中招英语写作技巧最新精选20篇

对于作文来说，写好作文开头尤为重要。因为老师阅读时首先看的便是第一段，小编收集了记叙文开头写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

俗话说：“万事开头难。”对于作文来说，写好作文开头尤为重要。因为老师阅读时首先看的便是第一段，所以写作文时一定要写好第一段，紧紧抓住老师的目光，让老师不由自主地随着你的思路走。有人用“凤头猪肚豹尾”一句来形容一篇好文章，那如何才能绘好这个“凤头”呢?

一、教你几招，学一学：

1、开门见山，直接入题。

叙事为主的记叙文，一开始就可以点明事情发生的时间、地点和有关背景;写人为主的记叙文可直接交代人物或通过对人物肖像、对话、行动等方面的描写，直接入题。例如：

(1)唐老师病了。快放晚学时，同学们都难过地坐在自己的座位上。教室里如同死水一般寂静。(《真情》)

(2)她叫王芳，我读五年级时的班长。尽管我俩分别一年多了，但班长的轶事依然历历在目，难以忘怀。(《有这样一位好班长》)

(3)父亲抡起锄头，画了个满圈，“嘭“，一个土块碎了。“爸，我回来帮你吧!”憋在心里的话终于吐了出来。漂亮的弧只画了一半，锄头遵循着牛顿第二运动定律，飞向前了。(《父亲的爱》)

(4)那天，鲜花店门口贴了一张大红告示：母亲节预定鲜花。哦!母亲节快到了，我该为母亲准备节日礼物了。(《母亲节的礼物》)

2、写景状物，渲染气氛。

文章的开头从写景状物入手，展示人物活动的环境或交代故事发生的背景，渲染气氛，以此烘托人物，展开故事。如：

(1)花开的季节，到处芬芳飘香，而我却无心观赏，因为此时我失去了同窗好友——强。(《同窗好友》)

(2)太阳落山了，昏黄的光晕渲染了半边天，我寂寞地趴在阳台上。窗外那棵老杨树上，不知名的大鸟仍在不知疲倦地喂食它的小宝贝。它那绿豆般的眼睛温柔而慈爱地注视着意欲飞出温巢的小鸟。这画面，这眼神，让我想起了母亲……(《面对母亲的目光》)

(3)教室外，呼啸着的北风挟着密集的雨点扑打在墙上，“嚓、嚓”地响。教室里，一场全能竞赛考试进行到了白热化的阶段。(《心中筑起一堵墙》)

3、抒情议论，确定基调。

用几句恰当的议论抒情做文章的开头，或感染读者，或点明主旨，领起下文。如：

(1)伴着年关噼里啪啦的鞭炮声，踩着原野初融的残雪，你姗姗走来，明眸含情。你用爱的温馨，使我腊黄的脸庞泛起红晕;你用爱的吟唱，唤醒我迷茫的信念。我，不再忧郁、沉闷、彷徨，也不再坐等、观望、祈祷，我要振作，寻觅、追回你以及你给我曾经编制过的那个七彩的梦幻!(《情寄春风》)

(2)生日是一根线，一头是我，一头是外婆;生日是一个圈，圈住外婆的笑，圈住我的记忆;生日是一条河，那匆匆的流水，把我的思念带到外婆身边。(《生日寄语》)

(3)爷爷是我最爱的亲人。我的童年是在爷爷那边度过的。是爷爷拉着我的手，教会我走路;是爷爷使我从小就懂得不少道理。我把爷爷看成自己幼年成长的拐杖。(《我爱爷爷》)

4、设置悬念，引出下文。

用悬念开头，能一下子抓住读者的心，激发人们的兴趣和思考，起到引人入胜的效果。如：

(1)是为了摆脱那饥寒交迫的日子，你才无可奈何地跳下悬崖?是为了免遭那被俘的耻辱，你才义无返顾地投落这峭壁?(《峭壁上的树》)

(2)朋友，你听说过鳄鱼是怎样哭泣的吗?你听说过猩猩吃人的故事吗?你知道外星人是怎么来到地球的吗?……哦，你摇头了。可别急，全是它——《世界奇闻怪事》告诉我的，它使我体会到了课外阅读的乐趣。(《课外阅读的乐趣》)

(3)我快要死了——

我躺在病床上，四周黑漆漆的一片，十分寂静，偌大的房间里，只能听得见我微弱的呼吸声。护士只有到吃药、打针的时候才会进来，而且很少和我说话。我已经习惯了，我不会有太多的抱怨，因为我知道我快要死了。我凝视着窗外，告诉自己要坦然面对死亡。(《感受生活之美》)

5、引用诗文或歌词，突现中心。

以诗文妙语、名言警句或歌词开头，既能激发读者兴趣，也能提高文章的品位。同时，也能揭示文章主要内容，突现人物、事件。如：

(1)“慈母手中线，游子身上衣。临行密密缝，意恐迟迟归……”读着这首脍炙人口的小诗，我的思绪不禁飘散开来，飘向那远在大山脚下守着几亩地辛勤劳作的母亲。(《母亲，你是我一生的感动》)

(2)“请把我的歌，带回你的家，请把你的微笑留下……”每当耳边响起熟悉的旋律，自己就好像遇见了多年不见的老朋友一样，感觉格外亲切。(《歌声与微笑》)

(3)“母亲啊，你是荷叶，我是红莲。心中的雨点来了，除了你，谁是我无遮无拦天空的荫蔽?”每当读到冰心女士讴歌母亲的这段话，我便不由自主地想起我那矮小瘦弱却独自一人挑负全家生活重担的慈母。(《母爱无边》)

6、对比映衬，烘云托月

这种开头通过对比或铺陈，能使要表现的内容在其他事物的烘托下显得更加突出、醒目，从而给人十分鲜明和深刻的印象。如：

(1)窗外阳光明媚，几只小鸟在树上欢快地叫着，但我却无论如何也打不起精神来，因为爸爸妈妈分居了，而且正在闹离婚，这对我是个莫大的打击。我要尽最大的努力使爸妈和好，因为我想有个完美的家。(《我想有个完美的家》)

(2)当你看到平坦的大地上傲然挺立的一排排生机勃勃的绿树，你也许回情不自禁地赞叹大自然那非凡的创造力。绿树是美好的，枯树也有其可爱之处，虽然它青春已逝，生命衰朽。(《枯树》)

(3)李商隐有诗曰：“夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏”，我惊讶于他的洞察力，然而，夕阳下互相搀扶的老夫老妻却是天底下最美的风景。(《最美丽的风景》)

总结：好的作文开头应做到：一简、二新，三美。“简”就是开头力求简洁、明了，不啰嗦重复。“新”就是开头不落俗套，新颖别致。“美”就是开头能给人以美感，如用生动形象的描写，或借助修辞，或引用诗文。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

记叙文写作是中考作文的“主打”文体，也是平时写作训练最重要的任务，而且许多考生也习惯于写记叙文，那么，中考满分作文记叙文写作技巧有哪些你知道吗？不知道的看下文：

技巧一：中心突出，立意深远

首先，立意必须集中而突出。即使需要使用较多的素材也只能统一在一个中心之下，这样才不会散而无主，不至于喧宾夺主。

其次，记叙文务必符合积极、健康、深刻、高远的立意要求。

其三，要善于从日常小事中发现深刻、有时代气息的主题，善于从事件的表面向深处挖掘，使主题变得深刻起来。

其四，运用对比可以让人物的形象更鲜明，事件的中心揭示得更深刻。如将美与丑、善与恶、强与弱、悲与喜对比，将人或事的前后变化对比，将不同的人对某人某事的态度对比等等。

另外，你也可以用环境描写来渲染气氛，暗示事件发展，衬托人物心情等，从而彰显主旨。如一篇《责任重于泰山》的作文。

作者先用“每个人都有着每个人的责任，责任重于泰山”作题记，然后分别用一、二、三作小标题，依次叙写了张老师出人意料地带病冒雪上课、检察长在战友(因救护自己而牺牲)儿子的判决书上签字前矛盾的思想斗争、县委书记为了泄洪抢险而顾大局舍小家决定炸除自己从小生活的村庄这三件事，说明了给学生上课是教师的责任、严格执法是领导者的责任、保护国家利益是所有公民的责任，从而使“不同的位置有不同的责任”的主旨得以凸显。

技巧二：详略得当，内容充实

选材要鲜活。即选构要真实、新颖、典型，从生活中捕捉精彩的典型素材，筛选出那些最高兴、最悲痛、最深刻、最难忘、最能打动人心、最能展现时代风貌的典型事件，或者概括提炼，或者放大细节，或者定格镜头，必能写出具有、独特个性、深刻感悟和超级感染力的佳作来。

情节通常包括事件的开端、发展、高潮、结局等几部分，如作文《一张贺卡》，作者以“贺卡”为线，围绕一个穷学生给老师“送贺卡”这件事展开生动描述，把“买贺卡”“送贺卡”“卖贺卡”三个场面一线串起，使文章曲折生动、感人至深;但在处理素材的详略时，却略写“送贺卡”，而把自己“买贺卡”前的思想斗争、老师“卖贺卡”后的感动心理浓墨重彩描述，这样就突出了一个正直、慈爱、善良的老师形象。

技巧三：情感真挚，叙中含情

在刻画人物时，要将真情实感融入到细致、生动的人物描写和事件叙述中去，人物有了真情实感便获得了鲜活的生命。可以通过细节描写、选用情感鲜明的词语、打造抒情语句来流露真情。例如《懂你，懂你》中描写丰富细腻、真挚感人。作者将“我”的深切感受、心理活动和母亲的动作、神态和语言描写结合起来，一个，心思细密、宽厚温和、体贴女儿的母亲形象跃然纸上。

技巧四：结构清爽，叙事生动

首先结构要完整，写人叙事要清晰。应善于运用前后照应、一线串珠等技法组织材料。其次叙事要生动，情节要曲折。叙事写人时可以使用前后对比法、设置悬念法、抑扬生变法、虚构科幻法等来使文章尺水兴波、妙趣横生。如一篇《我的这杯“苦咖啡”》的作文，作者分别以“麦田？烈日”“村边？夏夜”“小院?清早”“医院？黄昏”为小标题，按地点和时间变化为序依次描绘了四个生活场景，表现了作者和爷爷之间细腻深厚的祖孙情。这种以情为线的行文，立意、情感、事件以一贯之，极具结构美和情感美。

技巧五：个性人物，形象鲜明

写人记事的记叙文大多是通过塑造人物形象来揭示中心的。你可以通过个性分明的外貌、神态、服饰、语言、动作、心理等描写来展现人物的思想感情和性格特征。例如通过不同人物的语言便能体现出各自文雅有礼、粗鲁低俗、豪爽干脆、优柔寡断、风趣幽默、干巴木讷等迥异的性格。你也可以随着事件的发展或观察角度的变化，对人物进行多层次描写，或将正面描写与侧面描写相结合，特别要注意细节描写和概括描写相结合。

考场的高分作文，在有些考生看来则又是可望而不可及的。下面整理了一些高考作文的写作技巧，希望对大家有所帮助！

一、理顺强化内在逻辑

大考前，应该对自己曾写过的文章进行一次大的梳理。查看与反思一下，特别是是深入高三之后，自己写过的文章内部的思路、逻辑、层次、结构是否都合理，有什么不顺通之处吗，该如何改正呢?如果，上述问题基本做得还好，那么，还应该进一步想一想，有没有更佳的思路与表现的角度?在层次与结构上，还可再作那些完善与突破?

一篇考场佳作，需要把握好段与段之间的内部关系。每一文出，必有其内在的行文逻辑，此逻辑一定要顺达严整，合理自然，不偏不拗，不离不散。高分作文，非常重要的一点，便是文脉清晰，文理畅达。

二、牢固拓展写作内容

无论高考作文如何命题，一般而言，题目控制的是题旨，是方向，对于写作内容往往是不加干预的。择选恰切的自我熟悉的内容构思成文，这是考生的写作自由。这一特点，及体现了新课标的核心理念，也是作文成功备考的关键所在。作文命题的题旨与方向，考生一定是事前未知的，但无论怎样的题旨与方向，都需要充实有效的写作内容来支持;而充实有效的写作内容则一定需要考生提前准备，也必须提前准备。当然，这样的准备，不是讲考试的时候，简单的照搬照抄，考生需要依据题目的具体要求对自我写作内容进行恰当的取舍与整合;而取舍与整合的基础则必须是事先的充分拥有。

拥有，分为两步。一为牢固，一为拓展。高三作文备考，教师很重要的工作就是能够不断激发、牢固、拓展考生的写作内容。这是因为，在某种程度上讲：考场，时间紧，考生，阅历浅，在考场上写出有深刻思想内涵的文章实属不易。因此，高考作文思想内涵之争，就往往容易演化为写作内容之争。

高考写作内容的准备包括哪些重要的方面呢?择其要，概括为9类：生命发现、情怀依依、精神强度、艺术之光、万物有灵、中西对比、生活温度、质疑追问、民族文化。此9类，需要考生重点加以关注。

三、增强完善表达方式

我们常提及的5种表达方式记叙、议论、说明、描写、抒情，是对一个人具有较好表达能力的要求，作文备考过程中于此5种方式不容我们忽视。这5种表达方式，在写作运用中，考生朋友可以有所侧重，有所擅长，但应该有一个基本前提，那便是这5种表达方式应该基本都能运用，没有死结，没有盲点。

一些学校，在备考中，只练议论文;有的考生还错误地认为，议论文可以弥补自己语言表现力不足的问题。这些做法与想法都是有片面性的。选用怎样的表达方式，实际上是依据命题特点而定的，不好刻舟求剑。例如，上海卷曾有一个题目曰我想握住你的手，此题写成严正板直的议论文恐怕就不易。再如2011年重庆卷情有独钟，完全可以写成一篇有较为浓郁的抒情氛围的文字。特别是炼就高分作文，更应该达到5种表达方式均可运用得较为自如的程度。因为，表达方式的恰切选用，对于高考作文命题而言，才可以做到新颖独创，异军突起;而这一点恰好是成就高分作文最主要的一个原因。

在考试中你对作文有什么好的技巧呢，下面是小编整理的语文写作九大得分技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

这一点，所有的同学们一定要掌握明白了。任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

二、考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个段落为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行，写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。如果有必要，死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

三、开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看，一个开头就占太多的空间，阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

四、动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生，应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个，一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目，可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生，赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本，根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

五、作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法，合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法，解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，到时候就用得上。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

六、动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧，其实在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细写，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，如果时间紧张，提纲就要简练些。

七、想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了，我写的是什么文体，就按相应文体的写法来写。

八、适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文，最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》，其中的一些散文，结构是很好的，可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言，可以分别背个三五句，到时候直接抄上去就行了，这不算抄袭。关于国家大事，时事政治和要闻什么的，也要注意搜集一下。譬如，去年有奥运，今年是建国60周年，还有汶川地震的感人事迹等，都可以做考试作文的题材。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

九、篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，小升初作文要求都不低于500-600字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字，建议考生，争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右，留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多，肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练，作文打分就趋高不趋低。

一.概念

记叙文也称叙述文，是一种以记叙/叙述的手法来表述人物、事件的文体。常见的属于记叙文文体的作品有：故事、游记、通讯、新闻报道、历史、 人物传记、日记和回忆录等。记叙文大致可以分为两大类：以记人为主的记叙文和以叙事为主的记叙文。前者主要是对人物的经历、活动或者性格特征进行叙述;后者则是对某一事件的发生、发展过程和结果进行叙述。前者重在描述人物的活动，而后者则重在表述事件的发生发展过程。

二.六大要素

记叙文的写作要注意交待清楚六大要素，即时间(time)、地点(place)、 人物( character)、事件的原因(cause)、经过(process)和结果( effect)。

由于记叙文中所涉及的要素比其他文体相对要多、要复杂，所以整篇文章的结构安排就显得尤其重要，安排不合理就会使读者产生混乱的感觉。

记叙文的展开一般都是以时间为主线来组织所要叙述的内容，使读者对文章中的人物或事件有一个比较清晰的了解。记叙文的结构安排通常有三种形式:正叙、倒叙和插叙。正叙是英语叙述文中最常用的一种结构，即以人物出现、活动或事件开始发生的时间点作为记叙的起点，然后按照人物活动的展开、事件发生发展的自然顺序进行叙述。倒叙则是在文章的开头就交待人物活动或事件发展的结果。插叙这一结构在我们的英文写作中很少用到。

三.时态

记叙文讲述的大多是过去已经发生的活动或事件，因此用过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时)的作品比较多。但有时为了使文章显得更加真实、亲切和生动，也可以使用现在时态(一般现在时、 现在进行时、现在将来时、现在完成时)。

四.人称

记叙某个人物的经历、活动或某件事情的经过离不开叙述的主体，即 “人称”。记叙文中的人称大多采用第一人称或第三人称的形式。第一人称的叙述主观色彩较浓，可以增强文章的真实感，有利于表述细腻的情感和细节的过程;第三人称的叙述可以超越时空的限制，更加真实、客观地表述某一人物活动或事件的全过程。

无论采用第一人称，还是采用第二人称，都要保持全文叙述主体的人称的一致性。注意：句式尽量要多变，不要通篇文章的句子都以人称代词开头，否则文章会显得单调沉闷。例如: I loved the book first because of its beautiful heroine. Then I found it a romantic love story which greatly moved me. I now find that it is better taken as the growth story of a naive girl into a strong-willed woman. I realize that it is the essence of the book that attracts such big number of faithful readers.

这一段描述在用词、内容、逻辑上都不错，但过多地使用了以“I”开头的句子，使文章略显单调乏昧，给读者的印象大打折扣。

五.措辞与表达

在全国大学英语四级考试的各种作文体裁中，记叙文需要应试者具有更全面的语言技能与篇章组织能力。四级考试中常见的议论文和说明文分别要求语言的准确性和论证的合理性、可信性;而记叙文的语言则以生动、真实、 贴切为准则。同一个记叙文题目，不同的人会描述不同的人物经历或事件，又很少有固定的表达或句式可供参考，这时作者的综合语言水平就会表现出来，对能否取得高分起到了相当重要的作用。 这就要求考生平时要多注意语言的磨练和积累。

六.记叙文写作技巧

1. 仔细审题，明确主题，选准素材，罗列提纲。

2. 写好第一段

最好能采用一个复句并且用上几个四级水平的单词或词组。这样的文章开篇方式会使读者或阅卷人确信接下来的文章也一样精彩。

我们来看这样一段文章的开头:

The results of the college entrance examination came. I tore open the envelope. As soon as I saw the score，tears streamed down my face. I fell into my bed and did not get up the whole day. All was over. What is the meaning to live on earth? For the first time， I thought of death， of being a vagrant and of being single all my life. I was only seventeen. Wasn’t it cruel to me? My father was hurt and he could not stand it that his son was a disgrace. He was angry beyond words. My mother kept silent，and often I saw her in tears. Horror filled the house.

怎么样，你自己是否也被一种失落与绝望的气氛所笼罩，并且期待着看到作者接下来会做些什么呢?

3. 结构要清晰

下笔之前一定要对整篇文章的结构有一个完整的构想，作文的框架、主题和脉络是最重要的采分点。要清楚每一段要陈述哪些内容，这样不仅可以增强文章的逻辑性和可接受性，还可以使整篇作文的行文水到渠成，不会有凑字数的烦恼。

4. 尽量多使用表示转折、顺接、因果和时间的连接词

如first、second、moreover、for one thing…for another、on the one hand…on the other hand等。这样既可以显示语言功底，又增强了记叙内容的连贯性和生动性。

5. 文章不要写得太长

有的考生遇到触动自己内心情感的记叙文题目时就“一发不可收拾”，但由于时间有限，结果草草收尾，甚至没有结尾。四级作文毕竟是应试作文， 只要充分发挥出自己的英语语言水平，表述出所规定的内容就可以了。

6. 要多用四级词汇，要使句式多样化

没有语言错误并不是高分作文的保障(基本没有语言错误只是8分的基本要求) ;作文想达到11分以上，四级词汇和句型必须达到一定的比例。如，表示“重视”的词汇有stress，emphasize等，但选用短语attach importance to更能吸引阅卷人的注意;disagree和frown on sth. 都表示反对或不赞成，前者就平淡，后者表达意思很生动，更能引起阅卷老师的注意。

简单句和复合句合理搭配，长短句交替使用，会增强文章的节奏感，使描写更生动，给阅卷老师留下深刻印象。如：

(1) 名词化手段：用名词或名词词组替换一个句子或句子的主要部分，然后使这个名词或名词短语成为另外一个句子的组成部分，以达到合并句子的目的。如：

We were very much surprised. Mary refused the invitation.

We were very much surprised at/by Mary’s refusal of the invitation.

(2) 定语化手段：根据语义关系，可以把其中一句转换成形容词或形容词性成分、分词短语、定语从句等，如：

The winnerwas in no mood for speeches. The winner was hot and tired.

Thewinner，hot and tired，was in no mood for speeches.(转换成形容词短语) 7. 字迹清楚，卷面整洁。尽量不涂抹。 8. 最后的2—3分钟，进行修改检查。

检查的内容不是“大处着眼”，而是“小处着手”;不是考虑作文的框架结构，而是留心细枝末节。

导语：语文写作是当今很多小学生和家长最为头疼的问题，很多小学生写不好作文，也可以说不会写作文下面是小编收集的小技巧，请大家认真阅读!

一、联系生活 丰富选材

很多小学生不会写作文的主要原因是不知道该写什么，这主要是他们经历太少，没有材料可以选择的原因。我见过这样的小学作文，关于写暑假生活趣事的：我的暑假很有趣，每天都玩得很开心，我早晨和小朋友一起玩捉迷藏，玩累了就休息一会，接着玩，中午和小朋友玩跳皮筋，我很会玩跳皮筋，小朋友们都没有我玩得好，我很开心，下午我和小朋友们一起玩丢沙包，这个很好玩，大家都玩得很开心，我也高兴极了。 这样的作文在小学阶段见多不怪，很多小学生只会把自己一天中做过的事情罗列上去，而不知道如何把作文写好。针对这一问题，老师应该学会引导。比如说，在写一篇关于拔河比赛的作文之前，老师先带领同学们一起玩一个关于拔河比赛的游戏，让同学们亲身经历一下拔河比赛，当游戏结束后，老师再引导学生描述拔河比赛的场面，并引导学生说出参加拔河比赛的感受，通过学生的亲身实践去引导学生写作，这样学生才有话可说。

三、合理引导日记写作

勤锻炼方能写出好的作文，这是永恒不变的真理，只有勤加练习，才能熟练掌握写作技巧和方法，提高写作能力。在这方面，很多教师会选择写日记或周记的方式加强小学生的作文写作，但在具体实施时，还需要老师正确的引导。 很多小学生在写日记时也避免不了记流水账的思维模式，这时就需要老师的正确引导了。比如，大家爱吃妈妈做的菜吗?最喜欢吃妈妈做的哪道菜?为什么?大家写一篇日记和大家分享一下吧。老师可以通过这种提问方式，引导学生去描述一种食物，写出喜欢这种食物的原因，并具体描述这种食物的味道、色泽、形状、素材、做法等各个方面。

二、积累词语 丰富措辞

小学生在写作时还面临以下这个问题，很多小学生因为阅读量少，词语积累不够，即使头脑中有东西可写，但由于词语匮乏，无法表达出自己的真正意思，从而偏离写作目的。

针对这一现象，教师应该做的时尽量增加学生的词汇量，通过日常的词语积累增加词汇量，从而使学生不仅有话可说，而且有话说得出。例如，教师可以在课堂教学环节增加好词佳句和优美开头与结尾板块，让学生自主地去积累一些好词佳句与经典开头与结尾。

这些建议的最直观目的是促进小学生的作文写作，希望这些建议会对小学作文写作有一定帮助。

英语写作是中考学生的一个盲点，缺乏对英语写作的专门训练和反思，老师的工作量大，造成作文讲评大多数时候只谈现象，因此学生学得也不具体、不深入，忽略写作技能的提高，甚至误认为只要句子结构正确，无单词拼写错误就应该得满分。同学们应该走出对英语写作认识上的误区。那么怎样才能写出一篇优秀作文，而在中考中获取高分呢?下面是YJBYS网作文频道为大家整理的英语写作指导。

一、写作决窍

总体把握，要点齐全;人称时态，逻辑清楚;

关键词汇，动词第一;组词成句，结构完整;

组句成文，连词增色;此路不通，绕道迂回;

字迹工整，留好印象;从句适量，高分有望。

二、写作步骤

1.认真审题。审题包括要点、格式、词数以及此篇文章要传递给读者什么样的信息，告诫读者什么(即写作目的)。

2.确定文体和时态。确定文体后，根据不同文体的特点和要求进行组织材料;同时确定出该篇文章的总时态与时态的变化。

3.写完要点，但不随意发挥。

4.先草稿，后抄写。

三、习作点评

[2004年全国中学生英语能力竞赛初赛初三组] (14分)

Choose one of your hobbies and write an article for the school magazine about it. Tell the magazine readers.

·What exactly your hobby is;

·When and how you became interested in this hobby;

·Why you enjoy your hobby;

·About your hopes and plans for the future.

写作要求：

1.根据所提供的内容，适当拓展想象空间，灵活地将提供的信息体现在文章中。

2.条理清楚，语句通顺，书写清晰、规范。

3.词数60-80.

[高分突破]

①文体：记叙文。

②要点：what → when →how → why → hope and plan for the future.

③时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时的自然变化。

内容具有开放性，但它也是“控制性”的写作试题，因此不能随意发挥，要善于抓信息，写完要点。选用这两篇学生真实习作，一是因为他们选材相同，二是因为他们都是英语成绩优秀的同学。同学B灵活使用连词so…that，so，little by little，when，so that等，恰到好处地使用新句型和短语used to，became interested in，come true……等，使内容丰富，读起来优美流畅。其实这些表达同学A也会，只是缺乏技术加工。通过这两篇作文点评，同学们便能悟出其中的奥妙。

四、培养途径

1.根据老师布置的写作内容，独立完成一篇写作。

2.与同伴合作，交流自己的写作，通过交流找出各自作文中写得好的地方和优美的句子，合作创造一篇新的文章，供大家欣赏。

3.找老师点评，请求老师指点，尤其是怎样润色。

4.自己纠错，写下反思。

五、备考演练

A

缙云山是重庆著名的游览胜地，每天有大量的游客。请你根据下面提供的信息写一篇报道，说明现在的游客在环境保护方面的变化。

写作要求：

1.词数在100左右。

2.条理清楚，语句通顺。

3.开头已写好，但不计入总词数。

Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest …

B

阅读电视广告词：“If we don’t save water，the last drop of water will be a tear-drop.”根据提示，写一篇60-80词的短文。

提示：

1.生活离不开水。

2.可饮用水在减少。

3.水污染严重。

4.应保护水源，再利用水。

思路点拨与参考答案

A. [思路点拨]：

①文体：记叙文。

②时态：一般过去时态，一般现在时态。采用正反对比的写作手法，增加感染力。

③写作目的：告诉读者保护环境的重要性。

Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest.Every day a lot of tourists come here to enjoy its beauty. But a few years ago，some of them paid no attention to protecting the environment.They threw their rubbish，such as plastic bags，fruit skins and waste paper on the ground.Sometimes they broke trees，picked flowers and killed birds. Some even made fires in the woods to cook food.How dangerous it was.Luckily，great changes have taken place here.Tourists are used to putting their rubbish into dustbins，and they are doing their best to protect the birds and plants as well.They bring their own meals instead of cooking to prevent starting a forest fire in the mountains.All these changes make us very happy.

B. [思路点拨]：

①夹叙夹议(说明现状，谈谈感想)。

②时态：一般现在时态。

③广告词的含义——水很重要，应保护和再利用(写作意图)。

Water is very important to humans.We can’t live without water.The water we can drink is falling.But some people don’t seem to care about it.They waste a lot of water.They pour dirty water into rivers and lakes.Water pollution is getting more and more serious.So we must do something to stop the pollution.We not only protect the water but also find ways to reuse it.If we don’t do this，the last drop of water will be a tear-drop.

在语文课上，很多老师应该都强调过，作文在语文考试中占着举足轻重的地位。作文写作要掌握一定的技巧，这样大家写出的作文才能拥有亮点。

一、自信上考场

自信是写好作文的先决条件，相信自己就不会怯场，不怯场才能使自己的思维处于最佳状态，潜在的能力得以充分地调动。

二、按时写作文

150分钟的语文测试时间，应该留出60-70分钟的时间作文。时间充足，心中不慌，文思才会泉涌;否则仓促成文，难免丢三落四。

三、细心审题目

命题作文，审题时一定要抓住题目中的关键词语，并进一步展开合理的联想，才能真正把握题目的实质。材料和话题作文，要弄清楚在材料作文与话题作文中，命题者所提供材料的不同作用。在材料作文中，所提供的材料既是考生作文立意的出发点，又是归宿点。考生一定要读懂题干，做点分析，明确主旨，再去下笔，确保万无一失。

四、精心选文体

高考作文一般不限文体，这给了考生很大的选择文体的自由，考生应该掌握文体选择的基本原则：一是采用该话题更适宜的文体写作;二是采用考生本人更擅长的文体作文。自己擅长，行文才会得心应手、游刃有余。

五、心中有模式

考生心中要有文章的基本结构式：议论文，破题开篇+分析论证+结题收篇;供料议论文的基本结构式：引材开篇+析材明理+联材写事+点材收篇;写事记叙文的基本结构式：事件发生(清楚明白)+事件发展(生动曲折)+事件结局(含蓄启迪);写人记叙文的基本结构式：契入(用外貌、语言、环境、细节入题)+铺垫(简述几个事件)+高潮(详叙典型事件)+点化(用点睛的议论或抒情句收束)等等，上述结构式不是一成不变的，可以演绎出许多的变式来。

六、巧思出新意

为体现可写性的命题原则，高考的作文不管是命题作文，还是话题作文大多都是宽泛的。例如《责任》这样的题目，范围太宽，无从下笔，这样的题目就要去窄作。所谓窄作，就是对题目所涉及的内容进行修饰、限制，然后再针对被限制后的某个侧面扩大其内涵。若从“我们当代青年的责任”这个角度去写，可能就容易多了。

七、素材书中找

要写好一篇考场作文，除了掌握写作模式，还要有写作素材。当你在考场上因缺少素材而抱笔时，可别忘了你学过的语文课本!那里有你取之不尽，用之不竭的素材。

八、主旨要明确

高考作文主旨不要过于含蓄。由于时间的限制，阅卷老师不会慢慢地斟字酌句，所以如果写记叙文，不管叙事多么生动，也要在行文中适当地用一两句抒情或议论语句点明文章主旨，让阅卷老师一目了然;议论文力求事例简洁新鲜，说理充分，紧扣主旨。文章要实实在在，不要过于另类，在明示主旨的基础上，张扬个性。

九、首尾亮起来

开篇立论的好彩头，在第一时间抓住阅卷老师的眼球，是高考作文赢得高分的关键。而结尾的感染力和吸引力，同样是拿分的一大重点。

开头结尾都要精彩，开头和结尾的写作大有讲究。

一般来说，文章开头力求做到一简二美三有哲理。简，就是开篇语言简洁，直奔主题，使阅卷老师一目了然;美，就是开头的语言能给人以美感，或文采斐然，或意境深远，或情趣盎然，那么，必会打动阅卷教师的心;哲理，是一种深度，一种高度，如果都做到了，那效果肯定错不了。

高考作文由于受时间和字数的限制，开头最好采用“开门见山”的写法：或“落笔入题”，说明写作缘由;或“开宗明义”，揭示全文主题;或“言归正传”，快速开讲故事;或“单刀直入”，挑明论敌谬说。也可以采用“形象化”的写法：或描写环境，以引出人物;或抒发感情，以渲染气氛;或先叙故事，以引出深刻道理;或借诗词谣谚，以为叙事的开端。好的开头，新颖生动，引人入胜。

结尾的方法也很多：总结全文，以揭示主旨;展示未来，以鼓舞斗志;抒发情怀，以增强文章感染力;造语含蓄，使读者掩卷而思仍遐想不已。

十、行文如流水

在语言运用上，除平时要求外，还应特别注意要善于调动各种修辞手段，如比喻形象、对偶华美、排比蓄势、对照鲜明、反复强调、设问抑扬、反语讽刺、暗示等等。此外，长句短句错综搭配，雅句俗语相得益彰，也可使文章生色。

十一、字迹要清楚

高考语文试卷是网上阅卷，潦草的字迹、不洁的卷面有可能给阅卷人带来的不愉悦所产生的后果是可想而知的，如果字迹不清，丢失的可就不只是几分了。

作文是决胜高考语文的关键所在，把握作文拿分的技巧，是考生关心的问题。我们将考场作文经验归纳为：“心中有自信，笔下出好字;手头有材料，胸中有成式;不变应万变，妙手著文章”，同学们只要扎扎实实地按照这几步来做，作文得高分并不是一件难事。

一、关于任务驱动型作文题的认识

任务驱动型作文写作是201X年高考语文作文新出现的题型。旨在着重考查阅读能力、写作能力，特别是思维能力。要求学生读懂材料，在读懂的基础上按照任务指令作文，所以审题时的阅读能力和领悟能力要求较高。所以从能力划分角度看，作文题型可分为阐释型作文和任务驱动型作文。

与以往传统作文不同的是，任务驱动型作文写作具有一定的封闭性。写作目的、要求，更加明确、单一。考生在真实的情境中辨析关键概念，在多维度的比较中说理论证。如全国一卷要求考生给“女儿举报”事件相关方写信来入情入理地谈问题、讲道理，全国二卷要求考生在深入思考“当代风采人物”推选标准的基础上优中选优，都会引导考生就一个具体明确的要求来写作，从而更有效地规避套作和宿构，实现写作能力在应用层面的考查。

这种任务驱动型材料作文更能贴近社会生活；注重材料的启发和引导作用，更能体现学生分析问题、解决问题的能力；任务驱动型材料作文在角度、立意、文体和标题等方面，给考生留出更大的自主选择空间。

二、任务驱动型作文写作的解题思路

1、体式驱动——写成议论文

2、内容驱动----内容的规定

3、思维驱动----争议的焦点

4、对象驱动----对以上事情你怎么看

任务驱动型作文写作分为两部分，阅读材料审题和任务写作部分。要注意：

（一）阅读材料并要读懂材料。我们只有在掌握材料的范围、含意后才能进行写作，所以第一步阅读非常重要；

（二）任务驱动型作文写作要求考生去发表议论的主题，往往就是材料要揭示的某种主题。所以，考生可以从命题者给出的论题里找到中心词，关键语句，防止离题。

（三）往往这样的命题材料不止一个，所以要仔细分析材料间的异同，为写作做好准备。

（四）任务驱动型作文写作既然是先“读”后“写”，是读后有感而发，那么，“读的内容”和“感的内容”要有机地联系起来，开头要引述材料，后面要针对材料，联系写作任务而写作。

（五）就材料的范围而言、就写作任务而言是就事论事；就材料含意、行文中说理论证而言是就事论理。说理就是思辨，就要比较辨析，就要具体问题具体分析。

（六）写作任务是什么？一定分析透彻，否则累死也无功。

三、任务驱动型作文写作的应对策略

1．在阅读中培养感悟能力。任务驱动型作文写作要对材料进行分析理解，要求考生要理解材料，把握材料的主旨。因此，考生在平时的阅读训练中要有意识地去概括文章的内容要点或中心思想。提高认识能力。

2．扩大阅读面，积累素材。除了课程内的阅读，考生在平时要多阅读，尤其是要多读报，要多关注一些时事话题，如环保、教育、娱乐、科技等。而且，一般读了以后多少会有些感悟，那么一旦在写作中真的碰到这类题材，由这个材料引发议论就是很自然的事情了。在备考时，考生也可以把平时所做的阅读理解作为很好的素材库并积累一些相关话题。

3．培养理性思维。考生在上课时要积极参加各类话题的讨论、辩论等，在课间休息、茶余饭后、睡前闲聊等时间也要多与身边的人交流思想，对发生在身边的事情发表自己的看法和观点。同时也要留意他人对同一事物的看法。这样，评论就能做到有理有据，写作起来水到渠成。

4．进行大运动量的写作练习。俗话说，熟能生巧。只有经过不断的练习，才能培养出良好的写作习惯，流畅的表达能力。也只有这样，才能做到“下笔如有神”。特别要多写时评。

5．勤练书写，保证卷面整洁。考生一定要养成书写整洁的习惯，给人以美好的第一印象。

四、任务驱动型作文写作六法：

1、析材料 2、论危害 3、挖根源 4、提办法 5、联现实 6、作结论（作呼告） 常用结构模式：

引简洁（简引材料、提出观点、褒贬分明）

议充分（正反对比、假设因果、点面层进）

联紧扣（明析原因、直指危害、阐明意义）

结点题（寻找对策、倡议劝勉、呼吁号召）

范例

1、阅读下面材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的议论文。

在上海地铁上，一男子因随地吐痰遭到指责后，竟不停地用污言秽语和指责他的乘客对骂，一黑衣壮汉忍不住，拨开人群走到“吐痰男”跟前踢去一脚，吐痰男顿时安静下来，一语不发，此时，有出来劝架的乘客指责“黑衣男”：“打人是不对的。”更多的人则认可黑衣男的做法。这段视频被上传到网络后，引起更大范围、更多角度的讨论。

对于以上事情你怎么看？请你就其中某一个或某一群人的表现，表明你的态度，阐述你的看法，要求综合材料内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，标题自拟。

初始作文：

正义不可灭，公道在人心

①一男子地铁车厢内随地吐痰遭一女士指责后，不但不听劝，反而用“滚，JIAN人！”等污秽语言反复辱骂女士，连身边的小孩和老人都毫不顾及，最终被一名黑衣壮汉踢脚教训，反而一言不发，终得网友“渣男”的恶名。事件发生后，义愤填膺者有之，拍手称快者亦有之。但无论何种反应，都意味着正义尚在、公道犹存。这正是这一事件让人欣慰的地方，让人能触摸到人性温暖的地方——正义不可灭，公道在人心。

②正义公道维系着国家的尊严。

③享·乔治说：“声张正义和扶植自由，是革除时弊的关键。”韦伯斯特也说：“正义是人类最大的利益。”正义与自由是一对孪生兄弟，没有正义公道，也就难有自由。正义的缺失，有时甚至关系到国家的尊严。国威正，则民气旺。古代燕国勇士荆轲，毅然挺身而出为太子排忧解难。“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复还！”虽然没有成功，但他在生命的最后关头依然守护着燕国的正义。陶潜说：“其人虽已没，千载有余情”。荆轲不畏QIANG暴，不怕牺牲，在国家多事之秋挺身而出、不避艰险的精神和气概捍卫了国家的尊严。

④正义公道维系着民族的存亡。

⑤韦伯斯特说：“只要提着正义之剑攻击，再柔弱的手臂也会力大无穷。”正义是校正邪恶的一把利剑，面对社会的负面势力，我们必须迎难而上，绝不退缩。退缩容忍就是缩头乌龟，退缩容忍就是毁灭与死亡。一个民族，要有民族的气节，气节不能倒。革命烈士夏明瀚被捕后，敌人对他施以各种酷刑，逼他交出党的组织。夏明翰坚贞不屈，宁死不降。最后留下了那首大义凛然的就义诗：“砍头不要紧，只要主义真，杀了夏明翰，还有后来人！”为了中华民族的解放事业，夏明翰英勇就义，他和他的就义诗，激励和鼓舞了一代又一代中国共产党人为了理想信念，为了民族独立、国家富强而英勇奋斗。 ⑥正义公道维系着百姓的利益。

⑦培根说：“就是因为有正义感，人才成为人，而不成为狼。”人与人之间，人与单位之间，有时权义压倒一切，但邪不压正。而往往，正义被邪恶遮挡。如果一个社会缺乏必要的正义感，作为生活在社会底层的百姓的利益就受到威胁。健康社会，除了法治外，也要有正义的力量维护百姓的利益。新时代维权英雄杨剑昌，多次为百姓伸张正义，主持公道，面对各种人生威胁，杨剑昌大义凛然。他办公桌上的两部电话每天总响个不停，每天接待几十批人，可杨剑昌为百姓办事，始终不觉累，杨剑昌一身正气不怕邪，他的正义公道维系着万家百姓的利益。

⑧阿拉伯谚语说：“对正义事业保持沉默，等于为非正义事业呼喊。”正义公道是应该弘扬的价值观，弘扬正义，主持公道，是一个正常国家文明素养的表现，是一个健康社会应有的文明气度，是一个公民必备的精神气质。

正义不可灭，公道在人心

男子地铁车厢内随地吐痰遭一女士指责后，不但不听劝，反而用“滚，JIAN人！”等污言秽语反复辱骂女士，连身边的小孩和老人都毫不顾及，最终被一名黑衣壮汉踢脚教训，反而一言不发，终得网友“渣男”的恶名。事件发生后，义愤填膺者有之，拍手称快者亦之。但无论何种反应，都意味着正义尚在、公道犹存，这正是这件事让人欣慰的地方，让人能触摸到人性温暖的地方。

正义公道维系着国家的尊严，维系着民族的存亡，维系着百姓的利益。亨.治说：“声张正义和扶植自由，是革除时弊的关键。”正义和自由是一对孪生兄弟，没有正义公道，也就难有自由。正义是校正邪恶的一把利剑，面对社会的黑暗势力，我们必须迎难而上，绝不退缩。退缩容忍就是缩头乌龟，退缩容忍就是毁灭与死亡。“黑衣男”愤怒的一脚，就是替天行道，对于地痞流氓式的臭男，就是要痛打落水狗。但正义常常被邪恶遮挡，如果一个社会缺乏必要的正义感，作为生活在社会底层的百姓的利益就受到威胁，健康就会受到影响。健康社会，要有正义的力量维护百姓的利益。正因为此，韦伯斯特说：“正义是人类最大的利益。”

社会公德是全体公民在社会交往和公共生活中应该遵循的行为准则，它以“礼”为核心，“吐痰男”的行为是对社会公德的践踏，但假如劝说的那位女子能用温和的语气礼貌劝说，假如“吐痰男”在听到指责后能以礼相待，矛盾冲突就不会发生。和谐社会中，我们正大力倡导以文明礼貌、保护环境、遵纪守法为主要内容的社会公德。

公民素养是中国人思想概念中一位好公民所应该具备的基本素养，表现在能自觉遵守伦理道德和有关法律法规。随地吐痰是不文明不道德的行为，是缺乏素养的表现。公民素养主要包括知识文化素养，法律和自律意识以及弘扬传统美德等道德修养，“吐痰男”显然缺乏自律意识。

公共空间保护其实也是一种环境保护意识，自觉遵守并培养符合环境道德要求的生活习惯和行为方式，既是对自己生命尊重，也是对别人生命的尊重。一个没有生命意识的人，很难对生命表现出关怀来。

阿拉伯谚语：“对正义事业保持沉默，等于为非正义事业呼喊。”正义公道是普世的价值观，弘扬正义，主持公道，遵守社会公德，养成良好的公民素养，遵守公共空间秩序，是健康社会应有的文明气度，是公民必备的精神气质。

25分

升格作文：

“黑衣男”的正义可以更具温情

男子地铁车厢内随地吐痰遭一女士指责后，反而用污言秽语辱骂，连身边的小孩和老人都毫不顾及，终被黑衣壮汉踢脚教训。事件发生后，义愤填膺者有之，拍手称快者亦之。但无论何种反应，都意味着正义尚在、公道犹存。这正是这件事让人欣慰的地方，让人能触摸到人性温暖的地方。

按理，出脚伤人，以暴制暴等反文明的行为总是不对的，但民调显示，认为“黑衣男”该踢的占七成，原因就在于“黑衣男”的“暴”并非简单的“暴”，至少在特定情境下特殊时间里可控状态下的“暴”，是轻微暴力，而非流氓暴力，是一定限度内可控范围下且裹挟着正义与公道色彩的暴力。（概念厘定与概念区分）

为什么说“黑衣男”的“暴”是具有公道色彩的呢？在近于失控的情况下，面对一个基本素养严重缺少又无法明理的人，道德约束乏力，法制管教艰难，选择“暂时性轻暴力”可能是“吐痰男”最熟悉最易接受的路径，这可能正适合他当下的认知水平。“黑衣男”暴力的动机是想控制局势，结果也达到了目的；程度上有分寸，那一脚的效力连轻伤的级别都达不到，且毫无穷追猛打之势，旨在局势的掌控，所以，尽管这种具有正义色彩的暴力依然是反文明的，不能被提出和被鼓励，却可以被理解。与“理中客”相比，人们的情感更激赏”黑衣男“，这既是人性光亮的所在，更是正义与公道本身的力量体现。为“黑衣男”设身处地所想的这份“情”只要建立在对社会公序的维护与人性最深沉的爱的基础上，都可以被理解。

这不是替“黑衣男”开脱，身具正义的勇士也无需别人担责。整个事件中我反而觉得“吐痰男”才是最可怜、最值得同情的一个。不能随地吐痰、不在妇幼老弱面前大声辱骂，这连几岁大的孩子都熟知的常理，“吐痰男”却浑然不觉，且似乎“理直气壮”，可见受弊之深。显然，与正常人相比，“吐痰男”有太多的教育缺失，这种缺失是一种不公平，因为它很大程度源于社会的各种因素。心理上的病痛较之身理上的病痛更严重，更凄惨。既如此，社会就有责任帮他，而不是在道义上遗弃他。

所以，当地文明办如果不把工作止于发发文件，写写总结，至少遇到特殊个案时能走出户外，协同“黑衣男”一起**，握手言和，并晓之以理，动之以情，帮吐痰男弥补缺失的礼仪知识，甚至解决他生活上的一些困难，相信“中国制造”的将不再是被网有定性的“渣男”，这称谓，毕竟搁在谁头上都会不好受。若是“正义”之上更有“温情”弥漫，于公于私都将是好事。

对于“过失者”，要具体情况具体分析。人性都是从肉里长出来的，特定情况下的激愤或冲动，也有可能是人性的温暖之处，没有必要上纲上线，倘能握手言和，并最终使人性归良，就是美的呈现。出手是被动无耐，握手方为主动建构，既打之，则安之。细致走心的工作，不应只止于压倒，还要安抚，治病还得救人，这就需要出手后的握手。握手是智慧、善意与温情的表达，是人生的大胸怀，大境界。

六、课后作业

请根据以下材料写一篇任务驱动型作文。

1、201X年除夕清晨，一名跟随父母到美国旅行的4岁南京男童，在纽约零下13℃的暴雪中裸跑，在跑步过程中，“裸跑弟”不时的叫着“爸爸抱，爸爸抱”。201X年2月这段视频被孩子的家人放到网上，4岁“裸跑弟”迅速引来了网民关注爆红网络，短短几天点击率高达26万多。对这种被称为“鹰爸式教育”的极限教育方式，网民是议论纷纷，褒贬不一。

对于以上事情，你怎么看？请就这件事表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。要求综合材料的内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，标题自拟，不要套作，不得抄袭。

2、201X年2月16日晚，北京市东直门的一家餐饮店发生火灾，消防车在赶赴救火现场途中，大量社会车辆不仅不让行，反而抢道超车。有网友将此情况拍成视频上传到网络后，一时引发热议。有网友说：“和消防车抢道，堵塞的是公共道德。” 有网友说：“如果着火的是我们自己家，我们也要抢消防车的道吗？” 还有网友说：“即使不是开车，我们抢道占道的事情还少吗？我们都习惯了！”

这件事引起你怎样的联想和思考？请阐述你的看法。要求综合材料的内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，标题自拟，不要套作，不得抄袭。

[任务驱动型作文写作技巧分享

阅读下面的材料，根据要求作文：

一位16岁的少年拜访一位智者。他问：“我如何才能变成一个自己愉快，也能够给别人愉快的人呢?”智者说：“送你四句话——把自己当成别人，把别人当成自己，把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己。”这位少年牢记智者的话，终于成了自己愉快也给别人愉快的人。

请以智者四句话中的一句或几句话作为话题，写一篇文章。注意：文体不限，题目自拟，有真情实感，不少于800字。

【深情出发】这是一道关系型话题作文。近年来，这种题型颇受高考命题人的青睐。如2004年全国卷高考作文话题“看到自己与看到别人”，2005年全国卷II作文话题“忘记与铭记”，2006年重庆高考作文话题“走与停”，2007年高考作文海南卷作文话题科学家的创新与创造等，都属于关系型话题作文。这种题型体现了新课标“学会多角度地观察生活，丰富生活经历和情感体验，对自然、社会和人生有自己的感受和思考”的思想，指向本我与生活，关注人生，关注社会，关注人类的精神家园，有效地考查了学生的思辨能力，积极引导学生用哲学的理论指导生活实践，辩证地看待分析问题。

因此，同学们在审这类作文题时，要辨清构成话题的词、短语之间的特定关系。如该题中的“自己与别人”是并列共存关系，可以理解为“在看到自己的同时关注别人，自己、别人与愉快的人是对立统一的关系”;也可以理解为“只有处理好自己与自己的关系，才能成为自己愉快也给别人愉快的人”。关系型话题作文涉及到两种或两种以上的相互联系的关系，审题时必须认真思考，抓住关键点，明了地揭示出它们之间存在的联系，不可偏废，否则就会跑题。

我们不妨打个比方来全面把握这道题意：就好像放风筝，题目中的关键词“愉快”是拽在手里的线，放飞的风筝是“自己与别人”，多角度地解读如何做好“自己”与“别人”，“自己”与“自己”都须紧紧系住“愉快”这个关键词。

对于智者的四句话，我们可以这样解读：“把自己当成别人”——不囿于自我，与别人换位思考，从别人的立场出发，为别人设想;“把别人当成自己”——以人为镜，可以明得失，借鉴别人，可以看到自己的优势和缺陷;“把别人当成别人”——尊重价值的多样化，尊重别人，宽容别人，不把自己的主观愿望强加给人家;“把自己当成自己”——重视自己，善待自己，充实自己，发展自己，经营好自己的人生。同学们可联系实际，就以上一个或几个角度展开思路，生活中的林林总总都可以入文，选自己熟悉的方面下笔，深入挖掘，文章自然水到渠成了。学生可以若能紧握时代脉搏，关注人文，将立意提升至构建社会和谐，定能写出更有说服力和感染力的佳作来。

【佳作展示】庄子：愉快的哲学

福建龙海角美中学高二(2)班林艺贞

把自己当别人，把别人当成自己，把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己，你就成了自己愉快也给别人愉快的人。——题记

把自己当成别人。庄子，你是大海。“无名、无功、无己”，因不看重名利而心存高远，因不畏荣辱而处变不惊。因不计较得失而心胸辽阔。于是，你超乎物外，梦化成蝶。不知是蝴蝶梦化为庄周?还是庄周梦化成蝴蝶?你终成了浩瀚无边的大海，包容万物，生生不息。

把别人当成自己，在那样一个文化屈从权势的社会里，庄子，你是一棵孤独的树，独自在黑夜里守护心灵月亮的树。我终于明白为什么在人们昧昧欲睡的时候，皎月依旧当空，用自己的圆缺演绎着人间的美满与忧伤的故事，用自然的运转昭示人间的兴衰荣辱、际遇得失。是你，在清风夜唳的黑暗中默默守侯，守候别人的幸福。一轮孤月下，一棵孤独的树，那是一种不可企及的妩媚。

把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己。庄子，你眼极冷，心肠极热。眼冷，故是非不管;心热，故悲慨万端。虽知无用，而终不能忘情，到底是热肠牵绊;虽不能忘情，而终不下手，到底是冷眼看穿。亡妻那天，你抑制不住满腔的悲伤，想放声痛哭，终究是违背自然天性，于是，你鼓盆而歌。面对别人的质问，你从容地应答道：“是相与为春秋冬夏，四时行也。”这是一种摆脱世俗，洞察天地的真正达观。

一个人要想活得坦然、愉快，就必须坚持住自己的准则。在世人看来，你是痛苦的，活在梦化成蝶的希冀中，活在自己编织的罗网里，无穷无尽的纠缠与徘徊。殊不知你早已在俗世挣扎中获得了新生，赢得了那份坦然，那份“物化”的愉快了。

河畔边上，你以从容、自在定得鱼儿的快乐。你会心一笑，笑鱼儿的乐，笑惠子的浅陋。同是河塘边上，身后是楚国的相位，面前是一方净水。如果你是许由，恐怕也得坠河洗耳了。但你还是为那两位大夫保留了颜面，以乌龟自喻，一句：“往矣，吾将曳尾于涂中。”表明了心迹。庄子，你是一树怒放的梅花，无意和百花争春，无畏于寒风的凛冽，不在乎万物的艳羡，只愿在白雪中坦然释放，只愿在孤独中秉持那份守望。

人生的快乐在于能否坚持住自己的秉性，你凭一腔坦然坚持住了——把自己当别人，把别人当成自己，把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己。

简评：本文最突出的地方是迁移文本素材，让学生不再认为课文就单纯只是课文，考试派不了用场，学无所用似的。作者借庄子《逍遥游》折射的哲理光芒，以其思想、经历解读智者的为人处世原则，且巧妙地联系自然事物理解庄子的人生追求、思想境界。整体来说似是散文笔法的读后感，虽有些青涩，却不失为一篇佳作。

例文2：笑?!

福建龙海角美中学高二年(1)班黄艺娜

当一个人步入另一个世界里。笑，就不再仅仅只是因为自己。

那一年的那一天。

我拖着行李，迈着步伐，那步伐或轻快，或沉重?来到了那个既很向往又很陌生的城市——深圳。站在人才交流市场门口，一个乡下小妹，对着这样一个高墙林立、灯红酒绿的大都市，百感交集，是悲抑或是喜?!

寻寻觅觅——

“大叔，您这需要人手吗?我真的很需要这份工作。”好不容易，从憔悴而又僵硬的脸上挤出一个“笑”，怯怯而又焦急地问。只见那胖嘟嘟的脸颊泛着红润润的光，那双眼珠就深埋在两缝间，像月牙般，很小，很小的。他上下反复地打量着我，然后摇摇头，挥挥手，表示要我离开。晶莹的泪花在眼角闪动。我还是抬起头，对那张满是横肉的脸，恁地，笑了笑，疲惫地走开了。

夜，又降临了，“怎么办，晚上要在哪里落脚?”边走边喃喃着，黄色的连衣裙摆被夜风吹得胡乱地舞动，小腿被剐得有些许痛楚。

当我刚要上巴士时，一位白发苍苍的老奶奶唤住我，说要换零钱。我看着那张布满皱纹的脸，又笑了笑，毫不犹豫地从裤兜里找出10块钱，递到她手上。老奶奶给了我一张2元钱的和3张一块钱的，然后在一个黑色的、旧旧的包包里翻腾着，起初我以为她是在找零钱，后来却拿出了两块口香糖，塞在我手上，说：“没零钱了，就拿这个抵吧!”然后转身匆匆走了。这时我才意识到——被骗了。我愣愣地盯着搁在掌心的那两块口香糖，倏地，泪水溅到青绿色的包装纸上。

抬起头，望了望还没走太远的背影，跑了几步，大声喊：“老奶奶，谢谢你的口香糖。”她转过瘦弱的身体，用不解的目光看了看把两个口香糖举得高高的女孩，深深浅浅的皱纹堆在一起。虽然，泪水早已不听使唤的滑落，但还是发自内心的扬起嘴角的笑。笑了，只是不想让老奶奶心里不好过。

巴士开了。

坐在靠窗口的座位上，风，轻轻的拂过，吹动了发梢，颤动了心。

对于人生，这似乎永无止境的学问，今天我懂了一个道理：笑，不都只是因为自己的快乐!

简评：作者联系现实生活用叙述的口吻，以打工妹的经历很好地诠释了智者的话意。题目中两种标点符号的叠加使用，激发读者的阅读兴趣，引人入胜，主题突出、明确，人物的神态、心理描写较为细腻，人物形象真实可感。人活着，不仅仅是为了自己，可以让别人的生活因为你的存在而更加美好。乡下妹子用一朵人间永不凋谢的花——微笑展现她的善良和真诚。倘若人人都如此“快乐”而为，社会的和谐之花处处绽放!

【沙场秋点兵】阅读下面的文字，按要求作文：

题1一个外国人麦达德?赖茨在《最重要的几个字》一书中写道：

最重要的六个字：我承认我错了;最重要的五个字：你做得很好;

最重要的四个字：你觉得呢?最重要的三个字：麻烦你;

最重要的二个字：谢谢;最重要的一个词：我们;

最重要的一个字：我。

请你从上面七句话中任选一句(比如“最重要的三个字：麻烦你”)作为话题，写一篇文章。立意自定，文体不限，题目自拟，不少于800字。

一：简明扼要： 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。记得：简单就是力量。

二：富于感染力的句子：在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

三：获取别人的反馈： 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

四：阅读优秀的作品：这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

五：尽能多的写：每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。你写得多了，也就写得好了。学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

六：随时随地记下你的灵感：随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片)，当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

七：专门的写作时间：每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

八：随便涂鸦：面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。你会想：我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧!先生，千万别这样。马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是：开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

九：集中精神：写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏(没有其他软件得干扰)的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

十：先计划，再写： 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴;然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲;等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。

十一：创新： 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

十二：修改： 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。修改的目标是：更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

十三：是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜：就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

十四：采用对话式的文体： 很多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅(没有叹生词)。这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则(就像我的前一句那样)。因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

十五：好开头和结尾： 开头和结尾是文章的重点。特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣。 他们会想知道得更多…写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇。

在我们的生活，有许多人正在从事或有志于从事新闻工作，它们包括各种媒体记者、各社会媒体通讯员、特约记者、新闻专业的等。俗话说：“万事开头难”，作为有志于从事新闻工作的的人来说:好第一篇新闻稿件十分关键。结合具体实践经验，本文将对次做如下论述：

一、培养新闻触角和新闻敏感，善于发现新闻线索，是写好第一篇新闻稿的意思准备

同是大学生记者，共同生活在同一个环境里，也都到实践中去了，到学生中去了，为什么有的记者能写出漂亮的新闻作品，而有的记者仍然发现不了新闻线索，或者说发现不了有意义的新闻线索呢？为什么有的学生记者通讯员总是埋怨没有什么东西可写，而一再要求编辑老师为他们提供采访的话题，说到底这就是一个新闻敏感的问题。

什么叫新闻敏感或新闻触角呢？简言之，它就是新闻工作者识别新闻的敏锐能力。一个具有新闻价值的事情，别人不能看出它是新闻，而你却一下就能识别它是新闻，这就是新闻敏感。没有一定的新闻触角和新闻敏感，就很难写出一篇像样的新闻稿。美国新闻学家卡斯柏.约斯特在《新闻学原理》一书中的一段话，形象的阐述了新闻敏感对于记者的重要性。他说：“一个不善于辨别色彩的人，不能成为一个画家；一个不懂得和谐的人，不能成为一个音乐家；一个没有‘新闻敏感’的人，也不能成为一个新闻记者。”(1)培养新闻触角和新闻敏感，善于发现新闻线索，就能够当事情还在“风起于清萍之末”时，就敏感地察觉到它，并预见它的去向，从而比较得心应手地写出一篇新闻稿。

当然，新闻敏感不是与生俱来的，而是记者在采访实践中不断培养训练获得的。在大学生记者群中，不乏这样的人，他们刚开始成为一名学生记者，通讯员的时候，由于都是刚刚从中学来到大学，不用说缺乏新闻触角和新闻敏感，就是基本的新闻知识也不具备。但是，他们经过一段时间的新闻工作实践，刻苦学习，勤奋笔耕，终于成为了一名有一定新闻敏感和写作能力的校园记者。

二、积累新闻素材，选好新闻题材，找准新闻角度，是写好第一篇新闻稿的前提。

人民艺术家老舍曾经对初学写作的年轻人说过：“先收集材料，越多越好。”周立波也认为“材料少了不好办。”有个外国记者说：“你要有作为吗？*8小时写稿不行，要做24小时的记者。”这些都说明积累素材对写作的重要意义。作为一个初学写作的大学生记者，更应该重视积累新闻素材。新闻素材是进入记者视野并被记者所意识，所采摘的生活现象，即从社会生活摄取而来的、尚未通过提炼和加工的原始材料。没有新闻材料的积累过程，就谈不上新闻写作的问题，作为记者，要积累新闻素材，必须重视自己的“笔记本”。法国作家果戈里便有一个近五百页的笔记本，他总爱把自己每时每刻看到的、听到的传闻趣事、警句谚语随时记到这个笔记本上。他说：“一个作家。应该象画家一样，身上经常带着铅笔和纸张。一位画家如果虚度了一天，没有画成一张画稿，那很不好。一个作家如果虚度了一天。没有记下一条思想，一个特点，也很不好。”每一个大学生记者，要写好一篇新闻稿，就必须养成随得随记的习惯，把在校园内看到的一切与师生相关、有可能产生新闻的素材积累起来。一个校报记者在几年的采访过程中积累起来的“笔记本”，将成为他从事新闻写作和研究工作的“万宝囊”。

角度，是新闻写作向自然科学借用来的一个概念。报道的角度，是记者认识被报道对象的思想方法及对被报道对象各“侧面”把握水平的综合反映的结果。它在一定程度上能说明记者处理采访的素材、挖掘材料的新闻价值的流程。大量散漫在笔记本上和记忆中的材料，如何进入新闻的既成轨道中呢？找出它之所以构成为新闻的特殊由头，就为记者进入材料的世界打开了一个突破口，开启了一扇大门；同时，找出最便于读者接受的角度，实质上是对材料的归纳和梳理，并对读者认识、接受事实起到了一个“导读”的作用。

要写好一篇新闻稿，可以注重这样几个角度：

第二、特色角度，有些节日的庆祝活动每年都大同小异，但我们如果找准了该年活动的特色内容进行报道，就能写出有价值的新闻。

分享或讨论以及反映相关话题，请到论坛讨论

第三、读者角度，要注意研究同全校师生的物质生活和精神生活竟紧密相连、普遍关心的问题，选择发生在师生学习、生活中的“小事”，以小见大，才能增强新闻的吸引力。作为一个大学生记者，只要经常深入到同学们的教室、寝室、图书馆、运动场，注意观察他们的学习和生活状况，了解他们的意见和要求，从他们的意见和要求，从他们最关心、最想知道的内容入手，才能写出有意义的新闻。

第四、时间和空间角度。有些新闻事实，在不同的时期、不同的空间其重要的程度也会发生一定的变化。有的事实发生在去年算不了新闻，但发生在今年却要算新闻了；有的事实发生在A学院算不了新闻而发生在B学院却又算新闻了；有的事件和话题，在一定时期内迫切需要解决，对实际工作能起推动作用；有的问题在一定时期内成为师生关注的焦点。

三、掌握新闻写作的一般技巧，提炼新闻主题，是写好第一篇新闻稿的关键

大学生记者要写好一篇新闻稿件，就必须掌握各种新闻体裁写作的一般技巧。如果是学写第一篇新闻稿，至少要做到以下几点：

第一、基本掌握标题的制作技巧。标题是文章的眼睛，一篇新闻稿若有一条新颖别致的标题，就能象磁石那样牢牢地吸引编辑和读者的注意力。

第二、学会写导语。导语是消息的开头，是消息中最有价值的部分。国外新闻界有人称导语是“抓心的手”这就是极言导语吸引作用的。没有好的导语，就算不上成功的新闻稿。

第三、基本熟悉各种新闻体裁的写法和结构。不熟悉各种新闻体裁的基本写法，就无法比较得心应手地进行新闻写作。而谋篇布局的好坏在一定程度上决定新闻稿件在受众和编辑眼中的“身价”

第四、理解和掌握新闻写作的基本方法——用事实说话。摆事实，用事实说话，这是新闻独特魅力所在，也是新闻事业不可代替的价值所在。初学新闻的大学生记者往往用自己的主观评价和臆断代替大量的重要的新闻事实，使写出的新闻或空洞无物，或言不及义

而孕育新闻主题，则是提高新闻稿价值的应有之义。新闻主题是一篇报道的主旨，我们写任何东西，都要有一个明确的目的，到底要表现什么、反映什么，若是心中无数，势必信笔涂鸦，不知所云。如果要反映记者对生活现象和社会问题的基本态度和看法，使写出的新闻报道吸引人、鼓舞人、引导人、就必须注重提炼新闻主题。清代的袁枚对“主题思想”的问题讲的精彩。他把漂亮的句子比做一大堆铜钱，古代的铜钱外圆内方，可以用绳子穿起来，一串铜钱叫“一贯”，袁枚认为，文章的主题就好比是穿钱的绳子，要是没有一个明确的主题思想来统帅你的文字，那你写的东西就像撒满一地的铜钱，不能派上用场。如获得1986年全国高校校报好消息一等奖的《小郎和日本姑娘喜结良缘》(3)，如果作者只是轻描淡写地描述去婚姻本身，而不是站在“为中日友谊写下了新篇章”、日本姑娘向往中国、追求自我存在价值的高度，就不会使这篇消息给人以启迪和教育，也就成不了一篇好消息。

新闻主题是整篇报道的灵魂，它隐藏于新闻素材之中，一旦我们把它发掘出来，它就会统领全篇，成为整篇报道的中心内容。我们要站在时代和社会的高度，坚持实事求是、不落俗套、贴近生活、读者至上等原则，运用追根究底法、对比联系法、见微知著法等方法，提炼和深化新闻主题。

四、虚心请教，大胆投稿是写好第一篇新闻稿的必要过程

请教的时间，可以贯穿到新闻采访写作的全过程。如何培养新闻敏感，寻找新闻线索可以请教；如何拟订采访提纲、选好新闻题材、提炼和表现新闻主题可以请教；如何使写出来的新闻更加符合新闻写作的要求，更加精彩，更应该虚心向学长、师长请教。

一篇新闻概写好后，还得大胆投稿。有的初学新闻的学生记者，或者认为自己的作品羞于出手，即使写好了，也不敢或不愿寄出去，或者总是过分要求稿子的质量，一而在，再而三的修改，结果错过了报道的时机。其实，由于校园存在范围小、易于捕捉、头绪少等特点，如果不抢时间积极投稿，就会让别人抢得先机，即使你写得再好，也只能算作又一次练笔了。

当然，大胆投稿不是盲目投稿。如果没有任何目的，打的是无准备之仗，再好的稿子也可能石沉大海。因此，作为一个大学生记者，一定要认真研究传播媒介，研究它的版式结构、专栏设置、报道风格、出版（或播出）周期甚至编辑部的人员构成、编辑姓名及联系电话等。是邮寄的，还要弄清楚通讯地址，保证所投稿件万无一失地寄到编辑部。这样一来，就可以在写稿之前，针对传播媒介的特点，引导自己的创作思路和方法，对写作内容和形式作出必要的限制；在新闻稿写好之后也能够有的放矢地投递到报纸等媒体的相应版面、专栏及编辑手中，从而大大增强新闻稿见报几率（或播出几率）。

总之，作为初学新闻的大学生记者，如何写好第一篇新闻稿是十分关键的，也不是轻而易举的事情。大学生记者只有勇于实践，大胆尝试，深入采访，勤奋笔耕，不断提高新闻采访写作的技巧，才能写出更多更好的新闻作品。

提分技巧之一

从人生的体会方面去思考，写人一定要写出人生体验。写满分作文最重要的就是要有一种责任感，大的方面不说，自己对自己也是有责任的。其次是家庭责任感，再次是社会责任感，每个人在每个阶段的责任感是不一样的。对于人文精神这一方面的作文，人们会更加关注，也会更加容易得到阅卷老师的喜爱。

提分技巧之二

从哲理思辨角度去思考，要把作文写得有深度，就要带着辩证思维去思考、去挖掘，任何事物之间都是有一定的联系的，比如，成功和失败，它们在表面上看起来，是明显对立的，大家都偏爱成功而讨厌失败，但如果从哲理方面去思考的话，失败也未必就是那么痛苦，失败可以给人经验，让人从经验中再次找到成功的动力，并且时刻提醒自己，一定不能再大意。如果作文内容能够反弹琵琶，那说不定能够收到更好的效果。

提分技巧之三

结合时代特点，任何一个时代都有其自身的特点。所以，同学们在写作文的时候，需要在日常生活中多关注一些时事，看一些报刊评论等等，这样有利于同学们紧跟时代去思考问题。

提分技巧之四

作文素材的累积至关重要。不同的作文题材需要不同的作文素材。所以，对于情感、道德、科技、自然、文化问题等这些方面都需要积累一些。积累的多了，作文也就有题材了，这是满分作文形成的基础。

通过对近些年英语作文出题的趋势来看，中考对英语写作的考察更偏重于交际情景设置和不同体裁的要求，但是由于客观和种种主观原因，很多同学的作文容易走入种种误区，这些误区主要体现在以下方面：

构思、准备不充分，匆忙下笔。任何一篇作文出题都是有它独特的道理的，所以提前审题和构思就显得必不可少了。文新学堂教学专家提醒，很多学生目 前存在一个情况，想到哪写到哪，这也造成了作文杂乱无章，毫无条理，同时容易出现写错单词和用错句型的情况。针对这种情况可以从以下几个方面予以解 决：

1、认真审题，审题的重点放在写作体裁、格式、字数方面，确保第一遍审题就能保证得到基本分。

2、确定文体和时态，因为不同的文体要求的写作格式也是 不同的

3、列提纲，打草稿，然后修改。这样可以保证错误降低至最少或者没有错误，同时也能保持卷面整洁。

中心重点不突出，切题不准确。英语写作不是语文散文(形散神不散)，写英语作文，尤其是在中考大压力下短时内写出高分作文一定要注意这一点。造 成这种情况的主要原因是动笔前并没有认真审题和思考，对出题者希望得到的预期尚未揣摩透彻，这也就造成了一些同学虽然语言功底非常不错，但是最终的结果还 是没有拿到一个自己预期的心理分数，最大的问题就出在切题不准确或者不够突出中心上了。

忽视文化差异。要时刻牢记一点，中英文表达方式有很大的差异，所以体现在作文表达上也常常会出现生硬的中国式作文表达，降低了作文质量。所以注重中英语言差异，并努力找到两者之间的表达方式上的共通点，并且有意识的运用就能避免类似的问题。

忽视细节，无谓失分。很多学生在写作文时常常感觉"下笔如有神"，但最终结果出来后大惑不解。这方面的问题主要体现在忽视标点、书写、段落安排、大小写的问题，所以只要更加注重细节，这些无谓失分就可以解决。

写作技巧就是写作中进行表现时运用的方法，是作者为表情达意而采取的有效艺术手段。今天，小编特意为大家推荐小学生作文写作的技巧和方法，希望大家喜欢！

一、提高认识事物和表达事物的能力。

我国著名教育家叶圣陶先生指出：写任何东西决 定于认识和经验，有什么样的认识和经验，才能写出什么样的东西来。反之，没有表达认识的能力，同样也写不出好作文。

二、把认识结构作为作文的核心。

包括学习知识，观察积累，记忆储存，训练思维，丰富 想象，培养情感，锻炼意志；从说到写，推敲修改，多读勤写。

三、树立大作文观，听、说、读、写有机结合。

一要注重审题；二要明确写作目的，立意要新；三是选材要有根据；四要讲究谋篇技巧，安排好篇章结构；五要注意文章分段，事先列小标题，作文提纲；六要注重文章写法，因文用法；七要妙用语言，用思想调遣语言。

学会五种立意法：以事赞人，直抒胸臆，借物喻理，触景生情，托物言志。

四、作文大目标的逐年级分解。

一年级字词，二年级句子，三年级片断，四年级篇章，五年级综合，六年级提高。

五、实施五项训练。

根据认识是作文的核心这一原则，围绕这个发展学生心理机制的核心，扎扎实实地进行了五项训练：

（一）字词训练。

学习掌握大量字词。掌握运用字词的金钥匙：联系自己熟悉的事物； 联系自己生活实际；联系自己学会的语言及字词知识。

运用十引说的方法，把字词学习与说话训练相结合。十引说是：1、分析字形； 2、利用教具；3、凭图学词；4、组词扩词；5、选词填空；6、词语搭配；7、调整词序； 8、触景用词；9、词语分类；10、联词成句。

丰富了说话训练内容，使自己积累大量会说会用的字词，为写作文打下坚实基础。

（二）句子训练。

只要是一个句子，都包括两个方面：一是说的人、事、物、景， 二是说目的。

可有些教师指导学生说一句话时，没有很好凭借图画和事物，认真教学生观察、认识、分析、表达的方法，只是拿出一张图或一事物让学生说写一句话，学生不知道为什么要说写一句话，怎样说写一句话，说写一句什么句型、什么句式的话， 导致作文中语调单一、呆板、不活泼生动。

可以改让学生凭图、看物、对话、练习说 写一句时间、地点、人物、事件四要素完整的话，四种句型，九种句式的话。学生 才会在作文中运用不同句型、句式，表达不同的思想、感情、态度、目的。

（三）段的训练。

结合八种段式：以事物发展为序段，时间先后为序段，空间变换为序段，总述、分述结构段，因果段、转折段，递进段，并列段。

以此认识客观事物的发生、发展规律。不论哪种段式，都是记叙事物的发展和人们对事物的认识，即段的内容，段的中心。

它和一句话一样，也是对人、事、物、景的叙述，也是表达一 个意思。只不过是把一句话进一步说得更清楚、更深刻。

（四）篇章训练。

篇是由段组成的。通过对审题、立意、选材、谋篇、定法、用 语的知识与方法，通过记叙、描写、抒情、议论四种表达方法，文章开头与结尾、过渡 与呼应方法，各种文章体裁的知识与方法。学会写中心明确，意思完整，详略得当的记 叙文和应用文。

（五）生活现场训练。

采用生活现场训练，更好地体会从内容入手写作文。 通过各种作文教学活动，如确定中心讨论会、选材讨论会、作文会诊会、 小诸葛审题会、妙用词语比赛会，从活动中生动具体地学到作文知识与写作文 的方法。

另外，还可开展各种校内外活动，如跳绳、拔河、踢毽、球类、背书比赛，从而学会如何写比赛作文；开展校内外义务劳动，学会如何写劳动场面；举行诗歌朗诵、 讲演会，学会如何写会议场面及会议上的见闻；通过参观访问，浏览名胜古迹，学会如 何写参观访问记、游记。学习观察方法，留心周围的事物、事件，处处留心皆学问， 人情练达即文章。

通过现场生活作文，进一步认识到：生活是作文的沃土。从而学会 写真事、抒真情，陶冶真、善、美的情操，培养良好的文风。 实行互评互改，培养学生思维独立性和创造性。

学生作文写好后，组织在小组内讲评。先学习别人作文的优点，再用批评的眼光互相指出作文中的缺点，并指出改进意见。在此基础上重新再写，从而使学生每写一篇都有收获。

导语：我们大家都知道，每个公民都有维护好自己权益的义务，所以日常生活中发生一些小摩擦我们当然要理智的去处理，那么投诉信是不是一个很好的办法呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Dear_______,

I am . (自我介绍) I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_______.

The reason for my dissatisfaction is ______________(总体介绍). In the first place,_________________________(抱怨的第一个方面). In addition, ____________________________(抱怨的第二个方面). Under these circumstances, I find it ___(感觉) to ____________________________(抱怨的方面给你带来的后果).

I appreciate it very much if you could_______________________(提出建议和请求), preferably __________(进一步的要求), and I would like to have this matter settled by ______(设定解决事情最后期限).

Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely

Li Ming

读后感是指读了一本书，一篇文章，一段话，几句名言，一段音乐，或者一段视频后，把具体感受和得到的启示写成的文章。不妨看看读后感的基本写作方法。以下仅供参考！

一、读后感的概念

读后感的概念有两重含义：一是真实的、不受任何约束的读后感，二是一种作文的体裁，考试时要接受各种条件的约束。下面这篇读后感，就接近于第一种读后感。写这种读后感，主要是给自己看的，一定要真实，有什么感想（当然感想应当有意义，值得一写）就写什么感想，与心得笔记不同，它要展开来写，尽量像一篇文章，尽量写得生动、实在、深刻。一般应当写清楚读了什么，有什么感想，联想到了什么，对自己有什么作用等。它不追求文体、格式框框，写起来也可长可短。

二、读后感的写法

写读后感最重要的一点是要读出所读书籍或者文章的“眼睛”，它是你展开来写的基础、中心和出发点，这个问题我们已经在上一讲里说过了，这里就不多讲了。其次，写读后感，有它一定的规矩，有的书上把它归纳为“引、议、联、结”，四个字，想公式一样。对于这些规矩我们不可以不学，考试时只要内容有创意，套用这种公式未尝不可；但我们也不要受其所限，写成千篇一律的“八股文”，也可尝试在结构上有自己的创意，有自己的个性。但不管怎样，读后感也离不开“读”——对原文的引述、概括、评价等等，离不开“感”——自己的感想。只要把这两个字表达好了，就是好的读后感。

三、写读后感的基本技巧

在读过一篇文章或一本书之后，把获得的感受、体会以及受到的教育、启迪等写下来，写成的文章就叫“读后感”。

读后感的基本思路如下：

(1)简述原文有关内容。如所读书、文的篇名、作者、写作年代，以及原书或原文的内容概要。写这部分内容是为了交代感想从何而来，并为后文的议论作好铺垫。这部分一定要突出一个简字，决不能   大段大段地叙述所读书、文的具体内容，而是要简述与感想有直接关系的部分，略去与感想无关的东西。

(2)亮明基本观点。选择感受最深的一点，用一个简洁的句子明确表述出来。这样的句子可称为观点句。这个观点句表述的，就是这篇文章的中心论点。观点句在文中的位置是可以灵活的，可以在篇首，也可以在篇末或篇中。初学写作的同学，最好采用开门见山的方法，把观点写在篇首。

(3)围绕基本观点摆事实讲道理。这部分就是议论文的本论部分，是对基本观点（即中心论点）的阐述，通过摆事实讲道理证明观点的正确性，使论点更加突出、更有说服力。这个过程应注意的是，所摆事实、所讲道理都必须紧紧围绕基本观点，为基本观点服务。

(4)围绕基本观点联系实际。一篇好的读后感应当有时代气息，有真情实感。要做到这一点，必须善于联系实际。这实际可以是个人的思想、言行、经历，也可以是某种社会现象。联系实际时也应当注意紧紧围绕基本观点，为观点服务，而不能盲目联系、前后脱节。

以上四点是写读后感的基本思路，但是这思路不是一成不变的，要善于灵活掌握。比如，“简述原文”一般在“亮明观点”前，但二者先后次序互换也是可以的。再者，如果在第三个步骤摆事实讲道理时所摆的事实就是社会现象或个人经历，就不必再写第四个部分了。

四、写读后感应注意的问题

第一是要重视“读”

在“读”与“感”的关系中，“读”是“感”的前提、基础；“感”是“读”的延伸或者说结果。必须先“读”而后“感”，不“读”则无“感”。因此，要写读后感首先要读懂原文，要准确把握原文的基本内容，正确理解原文的中心思想和关键语句的含义，深入体会作者的写作目的和文中表达的思想感情。

第二是要准确选择感受点

读完一本书或一篇文章，会有许多感想和体会；对同样一本书或一篇文章，不同的人从不同的角度思考问题，更是会产生不同的看法、受到不同的启迪。以大家熟知的“滥竽充数”成语故事为例，从讽刺南郭先生的角度去思考，可以领悟到没有真本领蒙混过日子的人早晚要“露馅”，认识到掌握真才实学的重要性；若是考虑在齐宣王时南郭先生能混下去的原因，就可以想到领导者要有实事求是的领导作风，不能搞华而不实，否则会给混水摸鱼的人留下空子可钻；再要从管理体制的角度去思考，就可进一步认识到齐宣王的“大锅饭”缺少必要的考评机制，为南郭先生一类的人提供了饱食终日混日子的客观条件，从而联想到改革开放以来,打破铁饭碗，废除大锅饭的必要性。

一篇读后感，不能写出诸多的感想或体会，这就要加以选择。作为初学者，就要选择自己感受最深又觉得有话可说的一点来写。要注意把握分析问题的角度，注意联系自己的实际情况，从众多的头绪中选择最恰当的感受点，作为全文议论的中心。

[读后感的写作方法技巧

人类因梦想而伟大，人生因拼搏而精彩。梦想引领人生，拼搏创造传奇!下面是语文迷小编整理的关于梦想的英语名言，希望对你有帮助。

the important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it. (johan wolfgang von goethe, german poet and dramatist)

人生重要的事情就是确定一个伟大的目标,并决心实现它。(德国诗人、戏剧家 歌德. j. m.)

the man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds. (mark twain, american writer)

具有新想法的人在其想法实现之前是个怪人。 (美国作家 马克·吐温)

the only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today. (franklin roosevelt, american president)

实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。(美国总统 罗斯福. f.)

when an end is lawful and obligatory, the indispensable means to is are also lawful and obligatory. (abraham lincoln, american statesman)

如果一个目的是正当而必须做的,则达到这个目的的必要手段也是正当而必须采取的。(美国政治家 林肯. a.)

ideal is the beacon. without ideal, there is no secure direction; without direction, there is no life.( leo tolstoy, russian writer)

理想是指路明灯。没有理想,就没有坚定的方向;没有方向,就没有生活。(俄国作家 托尔斯泰. l.)

if winter comes, can spring be far behind ?( p. b. shelley, british poet )

冬天来了,春天还会远吗?( 英国诗人, 雪莱. p. b.)

if you doubt yourself, then indeed you stand on shaky ground. (ibsen, norwegian dramatist )

如果你怀疑自己,那么你的立足点确实不稳固了。 (挪威剧作家 易卜生)

if you would go up high, then use your own legs ! do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other peoples backs and heads. (f. w. nietzsche, german philosopher)

如果你想走到高处,就要使用自己的两条腿!不要让别人把你抬到高处;不要坐在别人的背上和头上。(德国哲学家 尼采. f. w.)

it is at our mothers knee that we acquire our noblest and truest and highest, but there is seldom any money in them. ( mark twain, american writer )

就是在我们母亲的膝上,我们获得了我们的最高尚、最真诚和最远大的理想,但是里面很少有任何金钱。(美国作家 马克·吐温)

living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. (alexander dumas, davy de la pailleterie, french writer)

生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。 (法国作家 大仲马. a.)

the ideals which have lighted my way, and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully 19 have been kindness, beauty and truth.(albert einstein, american scientist)

有些理想曾为我们引过道路,并不断给我新的勇气以欣然面对人生,那些理想就是--真、善、美。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦. a.)

the dream is not a dream, the difference between the two usually have a very worth pondering the distance.梦想绝不是梦，两者之间的差别通常都有一段非常值得人们深思的距离。

“two gates there are for dreams," said penelope to odysseus after his ten years’ wandering had ended. "one made for horn and one of for ivory. the dreams that pass through the carved ivory delude and bring us tales that turn to naught;those that can come through polished horn accomplish real things whenever seen."“梦想有两扇门，”在奥德修斯结束了十年的漂泊后，潘尼洛对他说，“一扇是号角制成，一扇是象牙制成。通过精雕细缕的象牙门得梦想不过是一场会归于无的海市蜃楼的童话;而那些通过磨砺的号角门的梦想才会成为真实，为人所见。”

who has the material to survive, people have a dream only talk about life. you have to understand life and life different animal survival, while others life.人有了物质才能生存，人有了梦想才谈得上生活。你要了解生存与生活的不同吗?动物生存，而人则生活。

the dream was always running ahead of me. to catch up, to live for a moment in unison with it, that was the miracle.梦想总是跑在我前面，追寻它们，乃至仅有一瞬间的与梦想合而为一，也都是动人的生命奇迹。

a person rich money is not certain, but if the man is not a dream, the poor people.一个人有钱没钱不一定，但如果这个人没有了梦想，这个人穷定了。

if winter comes, can spring be far behind ?( p. b. shelley, british poet )冬天来了，春天还会远吗?( 英国诗人, 雪莱. p. b.)

dont part with your illusions. when they are gone you may still exist, but you have ceased to live. (mark twain, american writer)不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死。((美国作家 马克·吐温)

to accomplish great things, in addition to dream, must act.要想成就伟业，除了梦想，必须行动。

when you truly want something, all the universe conspires to help you finish it.当你真心渴望一件东西的时候，整个宇宙都会联合起来帮你完成它。

everything is now for the future of dream weaving wings, soar to great heights to dream in reality.现在的一切都是为将来的梦想编织翅膀，让梦想在现实中展翅高飞。

11、human nature is the most pathetic: we always dream of the horizon of a wonderful rose garden, not to enjoy today in our window open rose.人性最可怜的就是：我们总是梦想着天边的一座奇妙的玫瑰园，而不去欣赏今天就开在我们窗口的玫瑰。

faith consists in believing when it is beyond the power of reason to believe. it is not enough that a thing be possible for it to be believed.当还缺乏产生信仰的足够理由时，要用信念去包涵。模棱两可不足以支持一个信仰。(伏尔泰)

the dream is the other shore, the reality is that on this side, action is the bridge connecting.梦想是彼岸，现实是此岸，行动是那座连接的桥。

a heart will not be hurt for pursuing a dream, when you truly want something, all the universe conspires to help you complete the.没有一颗心会因为追求梦想而受伤，当你真心想要某样东西时，整个宇宙都会联合起来帮你完成。

dreams don’t abandon a painstaking pursuit of the people, as long as you never stop pursuing, you will bathe in the brilliance of the dream.梦想不抛弃苦心追求的人，只要不停止追求，你们会沐浴在梦想的光辉之中。

一.妙用修辞，平添情趣美。

从美学上说，人的审美眼光是独特的，但是对美的追求却是一致的。美总是借助联想和想象的翅膀，以感情为铺垫，并以一定的形式表现出来。拟写文题时，巧用修辞，可以增加文章的美感，使文章显得含蓄隽永，余味无穷。

1.拟人式

例如：2002年常州市中考话题作文，“人们可以改变环境，环境可以改变人------人们的习惯可以改变，人们的观念也可以改变------学习方式可以改变，生活态度可以改变，人与人之间的关系可以改变。请以‘改变’为话题，写一篇文章。写你的经历，体验，可以谈你的感受、想法，也可以编故事。题目自拟。”考场佳作的标题有《“耳朵”挑食》。拟题跳出了常规定势思维的窠臼，把耳朵拟人化了，并以耳朵的挑食为线索，演绎了“真话”逐渐失落的故事，抨击了社会的不良现象，激起了读者强烈的研读兴趣。《一张渔网的诉说》、《死去的风筝》、《哭泣的老树》，都让人如闻其声，如临其境。又如2002年南昌市、太原市中考作文，以“幸福”为话题。题目《雪花的快乐》、《无忧鸟》，把自然界的物写得很有灵性，附着人的感情色彩，体现了幸福需要感悟的真谛。另外如《选择生活的色彩》、《让信仰作主》、《阳光的脚步》等都令人耳目一亮，博得评分老师的好感。

2.比喻式

例如：2002年盐城市中考话题作文，“俗话说‘靠山吃山，靠水吃水’，但结果往往靠不住，‘坐吃山空’、‘望洋兴叹’的情景总时有发生;而在我们的现实生活中，大事的成就或小事的做成，靠的是坚韧不拔，靠的是团结协作，靠的是勤奋学习，靠的是踏实苦干，靠的是-----请以‘靠’为话题，写一篇文章，可以写你的经历，体验，感受，看法等，题目自拟。”考场佳作的标题《爱的港湾》。标题用比喻的手法，把家视为停泊风浪的港湾，准确而又形象的点击“靠着这份爱，我们在家的港湾度过一个个春秋;靠着这份爱，我要乘风破浪，而父母将青春常在”的主旨。又如以“诚信”为话题。标题《诚信是金》、《一诺似千金》，用比喻的修辞把“诚信”在人们心中的重要地位表现得淋漓尽致。再如以“诚实”为话题，标题《诚实就是财富》，把诚实这种美德比作财富，有力的证明了只有用诚实才能换得友谊，赢得成功，获得知识的主题。又如以“奉献”为话题。标题《最后的烛泪》，含蓄生动，用比喻来象征姥姥无私奉献到了生命的尽头，包含了对姥姥一生奉献的无言又无尽的歌颂，形象贴切，不落窠臼。

3.反问、设问式

例如：2002年连云港市中考话题作文，“选择是一门人生的必修课。在人生旅途中，会遇到各种各样的选择：选择朋友、选择学业、选择职业------选择高尚或卑劣、选择积极与颓废、选择欢乐或忧愁------也许你曾经选择过，也许你正在选择着，也许你即将面临选择。苏格拉底曾经说过：在我们的人生过程中，无论你的选择是对还是错，生命都不会给你第二次选择。我们所能做到的，就是珍惜每一次机会，把握每一次。请以“选择”为话题，写一篇文章，题目自拟。”标题《安能取熊掌而舍鱼?》(反问)、《究竟谁错了》、《林黛玉非死不可吗?》(设问)，把问句形式用于标题，能有意设置悬念，吸引读者去追寻其中的答案。

4、对比式

例如：2002年贵阳市中考作文题，以“回报”为话题，拟题有《回报与索取》。又如以“诚信”为话题，拟题有《诚信与虚伪》、《对与错》、《走出与回归》、《白雪红梅》。标题两相对照，孰是孰非，一目了然，使读者未读全文就留下思考的空间。

5、引用式

文题中恰当地引用一些成语或名句，能达到言简意赅、精练凝重的效果，使你的文章增加一份沉甸甸的文化底蕴，更显典雅蕴籍，富于文学情趣。例如：2002年贵阳市中考作文题，以“收藏”为话题，自拟题目。标题《昨夜星辰昨夜风》，这是李商隐诗《无题二首》第一首的起始句。写的是由今宵情景引发对昨夜的追忆。在这里借来表达对昔日友情的回味与珍藏，可谓情景交融，相得益彰。再如：2002年湖北襄樊市以“信任”为话题的中考作文。标题《一句话、一辈子》引用流行歌曲《朋友》中的歌词，简单朴实中会让人产生无尽的联想。又如《太阳每天都是新的》(以“明天”为话题)、《昙花一现》、《小城春秋》(以“改变”为话题)等，都能体现作者“厚积薄发”的语言魅力。

二.对偶式

标题用对偶的形式列出，对仗工整，韵律优美，也能达到出奇制胜的效果。如《夏之终曲冬之序歌》，生动的表现了九月的季节特点(2002年云南省以“盼”为话题的中考作文)。《生于改变死于顽固》(2002年常州以“改变”为话题的中考作文)。

三.双关式

例如：北京地区2000年模拟考试的作文，以“风”为话题。《北京“风”情》，标题一语双关，既让人感受到北京初春时节风的威力，又写了北京的民俗风情，可谓一举两得，浑然天成。再如标题《生命“诚”可贵》、《减负不能随意减“副”》，用谐音、双关的手法使得文章标题意味深长。

其它如排比式：标题《那山、那水、那人》等也显示了修辞运用上的独具匠心。

四.妙改名句熟语，转换意境美

对名诗名句、成语熟语等进行翻新改造，使作文标题显得亦庄亦谐，妙趣横生。如以“改变”为话题。标题《江山易改，本性可移》一改约定俗成的“江山易改，本性难移”，标题在立意上就显得声势夺人，别具一格。又如标题《授我以鱼，还须授我以渔》，此标题一看即知由熟语“授之以鱼，不如授之以渔”化用而来，个性独特，角度新颖。《若为人生故，诚信不可抛》，该标题不但观点鲜明，同时化用裴多菲的名句“若为自由故，两者皆可抛”，比起众多考生的一般性标题，显得要别致新颖多了。再如标题《酒好也怕巷子深》由熟语“酒好不怕巷子深”变化而来。这样的转换，使文章标题别有一番洞天，自有道不尽的奥妙，犹如一枚青橄榄，使读者反复咀嚼，再三玩味。

五.巧“卖关子”，妙设悬念美。

悬念即疑团，在标题中妙设悬念，巧卖关子，能产生一种摄人心魄的艺术感染力。如教材中的《死海不死》，名已为“死”海，又为何说其“不死”?原因何在?这样看似矛盾的组合大大调动了读者阅读的热情。题目中的重重迷雾，直到阅读完全文方能柳暗花明。例如：2002年青海省中考作文题，以“宽容”为话题。标题《美丽的谎言》，谎言是具有欺骗性的，肯定是虚假的，丑陋的，又为何冠以“美丽”来修饰?题目巧用逆向思维，以违反生活常理的语言拟题，使作文题目鲜亮夺目。再如陕西省中考话题作文题，以“感受生活”为话题。如《溺水的游鱼》，人人皆知水是鱼赖以生存的命根子，怎么游鱼会溺水呢?又如以“明天”为话题，标题《假如明天没有太阳》、《如果没有明天》也能激发读者追溯文章本末，慨叹妙笔生花的思维空间。

六.旧瓶装新酒，再现“创造美”。

名着是中学生课外阅读中面大量广的精品库。在这个精彩纷呈的文字殿堂中，有许多是我们熟悉而可以开发的话题资源。找到名着与现实生活的切入点，古为今用，借古人之嘴来说今天的话题，用老故事来阐述新道理，不失为一种好的方法，更能体现创造美的能力。例如《威尼斯商人新传》、《红与黑》、《葛朗台的新生》、《无情未必真豪杰》、《北京南城菜市口怀古》、风雨《红楼梦》、《选择三叠》就是2002年高考作文探奥《心灵的选择》中此类文题的精品，同样也值得在中考拟题中思考、运用。利用熟知的名着拟题，不但可以体现一种积累能力，更可以体现内涵丰富的语言功力，再现一种博大精深的文学画面，化原始的纯朴美为创造的美。

七.巧用标点，增加表现美。

例如：2001年徐州市中考作文题：以读书为话题，可以记叙、总结、介绍、质疑，与作品中人物对话均可。拟题有《谁是打虎英雄?》、《不要等“刘备》。再如“同学正处在独立人格形成的时期，都希望受人尊重，也学着尊重别人。尊重很容易做到：得到帮助时道声谢，妨碍别人时道句歉------尊重也容易被人忽视：遭人冷落，被人揭短-----总之，尊重别人是一种美德，受人尊重是一种幸福。请以‘尊重’为话题，自由拟题。”标题有《尊重他人=尊重自己》、《自尊?自辱?》、《3-1=0》。给文题增设一个恰到好处的标点符号，能有助于增强标题的表现力，化腐朽为神奇，起到文字难以替代的作用。

当然，拟题方法不仅仅是这五种，这需要各位考生对这些拟题悉心揣摩，并灵活机智地加以借鉴，用足才情，才能把话题作文的标题这一文章的眼睛美化得熠熠生辉，流盼垂青，真正成为内容的亮点。

话题就是谈话的中心。话题作文是一种用有关材料和提示语启发思考，激发想象，用话题限定写作范围的作文题型。话题作文中的话题一般是大多数考生所熟知的或应该知道的信息，是当代人所关注的信息。高考作文话题，并不回避社会热点问题。小编收集了关于话题作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

话题作文不只限于记叙文或议论文，从近年高考阅卷看，考生写的不仅有记叙文、议论文、说明文，还有书信、新闻、杂文、小说、散文、诗歌、剧本、寓言故事、科幻故事等。

话题作文的评价标准分为基础等级和发展等级两个级别。在“基础等级”中，从题意、文体、思想感情、中心内容、结构语言、书写标点六个方面提出了基本要求;在“发展等级”中，从深刻、丰富、有文采、有创新四个方面提出了评价标准，鼓励学生在作文中创新。

由于话题作文有开放性等特点，一些考生以为话题作文没有严格的要求，不重视审题，随意为文的现象较多。具体说来有这样几种情况：①审题不准，甚至脱离话题;②拟题不动脑筋，有的在话题的后面加“之我见”三字或直接用话题作标题;③误以为“文体自选”是不讲文体，文章写得“四不像”;④思想贫乏，内容空洞无物，不愿在“深刻”上下功夫;⑤照搬照套自己读过的文章，有抄袭之嫌，如2001年以“诚信”为话题，有些考生就将《读者》(2001年第13期)中的《玉》改为自己的作文搬上试卷;还有语言贫乏、语句不通、书写潦草、标点不当等毛病，都值得考生注意。

我们了解了话题作文的特点，接下来就要了解往届考生作文的不足，避免重犯类似的毛病，还要加强针对性的训练。

1.注重积累思想、积累生活，力求作文有一定的深度。高三学生应该关注社会，多读书，广泛储备写作素材。多找一些话题来思考：如教育、奉献、机遇、青春、财富、竞争、成功、素质、人生、环境、资源、网络等，平时有积累、有感受，考时就有可能正常发挥或超水平发挥。

2.加强审题、立意训练。话题作文虽然不像命题作文那样规定过死，但宽也不是漫无边际，宽也有“度”。写话题作文，必须弄清话题的意思、范围。作文立意即确立写作意向，“意”就是文章的主旨，主旨要求正确、深刻、鲜明、新颖。因此，在立意训练中要尽可能多地想出好的立意，然后多中选优，优中选深，深中选新。

3.学会拟标题。题目自拟，给考生提供了一次显示才华的机会。题目像人的前额和眼睛一样重要。题目是给评卷人的第一个印象。拟题要考虑自己所选定的文体和储备的素材以及驾驭的能力。拟题应避免陈题、大而不当的题、太一般化的题。

4.逐条落实“基础等级”要求，重点训练“发展等级”要求。作文评分标准中“基础等级”列出了六项要求，是高中毕业生作文应达到的一般要求。“发展等级”提出了四个方面的要求：深刻、丰富、有文采、有创新，这是作文的较高要求。现在评卷时一般采用“一点给分法”，这四个方面，只要有一个方面十分突出，就可以评10分。对于“发展等级”的10分，我们一定要下气力争取全得或多得。

另外，卷面一定要整洁，书写一定要工整，不要写漏了标题，不要写错别字。考场作文，一定要想好才动笔，不要写几行划掉又重来。