读后感的基本写作方法精选15篇 作文英语(汇编20篇)

雅思写作句型有很多种，而高分的雅思写作组合句型往往都是简单句和复杂句合理搭配的，而由于习惯等因素，更多的考生还是习惯使用一些简单句来表达，为此小编特收集整理的雅思写作组合句型总结。下面和小编一起来看看吧：

将这些句子编号是为了能够识别每个句子的写作方法;将他们集中在一起可以形成一篇完整的文章。

1.1 大量的中国人不断移民海外这件事在今天非常普遍。

It is quite common these days that a large group of Chinese people are constantly emigrating.

1.2 当在陌生的地方安顿好后，他们很自然地要选择适合的生活方式。包括：设法融入当地社会或者组成自己的圈子。

When setting down, they have got to make a choice of new lifestyles including getting into local community or making a group of the people with a cultural context.

2.1那些偏爱前者的人认为与当地人结交并像他们那样生活将有助于他们自己适应新的环境。

Those who prefer the former believe that making local friends and living like natives are very helpful in adapting to a new condition.

2.2 众所周知，当地人了解很多事情，比如：如何成功地找到工作，如何更经济的生活等等。这些正是新移民所需要的。

准备一些适合自己的SAT写作例子可以帮助大家在SAT写作考试中节省很多时间并取得好的效果。那么SAT写作例子该如何准备呢?下面小编就为大家整理了关于SAT写作例子准备的相关信息，供大家参考。

很多SAT考生在开始准备SAT写作例子的时候都有些漫无边际，四处撒网的感觉，其实，如何才能找到一个自己用的顺手，又有广泛的用处的SAT写作例子也不是短时间内就可以的。大家在准备SAT写作例子的时候，可以从下面的步骤开始：

开始从多本SAT参考书中搜集作文题目，并对这些题目进行分类，然后针对不同类别的题目准备不同的例子。

每一类题目都能准备2-3个例子，再举一反三之后，便能很有效的应用到几乎所有题目了。而且这样做的好处是，大家可以对SAT写作题目可以应对哪种类型的SAT写作例子做到心中有数，再找例子就方便了。

其次，选择SAT写作例子的时候尽量选择一些国际性的，而且是美国人所知道的。这是从SAT考试的特点入手的，因为SAT写作评分的毕竟是美国人，所以在平时学习生活中，多积累一些关于美国或者西方国家的人文、历史、社会等知识，多用一些关于西方的SAT写作例子是十分重要的而且有技巧的。

再次，不建议大家用个人的例子去论述整篇文章，因为个人的例子往往缺乏说服力，很PERSONAL，考官也不一定会认可你所论述的。所以大家在准备SAT写作例子的时候，可以准备关于自己的例子，但是不能应用在全篇。

说明文的中心鲜明突出，文章具有科学性，条理性，语言确切生动。它通过揭示概念来说明事物特征、本质及其规律性。说明文一般介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能，解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词等。说明文有的是以时间为序，有的是以空间为序；有的由现象写到本质，有的由主写到次；有的按工艺流程顺序来说明，有的按事物的性质、功用、原理等顺序来说明。

英文名称是Application letter。它通常分为几种类型，包括索取公司应聘申请表及详细资料的不带的求职信，附简历的应征求职信，试探性的求职信等等。 那么，英文有哪些呢？

递交求职信的目的是用求职信来吸引阅读者，而不是一种形式或习惯。打开装有求职信的信封，首先看到的就是求职信，它是表现应聘者个性的工具，想象一下，如果对方看到的是连折叠都不齐整的信纸，还有好心情看下去吗？而结构松散的信会让人觉得写信者条理不清晰。语法拼写或标点的错误太多，则会让人觉得此人办事容易出错，对工作不负责任，公司是不会聘用这样的人的。通常一封求职信的阅读时间是30秒，在这30秒内能体现的实际上是你的风格。而每一个公司都喜欢聘用专业作风很强的有能力的员工。

在招聘广告中，常要求有意申请者可致电或致函索取公司的申请表格。索取这类申请表格的求职信一般都比较简短，格式参照范例。 得到申请表格后，仔细填写后一般与简历一起交给公司。申请表格的填写。

附简历的应征求职信具有向招聘者说明简历和具体求职内容的作用。简历中你已经将自己的职业经历或教育情况列表说明了，在求职信里就应着重表达自己的意见。在求职信里要简短地对简历中提到的与应聘职位有关的职业经历和技能加以说明。但是，只是简单的重复简历里的内容是不够的。要把简历里没有的内容充分添加进去，显示出与其他应聘者的差别。你需要表达的观点是：渴望、确信、真诚（I am keen, I am clear and I am sincere)。在第一段里，陈述你渴望得到这个空缺职位，第二段说明你已了解这项工作和公司的要求，说明你为什么认为你符合它们的招聘条件。第三段讲清你本人希望在何时面试，何时可以上班。第四段采用能使公司相信你对这项工作真正有兴趣的语句结束这封信。

典型的求职信格式是：你的地址写在信纸的右上方，地址下面是写信日期。信纸左上角要写上接受你求职信的人的姓名和尊称其下面是该公司的名称和地址。再下面就是招聘广告中给出的其他相关代码。

试探性的求职信是你主动发给你感兴趣的公司的，这类希望渺茫的却经常能出人意料的取得成功，因为这种申请求职的方法表现出了申请人本身的能力、勇气和激情。

试探性求职申请信应该简洁，讲清楚你对该公司感兴趣的原因，写明你具备的资格以及你认为会引起该公司注意的任何品德。邮寄申请信时，要把也一起寄去。你还需要知道公司里人事经理或部门经理的名字，把直接信寄给他会更有效一些。

可能在很长的一段时间里，你收不到任何回音，那么可以断定该公司目前没有你申请的空缺职位。

写作是考研英语的第二大重头戏，仅次于阅读。但是这部分又经常被考生忽略，考前不动手，依赖临考模板，很难写出高分作文。那么，如何准备2018考研英语写作呢?一起来看下。

对于考研英语写作，最基本的要求是考前必须动笔写出35篇文章，其中十篇应用文，二十五篇图画作文。注意：动笔写的文章最好是有范文的题目。写作应分为五步：

NO.1 写作

写作写作，第一步首先是写!一定要动手写，你看多少，背多少，都没有动手写来得实在，建议同学们拿考题多加练习。

NO.2 仔细对比

第二个就是仔细对比，写完后对照范文从三个方面去研究：第一个是内容，也就是构思和原文有何区别;第二个是语言，也就是用词、用句和原文有何区别?第三个是结构，就是你的行文思路和原文有什么区别?这是第二个步骤，写作的区别其实就是写作的弱点。

NO.3 背诵

第三步骤就是背诵：也就是可以去背诵一些范文。有的同学说了，范文我背过了，但是写作的时候还是不会写。有两个原因，第一个原因是你背得不熟，背得结结巴巴，还不如不背;第二个原因是没有练过，只是死记硬背。

所以为什么背了还不会用，有两个原因，第一背不熟，第二没有练过。背到什么程度，有12个字“滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善。”要背到不需要去想，不需要去动脑子!如果背一篇文章还需要去想，那就证明还背得不熟。大家上考场，如果能想起平时的70%，那已经是相当不错了。所以一定要背熟，这就是第三个步骤。

NO.4 默写

第四个步骤就是默写：背熟后把书合上，把这篇文章默写下来。默写后，做一个工作：仔细对比原文发现写作弱点，你会发现你默写的文章和原文会有一些出入，包括拼写、语法、标点等，这种错误就是你写作的弱点，最好能够把这些错误用红笔标出来。大家为什么写作拿不到高分，根源只有一个——错误太多。很多错误自己都不知道。

NO.5 仿写

第五个步骤就是仿写：什么叫仿写?就是模仿你背过的文章再写出一篇新文章。在背完一篇文章后，要想想这篇文章有什么精彩的词组、词汇和句型可以使用。然后换一个话题，把这篇作文用一下，用里面词汇、词组和句型去构思另一篇文章。

写作的注意点和技巧：写作首要的是，一、不跑题;二、字数达到要求;三、字迹整洁工整;四、少有语病。

这些是很基本的要求，考试的时候就要好好落实。比如，拿到作文题目后要审题。在写的过程中注意字数的限制，不要写太多，会扣分的，字数不够也会扣分。所以实在不行就写完一段话，停下来数一数字数。字迹工整可能短期内提高不了。只要你比平时稍慢一点写字母，就会写得比较整洁。要知道老师的印象分是很重要的。病句的避免技巧就是，凡是你想的过程中感觉别扭的句子，多半就是病句。干脆不要写出来，换一种形式去表达。不要追求好词，要追求准确性。

在考前，小作文的提高是非常快的。方法就是分析小作文的类型。应用文写作部分(小作文)考查内容包括投诉信、咨询信、道歉信、求职信等信函类应用文，而且涵盖报告、通知、海报等告示类应用文。不同类型的作文，要自己总结模版。小作文是完全可以准备模版的，其作用也是常明显。一定要注意：总结出自己的模板。

写作文是有方法的，下面小编来给大家介绍小学语文作文写作方法，希望对大家有帮助!

一、写人

写人，是小学作文训练的基本功之一。在记叙文中，人和事是不可分的，关键是看题目如何要求。要求写事的题目，文中的人要为事服务；要求写人的题目，文中的事必须为人服务。写人为主的记叙文，就是要通过一件或几件事，来表现人物一种或多种品质。写人的继续文，叙事不要求完整；记事的记叙文，虚实要求完整，而且要贯穿文章始终。

（一）通过一件事来写人

通过一件事来写人，通常是表现人物的一种品质或性格的一个方面。为了刻画人物，对所写人物必须进行必要的外貌、语言、动作、心理等方面的描写。但是，从以事写人这个角度来说，最好是选择一件最能反映此人某一特点的事，并把这件事写好。在写事情的时候，要选择典型的事例。所谓典型，就是能集中反映中心思想的事，能够表现人物的好思想、好品质、美好情感的事。对小学生来说，选择典型事例，要着眼于小事，选择那些最能反映深刻意义的小事。这样的事表面上看，都是普普通通的凡人小事，但是其中却蕴涵着深刻的意义，这就是我们常说的“小中见大”。

（二）通过几件事写人

可以分成两种情况：以是用几件事表现某个人的一种品质；二是用几件事表现某个人的多种品质。要注意：用几件事写人，这些事可以是完整的，作者必须把事情发生的时间、地点、人物、事件（起因、经过、结果），一一交代清楚，也可以是不完整的，只着重于某几点进行叙述。更多的是在一篇文章中，有的事详写；有的事略写；有的事要求写得比较完整，有的事要求写得比较简单。通过几件事写人，同样要对人物进行必要的外貌、行动、语言、心理的描写。

（三）学会刻画人物

写人的文章要会在叙事的过程中，对最能表现人物思想感情、性格特点的外貌、语言、动作、心理活动等方面进行描写，也就是学会刻画人物。

1. 也叫肖像描写，是通过对人物的容貌、神情、衣着、姿态、语调、外貌特征的描写。来揭示人物性格的一种方法。人物的的外貌和人物内心世界密切的联系，具体说：通过外貌描写，使人物的形象更丰满，能给读者留下深刻印象；通过外貌描写，揭示人物的身份；通过外貌描写，展示人物在特定场合的内心世界；通过外貌描写，表现人物性格、精神面貌和思想品质。

总之，外貌描写要和表现人物特点、突出文章的中心思想紧密配合。外貌描写要传神，切忌脸谱化，反对那种部分主次，从头写到脚、千人一貌的写法。

2. 语言描写有对话和独白两种。

对话是两个人或几个人的谈话；独白是人物的自言自语。语言是人物内心世界的直接表露，对表现人物的思想性格起重要作用。有个性特点的语言可以起到“闻其言，见其人”的作用。语言描写要注意以下两点：一是文章中人物的语言要精心筛选，把那些足以能表现人物的个性特点、最能表现中心思想的语言，写进文章中；二是好的语言描写，一定是符合当时的情景，符合人物的性格、身份、性别、年龄和文化修养等方面的特点。对话描写有四种形式：说的话写在后面，说话人后面用引号；说的话在前，说话人写在后，用引号、句号；前后各引一句或几句，中间交代谁说的，用逗号；只写人物语言，不写说话人。这四种形式要根据实际需要灵活事业，避免行文死板。

3. 动作描写

是通过人物的行动、动作，来表现人物的思想性格的一种方法。一个人的行为、动作，往往是他的思想感情、性格特征的最真实的外化。看一个人，不仅要听他怎么说，更要卡他如何做，正所谓“听其言，观其行”，因此，动作描写是直接刻画人物形象，展示人物精神面貌，把人物写“活”的重要手段。那么，怎样描写人物的动作呢？

首先，要选择关键性的动作来写。一个人做事的时候，会有许多动作。但他们不可能、也没有必要把这些动作一个不少地都写出来。这就要求选择那些关键性的、最有意义的动作来写。

其次，要写准确。同一个动作可以用很多动词来表示，但只有那些有特色，最能反映人物气质的动词，才能把人写“活”。有一位作家说过，最难的不是写动作，而是写出有特点的动作，从动作中写出人来。

4.心理描写

心理的人物内心的活动，是无声的语言。人物内心世界，指人物内心的喜、哀、乐、忧伤、犹豫、嫉妒、向往等复杂的感情。在写人的文章中，恰当地描写人物心理，可以更有效地刻画人物，突出中心思想。心理描写的要求是：要真实，要有根据；人物的心理变化要自然，合情合理；心理描写要为文章的中心思想服务；在描写人物的心理活动时，要客观、谨慎，不能以己之心，度人之意。

小学生作文时，大多采用第一人称（“我”活“我们”），采用这种人称作文，就不能用“他想”的形式来写人物的心理活动，因为“我”不可能钻到别人的脑子里去看。此时，可以换一种方式——在描写人物的语言、神态、动作上下功夫，这样可能更合情理，使人感到真实可信。

心理描写除了用“我想”之外，还可以采用以下几种方法。

（1）提出问题，引入所想的内容。

（2）使用假设，流露心理活动。

（3）字里行间，流露着“想”。

（4）直接抒发心中所想。

二、写事

写事要求清楚、具体。一件事情的发生，总离不开时间、地点、人物和事情的起因、经过、结果。这就是人们常说的“记叙文六要素”。把这六个方面写清楚了，才能让读者明白究竟是一件什么事。同时，还要寓理于事，即通过一件事或几件事来说明一个道理。在六要素当中，起因、经过、结果是事情的主要环节。其中，“经过”部分又是事情的核心，是全文成败的关键所在。在小学生的作文里，“经过”部分写得不具体是带有普遍性的问题。小学生的继续文不感人，平淡乏味，这是其中一个重要原因。记事的记叙文可分两种：写事和写活动。

（一）怎样写事

一是把“经过”部分分成几个阶段，然后按照先后顺序一层一层地写得清楚。写的时候多文几个“后来怎样”，文章就具体了。

二是注意材料的详略，有所侧重。对一些重要的过程、场面要细致描绘，使读者有如身临其境。

三是对事件中的人物，特别是主要人物，当时是“怎么说的”、“怎么做的”，又是“怎么想的”，一定要写具体。

（二）怎样写活动活动都是有目的、有形式、有过程的

。搞什么活动？为什么搞活动？则眼搞活动？活动的结果怎样？都要写清楚。写活动也要求写清楚“六要素”，要把活动的时间、地点、人物和活动开始、经过、结果写出来。在整个活动当中，不是写一个人，二是写一群人；不是用一两件事来写人物，而是通过写一个活动场面，来表现人物的精神面貌。写活动的记叙文，最大的特点就是必须有活动的基本内容、主要过程和重要场面。把印象最深刻的内容作为重点，把自己看到的、听到的、亲身经历的主要部分记叙下来，采用点面结合的方法，既要写好群体活动，又要把个体代表写进去；既要写整个场面，又要突出典型人物。

写活动的文章一般包括两大部分：一是活动的经过，二是自己的感受。如果写“参观”活动，就要用“观一处，感一处”的方法。写整个活动的过程，要用顺叙法，即按活动的先后顺序，把活动时间、地点、人物及活动的经过和结果依次写出来。

三、怎样写景

描写景物，表现独特的自然景观和地域风貌，赞美祖国的壮丽山河和大自然的奇妙，是记叙文的又一个重要类型。写景的记叙文有什么特点呢？

首先，景物有狭义和广义之分。狭义的景物指提供人观赏的风景、建筑等；广义的景物指自然景观和人文景观，即自然环境和身会环境。换句话说，记叙文中的景物描写是指对自然风光、建筑物、动物、植物等事物的描写，所描写的景物在文章里占重要位置，这是写景记叙文与写人记事的记叙文的主要区别写人记事的记叙文中，有对自然环境和人物活动的背景介绍、环境描写，但它们在文章中不是主要内容，是为交代事件发生的时间、地点、环境，为渲染气氛服务的。同理，写景记叙文里也有写人叙事的内容，但都是为写景服务的。

其次，写景记叙文的中心思想是通过对景物的描写和人物感情抒发表达出来的。作者可以在文章中直接抒发感情，即所谓直抒胸臆，也可以通过写景表达出来，即所谓寓请于景；还可以在景物描写中蕴涵自己的主观感受，即所谓情景交融。要注意景物描写必须为人物的思想感情服务，与人物的思想感情相一致，不能孤立地、无目的地写景。

怎样写好写景的记叙文？

（一）要写出有特色的景物

一般来说，景物是各有特色的。同样都是公园，但每个公园都有各自的独特之处。例如，北海公园的白塔、九龙壁、颐和园的香阁、十七孔桥；天坛公园的祈年殿、回音壁；紫竹院公园的竹子；香山公园的红叶等。同样是山，我国的四大名山各领风骚，独具特色。同样是水，长江、黄河源远流长，孕育了中华文明数千载。或烟波浩渺、横无涯际；或奔腾咆哮、气势磅礴。这些景色都以其特有的鲜明的特点闻名于世，只有把它们的独特之处描绘出来，才能给人一种身临其境之感，使人得到美的陶冶和享受。

（二）要学会观察

写景作文和看图作文有相似之处，都是以观察作为写作的前提。观察景物与观察图画不同，观察景物要确定观察点，也就是观察景物的立足点。观察点不同，所看到的景物也就不同。宋代文学家苏轼有《题西林壁》：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。”由于观赏庐山的角度不同，所看到的景象，所获得的感受也就迥然不同了.

（三）要借助想象和联想

（四）写景要抒情

写景，不仅是客观事物的再现，更是作者主观感情的外观。景是外在的，情是内在的，正所谓“情随物迁，辞以情发”。景是情产生的基础，情是景的产物。因此，要求小学生不要单纯写景，而是要借助景物，抒发一定的思想感情。当然，这种感情必须发自内心，而不是无病呻吟。

四、状物

状物作文，是小学生作文训练中的一个重要项目。所谓状物，就是具体、形象地描写物体的特征、形态、色彩、质地等。这个物还应该包括动物、植物等类。由于不同的物有不同的特点，所以状物的方法也不一样。

（一）怎样写物品

1.抓住特征

从大小、形状、颜色、质地（制造材料）等方面，对所写的物品仔细观察。因为不同的物品有不同的特点，即使是同一种物品，也会有某些席位的区别，也有它自己的独特之处。蛛蛛物品的特点写，就是抓住了这一物品是区别于另一物品的地方写。

2.按照一定的顺序写

（1）按总一分一总的顺序写。

（2）按物品各部分的空间顺序写。

（3）有的物品，须按先外后内的顺序写，即先写外表，后写内里的顺序。

3.状物需要想象和联想

展开想象和联想，不仅使所状之物更加具体生动，还可以开拓作品的意境，增强文章的感染力。

（二）怎样写动物

大多数小学生都喜爱小动物，看了以后总想把它们写出来来。到底用什么方法，才能写好描写小动物的作文呢？

1.写外形

首先，观察小动物（包括昆虫）的外形，一般是写小动物的静态。在观察时，包括颜色、长相、个头都要如实写出来。其次，要抓住特点，不能面面俱到什么都写。三是按顺序：先整体一再局部一最后整体。概括写整体，具体写局部，用总分关系的句群。最后，为使描写更形象、具体，要展开丰富的想象，恰当地运用比喻。特别要注意提醒小学生“像——”、“犹如——”、“仿佛——”等喻词的使用。

2.写习性

写小动物，还要细心观察它们的动作、静态和生活习性，这些是小动物的动态方面。例如写它们吃食物、嬉戏的样子，相互追逐争斗的情形，如何筑巢、休息的情况，等等。

小动物也感情、情绪，这要靠小学生从它们的叫声和动作中，用拟人的方法去体会和想象，这样就能写出小动物的性格，显示出它们的活泼和可爱，实际上也就写出了小学生自己的感情。

（三）怎样写植物

提起植物，小学生的脑海力会出现许多花草树木的样子，但是要将平时熟悉的植物写成作文，很多同学却感到很难，有的觉得无话可写，有的三言两语就写完了。怎样才能写好植物呢？首先，写前要细心观察所写的植物，并做观察记录。观察时，先看整体的形状（外形）特征；再看颜色、枝叶的细部特征及生长环境，并把所看到的详细情况记录下来。其次，安排好写作顺序。

1.可以从整体到局部

先写植物的整体特征，再写它的局部特征。例如以主干、枝、叶、花、果等为序，并突出写其中的一两部分。另外写的时候，要求学生从各个角度去详细地描绘、刻画。例如描写树叶，就写它们的形状、颜色和给人的感觉等；描写花，就写它们的大小、香味、色彩、花期等，使人有如身临其境。

2.按照植物的生长过程进行观察

很多植物的生长、发育、开花、结果直至衰亡，每个时期的形态各不相同的，所以，可以按照植物的生长过程进行观察。

3.写观察日记

可以用写观察日记的方法。来描述某种植物在一段时间里的生长、发育情况。

4.以四时变化为序

很多植物在不同的季节里割据特色，所以，还可以其四时的变换顺序。

5.托物抒怀，借物咏志

写植物，不能仅仅停留在对外形和色彩的描写上，还应该在文章中表达作者的思想感情。例如，感悟人生的哲理、高尚的道德情操、对美好理想的追求等等。用这种方法，要借助例文进行必要的指导，培养学生丰富的联想能力，在描摹植物形态的同时，赋予它们一定的象征意义。

五、游记

在节假日，小学生在父母和老的在节假日，小学生在父母和老师的带领下，到公园和游览区欣赏景物、陶冶性情。如果将游览时看到的景物，所听到的声音，所产生的联想，所获得的感受，按照一定的顺序，有重点、有感情地记录下来，就是一篇游记。写游记有如下一些要求。

（一）写游记必须写清游踪

要记住从什么地方到了什么地方，每个地方的名称，以及每个地方的方位。这样读者才能搞清楚你先到什么地方。后到什么地方，才能确定你所要描述的景物的具体位置以及它的特征，唤起读者对你所游览之处的神往之情。同时，也使文章福有条理，层次清晰。

（二）要留心观察

观察是写好游记的基础。游览时，不能走马观花，要仔细观察。所谓仔细观察，就是要看景物的形状、颜色、质地是怎样的，静态下什么样，动态下又是什么样，等等。只有这样，在写作时可选的材料才多，才便于把景物写具体、写出特点来。另外，在观察的时候，还要按一定的顺序，或由近及远，又远到近；或从上到下，从下到上；或从里到外，从外到里；或从中间到两边，从两边到中间；或从整体到局部，从局部到整体。按照这样顺序去观察，彩绘全面，描写时彩绘有条理。

（三）要做记录

学生游览的时候，看的东西多，去的地方也比较广，一时很难记住，就是当时记住了，过后也难免遗忘，不利于组织作文。为了避免这种情况，游览时要求学生带上笔和本，边观察、边记录，随看随记，就不会忘记了，写作文的时候还便于选择。另外，公园和修蓝区的有些景物带有介绍。例如，辞经管是何时建造的，经历了哪些发展阶段，占地面积是多少，包含着怎样动人的故事和美丽的传说等等。这些资料很有可能成为学生作文时的宝贵材料，应该要学生记录下来。在游览之后，要求学生及时地把自己观察到的和记录的材料整理归类，看看哪些是属于作文需要的材料，哪些需要详写，哪些需要略写，做到心中有书，为下一步作文做好准备工作。可以要求学生按照下面的表格整理材料。

状物作文，是小学生作文训练中的一个重要项目。所谓状物，就是具体、形象地描写物体的特征、形态、色彩、质地等。这个物还应该包括动物、植物等类。由于不同的物有不同的特点，所以状物的方法也不一样。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

还记得那本小说——《水浒传》，那是我第一次看关于农民起义的小说，它让我永远忘不了。《水浒传》是我国历第一部用白话文写成的成篇小说。它是四大名着之一，作者是施耐庵先生，他对于这些英雄人物，予以充分的肯定和热情地讴歌，他不仅歌颂了这些人的反抗精神，也歌颂了他们超群的武艺和高尚的品格。施耐庵将统治阶级的人物和梁山英雄形成鲜明的对比，突出了梁山好汉的勇于反抗的精神。

《水浒传》在记述起义军的武装斗争时，还比较重视起义军对战争经验的总结。《水浒传》中有关战争的描写有很多。清代刘銮的《五石瓠》中说到：明末起义军的张献忠一《水浒传》教导下属。“三大祝家庄”······

《水浒传》中所描写的起义军的政治主张虽说不是很明确，但却可以看到他们有着“八方共域，异姓一家”,不管什么出身，都是以兄弟相称。再联系到他们“劫富济贫”的旗号，这就表现了人民反对封建社会的政治上的等级悬殊和贫富之分，人民对封建社会的阶级压迫和政治压迫的反对，这是人民对封建地主阶级思想的宣战，反映了广大受压迫人民的愿望。

《水浒传》这本书一共可分为两大部分，前半部分写的是各路英雄纷纷齐聚梁山，开始大起义，对战官军和受朝廷招安;后半部分写打败其他几路起义军。从思想方面来分，《水浒传》前半部分是写阶级矛盾的，后半部分是写统治阶级内部的忠臣和__臣矛盾的。

总而言之，《水浒传》是通过艺术的表现形式来反映当时社会“官逼民反”的现象，深刻地反映了历史的，真实本质，它所表现的梁山泊英雄好汉的大起义，有力的冲击了封建地主阶级的统治，这在历是极为罕见的。希望你们也能看一看《水浒传》，不光是来感受这里面的英雄侠义的情怀，还可以学习一下它的描写方式和表现手法，来提高你们的写作能力。

《山丘上的约会》这个故事中最奇妙的部分，在于两们“笔友”彼此间从未见过面，单单只靠书信文字所产生的美好想象来塑造彼此的形象，而且在无形中不断地增强彼此的美好印象。相信很多人都有这样的经验：只听到某人或某篇文章的形容，就对没见过的人、事、物产生好奇，进而想象，总是越想越美好。

《山丘上的约会》故事最精彩的部分在于两个素未谋面的人终于决定要见面了，让人紧张心跳的也正是这一刻，两人都从对方最高的期望出发，结局如何呢？作者采用了卡通化的造型，夸张地强化了故事中两个主角的差异，不论在身高或体态上都不同。很戏剧化的是，正当玲玲抬头猛往高处寻找将会从天而降的偶像时，男主角瓜瓜也正奋力地跳上山丘去赴约呢！作者运用书本竖立时的直式版面，营造出男女主角见面时的“震憾”画面，令人拍案叫绝！故事中的主角虽然都是田墅里常见的动物，但两者的外形、习性截然不同，所以见面的过程充满了曲折、趣味。孩子在阅读时因为是旁观者，一定会觉得他们好笑，从而在轻松的气氛中理解故事的发展进程。

哇！会面的结果真是令人有些失望，书信中的印象明明不是这样的埃当满怀期盼，终于可以一睹真面目时，才发现事实和想象差了一大截。这是一个有趣又常会发生的事情。其实呢，“人生不如意事十常八九”，生活中经常会有许多的遗憾和委屈。正因为如此我们常常很努力地去避免这样的事情发生，让一切都如意顺心。结果期望越高往往失望越大，以至迷失了对事物本质的认识，我们就越来越不快乐了。试问朋友的真正意义是什么？不就是无邪的友谊分享吗，至于表面的东西也就不值得计较了。

因为人生很少能够真正地心想事成，所以我们会寄望于故事最后的美好结局，至少希望它是正面的、光明的。笔者很欣赏本书的结局。当玲玲和瓜瓜确信彼此的真正友谊存在时，决定继续山丘上的约会，再为彼此美好的友谊努力下去。真好，友谊可以不用猜疑和负担，只要彼此接纳和分享，或许这正是现代人该好好想想的课题。

比你成绩差的人未必处处比你差，他们之中也有你学习的地方，你必须分清什么样的是造成他们不如你的原因，就不要学。而提炼出来他们身上的精华。你可以找一本笔记本，把自己所有的写作练习都写在上面，你可以时不时翻看前面的写作练习，看看自己比之前有了哪些进步，也可以反省一下自己是否在同一个失误上跌倒多次。当然，如果你更喜欢用电脑打字的话，你可以把写作练习传到博客或者，尤其是后者，可以帮助你利用网站日历跟踪写作进度。上海初二学生找好的作文补习班|好的初中作文家教推荐思：指有的时候要想，做到低头看书，抬头思考，手在写题，脑在思考。做：在看的过程中，需要动手做的准备工作以及对课本后的练习题要进行尝试性的做一做。问答题答一答。

以上是关于学习方法的一般性的建议，它们对于各门功课都是适用的。但是，具体到不同的人、不同的课程，还应该结合实际情况摸索适宜的学习方法。比如，应该根据同的学科选择合适的学习方法。文科、理科的学习方法会不一样；同是文科，英语和历史、地理的学习方法也应该有所差异。上海初二学生找好的作文补习班|好的初中作文家教推荐亲自推导公式数学课程中有大量的公式，有的课本上有推导过程；有的课本上没有推导过程，只是把公式的-初形式写出来，然后说一句，“经推导可得”，就把结果式子写出来了。搞好了务学与求道的关系，是使自己永远更新知识，丰富自己的头脑的必要条件，也是不断保持-新、-适用于自己的学习方法的要点。坚持思考与学习同步发展代表着先进的学习方法的发展要求，代表着先进学习理论的前进方向，代表了掌握-广大知识的能力水平。务学与求道必须协调发展，二者要同步实施，同步发展。我建议高中同学们买一本牛津字典或朗文字典。一是查阅不懂的词，不光是看音标、注释，还要看例子；二是看英文注释，用英语解释英语，要比用汉语解释得更明确。如果你拿不准over和above的区别，看一下英文注释就很明白了，不信去试一下。有些学生虽能预习，但看起书来似走马观花，不动脑、不分析。这种预习一点也达不到效果。 发现自己知识上的薄弱环节，在上课前补上这部分的知识，不使它成为听课时的“拌脚石”。

在我们当前的小学英语教学中，教师往往只组织大量的听、说、读的活动，而忽视对写的有效训练;就是在训练“写”，也只是写写单词、写写句型和课文，并没有深入到培养学生“写”的综合技能。部分教师甚至还存在着一些错误的认识，认为写作教学和训练过于费时，影响教学进度;写作作业难批改;写作教学枯燥，易降低课堂的活力;英文写作对小学生而言太难了等等。但是，儿童语言能力的发展是综合的，听、说、读、写各项能力之间互相制约，互相促进，任何一项能力的滞后都会影响到其他能力的发展。我们应该更新教学观念，设计一些符合学生认知规律、实效性较高的写作活动，促进学生英语技能的全面发展。下面是我对小学英语写作教学一些浅显的看法。

一、 由易到难，培养学生的写作兴趣

对于小学生来说创造性地运用语言确实有一定的难度，所以在写作教学中，教师应针对儿童的年龄特点和语言水平，设计难易适中且充满童趣的写作任务。俗话说得好，兴趣是最好的老师。要培养学生对英语写作的兴趣，首先就要有对英语学习的兴趣。而且要将低、中年级学生的直接兴趣慢慢培养成高年级学生的间接兴趣。尤其是对于低年级的学生词汇量有限，教师更要根据教材的主题或语言内容设计学生易完成的写作任务。如对于中年级的学生，教师可能将阅读材料中的一些关键词或词组挖空，让学生联系上下文猜词填空。如通过填词练习让学生描述动物：

My pet

I have a _______. It is _______ and ________. It has got _____. It has got _______ and ________. It can ________. It can _______, too. It eats _______. My parents like _______ very much. We are ______ friends.

这种填词的练习，既能训练学生的阅读能力，又能培养学生初步的语篇意识，并为高年级的写作打下了基础。循序渐进的学习，既能让学生体验成功，也能让学生建立写作的信心和兴趣。

二、抓好课本教学，夯实英语基础

要想写好一遍好的英语作文，离不开单词的积累。单词是一篇作文最基础的部分，过分强调它是不妥，但却也不能忽略。强大的单词积累是写好一篇作文的后盾。所以，不管在课堂上，还是在课后，都要强调学生掌握好单词的拼写和单词的运用，夯实英语写作的基础。

在小学，学生的主要学习时间是课堂学习时间。学生的主要知识来源于课本，课本是学生学习的根本。课本给学生提供基本的句型,语法知识，词汇等。所以，对于课本中的内容，可适当要求学生背诵，小学生善于模仿，通过背诵课文，一些句子就会在学生心中生根发芽，学生就会有意无意地模仿这样的句子进行写作。课文中的句子一般来说是很规范的，学生的写作也会较规范。记忆中的课文也是学生写作时句子处理的依据。凭语感和课文结构，利用个人的智慧和对作文题目及要求的理解，学生会写出语法正确，句意通顺，结构严谨规范的作文。

三、 广泛阅读，拓展知识面

古人云“读书破万卷，下笔如有神” ， 阅读是写作的基础，大量的、广泛的阅读，才能加强学生理解和吸收书面信息的能力，有助于巩固和扩大学生词汇量，增强语感，丰富学生的语言知识，了解英语国家的文化背景。实践证明，学生平时课外阅读面越宽，语言实践量越大，运用英语表达自己的能力就越强。通过日积月累的积累，学生在自然的习得中学得大量了的英语单词、句子，形成较好的语感。为学生更好地写作打下了坚实的基础。但在选择课外阅读材料时，还要注意：文章太易，不利于知识的提高，文章太难会挫伤学生阅读英语的积极性。这就需要教师做好充分的阅读准备，选择好难易适中的文章

广泛的英语阅读还可以让学生尽可能地了解英汉差异。许多学生写英文短文，都习惯用汉语去思考。写出来的句子，读起来很拗口，句意生硬，令人费解。甚至有的学生将汉语句子逐一对照译成英语单词，拼凑成句子。如：上个星期天，我爸爸坐船去了上海。译文成了：Last Sunday ,I father sit ship go to Shanghai. 令人啼笑皆非。究其原因是学生不明白英汉两种语言表达上的差异。如，汉语中没有时态和语态的复杂变化，只借助于助词“着，了，过”。而英语则有复杂的时态和语态变化以及动词短语，介词短语等一些固定搭配，动词与其主语的一致，称谓的一致等等。让学生进行广泛的英语阅读可以降低这样尴尬的机率，在不断的阅读中拓展知识面。这样才能在实际运用中应用地恰到好处，英语写作才能更规范，更标准，更符合英美人的表达习惯。

四、培养学生的写作热情

众所周知，写作和口语都是语言输出的重要方面。写作是人们学习、运用英语的综合技能的表现，教授学生英语写作能够检验和巩固学生综合的语言知识，在写作过程中，学生有一定的时间去思考、组织、修改、判断，有利于培养和提高学生的语言综合能力;能让学生去辨别口语语体和书面语体的异同，尤其是不同的句型、表达方式和选词造句;能增强学生的自信心，哪怕正确地写出一句、两句话或一小段，一旦受到鼓励，学生都会欣喜若狂，学习英语的兴趣会更加强烈;有利于培养学生直接用英语思维的习惯，尤其是限时写作，学生必须在规定的时间内完成规定的内容，他们就不可能先用母语思考，再译成英语，而是直接用英语来思考;写作可给予学生发挥自己的想象力和创造力，作为老师应仔细观察并珍惜学生的每一次创举，并能及时地对该同学给予肯定和高度赞扬，鼓励他大胆地、尽情地去想象，那么学习英语就没那么枯燥了，写作的热情也会日渐高涨了。

积极带领学生参加教育在线，让他们把自己的作品放在网络上，一方面向别人学习的同时也可以感受到众人欣赏自己作品的那种欣喜;选择优秀的学生作品进行投稿，如《双语阅读》和《小学生英语报》等这些学生常见的刊物，对作品发表的同学进行奖励，这样更能够激发他们的写作欲望。

五、由浅入深，开展扎实的写作训练

写作和任何形式的知识一样都是可以通过训练加以提高的。基础知识和能力并重，听、说、读和写并举。在平时的教学中可应充分利用一切可以利用的机会启发、引导学生提高自己的写作水平。如遇到优秀的句、段或篇提示学生注意欣赏作者的表达法，把它们作为范例，在自己写作中加以模仿和运用。又如遇到英汉表达方法不同之处，提示学生注意英语的正确表达法，切忌出现汉语式的英语。要帮助学生养成正确运用标点符号的好习惯，切忌一点到底的错误方法。

1、坚持循序渐进的训练原则。

用学过的词、短语或句式，模仿课文中的表达法造句。换课文中的人物、时态、语态或体裁等改写课文。将打乱顺序的句子按事件发展的时间顺序或逻辑关系等整理成一篇完整的短文。总而言之，写作要先易后难，先短后长，先写好正确的句子逐步过渡到围绕一个人、一件事、一个观点去写有中心的文章，由不限定时间到限定时间，由限定字数少到多，由一句话日记到一段话日记，由看图作文到命题作文，经过日记，看图写作的训练，学生在写作能力上有了一定的提高，英语表达能力也有很大的进步。这时，可根据学生的教材，就每个单元不同的学习内容提供一个命题作文给学生练笔。这些题目紧扣他们学习的内容，书本上的内容给他们写作提供了模仿的对象，而且跟他们的生活也息息相关。

2、分层要求，注意讲评，鼓励优秀，耐心帮助差生。

对学生的要求不能一刀切，对学习好的要求要高，对学习差的要求要适当低一些。充分利用板报、专栏进行优秀作文展览，经常帮助差生树立信心，掌握写作方法和技巧。英语作文讲评过程中要经常指出优点，以利模仿，指出缺点，警示避免。在训练写作时，要少给学生完整的范文。因为如果经常给学生范文，很容易让学生产生依赖性，不愿意自己动手去写。而是等着老师念范文，自己去背。长此以往学生肯定会背烦的，背烦了就更不愿去写了。会造成一个恶性循环。不利于提高学生的写作水平，更不用说培养语言能力了。

3、小组合作，共同提高

对于一些难度较大、范围较广的写作内容，可以通过开展合作写作来完成。在合作写作的过程中，他们有机会互相交流，集思广益，取人之长，补已之短;他们可能学习写作，指导写作，分享作品。例如：在六年级教学My favourite festivals 这一主题时，让学生以小组形式搜集各节日的有关资料，然后集体讨论，一人执笔写作，最后交流。在合作中写作，既给学生留有独立思考的空间，又可促进他们互相帮助与学习。

4、适当指导

学生动笔写作前，教师要给予必要的指导，不是给个题目或者一幅图，就要求学生动笔写。为了使他们少犯错误。教师还要经常性地列举错误的表达法，提醒学生注意避免。在批阅作文时教师要随时标出学生错误之处，并要随时记录学生所犯错误，把学生的错误加以归类总结，把普遍性的错误提出来，让学生集体改错，使他们的语言表达尽可能的正确规范。

六、鼓励学生资源共享，共同进步

在平时的教学中，我鼓励学生大胆地阅读课外英语资料，鼓励学生搜索网上的英语资料，学生的作品通过不同的方式与读者交流，读者包括教师、同学和家长。让学生各自交流作品的方式有朗诵、出墙报、制作英语小卡片，制作手抄报，写好读书笔记等，将全班学生的手抄报装订成册，搜集全班学生的各种作品，本班学生的作品互相交流，同年级不同班的学生作品也互相交流阅读，集中群体的智慧，内容丰富多彩，五花八门，既适合他们的年龄特征又能供学生课余阅读，拓展视野，达到交流学习的目的，我还设想将学生的电子手抄报发送到我校校园网，以供更多的学生欣赏。除此之外，在评价学生的写作作品时，做到有的放矢，灵活有序，实施本人评价、小组评价，家长评价和老师评价，对学生的进步及时充分的肯定。

总之，英语写作需要平时一点一滴的积累，每一步都不能少，持之以恒的训练。作为英语教师，需要不断的探索和总结。

作文——家乡的路 AA 是我的家乡， 在我久远的记忆里 ，我对故乡的路没

有什么好感，只希望离开它，那条泥泞小路深深地印在我的脑海里，因为只要一下雨， 故

乡的路曾是那么泥泞，那么难行 ， 整条路又成了一滩稀泥，非得穿上雨鞋，结果裤子衣

服免不了沾上泥巴，晴天了，还要穿上几天的雨鞋，眼巴巴地看着自行车在家休息。 后来，我终于如愿以偿，跳出“ 农门 ” ，来到了道路平坦而宽阔的城市，走在晴天不飞灰、雨天不粘泥的柏油路上，而且城市之路清洁整齐，与家乡的泥巴路相比简直是天壤之别，后来家乡那条泥泞之路改变成石子路，从此我再也没穿上雨鞋。十多年前，我居住在石化回娘家之路需要半天，一大早起来，准备好赶往汽车站，换乘二辆公交车，再步行二十多分钟，每次到娘家将近中午，父母总是翘首盼望，而我总是姗姗来迟，自从改成石子路后，村里好多农户买了摩托车， 电瓶车，我回去也改乘出租车，比以前可方便多了，这次五一节，原来的石子小路改扩建成宽大的水泥路，整洁干净的水泥路通往家家户户，它改变了时间和空间，我携夫带子一家三口，由我这个新驾驶员开自备车，分驰电掣般半小时到娘家，轿车就停在家门口。

【文题设计】

阅读下面的材料．根据要求作文：

I．一次，爱迪生i．kVh手测量一只灯泡的体积。这位擅长数学的助手左量右测，在纸上列出了一堆繁琐的计算公式。爱迪生见此，拿过灯泡，用水灌满后l例入量杯，轻而易举便测出了灯泡的体积。、l2．《伊索寓言》讲了这样一则故事：农夫和他的I妻子有一只母鸡．每天要下一只金蛋。他们想，母鸡的肚子里一定装满了金子吧。农夫就将母鸡杀了，结果发现，这只母鸡与其他母鸡毫无不同之处。肚子里一点金子也没有。

现实生活中，确实存有一些“捷径”。帮助我们更好地解决问题，达到目的。然而，像农夫这样的思维方式，在我们的生活中也并不少见。对此，你有相关的见闻、体验、经历或认识吗？

请以“捷径”为话题，写一篇作文。所写内容必须在这个话题范围之内。

注意：

①立意自定；

②文体自选；

③题目自拟：

④不少于800字。

【写前指导】

所谓捷径，是指走路时的近路，常用来比喻能较快地达到目的的巧妙手段或方法。

捷径，往往是由前人通过无数次不厌其烦的实践。加上长期积累的经验．才找到的一种解决方法的简便形式。

学习的捷径就是讲究方法；引进先进的技术手段是发展生产力的捷径；强化体制是提高效率的捷径。

捷径往往被人误解，被人利用。有人把投机取巧当作捷径；有人把制似售似当作生财捷径；有人把不做实事，做表面文章，虚报成绩．送红包等当作升官的捷径……这样的捷径只能让人走上歪路，斜路，最终害了自己。

基本格式

格式：辞职申请通常由标题、称谓、正文、结语、署名与日期五部分构成。

It’s my great pleasure to have this opportunity to improve our mutual understanding. During the three –year college study， I tried my best to learn all kinds of knowledge， and weigh the hard work of my teachers and myself; I have mastered English listening， speaking， writing and reading skills.

(一)标题

在申请书第一行正中写上申请书的名称。一般辞职申请书由事由和文种名共同构成，即以“辞职申请书”为标题。标题要醒目，字体稍大。

最后要强调的是，不是所有的人都会去选择这种规范的请辞的方式，但是，在结束一段工作经历的时候，尝试着写一份精彩的辞职报告递交上去。也许，自己会从中得到很多意料之外的收获。

(二)称呼

一 叙述对方对自己或本单位的帮助，一定要把人物、时间、地点、原因、结果以及事情经过叙述清楚，便于组织了解和群众学习。

要求在标题下一行顶格处写出接受辞职申请的单位组织或领导人的名称或姓名称呼，并在称呼后加冒号。

(三)正文

正文是申请书的主要部分，正文内容一般包括三部分。 首先要提出申请辞职的内容，开门见山让人一看便知。 其次申述提出申请的具体理由。该项内容要求将自己有关辞职的一一列举出来，但要注意内容的单一性和完整性，条分缕析使人一看便知。

最后要提出自己提出辞职申请的决心和个人的具体要求，希望领导解决的问题等。

(四)结尾

结尾要求写上表示敬意的话。如“此致——敬礼”等。

(五)落款

辞职申请的落款要求写上辞职人的姓名及提出辞职申请的具体日期。

写作要求

1.态度恳切、措辞委婉。

2.不要批评对方。

有时候就觉得自己是个高级打杂工，真的太杂了，杂到我现在已经搞不清楚我自己能干什么，想干什么，我现在对自己的职业定位和前程也是一片迷茫。所以，我现在想休息一下，为自己的将来好好打算一下，重新规划自己的职业和人生。

3.含蓄性。

4.简洁性。

写作方法

第一段：写出辞职的心理(当然不一定是真的)，你可以写一些客套的句子。例如：经过多方面的考虑，我打算辞掉目前所从事的职位……，或者：因家中变故，我打算申请辞去我现在的工作。因此整个第一段可以这么写：

尊敬的人力资源经理：

您好!

表现个人特色。求职的信件要具个人特色、亲切且能体现出专业水平。切不可过于随意，也不能拘泥于格式——商业信函应该是一种既正式、又非正式的文体。句子结构和长度应富于变化，使阅信人总保持兴趣。内容、语气、用词的选择和对希望的表达要积极，应该充分显示出你是一个乐观、有责任心、有创造力和通情达理的人。

经过深思熟虑地思考，我决定辞去我目前在公司所担任的职位，我知道这对于您来说，是非常难以作决定的事情。

第二段：说明您自己考虑的辞职的时间(尽管您提出辞职经公司同意后，公司的人力资源部将按照固定的离职日程办理离职手续，但这样说并不是画蛇添足，大多数情况下，你都能够争取到提早离开的时间)。

例如：

我考虑在此辞呈递交之后的2—4周内离开公司，这样您将有时间去寻找适合人选，来填补因我离职而造成的空缺，同时我也能够协助您对新人进行入职培训，使他尽快熟悉工作。另外，如果您觉得我在某个时间段内离职比较适合，不妨给我个建议或尽早告知我。

第三段：说明您在这个公司里的经验积累，尽可能地去赞扬公司对您的栽培(不论您有多么大的委屈和气愤，都不应该在辞职信里表露)。

例如： 我非常重视我在“……公司”内的这段经历，也很荣幸自己成为过“……公司”的一员，我确信我在“……公司”里的这段经历和经验，将为我今后的职业发展带来非常大的利益。

最后，请务必使用亲笔签名，而且签名要尽量刚劲，并写好日期。

其他能力和爱好，即Interests&Skills，这一项里面的Skills有很多含义，比如说你的语言能力，第二外语语言能力，计算机能力，计算机语言能力等等。

文章摘要:本文章的主要内容是关于低年级写作训练初探，欢迎您来阅读并提出宝贵意见！

“写作是运用语言文字进行表达和交流的重要方式，是认识世界，认识自我，进行创造性表述的过程，写作能力是语文素养的综合体现。”语文课程标准中的这段话充分说明了写作在语文教学中的重要性。

“对写话有兴趣，写自己想说的话，写想象中的事物，写出自己对周围事物的认识和感想……”。语文课程标准明确地指出了低年级写话的目的和要求。但在以往的教学过程中，一、二年级过于注重基础知识教学，写作都被定格在从三年级开始。学生们在转入写作训练的过程中往往很难适应，形成了三年级“要写作文”这道难关，而且因此造成不少学生的畏难情绪，表现出较明显的语文学习兴趣减弱、不爱看课外书、不爱上语文课特别是作文课等等。

一、二年级的学生识字用字不多，观察能力、思维能力、语言组织能力、表达能力不强，能不能够进行写作练习呢？进行写作训练又从何着手呢？能不能用写作来促进学生学习语文的兴趣呢？

通过两年的实践，我深深地体会到，在低年级进行写作练习，不但容易取得明显的成绩，有助于培养学生易于动笔、乐于表达的愿望，更能引导学生关注现实、热爱生活，表达真情实感，从而激发并保持他们对语文的学习兴趣，提高他们的语文综合素养。

一、激发学生写作的兴趣，营造良好的写作氛围

兴趣是学生学习最好的老师。在一年级的上期，学生们通过汉语拼音和常用字的学习后，能够用拼音加汉字的方式表达出自己的想法，这就是学生萌发了表现自己和表达认识的愿望，顺理成章地就有了较好的写作兴趣基础。

孩子们经常把他们的画送给我，并在上面写上一句话，如“老师，你好”，“送给老师的画”，并以能得到老师的会心一笑为荣。学生送的画得到多了，我不由心动：如果让他们都愿意把写上自己想法的画送给老师，岂不是一举多得！于是，我班的语文作业就经常变成了画画，但是必须在画上写“一句话”，不会写的字可以写拼音，可以问老师、同学、家长，可以到书上去找，可以。孩子们出奇地喜欢这样的作业，都想把自己美丽的图画送给老师，画中的“一句话”也越来越丰富。如“这是我的家”，“我和明明一起玩皮球”，“我喜欢爸爸妈妈”等等，我选择了其中一些画、话均美的贴在教室，孩子们的兴趣更高了，争着参观、比较，有的暗下决心，争取自己的作品能有上墙的机会。

有了这样自由、轻松的学习空间，学生们乐于动笔表现自我的愿望更加强烈。在经过较长时间的学习后，我慢慢地把作业换成了只写“一句话”，让他们想写什么就写什么，要求只有一个：不会写的字还是可以写拼音，、问别人。于是有的孩子慢慢地写出了“我爱妈妈，我爱爸爸”，“我今天回家把作业做好了才出去玩的”，有的写“我看见小燕子在天空中飞来飞去”，“今天，我看了猫和老鼠的动画片”。这里面，很多字是用拼音代替的，也有错字别字，甚至有的根本就没有标点符号，初看起来是一头雾水，但用心一揣摩才明白：这是他们用自己的方式表达出了所认识的大千世界呀！

在进入二年级以后，学生掌握的字词更多了，表现事物的形式也是多种多样，这时，再让他们随意写话就容易让他们失去写作的动机。因此，恰当的命题或半命题作文加上自由写话成为写作的基本形式，记实加想象成为写作的主要方法。如编童话故事，教师给出主要人物或关键词、故事开头等，不限中心，不限情节，让学生自由发挥，学生们更能展开想象的翅膀，写出许多文质均美的作文来。有一次，我以“大树和小草”为题让学生自编童话或寓言，不少学生写出了许多让人意想不到的故事，其中古佳玉同学的一篇《大树和小草》还在《作文评点报》上了发表；再如写景的作文，教师带领学生去实地观察后，让他们在充分进行口语交际的基础上写作，并展开合理的想象。有一次，学生们观察了校园雾景后，写出了景色与想象合理结合的作文，姚明亮同学的《雾》还在《少年先锋报》上发表了。

二、充分利用教材，在感悟中学会写作

低年级语文课标教材中，有很多优美的文章和词句，如《柳树醒了》、《四季》、《春雨的色彩》、《两只鸟蛋》、《找春天》、《秋天的图画》等。在阅读教学中，通过对优美词句文章的反复朗读、背诵，学生能够对这些词句有了自己的感悟，转换成自己的理解。感悟词语如“软和”、“欢唱”、“五颜六色”、“多彩”……感悟句子如“春雨，像春姑娘纺出的线，轻轻地落到地上，沙沙沙，沙沙沙……”，又如“噢，画个彩色的。因为春天是个多彩的季节。”学生在自己的思维中，已经感悟出了具体的表象，并把这些表象和抽象的词句结合，词句的语言色彩立刻就形成了丰富的形象，好像这些词句就活生生地展现在眼前一样，这个时候，老师只需稍加点拨，孩子们就完全能够正确的学会并运用这些优美的词句。而学会使用标点符号更是通过对课文朗读时停顿的感悟，让他们学会如何使用“句逗”的。有了这些日积月累的词句和从感悟中形成的形象，学生进行写作时就感到从容而更有语言多了。

在教学完《柳树醒了》这课后，孩子们纷纷开动脑筋，有的说：春天来了，小草醒了，小花醒了，小河醒了，小动物们也醒了。七嘴八舌，乱成一团，我急中生智：马上用笔写下来，并仿照儿歌，写出你们眼中的春天。孩子们立刻安静下来，全心地投入到写春天的世界里去了。在教学《乌鸦喝水》和《司马光》后，学生们早就有了自己的办法，我也就顺理成章地让他们写出来，形成了一篇篇充满童心童趣的答卷。在教学《我为你骄傲》后，根据课文内容，学生们自己学会了写便条，清楚地写明了事情的经过并真诚地道歉。

三、发掘生活中的情趣，把语文和生活用写作紧密结合

课程标准指出：写作教学应贴近学生实际，注重培养观察、思考、表现、评价的能力，要求学生说真话、实话、心里话，不说假话、空话、套话……减少对学生写作的束缚，鼓励自由表达和有创意的表达。其实，不论是识字、阅读，还是口语交际、写作训练，学生都是从生活中积累经验，再到书本中探索真知，最终还是要回到生活中去实际应用。学生每天要从生活中获取大量的信息：与父母、同学的交谈对话；从电视上、校园甚至小食品袋上接触大量的字词等等，这些都是生活中的语文知识，但儿童的心理特征反映出他们并没有把这些和大脑中贮存的书本知识一一对应起来，只有通过老师的指引，才能唤起他们的有意注意。因此，要想充分利用生活这个大课堂，需要老师随时注意树立生活中到处有语文的大语文观。

我在语文教学中，经常有意识地带领学生到校园、街道中去寻找学生认识的字，经常让学生自由朗读《少年先锋报》或课外读物上的短文，更多的时候是和他们一起讲故事、看课外书、猜谜语、做字词游戏、去春游和野餐……孩子们都喜欢这样的活动，喜欢在生活中有意识地寻找课堂上学过的和没学过的语文知识，更喜欢把每一次活动中见到的学到的用“一句话”真实地记录下来。有的写道“星期天，我在田边找到一只小蝌蚪，全身黑黑的……”有的写道：“老师带我们到田野里找春天……啊，春天真美呀！”有的写道“我有两个好伙伴，我们经常互相帮助……”“美国用导弹开始打伊拉克了……我真想帮助伊拉克的孩子们呀！”就在这一次次的生活实践和语文实践中，孩子们用他们的语言，用他们的眼光描绘了这个多彩的世界，表达了自己真实的情感。

四、不断激趣，用写作促进学生语文素养的提高

低年级学生兴趣培养需要不断得到巩固。学生的“一句话”写多了，问题也出现不少。如标点符号的正确使用，方言与书面语的辨正，写话内容的单一等等，这些都是小学生固有心理特征在写话中的反映，老师就要经常用各种手段来调动并保持他们写作的积极性，才能做到有始有终，把“一句话”坚持写好。

我针对不同问题采取不同的方法。有时用当小老师的来纠正错别字和标点符号；有时用当小翻译来区别方言和普通话；有时拟定专门的题目让学生写命题作文；每到假期时给他们介绍一些如《安徒生童话》、《伊索寓言》、《成语故事》、《唐诗三百首》等课外读物，让学生大量阅读，开拓视野，积累知识；有了好的作品，我还积极向报刊杂志推荐。两年来，有不少同学的习作在《少年先锋报》、《作文评点报》、《学语文》等报刊上登载出来，看着自己的作品登上了报纸，学生的兴趣更大了。我还在班上办了一份《我们学语文》的小报，并定期张贴在教室，并鼓励他们尝试分组合作，办出自己的手抄报来。自己写的“一句话”，摘抄的儿歌、谜语，收集的资料、图片，剪辑的新闻组成了一张张他们值得骄傲的“报纸”，虽然稍嫌稚嫩，但这却使他们从中学会许多书本上学不到的知识，受益匪浅。

两年来，孩子们最愿意上的课就是语文课，最愿意做的作业就是写“一句话”，他们愿意在一句话中表达自己对事物的感受，表达自己的喜怒哀乐……这“一句话”已经不再是只有一句简单的话了，而发展成为一段话、两段话。很多同学能条理清楚地表述事情，很多同学能灵活地运用积累的词句，很多同学能真实地抒发出自己的感情，还有的同学敢于把自己的习作向报社投稿呢！在语文学习中，作文是一个难点，有了从低年级起写“一句话”的良好的开端，学生对语文的兴趣已不只局限于书本当中，局限于枯燥的字词练习当中了，将来的写作对他们来说，我想应该不会是一个很难的问题吧！

内容概括：这篇介绍了关于低年级写作训练初探，希望对你有帮助！

The famous novel "love life" was a sensation in Europe and America, and has been praised Lenin. Works to show the nature of the strong, brave and adventurous spirit of romance, "To Live" strong will to attract me deeply, is excited about reading. This novel, by Jack London with great artistic strength to calm a soul-stirring account of the life and death struggle of the story, showing how to love life to help overcome the death of a person; Despite the Cross, the sick, exhausted, still in In the struggle to keep up with bare hands in the back of a uniform E Lang, and the world of ice and snow through the wildernestruggling to come to the beach, was finally rescued by a whaler.

The tragic story, vividly demonstrates the great human and strong. Full display of the depths of human nature Moments, and vivid descriptions of a lifes tenacity and strong, struck up a tenacious hymn to life, the spirits can be described as awesome.

Life itself contains enormous potential energy. Sometimes life is very fragile moment, it may come to naught; life, but sometimes unusual strong, so strong was amazing. This allows you to power in the face no matter what, even if you swallow is the wild, wild animals, or hunger, disease, and will support you bravely overcome it. And behind the scenes support life, the energy is no doubt that conviction. As long as the hearts of survival is also the belief that they do not easily give up their lives, On the other hand, love life, it is necess

游记，是中学生感到最难写的一类作文，因为随着游程的行进，耳闻目睹的情景不胜枚举，很难将材料组织得当，往往写成流水账。如何将自己的游程清清楚楚、有详有略的记叙？如何避免将游记写成景点介绍？这些都是我们今天要谈的问题。

国庆长假你是否游历了祖国的名山大川？是否踏访了华夏的文明古迹？是否流连于桂林的山水中？是否沉醉在丽江的灯影里……旅游，丰富了我们的生活，增长了我们的见识。当我们结束愉快的旅程后，烦恼接踵而来。父母和老师往往不会让我们“白”游一场，写篇作文当作“总结”与“汇报”常常成了旅游的“附件”。

最让大家头疼的是旅游涉及的时间长，景点多，如何才能写得不像流水账，又有自己的特点呢？

首先是“舍”。只有学会舍弃，才能有重点的描写。景点太多，一一赘述很难做到详细、具体。只有突出最有特色的地方才能写出特点，写清游历的情况。例如，你到云南旅游，一路走来，昆明的石林、大理的洱海、丽江的古城，还有玉龙雪山，处处皆景。你必须忍痛割爱，选择其中的一个作为写作的重点，其他最多用一两句话带过。只有这样你才能把游历的情况说清楚。

其次是“短”。这个“短”，不是指的篇幅短，而是指文章涉及的时间跨度要短。不要从出发开始写，一直写到全天的游程结束。这样无端生出的枝节会很多，烦扰了自己的思路。就从你到达这个景点写起，写到景点游览结束。时间的集中会有助于你更好地组织材料，突出景点的特色。

再次是“真”。这一点是同学们最容易忽略，也是最能体现写作水平的。很多人以为写游记就是把景点的情况告诉别人。其实不然。游记，就是游历的记录，更强调了自己独特的游览感受。游览同一个地方，大人和孩子的感受会不同，男生和女生游览的感觉也有差异。怎样将自己的独特感受表达出来呢？那就是将自己游览过程中的“发现”写出来。这些发现可以是“摸一摸”“闻一闻”“听一听”“找一找”，甚至是“猜一猜”，也就是把你游览时的所见、所做、所闻、所思写下来。游记最忌讳的就是通篇景物描写，有了自己的活动出现在游览的过程中那才是属于你自己的游览经历。

最后是“趣”。旅游之所以能吸引人，首先就是有趣味。那么，你的游记也要把你在游历过程中感受到的趣味表达出来。这种“趣味”的内涵很广：可以是放肆的玩耍，可以是悠闲的漫步，可以是滑稽的场面，亦可以是别样的风俗……只要是觉得有意思的就不妨多写两笔，把自己的快乐和大家分享！

掌握了以上“四字”要诀，估计再提笔写游记你就有了一些头绪了吧？

最后还有一个很重要的事情要交代：任何游记，对于景点的环境描写是必不可少的部分，这里可要写得细致生动哦。

如实地写好一个人的动作,才能够把人物写活。那么，如何写好人物的动作呢？以下是小编搜索整理一篇写作方法：如何写好人物的动作，欢迎大家阅读!

翘起”的微笑，而一个爽朗的人笑得时候是“咧开嘴巴，露出牙齿”的开怀大笑。

第二点，人在不同情景、环境中，行动的特点更是不同的，更需要注意准确用词。

比方说，你在饭后散步时的“走”和上学要迟到时的“走”是一样的吗？肯定是不一样的。你在平时喝水时，可能是“拿起杯子，把杯子凑到嘴边，一仰脖，喝一口。”而当你渴极了或者是时间紧急的时候，你会怎样喝水呢？肯定是“一把抓过杯子，凑到嘴边，一仰脖，‘咕咚’灌下一大口”，你看，同样是你这个人，同样是喝水，因为情境不同，表现出来的动作不同，所选用的动词肯定也是不一样的。

提醒同学们一定要注意，在描写人物行动时，务求做到“准确”二字--抓住人物行动的特点写，抓住人物在特定情境中行动的特点写。这样才能把人物的动作写准确，把人物写活。有这样一个故事：有个哑巴去商场买剪刀，他不能说话，无法用语言告诉服务员自己要买什么。于是，他就伸出自己的右手，伸出食指和中指当作剪刀，并且上下动动，好像是在剪东西的样子。服务员一看就明白了这个人要买剪刀。同学们想一想：哑巴没说话，服务员是怎么知道的呢？其实很简单，因为这个人通过自己的动作来说话。

哑巴买剪刀如此，我们写作文也是这样。作文时我们把人物的一举一动细致描写出来，写出人物具体动作，那么所写的人物形象就会跃然纸上，活起来。

一提到动作描写，肯定要准确运用动词。比方说，表示“看”这个动作的词语就有“瞄”“瞟”“盯”“瞥”“端详”等，我们在写人物动作的时候，就不能总是“我看了一眼”可以根据当时的情况，写成“我漫不经心地瞟了他一眼”或“我死死地盯着他”。这样，通过准确运用动词，就能把人物的动作写得准确、具体、鲜明。

准确运用动词，同学们都能做到。但是有些同学就会有疑问：李老师，我用了动词了，为什么写出来还是不具体呢？比方说，我写“她举起了手”，可我们老师怎么还说我写的不具体呢？

其实，这位同学准确运用了“举”这个动词，已经能把人物的动作描述出来了，要想让描写更加具体，人物更加生动，李老师给大家介绍一些小技巧。

妙招一：动词+修饰语的方法

这种方法很简单，就是我们在描写人物的动作的时候，首先要准确运用动词，这是基础。然后在这个动词前或后加上表示“方向”“程度”“轻重”“快慢”“数量”的词语。

如：方向+动词--他高高地举起了手；我向右侧了侧身。

轻重+动词--老师轻轻地摸了摸学生的头；他的脚重重地踢在了墙上。

快慢+动词--厨师手里的菜刀飞快地舞动着；他一下子就跳了起来。

程度+动词--爸爸狠狠地打了小明一巴掌。

动词+数量--他向前跑了几步。

以上这些类的词语可以单独用，也可以结合在一起用。大家试一试，用这样的方法写出来是不是很具体呢？

妙招二：动作拆分法。

在介绍第二种方法之前，我们来做一个简单的动作--敲门，注意是“敲门”，而不是“拍门”或“推门”。这个动作看似简单，但要把它写好，其实包含着“大玄机”。

其实，再复杂、连贯的动作，都不是一下子就能完成的，在观察和描写时，如果把动作分解成若干步骤，一步一步仔细观察，并选择恰当的动词一步一步地描写，就不难把人物动作写具体了。动作拆分法，简单来说，就是把一个大动作分成几个连贯的小动作，用慢镜头的方式一一描绘出来。我们都知道，在传统的武打动作或电视的慢镜头中，往往把一种行为分解成若干个部分，或者是把一个大动作细化为几个小动作，然后分别对每一个部分、每一个小动作按一定层次具体展示或描写，使整个动作行为栩栩如生。

运用这种动作拆分的方法，“敲门”这个简单的动作可以分解为如下几个小动作：①走到门前②停下③举起（右）手④弯曲手指⑤敲门。准确地描述出这几个连续动作，组成流畅的句子，就能具体地写出人物“敲门”的经过了。

运用这种方法，“敲门”这个大动作，我们就可以写成一段话：他穿戴整齐地来到妈妈的门前，轻轻推了一下，门紧闭着，里面似乎有亮光。他迟疑地举起了右手，想了想，慢慢弯曲食指，轻轻地敲在门上，里面没有反应，又敲了三下，仍然没有动静。他鼓起勇气，又轻轻地敲了敲，还是没有人出来开门，他一下子愣在了那里。

同学们，运用这种动作拆分的方法，我们是不是一下子就能把动作写具体了呢？希望同学们在自己的作文中也能运用这种方法，让自己的文章更加具体。

今天，李老师只是告诉了大家两种方法，相信老师的这两种方法一定能帮助同学们轻松写动作，把动作写得更具体！

妙招三：准确运用词语

这里的“准确”，包括两层含义：一是体现人物特点，二是结合具体情境。这就要求在写人物动作的时候，避免使用那些“万能词”。什么是万能词呢？就是那些无所不能，多用途的词语。比方说下面的句子：

我走到门前。

我走到妈妈面前。

我走过去。

“走”就是一个万能词，还有“看”“拿”“吃”等等。这些词用起来看似没有任何问题，可以用来写人物的动作。但是要知道，这些万能词有时却是万万不能的，因为它们不够准确。

我们都知道，世界上没有完全相同的两个人，人物的性别、性格、年龄、身份不同，他们所表现出来的行动的特点也一定是不同的。所以，在描写人物动作的时候，要充分结合人物的性别、性格、年龄、身份等，要表现出人物的特点。

例如：一个家境富裕的孩子，他是把一块钱拿在手里。而一个贫穷的孩子，他会把一块钱攥在手里。

再如：一个腼腆的人，笑的时候是“抿着嘴，嘴角微微翘

考研英语应用文写作范文之感谢信感谢信

结构要点感谢信是就某事向收信人表示感谢的信件，分为三个部分：

1． 指出对方帮助自己的事情，表示感谢；

2． 展开叙述这件事；

3． 再次感谢，并可表示希望回报对方。

Suppose your were recommended by Professor Sun to get further education in Yale University last June and now you have been admitted by that university. Write a letter to Professor Sun to express your gratitude in about 100 words. Do not sign your own name, using “Li Ming” instead.Dear Professor Sun,

I am writing to extend my gratitude to you—without your help I would not have been a postgraduate student of Applied Mechanics Department of Yale University.

Last June, you helped me with no reservation when I applied for Yale University. You wrote a recommendation letter for me to Professor W, the dean of the department. You gave me instructions on how to fill the application forms and write the application letters. Whats more, you also taught me how to take care of myself and get along with others, which I believe are lifes great lessons.

Your help enabled me to fulfill my dream to pursue my studies in a great university. In the following days I will remember what you have told me and work and study hard to be a capable, conscientious and responsible person.

Yours truly,

Li Ming

感谢信

语言注意点感谢信应充分表达自己的谢意，切不可给对方草率的印象。可借助谈对方的帮助来进一步表达感激之情。言辞应真挚、得体。

Suppose you were taken good care of by Aunt Sun when you pursued your studies in Los Angels where Sun lived. Write a letter in about 100 words to extend your appreciation. Do not

sign your own name, using “Li Ming” instead.Dear Aunt Sun,

It is a great pleasure to extend my sincere gratitude to you for your hospitality and consideration while I pursue my bachelors degree at University of California.

As soon as I arrived in Los Angeles, you found me an apartment near my university. When I met with difficulties you often sent your daughter to help me and when I felt homesick you often talked to me patiently. You told me how to improve my efficiency in both work and study and how to get on well with teachers and schoolmates. Furthermore, you invited me to dinner on nearly every weekend.

Without your help, I would not have graduated with honors and found a satisfactory job back here in China. I know I can never repay you for everything you have done for me in the past four years, but you can be sure that I

Best regards.

Yours faithfully,

Li Ming ll never forget it.

本书从教学机智的角度为我们展示了一个个智慧的课堂生成，使我再次感受到课堂是一次次向未知方向挺进的愉快旅行，而不可能是死板的预设，正如文中“意外可以成为课堂的亮点”“让错误成为美丽，让课堂充满阳光”“多一点偶然，多一点精彩”，小学英语教学精彩片段和课例赏析读后感。而如何面对偶然，如何巧化矛盾，如何积极引导……都是对老师良好的教学素质、先进的教学理念和优秀个性品质的良好体现。台上一分钟，台下十年功，只有在平时的教学实践中多思索多反思，敢实践敢创新，才有让自己真正拥有过人的教学机智。

精彩教学全景赏析从不同的课型出发：新授课和复习课，语法教学、阅读教学、书面表达教学和故事教学。为我们呈现由一个个精彩教学片段所组成的一堂完整的、扎实的英语课，老师们都能站在整堂课的高度来进行教学设计和安排教学活动，与学生们一起创造了一堂堂好课。

好书如挚友，一朝拥有，便会天长地久伴陪着你，随时准备在你需要的时候敞开胸怀，和你作心灵的对话，给你启迪，增加你的信心，拓展探索的视野，让你警醒自身的不足。

[读后感小学英语教学精彩片段和课例赏析

近段时间，针对同学们在写作方面存在的问题，我调整了自己的教学方法和评价方法，极大的激励了孩子们的写作积极性。

第一，引导学生从生活中的琐碎小事选材。生活本身就是由琐碎小事构成的，像一家人坐在一起吃饭，上学时受到老师批评，路上看见一件奇怪的事情，和同学发生一点儿矛盾……这些都是琐事，其实 ，像盖房，结婚，考上大学等等发生在我们身上的大事、正事本来就是有限的。我们在引导学生写作时，应该着重引导他们注意从生活琐碎里边选材，把这样的小事写活，写细，达到以小见大突出主题的目的，文章自然就生动有趣了。我们在写作“自己身边的亲情故事”时，我注重引导孩子们从身边发现和挖掘素材，写出了不少令人满意的作文。 陈志豪同学写的《藏在鸡蛋里的爱》，叙述了和爸爸一起吃饭时把碗里的荷包蛋“撬”到爸爸碗里，又被爸爸“撬”回来的小事，体现了父子之间的深深的爱，语言简洁生动，读起来却真实感人。

第二，引导学生抓住镜头描写，动静结合， 让人物活起来。

平时写作时，很多学生的文章总是平平淡淡，缺少感染力，究其原因，大多是因为在写人叙事中构思不成熟，行文中人物的内心活动或事件的关键之处没有来得及展示就匆匆结束了。为了让文章有味道，我们有必要培养学生掌握好写作的节奏，设法捕捉住闪亮的瞬间，让作文在应该慢的节点上慢下来，精心打造细节，使其产生感染人的效果。

作为一种描写方式——动静结合，就是把人物静态时的外貌特点和行动时的动作特点，有机地结合起来写，从而逼真地反映人物的性格特点 ，让人物真切、立体地“活”在读者面前。描写人物静态，应从人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、姿势或某个局部的特写等方面，选择最能反映人物个性特点的地方来描写。中小学生作文描写人物静态的最多见的弊病是“千人一面”，不管男女老幼，写眼睛就是“大大的炯炯有神”，写眉毛就是“弯弯的像个月牙”，写面部就是“一笑两个小酒窝”。因此“抓个性”是静态描写的最重要的一环。 描写人物动态，要在平时观察的基础上，找出最能反映人物性格特点的动作来描写。写出人物动作时的个性化，写出人物动态时的神情、姿态和气质。我们作文时，容易偏重于人物的对话而忽略人物的动态描写。其实，动态也是最能反映人物性格特点的。所以动态描写一般要关注人物的举手投足、神情变化等。采用动静结合法描写人物，要做到静态特点和动态特点的自然统一、水乳交融，从而把人物写生动、写真实，从而使文章产生感人的力量。作文中写人物的机会很多，掌握了动静结合法，你笔下的人物很容易“活”起来。

第三，培养学生酝酿感情，让自己处于感动中，写出来的文章才能感动人。最动情的东西，都是自己所亲身经历的，有真实体验，有真切感受，能够写得见人见物见精神的东西。要做到灌注真情，以情驭文，就要于提笔前酝酿感情，一遍遍再现人物与生活情节，让自己处于激情洋溢之中，处于对人物的感动之中（有时，这种感动会使自己不觉间热泪盈眶）。此时，心中自会生发出写的冲动。自己在感动中动笔，那份感情就会随着文字而流淌在字里行间。同时，正是因为自己处于感动之中，写起来也就会格外得心应手，容易一气呵成。这种感情的酝酿，即使应试作文也不能例外。我们班同学写作《老师，我想对您说》时，我流着眼泪告诉他们：和你们朝夕相处整整两年的我，因为不能胜任现在的工作，下个星期不再教你们语文课了，今天是与你们相处的最后一天……全班同学都很难过，结果是每个人都写出了两年来最真挚感人的文章。

文章不是无情物。一篇让人喜爱的好文章，往往渗透着作者真挚浓厚的感情。很多人写作，主要是心灵受某种情感的冲击，这种情感自然就会流动于笔端。 我们常说：拥有真情，才能拥有感动，只有渗透着泪与笑的文章才会获得真正的生命，才具有震撼读者心灵的力量。

第四，提高批改时的档次 ，用表扬激励参与的积极性。无论是大人还是孩子，都喜欢正面的评价和表扬。尽管我们都知道：“忠言逆耳利于行”的古训 ，可总还是抑制不住喜欢赞美之词。虽然在批改作文时需要我们找出学生存在的问题 ，但是，老师应该尽量戴上放大镜去寻找文章中的优点，大到文章的构思，小到遣词造句，只要有长处，老师就要毫不吝啬的指出来。孩子们最愿意看到的不是你的挑三拣四，而是你对他的赞赏。所以我在批改作文时总是有意提高打分的档次，极大地鼓励了孩子们的写作热情。

现在，我们班的学生不再谈作文变色了，他们最喜欢的事是拿到自己的作文本，看我的圈点批注，总是欢喜之情，溢于言表。“兴趣是最好的老师”，大家都乐意做的事情，怎么会没有进步呢？