英语论文摘要格式规范标准精品20篇

The moment I go to high school, I have made up my mind to study hard. It is

known to all that the period of high school is the turning point of people’s

life, which may decide my future career. So I know the importance of striving

for my future. The reason why I study so hard are various. First, I want my

parents to be proud of me. When my mothers’ friends come to visit her, they

always brag about how excellent their children are, but my mother would never

take me as the topic, because she does not want me to have the pressure. I

appreciate what my mother does to me and really want her to be proud of me.

Second, If I enter a good university, I can have the promising future. It is

time for me to return my parents’ love.

Communication is common and important in our daily life. All of us live

with others in the society and no one can live cut off from it. Everyday, we

must talk to others to give and get information, but how can we communicate with

others? Some people claim that they don’t know what to say and how to speak to

others, strangers especially. I think first you should find a topic that both of

you are interested in. Then, pay attention to your manners, speed, pitch,

expressions and your body language. You should make others feel comfortable, so

that they are willing to talk to you. Last but not the least, being a good

listener. Listening to others shows your respect to them. Only when they heard,

they want to talk. So do you. Before you talk, listening to others first.

Recently, a Chinese student who studied abroad delivered a speech at the

graduate ceremony. Her speech soon became the hot issue, because she criticized

Chinese air pollution, which was a great threat to her health. Though her speech

had exaggerated the problem, it is true that China has faced many pollution

problems. The haze in Beijing is famous around the world, which is the

punishment for human to ruin the environment. It needs time to fix the problem,

but there is no need to deny our country. Even for the developed countries, they

have once faced such problem before. We can do something in the daily life to

protect it, such as do not throw away the rubbish.

Before Chinese students go to college, they have been told about the great

things on campus life all the time, so they have the motivation to study hard.

When they come to university, they begin to slow down their pace to study and

waste their youth.

Nowadays, a lot of college students lose motivation to move on when they

come to the new chapter of their life. Campus life seems to be relaxed and a

place to free themselves. Without the supervision from parents and teachers,

they choose to lose themselves in the computer games or all kinds of

parties.

So someone made the comment on campus life as the nursing house, which

satirized the students who wasted their precious time and youth to accomplish

nothing. It is the important stage for them to learn professional knowledge and

master skills, so as to be competitive and find their own place in the

world.

For a wise student, they make the plans and improve themselves all the

time. If we live the life as the old people in the nursing house, then it is

kind of committing suicide for a young person.

Bus: This is the most common transporting means, because its so cheap and

efficient. You can go to other cities by bus, but its very slow in rush hours.

And sometimes its dangerous to take the bus, because the traffic accidents may

happen at any time on high ways.

Train: Its suitable for the long trip. Not only it is fast and convenient,

but also its so economical. Most people can afford it. Whats more, its more

pleasant than taking any other means of transportation. You can walk around and

open the windows on the train. Besides, you can have a rest when you feel tired.

And then youll get to your destination the next day.

Plane: Air travel is very fast and enjoyable. It seems that our world is a

small place to live in, but its too expensive for many people.

Ship: Even though ship voyage is slow, its still exciting, for one can

enjoy the beautiful scenery on the sea and feel the soft sea wind.

Subway: It can be easily seen in big cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Its

so comfortable, convenient and always on time. You can take it to every part of

the city. As its built underground, you neednt care about the traffic jams.

Now it becomes more and more popular.

What is a good eating habit? In my opinion, a good eating habit is related

to eat healthily and regularly. To say it simply, Xiao Ming has breakfast about

7:30a.m. to 9:00a.m. every morning and lunch at noon. He also has dinner about

6:30p.m. to 7:30p.m in the evening. What he eats is healthy food, such as, meat,

vegetable, fruit, egg, milk and so on. He would not have some snacks for a meal.

He also would not eat and drink too much or eat nothing. Xiao Ming sets a good

example to have a good eating habit.

I’m going to have a busy weekend! On Saturday, I’m going visit my friends by bike. Because I haven’t seen them for a long time. Then, I’m going to the bookstore on foot. I’m going to read lots of books there. On Sunday morning, I’m going to go for a walk. Then, in the afternoon, I’m going to go shopping with my mother. Then, in the evening, we are going to watch TV together. That will be fun! What about you? What are you going to do on the weekend?

我就要过一个忙绿的周末了!星期六的时候我会骑车去拜访我的朋友。因为我已经很久没见他们了。之后，我会走路去书店。我打算在书店里看很多的书。星期天早上，我打算去散散步。然后，下午的时候我会和妈妈去买东西。之后，我们晚上打算一起看电视。那肯定很有趣!你呢?周末你打算做什么呢?

It`s one of the traditional Festivals of Chinese.And it `s a day in honour

to Quyuan,who is one of the greatest poet in China.Qingming is also one of the

24seasonal division points in China.It is may 5th on April in every year.On that

day,people will free of work or school that in memory of their ancestors.Besides

parents will take their children to the countryside,where they may have a

picinc.As the festival is in spring,It`s warm and comfortable,families often go

to parks to fly the kites.

This is the Qingming Festival,I hope you can come here next year during

Qingming Festival.

敲响那一排铜质的编钟，浑厚而清亮的左音右韵由远及近，穿越五千年悠悠岁月和七十年缤纷花季，在河之洲，水之湄，山之阳，海之滨，泛起层层涟漪，响起阵阵回声，在亿万炎黄子孙的心中凝结一个主题:祖国母亲! 我们以《诗经》关睢的歌喉;以屈原《橘颂》的音韵;以古风与乐府、律诗与散曲;以京剧与秦腔、梆子与鼓词唱您历史恢宏岁月的辉煌，唱响您壮丽的山河亮丽的风景。

我们以岳飞的一阕《满江红》，以文天祥的一腔《正气歌》，以鲁迅的一声《呐喊》，以朱自清的一道《背影》唱响您不屈的脊梁与骨气，唱响您不屈的尊严与神圣。

我们以瞿秋白手中的那束野花;以身上的那份清贫;以杨靖宇腹中的那些草根;以刘志丹胸前的那块补丁;以焦裕禄窗前的那盏油灯;以孔繁森雪原上留下的那串脚印，唱响您的坚韧与顽强，唱响您的灵魂与精神。

亲爱的祖国，让我们以采薇采茶采桑的手，编织彩灯云锦;让我们以喊江喊海的喉咙，在金黄季节里黄金般的早晨，唱响国歌和飘扬的五星红旗，唱响千百年来朝朝暮暮澎湃的激情。

黄河猛、长江壮、泰山雄、昆仑莽，万里山河浩浩荡荡从天安门前走过，走过一队队雷锋，走过一队队徐洪刚，走过一队队李向群，走过一队队方红霄——走出中国人民最风流最风光最风情的步伐;走出中华民族最壮观最壮美的方阵!仰望蓝天，“神州飞船”，太空穿梭;俯瞰大地、三峡工程，旷世神奇。

亲爱的祖国，五千年的蕴涵和积淀，七十年的扬弃和继承，一个东方巨人到了可以说“不!”可以发言的时候。您聚集当今世界上最多最广的人气和景气，不管风吹浪打胜似闲庭信步，和平与发展是您热切表达的心声!您不卑不亢不躁不惊，以坦荡豁达和深邃、闲静，阔步在新世纪的黎明! 在“十九大”的东风劲吹中，新一代的中国领导人正继往开来带领着中华民族走向新的辉煌。

“中国这十年”告诉我们太多“硬核道理”

中共中央宣传部近日举行了“中国这十年”系列主题新闻发布会，系统介绍中国这十年里经济和生态文明领域建设与改革情况。“在危机中育新机、于变局中开新局。”这十年，面对国内外风险挑战明显上升的复杂局面，党中央团结带领全党全国各族人民，在壮阔的海域中开拓出党和国家各项事业发展的新航程，推动党和国家各项事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革，顺利实现第一个百年奋斗目标，全面开启第二个百年奋斗征程。对于新时代党员干部而言，“中国这十年”告诉我们太多太多的“硬核道理”。

“中国这十年”告诉我们，无论何时都要坚持“认清形势，坚定信心”。谋大事者必先观大势，准确把握国际国内形势是做好一切工作的基础和前提。当前，百年变局和世纪疫情交织，给我国经济发展带来了前所未有的困难和挑战。对各级党组织而言，越是面对复杂形势，越要把思想和行动统一到党中央决策部署上来，准确识变、科学应变、主动求变，不折不扣抓好党中央决策部署和政策措施落实，坚持与国家战略同频共振，掌握工作主动权，打好发展主动仗，为巩固脱贫攻坚成果、推进乡村全面振兴继续贡献力量。广大党员干部特别是领导干部更要始终把政治责任扛在肩上，充分发挥先锋模范作用，在重大考验面前勇当先锋、敢打头阵，引领广大群众准确把握当前发展所处的历史方位，在严峻环境中认清形势，在积极进取中坚定信心。

“中国这十年”告诉我们，无论何时都要坚持“立足当下，谋划长远”。“中国这十年”告诉我们，变局孕育机遇，压力催生动力。今年__即将胜利召开，大会必将结合国际国内发展形势，对当前和今后一个时期党和国家各项事业作出新的战略部署，自然会为全国各地和各行各业带来新机遇。当前，各级党组织和广大党员干部务必要按照党既定的各项目标任务，紧跟形势抓机遇，积极整合本地区本部门资源，大力推进全国统一大市场建设等党和国家各项事业向前发展，积极推动乡村全面振兴系列重大民生项目落地，以此坚定立足当下、谋划长远的实践方向。放眼长远，一以贯之坚持党的领导，不断提高“七种能力”，结合本地区本部门实际，进一步明思路、定措施、抓重点、重创新、优布局、求质效、强激励抓好各项任务落实，积极服务服从党和国家工作大局，抓住国家重大战略机遇，以高质量抓落实夯实高质量发展基础。

“中国这十年”告诉我们，无论何时都要坚持“改革创新，真抓实干”。“中国这十年”告诉我们，育新机、开新局，是这十年，一如既往的期望和嘱托，也是摆在每一名党员干部面前的“必答题”。危机不会自动成为新机，变局不会自发变成新局，靠的是充分发挥主观能动性，激发源源不断的力量。为推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，各级党组织要通盘考虑，自觉将党中央既定的全面深化改革的新思路贯穿一切工作始终。确保各项改革举措落到实处并非易事，惟有汇集执行中央重大决策部署的共识，聚焦构建新发展格局、推动高质量发展面临的体制性、机制性、制度性的深层次矛盾和问题，时刻保持对潜在风险的紧迫感，主动出击、自我加压、刀刃向内，才能找准最有力的风口，助力新时代中国这艘巍巍巨轮持久续航。

The Mid-Autumn Festival

The Mid-Autumn Festival is a very important Chinese festival. It falls on

the 15th day of August. A few days before the festival， everyone in the family

will help to make the house clean and beautiful. Lanterns will be hung in front

of the house.

On the evening there will be a big family dinner. People who work far away

from their homes will try to come back for the union. After dinner， people will

light the lanterns which are usually red and round. Children will play with

their own toy lanterns happily.

At night the moon is usually round and bright. People can enjoy the moon

while eating moon-cakes which are the special food for this festival. They can

look back on the past and look forward to the future together. It is said that

there was a dragon in the sky. The dragon wanted to swallow up the moon. To

protect the frighten the dragon away.

中秋节是中国一个很重要的节日，在八月十五号。在节日来临的前几天，家庭中的每一个人都帮着打扫房子，把房子装扮得漂漂亮亮的，灯笼挂在屋前。

晚上有一顿美餐，离家在外工作的人也要回来团圆。晚饭后，人们点亮灯笼，一般是红色的圆灯笼。孩子们会高高兴兴地玩他们的玩具灯笼。

晚上月亮又圆又大，人们在赏月的同时吃着中秋节特别的食品——月饼。人们在一起回顾过去，展望未来。据说天上有一条龙，它要把月亮吞下去。为了保护月亮，孩子们要弄出很大的响动把龙吓跑。

星期和日期写在左上角，天气写在右上角。

日期格式用月日年（美式）或日月年（英式）都可以。

1. 年、月、日都写时，通常以月、日、年为顺序，月份可以缩写，日和年用逗号隔开。例如：december 18, xx或者dec. 18, xx。

2. 如果要写星期，星期要紧挨日期，它既可以放在日期前面，也可以放在日期后面，星期也可以省略不写。星期和日期之间不用标点，但要空一格，星期也可缩写。例如：thursday dec. 18, xx或dec.18，xx thursday

3. 天气情况必不可少。天气一般用一个形容词如:sunny, fine, rainy, snowy等表示。天气通常位于日记的右上角。

下面列出了一篇日记的开头，有兴趣的同学可以回忆一下，再接着往下写。

mon.sept. 1, xx sunny

today is the first day of my senior high school life ...

With the development of the e-commerce, more and more people intent to do

the shopping online. There are many advantages of online shopping, yet there are

some disadvantages too.

On the one hand, the online shopping are very convenient. Unlike the

physical stores, there is no limit of time for you to do the shopping online.

And you can find anything in the online store, some of which you may hardly buy

at the local. And also, the price is relatively transparent, you can choose the

affordable one to buy.

On the other hand, since the goods are only presented by the pictures and

descriptions, it is hard to tell its reality, so you might have bought something

you don’t like, or even the fake one. Of course you can ask for the after

service, but it will increase your cost of the time. And the advertisements on

the online shops may make you spend much more money on online shopping without

being conscious.

Anyway, the online shopping makes the shopping easier, but please do it

with rationality.

Today is womens day, and also the day I get the scholarship. Look! I made a chocolate bar for my mother with a scholarship. Although I have paid a lot for myself, I am very happy in my heart: I can also give my mother a gift, instead of wrapping around my mother for presents!

But mom is sick and cant eat sweet food. I had to put the chocolate in the fridge, but after a few days my mother was very ill, and she took a big bite, and I eagerly asked, "is it good?" She said it was a little sandy. I took a bite, too. I was a little depressed. But my mother encouraged me, "but its sweet, its great!" My heart is sweet and happy! I wrote a few words specifically for my mother, although it was not very good.

Everyone has their own dreams， I am the same. But my dream is not a lawyer， not a doctor， not actors， not even an industry.

Perhaps my dream big people will find it ridiculous， but this has been my pursuit! My dream is to want to have a folk life! I want it to become a beautiful painting， it is not only sharp colors， but also the colors are bleak， I do not rule out the painting is part of the black， but I will treasure these bleak colors! Not yet， how about， a colorful painting， if not bleak， add color， how can it more prominent American? Life is like painting， painting the bright red color represents life beautiful happy moments. Painting a bleak color represents life difficult， unpleasant time. You may find a flat with a beautiful road is not very good yet， but I do not think it will. If a person lives flat then what is the point?

Life is only a short few decades， I want it to go Finally， Each memory is a solid.

Now many students of Grade 9 are under too much pressure. They always feel

too tired to listen to the teachers carefully in class.

It’s important for students to relax. Only in this way can they study well

and be healthy. Here are some different ways to relax themselves. For example,

they can try to have enough sleep,or they can listen to their favourite music

after class. They can also read some books or do some sports. For me, I often

hang out with my friends.

While you are studying, don’t forget to relax. You will study better after

a good rest.

Cell phone seems to be one of the most important inventions of 20 century.

Using cell phones to surf the Internet has become quite common in our daily

lives. Cell phone has exceeded its original function such as making phones calls

or sending message. Its multi-functions have make people’s tedious lives more

colorful. Many people, especially the young generation, have found that they can

not live without their cell phones. Many people feel uncomfortable in absence of

their cell phones. This may become a symptom called cell phone dependency.

First, many people have addicted to cell phones, they spend considerable

time and money on the phone, for it provide with numerous games and

applications. Some of them even use cell phones as computers that they keep the

phone open for all day long. As to some students, some of them even use the

phones to play games in the class, when they should focus on their study

instead. In this case, parents and teachers should limit the time that children

spending on the cell phones, for its have more disadvantages than

advantages.

Second, the dependency on cell phones has shown people’s anxiety towards to

their social interrelationship. A day without cell phone just feels like getting

lost in this big world. Every day, people tend to check their cell phones to see

if they have got any messages or surf the Internet, but the cell phone truly

affects their normal life.

There is no denying that cell phones have brought us considerable

convenient. However, we should be aware of the negative effects that cell phones

have brought to us. Just put down your cell phone for a while, and you will find

that without your phone life can still be wonderful, too.

The term, friend, covers a wide range of meanings. It can be a nodding

acquaintance, a comrade, a partner, a playmate, a brother, etc. As life is full

of obstacles and conflicts, we need friends to give us supports to get through

tough times, we also need friends to give us warnings to go against danger. True

friends share not only joy but, more often than not, they share sorrow and

difficulties.

WithFriendship, life is happy and harmonious. Without friendship, life is

hostile and unfortunate. I have friends in the rank and file. Some are rich and

in power. Some are low and common. Some are like myself, working as an ordinary

teacher, reading and writing and content with the simple life. To many of my

friends, I know what to treasure, what to tolerate and what to share, I will

never forget my old friends and keep making new friends. I will not be cold and

indifferent to the poor friends and will show concern for them, even if it is

only a comforting word.

在2017年10月1日，我终于亲眼在电视上看见了国庆阅兵仪式，当胡锦涛同志乘坐检阅车缓缓地驶向受检时，他亲切而又不停地向战友们问好：“同志们好!同志们辛苦了!”

从我懂事起，我还第一次收看这么雄伟壮观的阅兵仪式，那一排排整齐的各种各样方队，有空军，海军等，迈着铿锵有力的步伐从天安门走过;那一架架飞机编队从天安门上空飞过，划出了一道道美丽的彩虹;那一辆辆汽车载着各种各样的先进武器，像一个个威严的战士排着整齐的队伍展现在人们的眼前。

我的祖国已度过68华诞，我作为一名少先队员，在祖国那么美好又伟大的大家庭里，我要加倍珍惜每一分钟，奋发学习，努力成为栋梁之才，为祖国更加美好的明天贡献出自己的力量。

我想对我们伟大的祖国说一句我一直藏在心里的话：“祖国我们为你骄傲，自豪!”

On October 1, 2017, I finally saw the National Day parade on television, and when President Hu Jintao took the review vehicle slowly toward the inspection force, he greeted his comrades and helplessly to his comrades: "Comrade "Comrades are so hard!"

From my sensible, I also watched such a magnificent military parade for the first time, the rows of neat rows of squads, the Air Force, the Navy, etc., walked by sonorous and vigorous pace from Tiananmen Square; The plane fleet flew over Tiananmen Square and set off a beautiful rainbow; the car carrying a variety of advanced weapons, like a majestic warrior row of neat teams show in front of people The

My motherland has spent 68 birthday, I as a young pioneer, in the motherland so beautiful and great family, I want to cherish every minute, work hard, and strive to become a pillar of the better for the motherland tomorrow Contribute to their own strength.

I would like to say to our great motherland that I have been hiding in my heart: "The motherland we are proud of you, proud!"

I have busy weekend.In Satday morning,I’m read books and do myhowewoke.In aftenoon,I’m lean my room.In evening,I’m watch TV and movies.In Sunday morning,I’m play basketbaal with my good fiend .

We are very happy.In aftenoon,I’m go to marketpiace buy some food.In evening,I’m go to concert.

This weekend,I’m very tird ,but I’m enjoy onerselees

1摘要的定义与三类摘要的写法

国际标准ISO214-1976指出：摘要是一份文献内容的准确压缩,不加解释或评论。中国国家标准规定：摘要是报告、论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。摘要是读者判断论文价值，判断论文是否值得阅读的依据。会议所征摘要是决定是否录用全文的依据。写好摘要是科技人员写作所必备的基本功。如果一篇内容价值较高的英语论文,其摘要写得平平淡淡，不能体现论文的特点和学术价值，将带来一系列不利影响：失去被刊载的机会，需要本文的读者不会阅读全文,从而失去应有的学术影响;对中文期刊论文而言,难以进入国际检索系统等。

摘要分为报道性摘要、指示性摘要、报道—指示性摘要、结构性摘要等种类。学术期刊多采用报道性摘要，特别是试验研究和有定量数据的论文。对新内容较少，或数据少的论文用指示性摘要或报道—指示性摘要。摘要的内容一般由3部分组成：研究目的,研究方法,研究结果或结论。中文摘要一般200-300字,外文摘要字数不超过250个实词。摘要的详简程度和篇幅大小根据具体情况及要求而定，如期刊论文摘要、会议征稿摘要、博士学位论文摘要的差别很大。期刊论文摘要通常位于署名和单位地址之后。

1.1 报道性摘要

报道性摘要要求反映作者的主要成果,提供比较完整的定量及定性信息。篇幅一般为200-300字。示例如下：

示例1： (题名：BiSrCaCuO高温超导纤维)

采用激光加热小基座法(LHPG)成功地制备出BiSrCaCuO超导纤维。它性能稳定,工艺可重复性高。纤维最大长度达60mm，直径范围35-500um，其中细径纤维有挠性。超导纤维的起始转变温度为118K,零电阻温度为87K，临近电流密度为2.5kA/cm2 (77K,H=0,直流电流量)。纤维中超导相(2212相)，显微结构有典型的取向性。纤维的超导电性与其生长条件及后处理过程密切相关。首次指出，a轴平行于纤维的轴向。

示例2：(篇名: 约瑟夫森结Alx-Al隧道势垒的实验研究)

通过X光电子能谱、阳极氧化电压谱和FISKE台阶电压的测量，研究了约瑟夫森结中ALOX-AL隧道势垒。发现结的隧道势垒最佳沉积AL层厚度为7nm，AL上形成了ALOX厚度只取决于氧化条件，与沉积AL厚无关，势垒AL氧化物可能含有一个像ALOOH态的OH基团。

1.2 指示性摘要

指示性摘要的目的是使读者对论文有一个概括的了解，适用于新内容较少，或数据少的论文。篇幅一般为50-100字。示例如下：

示例1: (题名 ：冷轧槽楔外端与摩擦影响的定量分析)

建立了与Avitzuer不同的连续速度场，经变上限积分与参量积分求的槽楔冷轧变形力上界解解，并侧重定量的讨论了外端与摩擦对变形力的影响。

示例2: (题名 ：白薯线虫的防治)

对密西西比州种植的白薯由于根节线虫所引起的问题作了讨论,叙述了1967年由蔬菜收获分公司实验站所进行的商品熏剂和杀虫剂的试验。对行间撒播的施用方法作了比较。列出了包括商品杀线虫剂vorlex、DOW WV W─85、DD和试验的固体杀线虫剂68 138及Dasanit的试验结果。

示例3： (题名：湘江水体中硒的分布)

[目的] 为给综合防治污染提供一定依据,对湘江水体中硒的分布进行了探讨。

[方法] 在湘江上游兴安县至洞庭湖的河口采集了28个底泥样品, 用气相色谱法进行分析。

[结果] 结果表明:湘江底泥已受到不同程度的污染,其中有些硒含量超过本底值数的十倍甚至百倍,大多数样品中硒含量较一般土壤和底泥为高。还分析了污染严重的霞湾港水样，结果表明此段江水中硒含量尚不高，在地面水最高容许浓度范围内。

1.3 报道—指示性摘要

报道—指示性摘要是对论文中价值最高部分内容采用报道性摘要，其余部分以指示性摘要报道。篇幅一般为100-200字。

示例1: (题名：柴油机燃用棉籽油的试验研究)

介绍了不经任何改装的S195型柴油机燃用棉籽油与柴油混合油或纯棉籽油的试验研究情况。结果表明，燃用棉柴混合油或纯棉籽油时，发动机性能良好，无异常现象;适当调整供油提前角、加大循环供油量，可以达到原机功率，而且烟度有所下降。还分析了S195型柴油机在试验工况下的燃烧特性和放热规律。

2 写作中的常见问题

要有摘要与论文分离单独出版的写作思想，对随文摘要，不要认为“全文在后边”，编写摘要可简单、随便。

应用“用(采用)...方法”、“报告了...现状”、“进行了...调查”等记述方法编写摘要。即，要用第三人称编写，不要用第一、二人称编写，不要用“本文”、“我们”、“作者”、 “THIS PAPER"、"THIS ARTICLES"等作为主语。

不用图表、示意图、公式、结构式和非公用的符号和术语。

要采用规范化的名词术语、缩略语、略语、代号、法定计量单位、简化字和标点符号。

避免与标题和引言在用词上明显重复，忌罗列正文中目次，小标题和段落标题，或结论部分的文字。

要排除在本学科领域已成为常识的内容和教材中已有的东西。

除非该论文证实或否定了他人已出版的著作,否则不必引用。

不要作自我评价。如：本文以变量代换为工具,利用高等代数的知识,证明了齐线性微分方程组的降阶定理,给出了一种实际的解题方法。因此，这个结论的证明不仅具有一定的理论意义，而且在解题过程中也具有重要的指导意义。

不要对题名等进行注解。如论文“分类指导重点突破加速农机化步伐”的摘要写成：农机化是农业生产力发展到一定阶段的必然过程,是现代农业的产物,在我国它的发展只能与农村经济发展水平相适用。因此分类指导即根据不同经济力、生产组织形式和现实物质技术条件，进行有效地指导、协调、组织带层次性的农机化生产。重点突破即在提高经济效率的前提下，在“化”水平上有所突破。

3 成功写作摘要的要点

摘要写作成功的诀窍是突出新贡献，并使之尖锐化。用精辟语句使新东西出现在摘要的突出位置。所谓新贡献包括:新技术、新理论、新方法、新观点、新规律、纠正前人错误、解决争议、补充和发展前人成果等。有的作者常常不在摘要中体现重要的研究成果，而到论文的后部分经分析推论等才指明，这是错误的观点和写作方式。

使自己新贡献尖锐化。即区别他人工作和自己新贡献不同之处(如:“想法”、“设想”和“已给出数学定义、模型”等的区别)，使之分离，使自己新东西尖锐化。新贡献不要多谈，要精辟。不能模棱两可，让读者去分析作者的贡献“新”在何处。而应指出来让读者看。但不能自我评价。