭亡。——《管子》

54.行一件好事，心中泰然;行一件歹事，衾影抱愧。——神涵光

55.应该热心地致力于照道德行事，而不要空谈道德。——德谟克利特

56.心诚气温，气和辞婉，必能动人。——薛宣《谈书录》

57.唯宽可以宽人，唯厚可以载物。君子以厚德载物。——易传

58.礼，经国家，定社稷，序民人，利后嗣。——左传

59.彬彬有礼的风度，主要是自我克制的表现。——爱迪生

60.勿以恶小而为之，勿以善小而不为。惟贤惟德，能服于人。——刘备

61.礼貌经常可以替代最高贵的感情。——梅里美

62.非礼勿视，非礼勿听，非礼勿言，非礼勿动。——孔子

63.美德是精神上的一种宝藏，但是使它生出光彩的则是良好的礼仪。——约翰·洛克

64.礼貌是儿童与青年所应该特别小心地养成习惯的第一件大事。——约翰·洛克

65."礼貌之风为每一个人带来文明温暖和愉快。——诺·文·皮尔

66.我们应该注意自己不用言语去伤害别的同志，但是，当别人用语言来伤害自己的时候，也应该受得起。——刘少奇

67.礼貌是最容易做到的事情，也是最容易忽视的事情，但她却是最珍贵的事情。

68.鸟儿因翅膀而自由翱翔，鲜花因芬芳而美丽，校园因文明而将更加进步。

69.关心学校，我们的职责;爱护学校，我们的义务;热爱学校，我们的心声。

70.顺手捡起是的一片纸，纯洁的是自己的精神;有意擦去的一块污渍，净化的是自己的灵魂。

71.高高兴兴做游戏，和和气气在一起。不打不闹不追逐，安全二字不忘记。

72.花儿用美丽装扮世界，我们用行动美化校园!

73.顺手捡起是的一片纸，纯洁的是自己的精神;

74.有意擦去的一块污渍，净化的是自己的灵魂。

75.爱人者，人恒爱之;敬人者，人恒敬之。

76.只有尊敬别人的人，才有权受人尊敬。

77.礼貌是人类共处的金钥匙。

78.不在墙上留一条伤痕，不在空气中留下一句脏话。

79.倾听可以使说话者感到被尊重。

80.恭近于礼，远耻辱也。恭则不侮。——论语

81.知识使人变得文雅，而交际使人变得完善。——(美)乔·富勒

82.我深信只有有道德的公民才能向自己的祖国致以可被接受的敬礼。——卢梭

83.人之有德于我也，不可忘也;吾有德于人也，不可不忘也。

84.礼仪是微妙的东西，它既是人们交际所不可或缺的，又是不可过于计较的。——培根

85.礼貌是有教养的人的第二个太阳。——赫拉克利特

86.爱人者，人恒爱之;敬人者，人恒敬之。

87.敬人者，人恒敬之;爱人者，人恒爱之。——孟子

88.礼貌周全不花钱，却比什么都值钱。——西班牙。塞万提斯

89.一毫之善，与人方便。一毫之恶，劝君莫作。——唐·吕岩《劝世》

90.尊人立莫坐，赐坐莫背人。蹲坐无方便，席上被人嗔。“又”尊人与酒吃，即把莫推辞。性少由方便，圆融莫遣之。——唐·王梵志

91.待富贵人，不难有礼，而难有体;待贫贱人，不难有恩，而难有礼。——《史典》

92.不敬他人，是自不敬也。——旧唐书

93."幽默是具有智慧教养和道德上优越感的表现。——恩格斯"""

94.土扶可城墙，积德为厚地。——李白

95.礼义生于富足，盗窃起于贫穷。——汉·王符

96.世界上最廉价，而且能得到最大收益的一项物质，就是礼节。——拿破仑·希尔

97.夫君子之行，静以修身，俭以养德，非淡泊无以明志，非宁静无以致远。——诸葛亮

98.礼者，人道之极也。——荀子

99.人们最看重的是特权，哪怕是主持葬礼的特权。——詹·拉·洛威尔

100.一旦学会了眼睛的语言，表情的变化将是无限的。——泰戈尔

101.仁之发处自是爱。——朱熹

102.礼以行义，义以生利，利民，政之大节也。——左传

103.人间的面孔从未像在葬礼中看上去那么世俗——乔·艾琪渥斯

104.无礼是无知的私生子。——巴特勒

105.博学于文，约之以礼。——孔子

106.不患位之不尊，而患德之不崇;不耻禄之不伙，而耻智之不博。——张衡

107.以爱己之心爱人则尽。——张载仁

108.有礼貌不一定总是智慧的标志，可是不礼貌总使人怀疑其愚蠢。——兰道尔

109.道之以告德，齐之以礼。——论语

110.一毫之善，与人方便。一毫之恶，劝君莫作。——唐·吕岩《劝世》

111.礼节及礼貌是一封通向四方的推荐信。——西班牙女王伊丽莎白

112.礼貌像只气垫，里面什么也没有，却能奇妙地减少颠簸。——约翰逊

113.所守者道义，所行者忠信，所惜者名节。

114.生活里最重要的是有礼貌，它比最高的智慧，比一切学识都重要。——俄。赫尔岑

115.礼貌是一种回收有礼貌的尊重的愿望。星球礼品礼品册礼品商务送礼会议礼品。——法·拉罗什福科

116.一个人如果在街上注意观察的活动，我相信，他一定会在灵车上发现最愉快的表情。——乔·斯威夫特

117.仁者爱人，为仁由己。唯仁者能好人，能恶人。克己复礼为仁，一日克己复礼，天下归仁焉。

118.人在智慧上应当是明豁的，道德上应该是清白的，身体上应该是清洁的。——契诃夫

119.自觉心是进步之母，自贱心是堕落之源，故自觉心不可无，自贱心不可有。—邹韬奋

120.礼仪是在他的一切别种美德之上加上一层藻饰，使它们对他具有效用，去为他获得一切和他接近的人的尊重与好感。——洛克

Ladies and gentlemen,

Welcome to Heyuan, now let me introduce our city — Heyuan to you. Heyuan is a city with a long history. It is in the northeast of Guangdong and 198 kilometres away from Guangzhou. It has a population of 3,240,000.

There are many places of interest in Heyuan, such as Sujiawei Wanlu Lake and so on. Wanlu Lake is a beautiful place. The water is clean and not polluted. There are all kinds of fish in it. You can go boating, go fishing and have a picnic there. It is really a good place to spend your holiday. Besides, you can go and visit Heyuan Museum. There you can see a lot of dinosaur egg fossils.

I hope you can enjoy yourselves in Heyuan.

Thank you.

[中考英语满分的作文：visitng

i live in hangzhou.it is a beautigul city.it s my hometown.every year it attracts large number of tourists come here all over the world.

we have xihu here and many places of interest.i think you will love it when you see it oneday.i want to grow up quickly.andj i will try my best to protect our city and make a contribution to it.i think if everyone protects it ,my city will becone much more beautiful.i love my city!

In our accommodations, many students have computers. Also we can see in the electronic reading room and the cybercafés, rows of students sit in front of the monitors. Computers play an important role in our everyday life.

We use computers to cope with files and photos etc. And the internet is just a large database and we can get on the internet to search for anything we need through the computers. We can keep in touch with the others with the emails, msn and QQ etc. Enjoying ourselves in music, games and movies can loosen us after nervous classes.

Each coin has two sides. Disadvantages of the computers can also do harm to us. Most of us students use the computers more to play games and chat with strangers than searching for useful information. That’s a waste of time. There is so much rubbish on the net, which are some medium messages about crime or sex. It does harm to our minds.

From all above, we should learn to use computers in our own right ways. The computers doesn’t have no responsibility, it depends on the way we use them.

导语：在英语作文中，运用一些成语或者俗语能够给作文加分哦，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. 瞒天过海crossing the sea under camouflage

2. 围魏救赵relieving the state of Zhao by besieging the state of Wei

3. 借刀杀人killing someone with a borrowed knife

4. 以逸待劳waiting at one’s ease for the exhausted enemy

5. 趁火打劫plundering a burning house

6. 声东击西making a feint to the east and attacking in the west

7. 无中生有creating something out of nothing

8. 暗渡陈仓advancing secretly by an unknown path

9. 隔岸观火watching a fire from the other side of the river

10.笑里藏刀covering the dagger with a smile

11.李代桃僵palming off substitute for the real thing

12.顺手牵羊picking up something in passing

13.打草惊蛇beating the grass to frighten the snake

14.借尸还魂resurrecting a dead soul by borrowing a corpse

15.调虎离山luring the tiger out of his den

16.欲擒故纵letting the enemy off in order to catch him

17.抛砖引玉giving the enemy something to induce him to lose more valuable things

18.擒贼擒王capturing the ringleader first in order to capture all the followers

19.釜底抽薪extracting the firewood from under the cauldron

20.混水摸鱼muddling the water to catch the fish; fishing in troubled waters

21.金蝉脱壳slipping away by casting off a cloak; getting away like the cicada sloughing its skin

22.关门捉贼catching the thief by closing / blocking his escape route

23.远交近攻befriending the distant enemy while attacking a nearby enemy

24.假途伐虢attacking the enemy by passing through a common neighbor

25.偷梁换柱stealing the beams and pillars and replacing them with rotten timbers

26.指桑骂槐reviling/ abusing the locust tree while pointing to the mulberry

27.假痴不癫feigning madness without becoming insane

28.上屋抽梯removing the ladder after the enemy has climbed up the roof

29.树上开花putting artificial flowers on trees

30.反客为主turning from the guest into the host

31.美人计using seductive women to corrupt the enemy

32.空城计presenting a bold front to conceal unpreparedness

33.反间计sowing discord among the enemy

34.苦肉计deceiving the enemy by torturing one’s own man

35.连环计coordinating one stratagem with another

36.走为上decamping being the best; running away as the best choice

茅盾在《风景谈》中写道：“自然是伟大的，人类是伟大的，然而充满了崇高精神的人类的活动，乃是伟大中之尤其伟大者！”从这个层面上来说，文题中的“风景”更多地指向以人为核心的活动图景，而不仅仅指浅表层面上的供人观赏的自然风景。而“最好的风景”可从以下三个维度来演绎：一是“真”。即“风景”中飘逸出的率真、本真、真性情，烛照出的生活的真谛，人生的真义。二是“善”。即“风景”中涌动着的善心、善念，充溢着的善行、善举。三是“美”。即“风景”中折射出的人格之美、人品之美、人情之美、人性之美。以真、善、美作为内核方能铺染出“最好的风景”。当然，在写法上还要注意“形神合一”：以人为核心的活动图景，既要得“形”之美感和亮度，又要得“神”之精髓和深度。失之前者，便不能“养人眼球”；失之后者，便不能“撼人心魄”。二者均不能称之为“最好的风景”。

以说明为主是说明文与其他文体从表达方式上区别的标志。下面是小编整理的说明文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、抓住事物的主要特征，把握说明中心。

所谓特征，就是这一事物区别于其它事物的标志。只有抓住了事物的特征来说事状物，明理显性，才能说得准确，说得深透。

如《苏州园林》一文中，作者紧抓住苏州园林之中有个共同点，就是“务必使浏览者无论站在哪个点上，眼前总是一幅完美的图画”。换句话说，“一切都要为构成完美图画而存在，决不容许有欠美伤美的败笔”。文章先从亭台轩榭的布局，假山池沼的配合，花草树木的映衬，近景远景的层次四个主要方面进行说明，同时又从角落的布置，门窗的雕琢，油漆的调配三个细微的方面进一步表现它的总的特征。可是要想扣住事物的特征，在介绍说明中，必须有选择，有重点。如果面面俱到，结果就会什么事情也说不清楚。

抓住了事物的本质特征，也就抓住了说明的中心。记叙文，议论文，往往带有作者强烈的思想倾向和明显的主观色彩，如茅盾的《白杨礼赞》以白杨枝干的挺拔，力争向上，象征中华民族奋发向上的精神，赞扬敌后军民不屈不挠的气慨。而作为说明文的《杨树》，它的中心是介绍其不同品种的形态、生态、用途和不同特点。由此看来，扣紧说明对象的特征以确保文章中心不偏移，这是说明的要领。写作时，不能凭主观感情作为褒贬事物的标准，而应客观地科学地去说明。

二、根据不同的说明对象，合理安排说明顺序。

说明文的结构方式，应视文明对象的具体情况而定。如《人民英雄纪念碑》就是以纪念碑的方位顺序来组织文章。作者从东西南北四个方位着手，逐面写来，不仅层次清楚，而且使读者获得了有关中国革命的历史知识。《故宫博物院》是以其组成部分的一定顺序安排结构的，作者从天安门写到太和门、神武门，依其建筑的顺序从前至后逐一写来，并重点介绍太和殿、养心殿，使读者对故宫的整体和各个重点建筑都有较明晰的了解。

对于比较深奥的科学原理或比较复杂的事物、现象，在安排说明结构时，可按照人们认识问题逐步深入的思路安排结构。如《向沙漠进军》这篇，就是采用人们认识它们的规律，由浅入深，由具体到抽象的办法，先从读者熟悉的具体事例说起，再追根溯源，讲清成因原理。

实用性说明文大都有固定的结构方式，一般不宜随便变动。而文艺性说明文的结构则灵活多变。如《蜘蛛》先从谜语说起，再从中引出解释的问题。《死海不死》则是先叙述生动的传说故事，然后再介绍死海的形成。无论采用哪一种结构方式，都必须条理清楚，层次分明，重点突出。

三、文字要准确简明，语言要通俗生动。

准确，就是选用恰当的词句，恰如其分地反映出事理的含义和客观事物的本来面目，使人看了明白。如解释“名词”：“表示人或事物的名称的词，叫做名词”。解释“固体”：“有一定体积、而且有一定形状的物体叫做固体”。读者在这里对“名词”、“固体”的概念就可以得到确切的了解。如《蜘蛛》一文中，在介绍蜘蛛腹内的五种腺体的名称(壶状腺、葡萄状腺、腹合腺、管状腺、梨状腺)及功能时，作者采用当时的研究成果，运用了生物学中有关术语，在介绍蜘蛛捕捉蛟、蚋等小虫时，指出它把小虫“咬在‘嘴’里”，这里的“嘴”，实际上是指蜘蛛的第一对附肢——螯肢，它的前端变钩状，很锐利，尖端有小孔，跟这对附肢基部的毒腺相通，毒腺能分泌毒液。许多蜘蛛就是用交叉的螯肢(毒牙)来咬 昆虫的;它并非通常意义上的嘴，所以用引号标明;而在介绍落网中甲虫的拼搏时，这样写道：“它的六条腿东一推，西一撑;蜘蛛好容易把这条腿缚住，那条腿又伸了出来”。准确、生动、传神地写出了甲虫与蜘蛛激烈抗争的场面。

看图写话是作文最初步的训练，是培养刚刚进入小学的孩子的认识能力、形象思维能力、想象能力和表达能力的良好途径。下面是小编整理了看图作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、认真看图，培养观察力

看图写话，顾名思义就是就是要用眼睛看，看是基础。就是指导学生学会观察，养成良好的观察习惯。观察是一个知觉、思维、语言相结合的智力活动过程，观察是人们增长知识、认识世界的重要途径。

二、合理想象，培养想象力

看图写话的画面是一个个静止的人或物，而且比较单调，我们要引导学生通过仔细观察画面，通过老师适当的提问为支点，进行合理想象，使静止的画面尽量动起来，活起来，使单调的画面充实丰富起来。

三、看图说话，培养口头表达能力

口头表达能力是语言实践的重要工具，是书面表达，即写作的有力基础，有利于发展学生的思维。所以我们应该把看图说话当作一个重点来抓，是培养其表达能力的一个重要途径。有目的有计划地进行"看图说话"教学，可使学生在认识事物、口语表达的反复实践过程中，提高读写能力，增强对事物的观察能力和思维能力，进而发展智力。

四、看图写话，培养书面表达能力

对于一年级的小朋友，我刚开始要求他们只要用一两句话写清"时间、地点、人物，干什么"就行了。慢慢地随着学生阅读量的增加，思维能力和口语表达的提升。我要求学生不仅要写完整，更是要写得具体、生动。写出人物的语言、神态、动作等等。

看图写话的画面是静止的，但是学生写出来的一段话或一篇文章是生动的、有趣的。充满了孩子对这个世界认知，写满了他们的善良和活泼。那一句句天真烂漫的话语让我们为之感动，为之欣喜若狂!

五、创设园地，培养写作积极性

要想让在写作上刚刚起步的孩子们越写越有劲，越来越自信，就得让他们的进步得到老师和同学们的承认和肯定，享受成功的喜悦。我在教室一角开设一个"我的作文展"。把班内较好的作文随时上墙展览，学期结束，把他们的哪怕是几句或一段话或几篇文章收集成册，并进行打印。拿回去给爸爸、妈妈和朋友们看。让他们觉得自己是多么的了不起。这样等于在他们心中点了一把火，一把学生心中燃烧的希望之火。我相信这种乐观向上的心理才是最为可贵。