英语论文摘要格式规范标准【汇总20篇】

写作，作为中考英语三大重点模块之一，满分15分，是整张试卷中最难拿满分的部分，也是很多同学头疼的地方。

中考英语作文分四档：第一档（15—13分），第二档（12—9分），第三档（8—5分），第四档（4—0分），每一档都有具体的评分细则。

乐加乐中考研究中心胡赛楠老师强调：“充分认识到写作评分标准的重要性，按照标准要求规范自己的写作并多加修改，才能做到知己知彼、百战不殆。”

首先，审题要准。要点齐全，8分以上；要点不全，直接进入三类文；

其次，一档文应“观点正确”“语言准确”。“观点正确”是文章要积极向上，不可出现反动消极言论；所谓“语言准确”是要忠诚于词汇的惯用法和辨析，要有非常好的文字功底才能达到。

最后，第一档的“句式多样，词汇丰富”与第二档的“语法结构和词汇基本满足文章需要”不同，要求更多的句式和词汇。因此，应在作文中适量使用定语从句、感叹句、倒装句、祈使句等特殊句型；此外，一二档文的差别还在于“逻辑性”，在句式、词汇都相当的基础上，逻辑性强的文章容易得高分。

The Spring Festival is my most favorite festival, because it’s time for

family gathering. And the Spring Festival is a new start of a year. It brings me

hope and courage. On Spring Festival, my parents usually take me back to my

hometown. My hometown is a small town. Many of my relatives move to the larger

cities, but we usually go home when the Spring Festival comes. During the

gathering, we share our lives with others and care about each other. Of course,

big meals are necessary. Families prepare for the big meals together. They all

cook their specialty dishes. Therefore, our meals are always delicious. We often

stay at home for three days and then we leave with others’ wishes. I like the

Spring Festival, because I like family gathering.

There are many festivals in our country, such as the Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival, the Mid-Autumn festival, but the most memorable one is the Dragon Boat Festival this year.

That day, tian teacher brought a bag of hot dumplings, they wear white belts, wearing a green shirt, laughingly lying in his pockets, as if to say to me: "come and eat me. Are the perfume, my stomach was already in the singing, gawk at my desk, I looked at the appetizing brown meat, very anxious to go up to bite.

Mr. Tian seemed to guess our thoughts, and said, laughing, "hungry cats, have a taste. "Hooray!" The students were dancing with joy. Mr. Tian slowly took off the clothes of the zongzi, showing the white and white glutinous rice balls, and some rubies on the glutinous rice. After a while, finally it was my turn, I skipping took to the podium, picked up a toothpick, gently thorn under a mass of glutinous rice, dip in a little bit of sugar, healthy-looking and happily. When I got back to my seat, I had a mouthful of food, and I put it in my mouth. It was so sweet. Finally, it is delicious to lick the white sugar on my lips. I didnt like eating zongzi before, and why I changed my mind today. Peng liying also went up and stabbed a small group, strutted down the stage, came to my seat and proudly gave me the delicious zongzi. I with poor eyes staring at her (mean, give me some) she stared my one eye (means I havent sample) so she gobbled down the zongzi, keep shout delicious. My last glimmer of hope was dashed.

Everyone looked at the last few rice dumplings in the hand of tians teachers. Tian said, "who hasnt eaten zongzi yet?" Everyone raised their hands and said, "I, I, I." Before the teacher ordered that all were crowding on the platform, packed liuxue86.com field teacher doesnt know what to do, even the really not eat the rice dumplings that male students have also been squeezed behind us in the distance. You thorn, I see, the time is finally arrived, just put the hand inside a stretch, alas! I was struck by someones toothpick, and I was like an ant on a hot pot. Only the last zongzi was left, and everyone was so crowded that the dumplings were torn apart by us, and the teacher was busy and busy. When I was disappointed, tian teacher suddenly turned into my mouth was a mass of rice dumplings, joyous and pleased, I happily returned to the seat, whilst placing a hand over your mouth cant say how sweet in my heart. When the dumplings were finished, some students returned to their seats disappointed. Some students were so happy that they took a lot of dumplings.

This happy Dragon Boat Festival is really unforgettable to me.

Darfur once said that, “The future of illiteracy is no longer illiterate

people, but did not learn how to learn.” In the future world, everyone has to

face the contemporary issue that learn to learn, which is the key to the

lifelong learning as well as the permit to the era of knowledge economy.

Firstly, having an aim is the premise of learn to learn. The goal is the

direction of learning, only when you set up a goal can you have motivation.

Secondly, autonomic learning is the foundation of learning. Study is a lifelong

task. When we stay in school, we have teachers teaching. But after we graduate,

we have to learning independently, and atonomic learning seems particularly

important. Thirdly, scientific learning methods are the keys to learning, which

conductive to cultivate and improve a variety of learning abilities so as to

improve learning efficiency. Finally, make plans for your learning.

In the young generation, their lifestyle is different from the old

peoples. They like to stay up and join many night activities, then they wake up

very late. The new expression of brunch fits them so much, which means the

people to have a meal combining with breakfast and lunch. But their health is

under threat. Some young peoples stomach hurts and cant digest food well. In

order to keep healthy, we need to do some exercise and eat food regularly.

Whats more, the balanced diet is very important, as the saying that an apple a

day, keeps the doctor away, so we need to eat properly. The healthy lifestyle

makes us live happily.

The Chinese people, in their drinking of tea, place much significance on

the act of savoring. Savoring tea is not only a way to discern good tea from

mediocre tea, but also how people take delight in their reverie and in

tea-drinking itself. Snatching a bit of leisure from a busy schedule, making a

kettle of strong tea, securing a serene space, and serving and drinking tea by

yourself can help banish fatigue and frustration, improve your thinking ability

and inspire you with enthusiasm. You may also imbibe it slowly in small sips to

appreciate the subtle allure of tea-drinking, until your spirits soar up and up

into a sublime aesthetic realm. Buildings, gardens, ornaments and tea sets are

the elements that form the ambience for savoring tea. A tranquil, refreshing,

comfortable and neat locale is certainly desirable for drinking tea. Chinese

gardens are well known in the world and beautiful Chinese landscapes are too

numerous to count. Teahouses tucked away in gardens and nestled beside the

natural beauty of mountains and rivers are enchanting places of repose for

people to rest and recreate themselves.China is a country with a time-honored

civilization and a land of ceremony and decorum. Whenever guests visit, it is

necessary to make and serve tea to them. Before serving tea, you may ask them

for their preferences as to what kind of tea they fancy and serve them the tea

in the most appropriate teacups. In the course of serving tea, the host should

take careful note of how much water is remaining in the cups and in the kettle.

Usually, if the tea is made in a teacup, boiling water should be added after

half of the cup has been consumed; and thus the cup is kept filled so that the

tea retains the same bouquet and remains pleasantly warm throughout the entire

course of tea-drinking. Snacks, sweets and other dishes may be served at tea

time to complement the fragrance of the tea and to allay ones hunger.

Nowadays, more and more people realize the harm of smoking and the damage

it bring to the people around us. Considered the health of people themseves and

the one they care, many smokers try their best to give up smoking. When quiting

smoking, I have some suggestions. First of all, people should have strong will

on giving up smoking. Personal determination is the most important factor. When

feeling eager to smoke, people should think about the damage of smoking and the

people they love. And then they can strengthen their will not to smoke.

Secondly, sweep away all the cigarette around. They can’t find any cigarette

when they want to smoke. And then after a while, their wants for smoke will

reduce gradually. Last but not least, prepare some candies in the pocket, when

people want to smoke, eat candies instead. Hope every smoker succeed in the

end.

Now the earth is in bad condition。 For example， in some places， the air and

water pollution is so serious that it causes many deaths。 At the same time， many

animals and plants are in danger because of the destruction of their

habitats。

Luckily， we human beings have realized the problem。 On April 22nd， millions

of people across the world do something good for the earth。 Some clean up

beaches and water， some pick up rubbish， others give speeches to call on more

people to take action。 But can we save the earth only by one day’s work? The

future of our planet depends on our efforts。 What we should do is to make every

day Earth Day。 Only by taking good care of it every day can we hope to live in

harmony with nature。

In my city, it’s so cold and wet in the winter that makes the winter days

much harder to get through. It rains a lot in my hometown, both during the

summer and the winter. I like the cold weather, but not the wet, because it

prevents me going out for fun. It’s much colder when it rains. Besides, when it

rains, the outside is all wet and dirty that makes you keep your foots in door.

And the whole city seems be covered by heavy fog. I always feel upset in such

weather. In one word, the weather is really bad in my city and I don’t like it

at all. I hope I can move to somewhere warmer and less rain.

dear bob,

i’m very glad to hear that you will come here to start your chinese lesson in september. i’ve found a flat, a 25-square-meter one, which includes a bedroom, a bathroom, and a kitchen for you with the rent 500 yuan per month. it is on the third floor. in the bedroom there is a chair, a desk, a bed and a sofa. by the way, the flat is on fangcao street, not far from jianxin chinese school. bus no.11 can take you there. what the most convenient is that it’s only one block between the school and your flat. if you come here, you will find it a good place for you to live in. what do you think of it? and it’s essential for me to know your earliest reply.

sincerely yours,

li hua

The advent of modern technology brings a substantial impact on the whole

world. It not only boosts the economy, but also changes the people’s conception

on the world. It also increases global communication among countries. In my

opinion, modern technology is creating a single world culture in that such

technology as computer and internet is bringing people together and making the

world get smaller.

First of all, modern technology promotes the globe to frequently use one

language. The invention of computers and Internet promotes English to be a

global language and dominate in the communication worldwide. Since language is

the agent of culture, the worldwide use of English fosters more and more minds

thinking alike.

Besides, the development of the internet brings people’s life style into

uniform. The availability of Internet makes people have a lot in common, such as

access to information, online shopping or payment. People from all over the

world are doing the same thing each day on the Internet, and their living habit

is becoming closer and closer with each passing day.

Based on the points discussed above, it is obvious that modern technology

is creating a single world culture.

Communication is common and important in our daily life. All of us live

with others in the society and no one can live cut off from it. Everyday, we

must talk to others to give and get information, but how can we communicate with

others? Some people claim that they don’t know what to say and how to speak to

others, strangers especially. I think first you should find a topic that both of

you are interested in. Then, pay attention to your manners, speed, pitch,

expressions and your body language. You should make others feel comfortable, so

that they are willing to talk to you. Last but not the least, being a good

listener. Listening to others shows your respect to them. Only when they heard,

they want to talk. So do you. Before you talk, listening to others first.

1摘要的定义与三类摘要的写法

国际标准ISO214-1976指出：摘要是一份文献内容的准确压缩,不加解释或评论。中国国家标准规定：摘要是报告、论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。摘要是读者判断论文价值，判断论文是否值得阅读的依据。会议所征摘要是决定是否录用全文的依据。写好摘要是科技人员写作所必备的基本功。如果一篇内容价值较高的英语论文,其摘要写得平平淡淡，不能体现论文的特点和学术价值，将带来一系列不利影响：失去被刊载的机会，需要本文的读者不会阅读全文,从而失去应有的学术影响;对中文期刊论文而言,难以进入国际检索系统等。

摘要分为报道性摘要、指示性摘要、报道—指示性摘要、结构性摘要等种类。学术期刊多采用报道性摘要，特别是试验研究和有定量数据的论文。对新内容较少，或数据少的论文用指示性摘要或报道—指示性摘要。摘要的内容一般由3部分组成：研究目的,研究方法,研究结果或结论。中文摘要一般200-300字,外文摘要字数不超过250个实词。摘要的详简程度和篇幅大小根据具体情况及要求而定，如期刊论文摘要、会议征稿摘要、博士学位论文摘要的差别很大。期刊论文摘要通常位于署名和单位地址之后。

1.1 报道性摘要

报道性摘要要求反映作者的主要成果,提供比较完整的定量及定性信息。篇幅一般为200-300字。示例如下：

示例1： (题名：BiSrCaCuO高温超导纤维)

采用激光加热小基座法(LHPG)成功地制备出BiSrCaCuO超导纤维。它性能稳定,工艺可重复性高。纤维最大长度达60mm，直径范围35-500um，其中细径纤维有挠性。超导纤维的起始转变温度为118K,零电阻温度为87K，临近电流密度为2.5kA/cm2 (77K,H=0,直流电流量)。纤维中超导相(2212相)，显微结构有典型的取向性。纤维的超导电性与其生长条件及后处理过程密切相关。首次指出，a轴平行于纤维的轴向。

示例2：(篇名: 约瑟夫森结Alx-Al隧道势垒的实验研究)

通过X光电子能谱、阳极氧化电压谱和FISKE台阶电压的测量，研究了约瑟夫森结中ALOX-AL隧道势垒。发现结的隧道势垒最佳沉积AL层厚度为7nm，AL上形成了ALOX厚度只取决于氧化条件，与沉积AL厚无关，势垒AL氧化物可能含有一个像ALOOH态的OH基团。

1.2 指示性摘要

指示性摘要的目的是使读者对论文有一个概括的了解，适用于新内容较少，或数据少的论文。篇幅一般为50-100字。示例如下：

示例1: (题名 ：冷轧槽楔外端与摩擦影响的定量分析)

建立了与Avitzuer不同的连续速度场，经变上限积分与参量积分求的槽楔冷轧变形力上界解解，并侧重定量的讨论了外端与摩擦对变形力的影响。

示例2: (题名 ：白薯线虫的防治)

对密西西比州种植的白薯由于根节线虫所引起的问题作了讨论,叙述了1967年由蔬菜收获分公司实验站所进行的商品熏剂和杀虫剂的试验。对行间撒播的施用方法作了比较。列出了包括商品杀线虫剂vorlex、DOW WV W─85、DD和试验的固体杀线虫剂68 138及Dasanit的试验结果。

示例3： (题名：湘江水体中硒的分布)

[目的] 为给综合防治污染提供一定依据,对湘江水体中硒的分布进行了探讨。

[方法] 在湘江上游兴安县至洞庭湖的河口采集了28个底泥样品, 用气相色谱法进行分析。

[结果] 结果表明:湘江底泥已受到不同程度的污染,其中有些硒含量超过本底值数的十倍甚至百倍,大多数样品中硒含量较一般土壤和底泥为高。还分析了污染严重的霞湾港水样，结果表明此段江水中硒含量尚不高，在地面水最高容许浓度范围内。

1.3 报道—指示性摘要

报道—指示性摘要是对论文中价值最高部分内容采用报道性摘要，其余部分以指示性摘要报道。篇幅一般为100-200字。

示例1: (题名：柴油机燃用棉籽油的试验研究)

介绍了不经任何改装的S195型柴油机燃用棉籽油与柴油混合油或纯棉籽油的试验研究情况。结果表明，燃用棉柴混合油或纯棉籽油时，发动机性能良好，无异常现象;适当调整供油提前角、加大循环供油量，可以达到原机功率，而且烟度有所下降。还分析了S195型柴油机在试验工况下的燃烧特性和放热规律。

2 写作中的常见问题

要有摘要与论文分离单独出版的写作思想，对随文摘要，不要认为“全文在后边”，编写摘要可简单、随便。

应用“用(采用)...方法”、“报告了...现状”、“进行了...调查”等记述方法编写摘要。即，要用第三人称编写，不要用第一、二人称编写，不要用“本文”、“我们”、“作者”、 “THIS PAPER"、"THIS ARTICLES"等作为主语。

不用图表、示意图、公式、结构式和非公用的符号和术语。

要采用规范化的名词术语、缩略语、略语、代号、法定计量单位、简化字和标点符号。

避免与标题和引言在用词上明显重复，忌罗列正文中目次，小标题和段落标题，或结论部分的文字。

要排除在本学科领域已成为常识的内容和教材中已有的东西。

除非该论文证实或否定了他人已出版的著作,否则不必引用。

不要作自我评价。如：本文以变量代换为工具,利用高等代数的知识,证明了齐线性微分方程组的降阶定理,给出了一种实际的解题方法。因此，这个结论的证明不仅具有一定的理论意义，而且在解题过程中也具有重要的指导意义。

不要对题名等进行注解。如论文“分类指导重点突破加速农机化步伐”的摘要写成：农机化是农业生产力发展到一定阶段的必然过程,是现代农业的产物,在我国它的发展只能与农村经济发展水平相适用。因此分类指导即根据不同经济力、生产组织形式和现实物质技术条件，进行有效地指导、协调、组织带层次性的农机化生产。重点突破即在提高经济效率的前提下，在“化”水平上有所突破。

3 成功写作摘要的要点

摘要写作成功的诀窍是突出新贡献，并使之尖锐化。用精辟语句使新东西出现在摘要的突出位置。所谓新贡献包括:新技术、新理论、新方法、新观点、新规律、纠正前人错误、解决争议、补充和发展前人成果等。有的作者常常不在摘要中体现重要的研究成果，而到论文的后部分经分析推论等才指明，这是错误的观点和写作方式。

使自己新贡献尖锐化。即区别他人工作和自己新贡献不同之处(如:“想法”、“设想”和“已给出数学定义、模型”等的区别)，使之分离，使自己新东西尖锐化。新贡献不要多谈，要精辟。不能模棱两可，让读者去分析作者的贡献“新”在何处。而应指出来让读者看。但不能自我评价。

Mothers Day Mother’s Day is a holiday when children honor their mothers with

cards, gifts and flowers. In many countries, such as Denmark, Finland, Italy,

Turkey, Australia and the US, people cel lebrate Mother’s Day on the second

Sunday in May while many other countries of the world celebrate their own

Mother’s day at different times through out the year.

One of the best ways to celebrate Mother’s Day is to give your mom the day

off. Let her relax with the rest of the family doing all the housework. Usually,

dad and the kids will let mom sleep late that morning as they go into the

kitchen to prepare her favourite breakfast. Never forget to place a vase with a

single flower on the table beside the food. The kids can pick up the flower from

the garden or buy one from the shop. Arrange everything nicely before mom wakes

up. Some families will carry the food and mom’s favourite sections from the

newspaper to her bedroom so that mom can have breakfast in bed. Presents and

cards from the kids can be handed to mom by themselves or just placed on the

dining table.

After breakfast, go anywhere mom likes to go. Shopping, swimming or going on

a picnic in the garden. Make a special Mother’s Day dinner or take mom out for a

great meal in a famous restaurant she loves most.

Anyway ,let mom enjoy the whole day and feel your love, and then the Mother’s

Day can be a good one. As Mother’s Day is around the corner, it’s time to take

actions!

From this incident，we can see that there are still more things to be done。

Firstly，the government needs everything possible to ensure the quality of

products，particularly the safety of food as this concerns everyones

life.Secondly，as for the producers，it is very important for them to be morally

honest. They should never try to pursue profit or economic growth at the expense

of health and life of people. Thirdly，we consumers must attach importance to the

things we eat and develop an awareness of how to protect our legal rights if

cheated。 Only in this way will we be able to build a more secure and harmonious

society.

Mothers Day is a celebration honoring mothers and celebrating motherhood,

maternal bonds and the influence of mothers in society. Its a day to show

thanks to mothers. This festival first appeared in ancient Greece and modern

Mothers Day originated in the United States which usually falls on the second

Sunday of May each year. Mothers usually receive gifts on this day and

carnation(康乃馨) is regarded as the flower for mother. In China, the flower for

mother is day lily(萱草花), also known as Nepenthe(忘忧草). In addition, cleaning up

the room, doing housework and a big dinner are considered to be the best

Mothers Day gifts.

I am a love reading girl, since I was young, I very love books, and book

the indissoluble bond. I put the book as an indispensable nourishment, he saw a

book like the hungry to see bread, fondle admiringly. Because the book is the

source of human wisdom, is the ladder of human progress. Book give me knowledge

and wisdom, and also gave me strength and courage. In my room, there is a large

bookcase, there are all books, every birthday, mom and dad asked me to want what

gift, I will blurt out: "a book, I as long as the book." When reading, I often

forget all about eating and sleeping, as if into another world.

Reading, can make us grow many knowledge, solve the problem. On one

occasion, grandmother domesticated some hares, hares to depilate, grandma see

hares like bite lice, gradually to open mouth, the neck fur with red meat, and

then use the tongue to the sides, and behind them in a hurry to say to me: "you

see how this rabbit. Red meat are exposed, it doing?" . I to grandma said with a

smile: "it is the hair removal, then fluff will regrow of glistening." My

grandma listened to, smiled and said to me: "how do you know?" I proudly said:

"from the book to see." It seems that these reading useless really big ah.

Colorful in the book, read the "lei feng diary let me know how people live

to be more of others, read" how the steel was tempered "which I understand the

difficulties cannot be back, have the perseverance and strong will to overcome

difficulties.

Before Chinese students go to college, they have been told about the great

things on campus life all the time, so they have the motivation to study hard.

When they come to university, they begin to slow down their pace to study and

waste their youth.

Nowadays, a lot of college students lose motivation to move on when they

come to the new chapter of their life. Campus life seems to be relaxed and a

place to free themselves. Without the supervision from parents and teachers,

they choose to lose themselves in the computer games or all kinds of

parties.

So someone made the comment on campus life as the nursing house, which

satirized the students who wasted their precious time and youth to accomplish

nothing. It is the important stage for them to learn professional knowledge and

master skills, so as to be competitive and find their own place in the

world.

For a wise student, they make the plans and improve themselves all the

time. If we live the life as the old people in the nursing house, then it is

kind of committing suicide for a young person.

Nowadays, the problem of college students employment becoming more and

more serious. About a decade ago, university students could find satisfactory

and enviable jobs after graduation, while at current situation, about 30% of

graduate students can’t find a job but stay at home after graduation.

Employment difficulty of college students is due to the following reasons.

Among these, the increasing recruitment of colleges and universities plays a

vital role. In addition, many colleges and universities fail to adapt their

courses to the development of economy.

Considering such a rough job market, I think it is high time that we took

effective measures to solve the problem. Above all, college students should

realize their own defects and further improve themselves to keep their

competitive edge in society.

Moreover, colleges or universities should provide more trainings and

internship opportunities before the students enter the society. Besides, college

students should hold a right attitude towards jobs and set their job

expectations at a suitable level.

Only through these ways can the college students find a satisfactory job

and have a brighter future.

Last week, I saw a very impressive documentary about panda. A professor

studied panda in the early 1980s went to the wild life and kept trace of wild

giant panda for many years. As a result, he found that it was human being that

made these lovely animals die out. At that time, many people believed that giant

panda became less because of the low rate of newborn babies. But it was not

true. People cut trees for making profit at that time. Panda lose homeland and

they lacked of food. Thanks to these valuable data, the government took the

policy to protect the animals. So today, the number of giant panda is

increasing. People realize the importance of protecting the environment and it

is the best way to protect wild animals, they are the indispensable part of the

nature.

One Sunday morning , my mother and I are in a fruit shop . I like fruit

very much , so I want to buy some fruit . There are a lot of fruits in the shop

. Look , the watermelons are green and big , the bananas are yellow and nice ,

the apples are red and sweet . I like pears very much , so my mother buys three

kilos of pears for me . And my father likes bananas , so my mother buys two

kilos of bananas for him .

We are very happy .