英语论文摘要格式规范标准（优秀20篇）

我们说“标准”，有两个意思。一是不自觉的，一是自觉的。不自觉的是我们接受的传统的种种标准。我们应用这些标准衡量种种事物种种人，但是对这些标准本身并不怀疑，并不衡量，只照样接受下来，作为生活的方便。

自觉的是我们修正了的传统的种种标准，以及采用的外来的种种标准。这种种自觉的标准，在开始出现的时候大概多少经过我们的衡量;而这种衡量是配合着生活的需要的。本文只称不自觉的种种标准为“标准”，改称种种自觉的标准为“尺度”，来显示这两者的分别。“标准”原也离不了尺度，但尺度似乎不像标准那样固定;近来常说“放宽尺度”，既然可以“放宽”，就不是固定的了。这种“标准”和“尺度”的分别，在一个变得快的时代最容易觉得出:在道德方面在学术方面如此，在文学方面也如此。

中国传统的文学以诗文为正宗，大多数出于士大夫之手。士大夫配合君主掌握着政权。做了官是大夫，没有做官是士;士是候补的大夫。君主士大夫合为一个封建集团，他们的利害是共同的。这个集团的传统的文学标准，大概可用“儒雅风流”一语来代表。载道或言志的文学以“儒雅”为标准，缘情与隐逸的文学以“风流”为标准。

有的人“达则兼济天下，穷则独善其身”，表现这种情志的是载道或言志。这个得有“正其谊不谋其利，明其道不计其功”的抱负，得有“怨而不怒”“温柔敦厚”的涵养，得用“熔经铸史”“含英咀华”的语言。这就是“儒雅”的标准。有的人纵情于醇酒妇人，或寄情于田园山水，表现这种种情志的是缘情或隐逸之风。这个得有“妙赏”“深情”和“玄心”，也得用“含英咀华”的语言。这就是“风流”的标准。(关于“风流”的解释，用冯友兰先生语，见《论风流》一文中。)在现阶段看整个的传统的文学，我们可以说“儒雅风流”是标准。但是看历代文学的发展，中间还有许多变化。即如诗本是“言志”的，陆机却说“诗缘情而绮靡”“言志”其实就是“载道”，与“缘情”大不相同。陆机实在是用了新的尺度。“诗言志”这一个语在开始出现的时候，原也是一种尺度;后来得到公认而流传，就成为一种标准。说陆机用了新的尺度，是对“诗言志”那个旧尺度而言。这个新尺度后来也得到公认而流传，成为又一种标准。又如南朝文学的求新，后来文学的复古，其实都是在变化;在变化的时候也都是用着新的尺度。固然这种新尺度大致只伸缩于“儒雅”和“风流”两种标准之间，但是每回伸缩的长短不同，疏密不同，各有各的特色。文学史的扩展从这种种尺度里见出。

这种尺度表现在文论和选集里，也就是表现在文学批评里。中国的文学批评以各种形式出现。魏文帝的“论文”是在一般学术的批评的《典论》里，陆机《文赋》也许可以说是独立的文学批评的创始，他将文作为一个独立的课题来讨论。此后有了选集，这里面分别体类，叙述源流，指点得失，都是批评的工作。又有了《文心雕龙》和《诗品》两部批评专著。还有史书的文学传论，别集的序跋和别集中的书信。这些都是比较有系统的文学批评，各有各的尺度。这些尺度有的依据着“儒雅”那个标准，结果就是复古的文学，有的依据着“风流”那个标准，结果就是标新的文学。但是所谓复古，其实也还是求变化求新异;韩愈提倡古文，却主张务去陈言，戛戛独造，是最显著的例子。古文运动从独造新语上最见出成绩来。胡适之先生说文学革命都从文字或文体的解放开始，是有道理的，因为这里最容易见出改变了的尺度。现代语体文学是标新的，不是复古的，却也可以说是从文字或文体的解放开始;就从这语体上，分明的看出我们的新尺度。

这种语体文学的尺度，如一般人所公认，大部分是受了外国的影响，就是依据着种种外国的标准。但是我们的文学史中原也有这样一股支流，和那正宗的或主流的文学由分而合的相配而行。明代的公安派和竟陵派自然是这支流的一段，但这支流的渊源很古久，截取这一段来说是不正确的。汉以前我们的言和文比较接近，即使不能说是一致。从孔子“有教无类”起，教育渐渐开放给平民，受教育的渐渐多起来。这种受了教育的人也称为“士”，可是跟从前贵族的士不同，这些只是些“读书人”士的增多影响了语言和文体，话要说得明白，说得详细，当时的著述是说话的纪录，自然也是这样。这里面该有平民语调的参入，虽然我们不能确切的指出。汉代辞赋发达，主要的作为宫廷文学;后来变为远于说话的骈俪的体制，士大夫就通用这种体制。可是另一方面，游历了通都大邑名山大川的司马迁，却还用那近乎说话的文体作《史记》，古里古怪的扬雄跟《问孔》、《刺孟》的王充，也还用这种文体作《法言》和《论衡》;而乐府诗来自民间，不用问更近于说话。可见这种文体是废不掉的。就是骈俪文盛行的时代，也还有《世说新语》，记录那时代的说话。到了唐代的韩愈，提倡“气盛言宜”的古文，“气盛言宜”就是说话的调子，至少是近于说话的调子，还有语录和笔记，起于唐而盛于宋，还有来自民间的词，这些也都用着说话或近于说话的调子。东汉以来逐渐建立起来的门阀，到了唐代中叶垮了台，“寻常百姓”的士又增多起来，加上宋代印刷和教育的发达，所以那种详明如话的文体就大大的发达了。到了元明两代，又有了戏曲和小说，更是以说话体就是语体为主。公安派竟陵派接受了这股支派，努力想将它变成主流，但是这一个尝试失败了。直到现代，一个新的尝试才完成了语体文学，新文学，也就是现代文学。

从以上一段语体文学发展的简史里可以看出种种伸缩的尺度。这些尺度大体上固然不出乎“儒雅”和“风流”那两个标准，可是像语录和笔记，有些恐怕只够“儒”而不够“雅”，有些恐怕既不够“儒”也不够“雅”，不够“雅”因为用俗语或近乎俗语，不够“儒”因为只是一些细事，无关德教，也与风流不相干。汉乐府跟《世说新语》也用俗语，虽然现在已将那些俗语看作了古典。戏曲和小说有的别忠奸，寓劝惩，叙风流，固然够得上标准，有的却不够儒雅，不算风流。在过去的文学传统里，这两种本没有地位，所谓不在话下。不过我们现在得给这些不够格的分别来个交代。我们说戏曲和小说可以见人情物理，这可以叫做“观风”的尺度，《礼记》里说诗可以“观民风”;可以观风，也就拐了弯儿达到了“儒雅”那个标准。戏曲和小说不但可以观民风，还可以观士风，而观风就是写实，就是反映社会，反映时代。这是社会的描写，时代的纪录。在我们看来，用不着再绕到“儒雅”那个标准之下，就足够存在的理由了。那些无关政教也不算风流的笔记，也可以这么看。这个“人情物理”或“观风”的尺度原是依据了“儒雅”那个标准定出来的，可是唐代中叶以后，这个尺度似乎已经暗地里独立运用，这已经不是上德化下的尺度而是下情上达的尺度了。人民参加着定了这个尺度，而俗语的参入文学，正与这个尺度配合着。

Life is full of all kinds of choices, and there was an important and

memorable choice in my life.

When I was graduated from my junior high school,I had to make a choice to

be a through-train student or be a senior high school. I was very aware of my

strengths and weakness. I loved learning history and geography,even interested

in politics. I didnt want to leave away from my favorite subjects because I

always enjoyed them while I was studying. So through painful choices,I chose to

be a senior high school student.

I never regretted the choice. I am proud of myself --a senior high school

student who is enjoying the pleasure of others learning. Learn to choose, to

change your destiny, to change your life!

Since I was small, I have heard about the Great Wall, it is very long, a

lot of people come to Beijingto watch it. In China, there is an old saying“One

who fails to reach the Great Wall is not a hero”. As it is so famous, I want to

the site when I have a chance. I see many pictures about the Great Wall on the

books, I also watch it through TV. Every time I see it, I feel so eager to reach

there. My father traveled there once, he took many pictures, this is the first

time I feel so close to the site. I must work hard, so I can have money to go to

there.

Every year, the thing I expect the most is the Spring Festival. My parents

work far from home and they come back one or two times a year. The Spring

Festival is the time they come home. Every time they come back, they bring mangy

things to me. When I was little, they bought me toys, new clothes and shoes.

Now, they often buy me books. They say more reading is good for me. They hope I

can learn more. The time spend with them is always happy but short. They only

have half a month at home. I hope they can stay at home longer.

I am a girl of ten, and I live in a small mountain village far from

Taiyuan. The only person that lives with me is my mother, because my father is

away for eight years, working in a city.

During the Spring Festival, my father came back home. He looked thin and

tired. He gave my mother two thousand yuan, and told her that he would work even

harder, earn more money, and then he could take us to the city He stayed at home

for only ten days.We are living a poor life now. But what I want most is not

money, but my father. I miss him very much!

Ofo has been favored by the public, even the foreign people speak highly of

it. These yellow bikes can be found everywhere, so the people who are in a hurry

can use it and then reached the destination in time. Especially for the

visitors, they can ride these bikes and then have a look at the scenery around.

It can saves them a lot of money and the most important thing is the convenience

it brings. These bikes can be placed any place, even the walking areas. I like

ofo so much. It makes me feel green, because it won’t produce bad air to pollute

the environment.

Which is better, shopping online or traditional shopping? Different people

have different attitudes towards it. Some people think that online shopping is

very convenient, for it can save them a lot of time and energy. It’s especially

helpful for those who are always busy with their work. Besides, through the

internet, they can get more information about the commodities they want to buy

and buy a lot of things that cannot be bought in local places.

Nevertheless, I’m not keen on online shopping at all, since most

commodities which are bought online are of poor quality. Once we are cheated, we

may find it difficult to make a complaint. Thus we should take more cautions

when shopping online.

In my eyes, I prefer traditional shopping, because I can choose what I

really need. Also, I can know the quality of every commodity more clearly. Even

if there’s something wrong with the commodities, I can still ask the sellers to

compensate for my loss.

In the last century, the government carried out the policy of family

planning to control the increasing population. So most families have only one

child, but recently, a new policy has been announced and people can have the

second child. It sounds like the good news for the family, as the only child can

have a sibling to company. While for some parents, they seem to be not the

qualified parents. A boy complained that his parents’ second child was the smart

phone, because they lowed down their heads all the time. Many parents did not

realize the lack of communication with their children. If they want another

child, they’d better learn to communicate their kids first.

Computer is a very useful machine. Some of them are big, but some of them

are very small .Many people like playing computer. Computer has many functions,

so that people can do a lot of things by computer, like watching movies,

listening to the music or playing games. It can make our lives very colorful and

convenient. Various people can make good use of computer. Children can use

computer to learn and play games. Parents can use computers to work. I think

computer is a kind of wonderful and interesting machine, so I like computer very

much.

The people I respect the most is my father. He is a doctor. He always busy

with work. Since I can remember, he never spent a whole weekend to stay with me.

He goes to the hospital very early before I get up, and comes back home after I

sleep. But I doesn’t matter at all, he is hero to me. He devotes almost all the

time to his patients, many lives are saved. He always said, a man should have

dignity, integrity, honor, and most of all, be helpful to others. This affected

me deeply, so I work hard so that someday I could be the man like my father.

The main function of public libraries is to provide books for people to

read.In a library,there are books on different subjects,such as Chinese

history,fine art,science,English literature,and so on.There are also works fo

fiction.

The public libraries are crowded with people on weekdays as well as Sundays

because many people,especially students who want to consult reference books for

their school work,know that they could at least learn something there.

Besides reading in the library,we can also borrow books with library

cards.But books on loan had to be returned within a couple of weeks.As far as I

know the number of people who borrow books from public libraries is increasing

year after year.

I go to the City Hall library twice a month to read.

I will be a middle school student soon. when I look back on my pass days, I

find myself don’t make a difference, I play most of the time and don’t focus on

my study. Now I make up my mind. In the future days, I must study with all my

heart and learn as more as possible. So that I can store something for the

future.

The Spring Festival is our Chinese nation from ancient to modern times, the

most cautious Chinese traditional festival, during the Spring Festival time,

always waiting for the one family reunion together, talking about the years

harvest, for the New Year filled the bright vision. The children enjoy the

tightened and joyful holidays.

Watch the Spring Festival is coming, this years mother had said but

antithetical couplet, let me down, a few family, it is not a "project" ah, ha

ha. Two days before the Spring Festival, I began to get busy, small

"calligrapher" to start the project, through my huihaopomo, less than half of

the martial arts, home with the red antithetical couplet, "by mountains and

rivers show signs, ushered in the" spring "; drop thousands of monforts million

flowers, Huan, script the script, a piece of art was born, watching the house

full of Spring Festival couplets, mom repeatedly praise not shut up.

Thirty in the morning, I and mom posted antithetical couplet window

Ronaldo, look at my work on the door, red, a new sub population; we took the

mother to the hometown of antithetical couplet posted on my hung Wen, see the

two father, repeatedly said good, a grandfather of the past grace. At that time

I grandfather calligraphy is quite a New Year couplets, all relatives, the house

is filled with grandpa wrote. The subsequent to the lady home, home to the lady

on the wall, see my work has been useless, I really felt flattered.

This year the Spring Festival, two aunt aunt, our three family members

accompany lady together; of the Spring Festival last year, we raised the glass,

not a firecracker loud, not a fireworks shine, but in the beautiful blessing of

new years day, the night is so calm and peaceful. 20---- I had a special spring

festival.

I used to receive gifts like a basketball, a swatch or a CD. But the gift

I’m looking forward to is a bicycle though I can’t ride it now. How I want to

learn it well so that I can ride anywhere I want to go! Every morning, it is my

father who always drives me to school in all kinds of weather. Especially in the

past few days, he has worked hard until midnight. If I ride my own bicycle to

school, he will be able to sleep a little longer and work a bit harder. I hope

my dream of owning a bicycle will be realized in the shortest possible time.

I love to read. When I was three years old, my parents had taught me to

read. They bought me some books with funny and colorful pictures. Soon I was

attracted by these stories and fell in love with reading. Since I went to

school, I often went to the library and it was my favorite place. Studying in

the library provided me a silent environment. The most important thing was that

as so many excellent students sat around me. I felt the great motivation to move

on. I could find the data any time and read the books I liked. I have gained a

lot of knowledge and find the great hour there.

In North, when winter comes, the weather is very cold, the cloud covers the

sunshine all the time, it is hard for people to see the sunshine. So the

sunshine becomes very rare in the winter, when it comes, I will feel very

comfortable, my mood turns good even I am not happy. I love sunshine, it just

like the hope for me.

With the improvement of our living standard， more and more people can afford a car. As a result，our roads are more often than not crammed with cars.

However，with more and more waste gas being discharged by the cars，the problem of air pollution bees even more serious. So nowadays we advocate to lead a low-carbon life.

My suggestion is we should ride bikes more often instead of driving cars.By riding a bike， we can not only exercise our body but also protect our environment.

Why not have a try， my dear friends?

与我们的生活水平的提高，越来越多的人都买得起汽车的。因此，道路往往没有堆满了汽车。然而，随着越来越多的废气排放是汽车、空气污染问题变得更加严重。所以此刻我们提倡过低碳的生活。

我的推荐是我们就应更经常骑自行车而不是开车骑一辆自行车，我们不仅仅能锻炼身体，也能保护我们的环境。为什么不试试，我亲爱的朋友?

It`s one of the traditional Festivals of Chinese.And it `s a day in honour

to Quyuan,who is one of the greatest poet in China.Qingming is also one of the

24seasonal division points in China.It is may 5th on April in every year.On that

day,people will free of work or school that in memory of their ancestors.Besides

parents will take their children to the countryside,where they may have a

picinc.As the festival is in spring,It`s warm and comfortable,families often go

to parks to fly the kites.

This is the Qingming Festival,I hope you can come here next year during

Qingming Festival.

Time spent at a university is a most worthwhile period in a young persons

life. This is a time when a student begins to form his or her ideas about life

in general. Attending classes and studying in the library keep a student busy

and provide him or her with access to valuable information， adding to his or her

knowledge base.

Campus life can also be rich and colorful. Most universities offer a

variety of extracurricular activities such as sports events， contests， and other

social gatherings， enabling the students to experience relief from study and

homework. Students often form lifelong friendships through the varied

experiences of university life.

During the time a student spends at university， he not only develops his

intellectual abilites，he also develops social skills as well as knowledge and

wisdom necessary for choosing a future career. By learning how to balance

intense study and recreation， a student will be well prepared for the challenges

of future responsibilities.

Halloween

Halloween always falls on 31 October. It’s a holiday for children. On that day, children always wear fancy clothes and masks. And then, they go from house to house to say “Trick or Treat”, so that people will treat them with candies. If they don’t receive any candies, they’ll play a trick on people. But sometimes if the people are going out, when the children come, they’ll put the candies in a carved pumpkin lanterns. Children will take the candies themselves. All of the children enjoy this holiday very much.

万圣节总是在10月31日。这是一个属于孩子们的节日。在那天，孩子们总是穿奇装异服而且带上面具。然后，他们会挨家挨户地说“不招待就使坏”，所以人们都会用糖果招待他们。如果他们不接受糖果，他们就会对人们恶作剧。但有时，如果人们外出了，而孩子们来了，他们会把糖果放在雕刻好的南瓜灯笼里。孩子们会自己拿糖果。所有的孩子都很享受这个节日。

I always dream about returning to the past. As many people say, childhood

is the happiest and easiest time in one’s life. Children show you their true

emotions.

They know what is compassion and what is tolerance better than adults.

In their world, all real thoughts are presented.

They may easily have different opinions with others, but they never

understand what is animosity.

They enjoy making friends but they never think about making social

communication net. Every child talks from the bottom of his heart without evil

plans hidden and never intrigues against each other.

Only in children’s way can adults make our life simple, more real and more

enjoyable.

I wish everyone’s heart would keep as innocent and lovely as they ever did

in their childhood. Then, the walls between our hearts can be broken down and

the world would be a better place to live in.