英语论文摘要格式规范标准(汇集20篇)

To be or nor to be, that is a question. To succeed or to fail? How to

succeed and how to achieve? These problems confuse many teenagers in

nowadays.

We all have dreams, and we all work hard to realize them. But there will

always be some problems and setbacks to stop the pace of advance. When they

appear, what should we do? To stop or to go on? Mrs. Curie told us the answer.

We all know that Mrs. Curie discovered radium, but how many people really know

how hard she worked? At that time, there were many people disapprove of Mrs.

Curie. Although she got over hundreds of difficulties, she still believed in

herself and never gave up. Finally, she succeeded to discover radium. She proved

that she was right by her continuous hard work and her strong spirit. We should

learn from Mrs. Curie. She told us the truth through her own experiences that

believe in yourself, you can do it! Never give up, face the difficulties with a

smile, someday, you will be proud of yourself.

The key to success is confidence. It makes you brave, helps you get over

the troubles, and brings motivation to you. For example, somebody always get

nervous when they have an important speech, if they are in a nervous mood, the

results are always terrible. But if they are confident to themselves, the

results turn out to be better. Therefore, be confident, believe in yourself,

keep smile in your face when comes to difficulties, and you will achieve

more.

The school is our home, we should protect the environment in the small

yard.

We saw the earth have pick up rubbish should put the rubbish into the trash

can, we cant eat your own trash on the ground after the funeral, if someone do

so should be to remind him, let him pick up garbage into the garbage can.

We need to protect the objects on campus, such as: we should protect the

playground on the playground every camphor tree, cant use a knife to get the

camphor tree, because the camphor tree is a rare tree. One can sell one or two

in case of a tree, so we should protect the camphor tree.

We should also protect the flowerbeds in the flowerbeds, the flowers in the

flowerbeds, and we cant pick it because it will spoil the environment.

敲响那一排铜质的编钟，浑厚而清亮的左音右韵由远及近，穿越五千年悠悠岁月和七十年缤纷花季，在河之洲，水之湄，山之阳，海之滨，泛起层层涟漪，响起阵阵回声，在亿万炎黄子孙的心中凝结一个主题:祖国母亲! 我们以《诗经》关睢的歌喉;以屈原《橘颂》的音韵;以古风与乐府、律诗与散曲;以京剧与秦腔、梆子与鼓词唱您历史恢宏岁月的辉煌，唱响您壮丽的山河亮丽的风景。

我们以岳飞的一阕《满江红》，以文天祥的一腔《正气歌》，以鲁迅的一声《呐喊》，以朱自清的一道《背影》唱响您不屈的脊梁与骨气，唱响您不屈的尊严与神圣。

我们以瞿秋白手中的那束野花;以身上的那份清贫;以杨靖宇腹中的那些草根;以刘志丹胸前的那块补丁;以焦裕禄窗前的那盏油灯;以孔繁森雪原上留下的那串脚印，唱响您的坚韧与顽强，唱响您的灵魂与精神。

亲爱的祖国，让我们以采薇采茶采桑的手，编织彩灯云锦;让我们以喊江喊海的喉咙，在金黄季节里黄金般的早晨，唱响国歌和飘扬的五星红旗，唱响千百年来朝朝暮暮澎湃的激情。

黄河猛、长江壮、泰山雄、昆仑莽，万里山河浩浩荡荡从天安门前走过，走过一队队雷锋，走过一队队徐洪刚，走过一队队李向群，走过一队队方红霄——走出中国人民最风流最风光最风情的步伐;走出中华民族最壮观最壮美的方阵!仰望蓝天，“神州飞船”，太空穿梭;俯瞰大地、三峡工程，旷世神奇。

亲爱的祖国，五千年的蕴涵和积淀，七十年的扬弃和继承，一个东方巨人到了可以说“不!”可以发言的时候。您聚集当今世界上最多最广的人气和景气，不管风吹浪打胜似闲庭信步，和平与发展是您热切表达的心声!您不卑不亢不躁不惊，以坦荡豁达和深邃、闲静，阔步在新世纪的黎明! 在“十九大”的东风劲吹中，新一代的中国领导人正继往开来带领着中华民族走向新的辉煌。

In the summer vacation is very meaningful for me, because I met a special

"friend" -- the tortoise.

The appearance of the tortoise is very silly, bravery, small, easily

indented his head into the shell, but because of this, I like talking to it,

what secret all tell it, the tortoise seems to understand. A few days to get

along with down, our relationship has been very deep.

Someone says: love is not necessarily have, also can be let go. Everyone

has his own family, tortoise, too, so I decided to let the turtle go home. I

took the decision to tell dad, dad said I was a sensible child, also promised to

take the turtle home with me.

Along the way, I firmly hold the tortoise and the turtle seemed to

understand that we are about to separate, very good to lay in my arms. Dad and I

found a very clean in the reservoir, where we are and the tortoise took a group

photo, then put the turtle in the water. Looking at the turtle swam slowly to

the water, my tears constantly supposed although there are countless heart

loathe to give up, but love it should not let it go? I waved and said,

"good-bye, tortoise, I wish you a speedy reunion with my family." Turtle swam

for a while, and turned to head looked at us, and then swam to the bottom. My

father and I you look at me, I see you, everyone laughed happily.

Look, what a meaningful summer vacation!

During weekdays, I am busy, because I must go to school. I usually get up

at 6:30 a.m.. And then I do some washing. After that, I will have my breakfast

at 6:50. I usually go to school at 7:15. Now, I can go to school and come home

by myself. I have four classes in the morning and three in the afternoon. I have

my lunch at home. I study Chinese, math, English and some other subjects at

school. At night, I can watch TV or play computer. But I have to finish my

homework first. I usually go to bed at 10:00 p.m..

Recently, my father changed a new mobile phone, which is Samsung svmvng.

Silver gray shell, is flip, very beautiful. As soon as I turn over the lid, I

emit seven colors of light.

It has a lot of functions. Open the game, there is a my "pet", open a look,

wow! A kitten. I cant play, just press, the kitten disappeared, I see, broken!

Hurry to ask Dad, dad looked and said: "Oh, Lin Lin, how did you buy the kitten!

I managed to raise the kitten so much that its time to take part in the

competition. Why did you buy the kitten? " I said, "Dad, Im sorry, I cant play,

you teach me." My father bought a kitten with 8 yuan and taught me how to feed

it.

Dads cell phone also has the function of taking pictures. At noon, the

whole family gathered around the dining table to have a meal. I took a picture

of everyone, so that my grandfather, grandmother, father and mother looked at

their appearance. They all laughed, and I also laughed.

When I grow up, I want to buy a better cell phone than dads.

Since I went to middle school, I grew up very fast. On the one hand, I live

in school from Monday to Friday, so I need to learn to get along with roommates.

We share the cleaning work to make sure a good environment. It is everybodys

duty to sweep the floor on turn. On the other hand, I need to solve the problems

from life by myself. Without parents by my side all the time, I learn to face

troubles and figure out all the ways to solve them. I become much independent

and stronger. Now I can deal with my stuff alone.

I had a very rich winter vacation this year.

At the time of the holiday, my mother was going to work. I was at home in

the daytime. My mother just went home for lunch at noon. Mother said, do things

tight and loose. I hope to finish my homework earlier, so I basically follow the

schedule of school, but I didnt get up early when I got up in the morning. When

I was at school, I had to get up before dawn. In a few days, I finished the

written homework assigned by the teacher, and the rest is to recite Tang poetry

every day, review English and finish the exercises that have not been completed

this semester. In my spare time, I will read extracurricular books. I have read

several extracurricular books during the winter vacation, "childrens literature

in China", "love education", sometimes I will read "readers". Im looking at Niu

Niu by the writer Zhou Guoping.

Close to the end of the year, the busy mother was even more busy. Grandma

knew, and went to our home to help take care of the family, lighten the burden

of mother, grandma came, I have a companion. So my schedule changed. I did

homework in the morning, and I had a new project in the afternoon, that is, let

my grandmother call me knitting yarn. Many people think that knitting wool is a

girls favorite thing to do. I think knitting is fun, so I learn to knit. Mom

said, "knitted sweater is not only fun, but also can exercise our fingers

flexibility very well, which will help greatly in the future, such as typing and

typing, etc. Sometimes, I also contact my classmates, or invite my classmates to

play at home, that is my happiest moment.

The time is so fast that the mommy unit has a holiday. Mom busy in the

work, then busy with things at home. Of course, I have not been idle, I have my

mother went to the market to buy special purchases for the Spring Festival, we

bought a lot of food special purchases for the Spring Festival, poultry meat,

sweets, fruits, beautify Home Furnishing bonsai flowers, festive couplets......

My mother put the flowers and pots well. I drank my father and put it on the

Spring Festival couplets. On the door, and on the walls of the house, a red,

red, big "blessing" was attached to the house. In a moment, the family was

disguised as a year of Chinese taste.

The bell of the new year rounded, we welcomed the year of the tiger, and

people were immersed in a cheerful atmosphere. On the first day of the year, my

mother and I went to relatives, friends and elders. Every time I go, I will

receive the red envelopes from my elders. I think I have received not only a red

bag but a good blessing and a good expectation from my elders. I will study hard

and live up to the expectations of my elders.

If life is a banquet,Friendshipis a flower. Friendship is to our life

what water is to fish. If you are in trouble, friends will surround you and

remove the barriers for you. Friendship plays an important role in our daily

life. I’ll cherish my friendship forever.

When I was in Grade 3 in senior high school, because of serious headache, I

couldn’t go to school. The doctor said that I must have a rest for a week. Once

hearing that, I was anxious. The step of Gaokao approaches. The subjects are

quite difficult. One night at eleven o’clock when we heard someone knock the

door, mum opened the door. Li Ming came in .He walked towards my bed and asked

my body. Then he said he would help me with the subjects. I didn’t agree with

him .After a day’s classes he was very tired. But he insisted on helping me with

the subjects. In the end, I agreed. Whether it was fine or not, he came

punctually. I was deeply impressed by his kindness. Apart from helping me with

the subjects, he also comforted me. And I felt better. As proverb says “If you

tell your sorrow to your friends, your sorrow will be reduced by half.” I

thought he had helped me a lot. If he had not helped me with the subjects at

that time, I firmly believed I would have fallen behind others. I felt an

immense gratitude to Li Ming. I was happy to have such a friend.

To sum up, a life without a friend is a life without sun. Friendship is one

of the most valuable things in life. We should treasure our friendship.

My father likes to watch all kinds of sports, so when I spend the time with

him, we watch the match together. The Summer Olympic Games is coming soon, I

feel so excited, my father will follow the games and I will company him. It is a

great time for both of us. We share our opinion and talk like friends.

Because the Palace Museum is a place of five thousand years of brilliance

and ancient culture, so he has long been a tourist attraction in my heart, and

this summer vacation I have finally made a dream come true.

In Beijing I will ride my father and mother went to the tiananmen square,

across tiananmen square, the meridian gate of the world-famous greeted the hall

of supreme harmony, the hall of supreme harmony majestic, magnificent, colorful

glazed tile, such as a long arranged very neat. Curved corner with a monster,

four up the eaves of the cock appear grand hall of supreme harmony, to the hall

of supreme harmony, seventy-two large andalusite carved dragon painted chicken

shows the architecture of the feudal monarchy. The golden roof reflects the

majesty and status of the ancient Chinese emperors. The great hall looked solemn

and solemn, but the beauty of the appearance was so monotonous and heavy that I

was in vain. I dont know why I feel as if a group of puppets are standing

respectfully on either side of the house. Incense sticks up in the incense

burner, and the emperor sits high in the temple. The Palace Museum, a symbol of

the ancient kingship, has been invaded by a brick and a brick. It is far from

the palace of Buckingham Palace.

In the afternoon, we in addition to the front door, look back at taihe

light standing in tiananmen square, this magnificent buildings, so the layout of

the orderly, so solemn, not amazing, hope this trip to the Forbidden City will

become my eternal memory.

With the development of science and technology, there are more and more new

products appearing in human beings’ life. Cell phone is a good example.

Nowadays, cell phone has been widely used in people’s daily life. It seems that

people can’t live without it. In my opinion, cell phone really brings so many

advantages to mankind.

First of all, cell phone is very convenient. People can connect with anyone

in anywhere if that person has a mobile phone, too. In other words, people have

to write letter in paper and then wait for a long time to make the letter

arrived the destination in the old days, but now people can write message on

cell phone and then send it to the person they want in a second or just dial

that person’s mobile phone number and then they can talk with each other in a

few second. Secondly, mobile phone can act as a safe guarantee. When people face

dangerous, they can use cell phone to dial 110 to report to the police or ask

for help from friends nearby. And when people worry about another man, they can

call him to make sure whether he is OK or not. Last but not least, mobile phone

contains much interesting entertainment, which can bring lots of happiness to

human beings and make their life more colorful.

In general, cell phone is the product of high-tech, which brings lots of

benefits to our human beings.

I have a wide range of interests and enjoy doing many things during my free

time.

I am fond of reading. I often read after class. My classmates like watching

TV while I prefer to read. I read various kinds of books and newspapers that

they afford me stories and news. The book I like most isThe House on the Mango

Street. I am also a music lover. Pop music is my favorite. I often listen to the

music programs on radio and I also have an MP3 downloading all my favorite

songs. In addition, swimming and badminton are my favorites, too. They help me

build a healthy body.

In short, I enjoy my life in school very much. Reading books, listening to

music and doing sports are very helpful to my health and my studies.

Cellular phones have had a major impact on our lives and the way that we

perform every day tasks. Many of these changes are apparent, while others we may

not even be aware of.

Cell phones have brought a whole new meaning to the term multitasking.

Twenty years ago, it was not possible to talk to the office while you were at

the grocery store picking up some necessary items. You could never have had a

three-way business conference while you were fixing dinner or been able to deal

with a business client from home while caring for a sick child. Cell phones have

enabled us to do various tasks all at the same time.

Cell phones have also enabled families to keep in closer touch with each

other. Children can contact you if they have missed their ride form soccer

practice and your spouse can call while he is stuck in traffic to let you know

that he is going to be late for supper. Teenagers are able to call to ask

permission to go somewhere, and with GPS features that are now available on some

cell phones, you are able to check to make sure that they are where they are

suppose to be.

Many of these advantages we do not even notice. Have you ever arrived at

the grocery store and realized that you have forgotten your grocery list? The

first thing you would probably do is to call home and have one of your children

read the list off to you. In the same situation in past years, you may have

forgotten things or have had to drive all the way back home to get it. If your

car breaks down, you automatically call for help instead of having to walk to

find a pay phone. Cell phones have certainly made our lives much more

convenient.

Cell phones have also changed the way that people interact with each other.

When we call someone, we are actually calling the person and not a place. This

enables us to be more spontaneous when making plans as you rarely get a busy

signal and unlike a land line telephone, someone is always home. Cell phones

also enable us to call if we are going to be late for an appointment, although

this has led to cell phone users running late more often than those who do not

have cell phones. These users seem to have adopted the attitude that appointment

times are not concrete and use their cell phones to renegotiate their arrival

time.

One of the greatest disadvantages of the cellular phone is the fact that we

do not talk to strangers when traveling anymore. In the past, several people

waiting for a bus would engage in a conversation while they were waiting. People

who traveled the same routes every day might develop friendships along the way.

This situation does not happen anymore. Today when people are waiting for a bus,

they just pull out their cell phones and speak with old friends, missing out on

the opportunity to make new ones. In large cities, many people do not know their

neighbors, even though they may have lived in the same neighborhood for years.

As a society, we are beginning to lose the face-to-face contact that was such an

important part of our lives in the past.

Cell phones are a great asset in aiding in our every day lives. You should

remember, however, to hang up every once in a while and pay attention to the

world around you.

"Yeah, right. It isn’t that easy." I protested.

"Yes it is, " Michael said. "Life is all about choices. When you cut away

all the junk, every situation is a choice. You choose how you react to

situations. You choose how people will affect your mood. You choose to be in a

good mood or bad mood. The bottom line is: It’s your choice how you live life. "

I reflected on what Michael said.

Soon thereafter, I left the big enterprise that I had worked in for years

to start my own business. We lost touch, but I often though about him when I

made a choice about life instead of reacting to it. Several years later, I heard

Michael was involved in a serious accident, falling off 60 feet from a

communications tower.

After l8 hours of surgery, and weeks of intensive care, Michael was

released from the hospital with rods placed in his back. I saw Michael about six

months after the accident. When I asked him how he was, he replied, "If I were

any better, I’d be twins. Wanna see my scars?" I declined to see his wounds, but

did ask him what had gone through his mind as the accident took place.

"The first thing that went through my mind was the well being of my

soon-to-born daughter," Michael replied. "Then, as I lay on the ground,

remembered I had two choices: I could choose to live or I could choose to die. I

chose to live." "Weren’t you scared? Did you lose consciousness?" I asked.

Michael continued, "... the paramedics were great. They kept telling me I was

going to be fine. But when they wheeled me into the operation room and I saw the

expressions on the faces of the doctors and nurses, I got really scared. In

their eyes, l read ’He’s a dead man.’ I knew I needed to take action." "What did

you do?" I asked. "Well, there was a big burly nurse shouting questions at me”

said Michael. "She asked me if I was allergic to anything. ‘Yes,’ I said. The

doctors and nurses stopped working as they waited for my reply. I took a deep

breath and yelled", ‘Gravity’” Over their laughter, I told them, ’I’m choosing

to live. Operate on me as if I am alive, not dead’."

Michael lived, thanks to the skill of his doctors, but also because of his

amazing attitude. I Learned from him that every day we have a choice to live

fully. Attitude is everything.

In Earths northern side, Asias eastern part, Pacific Oceans West bank, some beautiful place, here is our hometown, here is our homeland, this is our great motherland - mother, is she, with ya already the milk, cultivated the myriad hero, was she, has given us the black eye, enabled us to go out the light from darkness, was she, has given me the yellow skin, looked like Yellow River to do the struggle equally with the life. This mother so is good at demanding, all outstanding children have given to the life she, this mother is also such gives generously, she wisdom, honest, brave, broadcast heroes mind sincerely.

Spring, always brings the jubilation to the people, brings the poetic sentiment, brings the daydream, brings the expectation, brings the hope, but this years autumn, must with general, is more unusual. In this happy season, from the south of the lower reaches of the Yangze River to the north border region, from a Ganjiang River shore to Lhasa forest card, Republic each square kilometer well-loved place soaks is being delighted and is happy, the flow with is singing happily. 1,300,000,000 China children release for flight the golden color ideal by the heroic intense singing sound and the rosy expectation, releases for flight the rock-solid faith with the line which praises to the great motherland.

The new Chinas establishment, is the innumerable martyrs trades with the blood and the life! Although is weak in the early years of the new nation Chinas economic basis, but the new Chinas leaders caused the Chinese people to stand thoroughly, caused China to realize thoroughly has been independent, is complete. in the pasts 70 age middle of the month, China one was rising step by step, this was the China children expected, was also worth dancing with joy. From the founding of the nation the first day, the many unfriendly countries internationally is being hostile toward China, does everything possible to hinder China to progress. the US was the biggest threat which China developed, the Korean War which, the Vietnam War the US started causes our country has suffered the heavy loss in the manpower and the financial resource aspect; The US supports Chiang Kai-Shek counter-attacks the mainland motion to cause our country coast not to be peaceful for a long time; Presents US still in did everything possible to suppress China, like did not acknowledge that China market economy status, gesticulates, force Renminbi revaluation in the Taiwan problem and so on, zai weilai di regan nian zhong, the US will still be Chinas enemies, is the forever trouble maker.

We believed that in the Chinese nation great rejuvenations journey, will certainly to appear for one another magnificent 30 years! Chinese nations rising, will certainly to let the world be proud for us!

在地球的北面，亚洲的东部，太平洋的西岸，有一个美丽的地方，这儿是我们的故乡，这儿是我们的家园，这就是我们伟大的祖国――母亲，是她，用睚已的乳汁，培育出了万千英雄，是她，给了我们黑眼睛，让我们能从黑暗中走出光明，是她，给了我黄皮肤，像黄河一样与生命搞争。这位母亲如此善于索取，以至于所有优秀的儿女都将生命献给了她，这们母亲又是那样的慷慨地给予，她把智慧，正直，勇敢，真诚都播进了英雄们的心灵。

春天，总给人们带来喜庆，带来诗意，带来遐想，带来憧憬，更带来希望，而今年的秋天，非同一般，更不寻常。在这美好的季节，从江南水乡到北国边陲，从赣江只滨到拉萨林卡，共和国每一平方公里的热土都浸透着欢欣与幸福，流淌着甜蜜与歌唱。十三亿华夏儿女以豪迈激越的歌声放飞金色的理想与玫瑰色的憧憬，放飞坚如磐石的信念与对伟大祖国赞美的诗行。

新中国的建立，是无数先烈用鲜血和生命换来的!虽然在建国初期中国的经济基础非常薄弱，但新中国的领导人使中国人民彻底站了起来，使中国彻底实现了独立、完整。 在过去的70年岁月中，中国一步步在崛起，这是华夏儿女所期望的，也是值得欢欣鼓舞的。从建国的第一天起，国际上的许多不友好的国家在仇视中国，想方设法阻碍中国进步。 美国是中国发展的最大威胁，美国发动的朝鲜战争、越南战争使我国在人力和财力方面遭受了巨大损失;美国支持的蒋介石反攻大陆行动使我国沿海长期不得安宁;现在的美国仍然在想方设法遏止中国，如不承认中国市场经济地位、在台湾问题上指手划脚、强迫人民币升值等等，在未来的若干年中，美国将仍然是中国的敌人，是永远的麻烦制造者。

我们坚信，在中华民族伟大复兴的征程上，必将出现一个又一个辉煌的30年!中华民族的崛起，必将让世界为我们自豪!

Cars and Air Pollution

Too many cars have created a lot of serious problems in our world. Besides congestion, accidents and fast fuel consumption, cars are responsible for a good part of air pollution in big cities. All the time, they are pumping huge amounts of waste gases into the atmosphere. These gases are very harmful, causing disease and even death.

One possible solution is to design and develop clean cars and clean fuels. In Shanghai, some of the public buses begin to run on natural gas, which does not give off as much carbon dioxide as the petrol. But it may take decades for the new models of clean cars completely replace the traditional ones. Another solution is to develop modern public transportation systems and restrict the use of private cars. If the price of petrol rises constantly and the public vehicles are efficient and convenient enough, most people will not buy private cars. And the total number of cars in big cities will reduce greatly.

On the whole, the elimination of air pollution needs the collective efforts from the government, the public and the environmentalists.

语言和内容是评判一篇英语论文质量高低的重要依据;但是,写作格式规范与否亦是一个不可忽略的衡量标准。小编收集了英语论文的格式与写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、英语论文的标题

一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。

就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。

二、英语论文提纲

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、英语论文正文

有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

四、英语论文的文中引述

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。

1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:

The divorce of Arnolds personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).

这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。

2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:

Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”

is an admirable and characteristic

diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it

Whitman is unable to conceive the

extreme crises of society, one is certain

that no society would be tolerable whoses

citizens could not find refreshment in its

buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)

这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。

3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:

Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).

值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。

4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:

Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).

5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:

Professor Chen Jias A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).

圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。

6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:

Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).

Farrington points out that Aristotles father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15).

这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。

7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。

When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).

这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。

五、英语论文的文献目录

论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:

1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。

2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。

3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。

4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。

Two or More Books by the Same Author

Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A

Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.

---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,

Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.

引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。

An Author with an Editor

Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B.

Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959.

本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:

Blackmur, Richard P.Introduction. The Art of the Novel:

Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribners,

1962.vii-xxxix.

如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):

Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery.

London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi.

A Multivolume Work

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928.

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols.

第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容;第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。

A Selection from an Anthology

Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.”

Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New

York: Columbia UP,1963.63-88.

被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。

Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers

Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.”

Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48.

报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3.3);1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。

Arnold, Marilgn.“Willa Cathers Nostalgia: A Study in

Ambivalance.”Research Studies Mar.1981:23-24,28.

月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月;23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。

Gorney, Cynthia.“When the Gorilla Speaks.”Washington Post

31 July,1985:B1.

引用日报上的英语论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。参考文献(略)

Today is September 10. It is TeachersDay.(英语作文) Xiao Hua has been ill in bed for more than a week. Her teacher comes to her home to give her lessons after school every day. In order to show their respect, Xiao Hua and her mother decide to give the teacher a present.They make a big red flower.

When the teacher arrives, Xiao Hua presents the flower to the teacher. She fastens it to the breast of her teacher s jacket, and says "Happy Teachers Day" to her. The teacher expresses her thanks and sets down to give her lessons. Xiao Huas mother pours a glass of water for the teacher and puts a lamp on the table.

I have a kind mother. Here, let me use the "language" camera to take a

picture of her!

She has a pair of big eyes and double-fold eyelid. Tilted slightly under

the nose of asevere mouth, is not tall. Mothers hand is very rough, because dad

on a business trip in the outside, mum do all the chores. Such as cleaning,

washing clothes and so on, her hand how does not become rough? Rough hands it

doesnt matter, however, when her hands gently pat when I fell asleep, will also

bring me warm, let I drifted into sleep.

At ordinary times mom to my learning method is very concerned about. No

matter how busy, she will carefully check my homework, I wont do topic she

would teach me patiently. If the homework careless, she often remind me, want me

to be careful. She comforted me: "you are also pretty good, get rid of this

trouble, would be much good." Listen to the mother, I told myself, must correct

the flaws of this careless. Summer, mom know I study very tired, you take me to

travel, see the world, I have learned many knowledge outside.

Because I love my mom, so I know, mom, mom is of concern to me, so I am

proud of I have a good mother.

I think Mid-Autumn Day is an old traditional festival in China。 Everybody

likes it because its a family get-together。 You see it is called"Mid-Autumn

Day"， so it often es in September or October。 It is on the 15th of the 8th of

the lunar month。 Now， lets say something about this interesting festival。

Firstly， Id like to say something about the moon。 I like it very much

because I want to be an astronaut in the future。 That day the moon is round，

big， just like a beautiful plate hanging on the blue cloth。 When I see the moon，

I will remember the ancient myths——the godess Chang Er and her little rabbit are

playing under the tree which Wu Gang grows。 I will also think about Armstrongs

first moonwalk。 I will also miss the friends in Tai-wan island， in Macao and

Chinese people who are abroad。 I know they are missing us very much， too。

Secondly， I11 say something about the tradition on Mid-Autumn Day。

Look!Theres a big tree in a garden of a Chinese fami-ly。 All the family members

are sitting around a big table under the tree in the open air。 They are eating

the mooncakes and admiring the full moon in the sky。 That is a family reunion

dinner。 The mooncakes and the moon represent the love from a family。 I think

this is one of the most valuable things in the world。

Thirdly，it is a very good opportunity to make three wishes on Mid-Autumn

Day。 My wishes are: the first， I， an astronaut in the future， would like to go

to the moon one day， and stay with the sky and stars; the second， I hope every

person in the world will stay with family， share love from the family forever;

the third， I hope everybodys dream will e true。

That is the Mid-Autumn Day in my mind。 I will always re-member: East or

West， home is best。