中招英语写作技巧最新(优秀20篇)

国家公务员考试申论大纲明确指出：“申论是主要通过应考者对给定材料的分析、概括、提炼、加工，测查应考者解决实际问题的能力，以及阅读理解能力”，也指出了“申论是测查从事机关工作应当具备的基本能力的考试科目。小编收集了策论文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、追根溯源——什么是策论文

所谓策论文，简言之即文章的正文部分以提对策为主。近几年的国考和省考文章命题中都有所涉猎，且题干或要求中已限定只能写策论文。例如：

[2013年国考地市]请以“让……大放异彩”为题，写一篇内容充实的文章。

要求：1.用恰当的文字替换“让……大放异彩”中的省略号部分，是指构成一个完整具体的文章标题;2.主题应与“给定资料”相关，但素材不必拘泥于“给定资料”要结合生活中的具体感受，切忌空谈政策;3.观点鲜明，结构完整，语言流畅;4.字数800-1000字。

[2010年广东省考]针对材料中所反应的问题(仅限所给材料)，以“进一步加强农民工工作”为题，写一篇800字左右的策论文章。

要求：措施全面，结构完整，条理清晰，行文流畅，针对性强，具有可操作性。

二、明确规范——策论文的文章格式

作为申论的文章写作，行文规范是文章的基本要求，也是体现政府机关工作的基本特点。对于策论文写作理应体现以下之规范：

P1：开头 概括材料，分析主题、提出总论点

P2：分论点一(段首为对策性分论点)

P3：分论点二(段首为对策性分论点)

P4：分论点三(段首为对策性分论点)

P5：结尾 总结升华

从此规范可见，策论文的基本特点在于文章主体段落必须以对策加以呈现，望考生能谨记。

三、避免误区——策论文的注意事项

当前很多考生在写策论文的过程中有以下两个误区:

误区一：策论文即文章只能写对策，不能有分析。这是很多考生在文章写作常犯的一个错误，申论文章的写作在于说理，说理势必有理有据，因此自当有分析有对策，分析愈透彻，方显对策之针对性。

误区二：文章主体段落有对策即为策论文。申论文章角度的区分不在于文章篇幅的大小，对策多即为策论文，这是常见的误解。而根本性的判定文章是否为策论文在于段旨句是否为对策。

四、学以致用——策论文分论点来源

古语有云“他山之石可以攻玉”，不管是作为考生平时的知识积累，或是来自于材料中主题所涉及的对策都可成为文章写作的分论点。

以2013年国考地市文章写作为例，材料中谈到了很多文化发展的对策，例：发展文化人才、搭建文化阵地、扶持本国文化事业、重视传统文化教育，都可成为本文写作的分论点，考生可根据对策与主题之间的关系以及对策之间的密切程度酌情筛选，确定分论点。

同时，考生还可根据平时的积累，对于文化发展的对策也可以结合自身，从实际中出发，例如，扎根群众，提高文化自觉性;认真学习，提升文化自信;抵制西化，捍卫文化尊严等等，从这些方面进行论述，进而打造“人无我有，人有我优”的文章写作亮点。

书面表达是近几年初中英语中考的重要题型，是一种反映学生表达、传递信息和解决实际问题的重要的语言测试手段，同时也是用于测试学生的语言交际能力和语言知识活用能力的一项综合性试题。《英语课程标准》对各个年级学生“写”的技能提出了明确目标，它要求学生具有较高的书面语言表达能力。然而，目前初中英语教学的书面表达相对滞后，学生的写作水平提高甚微，一提起写作学生们就犯愁，甚至一字不写，有的干脆放弃。写一篇像样的英语作文对80%的学生来说是“难于上青天”。究其原因是多方面的。学生方面：(1)汉语影响、生词造句;(2)词汇贫乏、搭配不当;(3)句型误用、语法不通;(4)信息不全、条理紊乱。因此，笔者结合新教材的内容，在教学中探索了学生写作训练的方法。

一、积累词汇

初中学生在阅读理解方面最大的障碍就是词汇量的缺乏，而扩大词汇量绝非死记硬背就能做到。最有效的方法就是大量接触各种不同体裁的英语文章，利用“在句中记，在文中记”的方法来积累词汇。因此我们指导学生依据英语报刊的特点，按栏目、话题、题材、体裁归类收集常用词，将出现频率较高的常用词汇积累到单词本子上，查字典写例句，初步学会这些单词的运用，放在身边，利用零散时间反复记忆，加强印象。还要求学生给出与单词有关的同义、近义、反义和词形相似的词，使词汇量得到最大限度的复现。如：反义词appear/disappear， crowded/uncrowded，polite/impolite/rude.词形相似的词except/expect，chance/change/challenge.这样，通过大量的词汇练习不仅仅能有效地积累词汇，还为组句打下了基础，同时还能训练学生的发散性思维和总结、归纳、比较的能力，为学生正确使用词句奠定了良好的基础。

二、活用词句

当学生有了一定的词汇量的时候，教师在教学中可以采用先易后难的方法，让学生用简单的词组成句子，再以句子的构成作为学生进行写作训练的起点，引导学生从对单个句型的掌握，逐渐过渡到多种句型的混用，直到学生能连贯自如地表达思想。一句多译，句型转换，是书面表达能力的关键。总的来说，教师在平时的教学中要将日常生活中经常出现的词、句作为材料让学生训练，使学生乐于接受，轻松完成，享受成功感。

例如：以study为中心组成句子。

I study in No.3 Middle School.I study very hard.My sister studies in the same school.But she studies harder than me.等等。

三、创设情景

例如，学生举行运动会，开“生日聚会”，以“A sports meeting”和“My birthday party”为语境，让学生在活动中仔细观察，亲身体验，然后试着用自己所学的语言知识，表达“A sports meeting”和“My birthday party”这些话题。在我们新教材的每个单元中，都设有写作训练题，它们用英语设置语境，用英语提示内容，这些写的练习，与我们平时用汉语给语境、用英语完成段落的方式相比，更为理想。当然，教师在设立语境话题时要与学生的水平和能力相适应，应从简到难，从浅到深进行。否则，学生会无从下笔，久而久之，他们会失去信心。

四、注重听、说和阅读的培养

在英语写作中听、说、读、写应同步发展。写作是一种语言输出形式，只有语言输入大于语言输出，语言输出才有可能。英语写作训练作为英语综合能力训练之一，是与英语的听说读不可分割的，它们是相互影响、相互作用的有机统一体，必须注重听、说、读、写能力的同步发展。

比如笔者实施多年的“五分钟课前演讲”：在上正课前五分钟里，要学生用英语讲述一个故事(积累素材);或者课前朗读一篇短小精 的文章，让大家课后模仿;或者就大家平时关心的话题写一个发言稿或演讲稿进行课前发言;或者让学生自立主题，围绕自己喜欢的主题写一段话。这种课前训练取得了很好的效果。

五、写英文日记

要养成记英语日记勤练笔的习惯。经常用英语记日记等于天天在练笔，这无疑是提高英语写作行之有效的好办法。在记日记时，不要总是用简单句，要有意识地用一些好的词组、句型和复合句等，使文句更优美生动。对一些所给情景写的文章，写好后要对照一些范文，找出差距，然后再去练习，不仅能促使学生及时巩固所学的知识，还能锻炼他们的恒心和学习毅力，同时对提高英语作文也是很有帮助的。只有这样，学生才能通过多练习提高英语写作水平。

总之，学生英语写作水平的提高不是一朝一夕的事，英语写作能力培养的训练方法也是多方面的，因此需要我们英语教师在教学工作中不断探索、不断研究，总结出一些更富有创新活力的英语写作方法。鼓励学生平时要多积累语素材，要求他们坚持长期写作训练，做到善于思考、勤于训练、勇于探究，充分发挥学生的潜力。久而久之，学生的写作水平就会有大幅度的提高。

写作是英语的第二大重头戏，仅次于阅读。但是这部分又经常被考生忽略，考前不动手，依赖临考模板，很难写出高分作文。下面是小编为大家整理的大学基础英语写作诀窍，欢迎阅读。

1、灵活改变句子开头

在通常情况下，英语句子的排列方式为“主语+谓语+宾语”，即主语位于句子开头。但若根据情况适当改变句子的开头方式，比如使用倒状语或以状语开头等，会使文章增强表现力。

- You can do it well only in this way.→ Only in this way can you do it well.

只有这样你才能把它做好。

- A young woman sat by the window.→ By the window sat a young woman.

窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女

2、避免重复使用词语

为了使表达更生动，更富表现力，同学们在写作时应尽量避免重复使用同一词语来表示同一意思，尤其是一些老生常谈的词语。如有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字，就会立刻想起like，事实上，英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多，如 love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。

- I like reading while my brother likes watching television.→ I like reading while my   brother enjoys watching television.

我喜欢看书，而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。

3、合理使用省略句

合理恰当地使用省略句，不仅可以使文章精练、简洁，而且会使文章更具文采和可读性。

- He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?→ He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?

他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要    是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?

- If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If it is not fine, we’ll not go.→ If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not.

如果天气好，我们就去；如果天气不好，我们就不去了。

- She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.→ She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t.

她本可申请这份工作的，但她没有。

4、运用非谓语结构

非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构，适当运用非谓语结构，会给人一种熟练驾驭语言的印象。

- When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.→ Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.

听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。

- As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.→ Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。

5、结合使用长、短句

在英语写作中，过多地使用长句或过多地使用短句都不好。正确的做法是，根据实际情况在文章中交替使用长句与短语，使文章显得错落有致，这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章读起来铿锵有力。

-At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.→ At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes and playing chess.

中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。休息一会儿后，我们唱的唱歌，跳的跳舞，还有的讲笑话、下棋，大家玩得很开心。

6、使用短语代替单词

使用短语代替单词。

- He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.→ He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up.

他已决定长大了当老师。

- He doesnt like music.→ He doesnt care much for music.

他不大喜欢音乐。

- He told me that the question was now under discussion.→ He told me that the question was now being discussed.

他告诉我问题现正正在讨论中。

7、套用某些固定表达

套用某些固定表达

- He was very tired. He couldn’t walk any farther.→ He was too tired to walk any farther.

他太累了，不能再往前走了。

- The film was very interesting. Both the teachers and the students liked it.→ The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.

这电影很有趣，学生和老师都很喜欢。

- Your son is old. He can look after himself now.→ Your son is old enough to look after himself now.你的儿子已经长大，可以自己照顾自己了。

8、使用地道英语

使用地道英语

- Dont worry. Be bold and try it, and youll learn it soon.→Dont worry. Just go for it, and youll get it soon.

别担心，大胆试一试，你很快就会学会的。

-Thank you for playing with us.→Thank you for sharing the time with us.

谢谢你陪我玩。

9、综合使用“高级”结构

综合使用“高级”结构

- We had to stand there to catch the offender.→ What we had to do was (to) stand there, trying to catch the offender.

我们所能做的只是站在那儿，设法抓住违章者。

- If her pronunciation is not better than her teacher’s, it is at least as good as her teacher’s.→ Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teacher’s.

如果她的语音不比她的老师好的话，至少也不会比她老师的差。

10、引用名言警句点缀

在写作时根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章，不仅使文章显得有深度、有智慧，而且会让文章在评分中上一个“得分档次”。

- As the proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Though you fail this time, you needn’t lose heart. As long as you work hard and stick to your dream, you will succeed one day.- There is a proverb goes like this “Life isn’t a bed of roses.” It is ture that it is likely for everyone to meet problems and difficulties in life.- In the modern world, more and more people live alone, which is not so good for our life. It is better for us to make more friends and enjoy friendship. Just as a proverb says, “A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.”

一、遣词方面：用词要贴切而丰富，善用短语 ,词汇是语言的建筑材料，文章的好坏，选词很关键，如果用词精湛，就会使文章“亮”起来。

1、措辞要贴切具体

试比较下面句子：

A man is walking down the street.

A man is strolling down the street.

通过比较可以看出，前一句不如后一句表达得具体、生动。一个词如果内涵越具体，那么在特定的场景中恰当地使用它，就会收到意想不到的效果。很多同学写作时常随便用一个很笼统的词来描述一个具体事物或人，如 a nice man给人感觉很笼统空泛，我们可以用很多有个性的、具体的词描绘一个人，如 generous(大方的，慷慨的)，humorous(幽默的)，smart(漂亮的，潇洒的)，kind-hearted，warm-hearted，hospitable(好客的,招待周到的)，gentle(文雅的)，optimistic(乐观的)，easy-going(随和的)，spirited(英勇的)，cultivated(有教养的)，manly(有男子气概的)，knowledgeable(知识渊博的)等等。

2、要善于运用短语

短语用得好，会给评卷员留下深刻印象。如：

When he was a child，he wanted to learn everything.( 普通)

When he was a child，he had a strong appetite(胃口) for knowledge.(高级)

3、要避免汉语思维

用词要符合英语习惯，避免汉语思维的影响，如某些名词和动词搭配已约定俗成，不能随意打乱其搭配习惯，否则会显得生硬和词不达意。如汉语中的“学到知识”，英语中就不能说“learn knowledge”，而要说acquire knowledge (获得知识) 。类似的动宾结构还有achieve success (获得成功)，gain reputation (获得声誉)，attain ones end (达到目的)等。

二、造句方面：句式要准确而多变，活用复合句

简单句用得太多，会造成文章读起来乏味。在评卷员看来，同样意思的内容，能够运用比较复杂的句式结构来表达，当然会认为其运用语言的能力要比只会用简单句来表达要强，评分自然就高。

1、巧用非谓语动词

运用非谓语动词，可使文句看起来更简洁，使语言更加丰富多彩，重点更加突出，增加文采。如：

I covered my ears，trying to keep the noise out，but failed. (2004广东卷)

2、巧用with复合结构

“with+名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/介词”结构，常作伴随状语以增加被描绘内容的生动性和情感性，使文章读起来更简洁明了。试比较：

I couldnt go on studying because there was so much noise troubling me. (普通)

I couldnt go on studying with so much noise troubling me. (高级)

3、巧用复合句

高考评分标准强调使用语法结构的数量和复杂性，鼓励考生尽量使用较复杂的结构，并且对由此产生的错误采取了宽容的态度。如果恰当运用各类从句，就会使文章出彩。

如：(定语从句) Whats more，people have easy access to the Internet，which enables them to send and receive e-mails whenever they like.

4、巧用倒装句、感叹句、强调句、虚拟语气句等

使用这些句式可使文章化平淡为生动，加强语气，使评卷老师感受作者的强烈情感。

(倒装句)Only in this way can Internet Bars be well used by people.

(感叹句)I thought，“How hard mum is working! She must be very tired.”

5、巧用排山倒海句

如能运用一个个排比句、对偶句、不定式或短语，可令文章增色不少，会给评卷员眼前一亮的感觉。如：

The purpose of the program are to make our school more beautiful，to make the air cleaner and fresher，and to turn our school into a better place for us to study and live in.

三、谋篇方面：结构要清晰而流畅，巧用过渡词

众所周知，语言的最高层次不是传统语法所说的句子，而是语篇。语篇指的是一系列连接的语段或句子构成的语言整体。一篇好的文章不但句子正确，要点齐全，更重要的是有效地使用了语句间的连接成分。因此，恰当使用好连接性的词语和句子，是使作文获得高分的一个重要因素。

下列各组表示列举或补充的短语或句式非常实用，对高考写作很有帮助：

(1)Firstly...，secondly...，thirdly...，finally...

(2)In the first place...，in the second place...，in the third place...，lastly...

(3)to begin with...，then...，furthermore...，finally...

(4)to start with...，next...，in addition...，finally...

(5)first and foremost...，besides...，last but not least...

(6)most important of all...，moreover...，finally...

如果只有两层意思，可选用下列两组中的任一组：

(1)On the one hand...，on the other hand...

(2)For one thing..., and for another thing...技巧，希望对大家有帮助

作文分数占了语文试卷的半壁江山，同学们需要引起足够的重视。下面是整理的2017年中考作文开头和结尾写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、“卒章显志”式的结尾——

这种结尾方式也叫“画龙点睛”式，也就是在结尾点明文章的中心思想。这是用得最多的结尾方式。而“点睛”的方式又可分为下面几种：

1、用抒情式点题结尾。如“老师，无论我走到哪里，我都走不出您的视野。感谢您的一路呵护，一路鼓励!”(《感谢恩师》)抒发了对老师的感激之情。

2、用希望式点题结尾。如“把理解带到人吧，尽量给别人减少一分病苦，增添一分快乐!”(《最爱的人，别伤他最深》)

3、用推理式点题结尾。如“有一颗感恩的心，会让我们的社会多一宽容与理解，少一些职责与推委;多一些和谐与温暖，少一些争吵与冷漠;多一些真诚与团结，少一些欺骗与涣散……”(《有一颗感恩的心》)。作者用“有一颗感恩的心，会……”的句式，点明了“要有一颗感恩的心”这个主题。

4、用表决式点题结尾。如“可以确定的是，无论前路阳光明媚，或是崎岖陡峭，我会坚定地——痛并快乐着。”(《痛并快乐着》)既点明主题，又回应文题，可谓一箭双雕。

5、用展望式点题结尾。如“我，我的未来不是梦!”(《我的未来不是梦》)

6、用感悟式点题结尾。如“她让我懂得了宽容，学会了宽容。”(《宽容》)

7、用比喻式点题结尾。如“诚信是诚实，诚信是守信，诚信是一句承诺，诚信是许诺后的行动，诚信是一根不屈的脊梁。”(《诚信——世间最美的》)把诚信比作脊梁。

8、用号召式点题结尾。如“友善的微笑可以压倒一切，无论来自亲人还是陌生人，关键在于真诚和友好。让我们以友善的微笑面对人生，面对生活，面对别人。那么，世界将会更美好的明天。”(《友善的微笑》)

9、用引用式点题结尾。如“请听一位名人关于学习的论述吧——当你感到痛苦悲哀的时候，最好是再学些什么东西，学习会使你永远立于不败之地……既然这样，我们何不去学习呢?”(《一首诗的启示》)引用名言。再如“让我们再背一遍何其芳的诗吧：”生活是多么广阔，生活是海洋，凡有生活的地方，就有快乐和宝藏。‘“(《乐就在平凡生活中》)引用现代诗句。还如”云南是云海，日月之行，若出其中，星汉灿烂，若出其里。“(《云南云》)引用古诗句。

10、用标题式点题结尾。如“21世纪的今天，不要再时时墨守成规。这个时代，要的是创造性的人才。朋友，记住：我创新，所以我生存!”(《我创新，所以我生存》)用自身的标题作结尾。

11、用议论式点题结尾。如“我们，这些初升的太阳，红色，橙色，金色，热力四射，正向全世界发出灿烂夺目的光彩。”(《我们是初升的太阳》)

12、用总结式点题结尾。如“感谢语文，是你不经意地从我身边走过，在不经意的回眸间，让我认识了安易，也了解了安易，欣赏了安易，在凄苦的经历中，不禁使人心生怜惜，疑虑而问，在那沉醉的旧途中，身世坎坷的女子是否找到了小路?”(《语文从我身边轻轻地走过》)既总结了上文内容，又点题。

13、用人言式点题结尾。即用文中人物自己的语言点题。如“又过了两年，他捧着中医学院针灸的毕业证书来向我爸爸报喜，他没有高傲的情绪，仍旧很谦虚。当谈到他的成长经历时他这样说：”黑暗中，我没有去捕捉那些东西，那些东西只会使我成为又瞎又聋的精神侏儒，而去探索真正的知识，学会自立的本领。现在的我已经很强大了，黑暗已彻底被我打败了。‘“(《黑暗中的探索》)用主人公自己的话，揭示了文章的主题。

二、“呼应开头”式结尾——

先看《战胜自己》的开头和结尾：

开头：善于战胜自己，这是我的长处。这个“自己”，是害怕困难缺少勇气的自己，成功时很得意洋洋的自己。

中间：……

结尾：善于战胜自己，这就是我的长处。困难前面不失掉信心，要有勇气战胜之：成功时不趾高气扬，要看到缺点，保持冷静的头脑。

这种结尾方式能使文章首尾呼应，结构完整，浑然一体。

三、“记叙事件”式结尾——

这种结尾方式能使文章显得含蓄，使读者有回味的余地。如《给我一个理由》的结尾：“我走出小店，看到太阳正对着笑。”含蓄地表达了善于微笑而得到了好的回报的主题。

四、“描写景物”式结尾——

这种结尾方式能对主题进行烘托突出的作用。例如《我经历的一次小波折》的结尾：“雨依旧下着，但变得温柔起来，天空明亮了许多，西方还出现了美丽的彩虹，我的心也轻松了许多。这次小小的波折我怎么能忘怀呢?”以美景衬托经过这场思想感情的雨水洗礼之后的“轻松之情”。

总之，结尾应像老虎的尾巴那样，漂亮而有力。

应用文是人们日常生活中广泛使用的文体。它最突出的特点是它的实际应用性，应用文包括很广，如书信、通知、日记、海报、便条、启事、请柬、电报、合同等。应用文的语言应使用规范语言，重在实用，力求朴实、准确、简洁。

一、书信

书信我们分为两部分：信封和内容。

1、信封的写法。

英语信封正面的左上角，写发信人的姓名和地址。在信封的正面中央偏左一点，写收信人的地址和姓名。

英语信封上的地点名称由小到大，视其长短可占二至五行不等。

寄信人只写姓名，不写头衔。但是，收信人一般都在名字前加上头衔，以示礼貌和尊敬。对于没有官衔和学衔的人士，通常在姓名前写上Mr., Mrs.,或Ms.。

信封的写法，一般来说，很少出现在中考英语的作文中。

2、内容。

英文信一般可以分为下列几个部分。

1)信端(Heading)即写信人的地址和发信日期。

2)收信人姓名地址

3)称呼

4)信的正文

5)结束语

6)签名

有的时候，出题者会让考生写e-mail。e-mail的写法和书信的写法基本一致。只不过少了书信在信封上的繁琐。

二、发言稿

发言稿要注意以下三点：

1、发言的地点

2、发言的对象

3、发言的内容。

三、通知

通知的正文一般都是写在"Notice"以词之下，一般来说不必写称呼语和结束语。出同时的单位名称可以写在notice之上，也可以写在正文的右下角。

正文一般采用文章式，有时为了醒目，也可采用广告式。广告式要力求简明扼要，一个句子可分几行。每行第一个字母一般要大写。

四、启事

启事是一种公告式的应用文。团体或个人如有什么事情要向大家公开说明或对公众有什么要求，可将要说的话写成启事，张贴在布告栏上或登在报刊上。启事一般无固定格式，要求简明扼要即可。

五、海报

海报是一种带有装饰性的宣传广告。有时配以绘画图案。内容以影讯、展览、演出信息、友谊赛等为主。为了尽可能使更多的人知道，海报往往贴在醒目之处。

一、注意段首句式的变化

图画作文的段首句往往是"如图所示"或"从图画中可以看出"之类，下面为经常采用的一些句型：

As is shown in the picture, 和As can be seen from the picture,是经常能看到的首句话，但是模板迹象过于明显，所以应该稍加升级，比如添加一些结构和修饰语：

It is of considerable interest to see in the bizarre picture that…

当然还可以添加一些引出话题的句子：

No one can skip the issue of…(图画表现出来的意图)。Just as what is illustrated in the above drawing,…

二、适当用被动替换主动，这样能更客观地反映事实。

句子开头不要总是用we / I (比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attent

ion should be paid to. ) 举个经典结尾的例子：It is, therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that. By doing so，its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively。

三、一句话用不同的句式来表达

为了加强同学们对语法知识在写作中的灵活应用，下面给出一句话的14种句式及语言

调整的效果，内容上没有太大差异，但是请同学们仔细辨别每句话所侧重的句式：

1.使用表语从句

The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard, and being shocked at the message. The reason is that the billboard is advertising a "sale of the dead bodies"。

2.使用介词短语

In the picture, two people are reading the announcement and they are being shocked at the message of "a sale of dead bodies" on a billboard。

3.使用疑问句

The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. Why are they so shocked? The reason is that the billboard is advertising a "sale of the dead bodies"。

4.使用原因状语从句

The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. As the billboard is advertising a "sale of the dead bodies"， they are shocked at the message。

5.使用结果状语从句

The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. The billboard is advertising a "sale of the dead bodies" so that they are shocked at the message。

6.使用时间状语从句

In the picture, while the two people are reading the announcement on the billboard about "a sale of the dead bodies"， they are being deeply shocked。

7.使用分词短语

In the picture, reading the message of a ‘sale of the dead bodies" advertised on the billboard, the two people are deeply shocked。

8.使用主动语态

In the picture, the announcement on a billboard advertising a "sale of the dead bodies" shocks the two people reading it。

9.使用There be 结构

In the picture, there is an announcement on a billboard advertising a "sale of the dead bodies" and shocking the two people reading it。

10.使用倒装句

On a billboard is an announcement advertising a "sale of the dead bodies". The two people reading it are being shocked。

11.使用定语从句

In the picture, the announcement on a billboard which advertises a "sale of the dead bodies" shocks the two people reading it。

12.强调句

In the picture, it is the announcement on a billboard advertising a "sale of the dead bodies" that shocks the two people reading it。

13.虚拟语气

In the picture, were it not for the announcement on the billboard advertising a "sale of the dead bodies"， the two people would not be so shocked。

14. 尽量复杂作文中的句式

It is of considerable interest to observe in this bizarre caricature that a couple of citizens, reading an announcement issued on the billboard, are taken aback as a result of the astounding message which informs people of a "sale of dead bodies"。

句中使用的词组包括：be of considerable interest, a couple of, taken aback, as a result of, inform sb. of

长句采用的特殊语法包括：宾语从句+分词结构做插入语+分词作后置定语(issued)+被动语态+原因短语+定语从句。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

叙事作文来源于生活，但又高于生活，小编收集了2018年高考记叙文写作技巧：文章如溪水，欢迎阅读。

叙事作文又称记事作文，在作文类别里因为贴近生活实际，而被是认为是较简单的一种作文体裁，对于小学生来讲，叙事作文往往又与另一个词联系较紧密---“流水帐”，叙事作文写作技巧。作为教师，我常在学生习作中发现“流水帐”这类文章，统观原因就是因为学生在写这类文章时，过于偏向“叙”、“记”，光叙事情的顺序，记录每一个细节，而忽视了叙事作文中的“思”、“情”、“议”，这些文章的枝叶，光剩下一副骨架，自然文章也就成了干枯的秃树，吸引不了人了。

叙事作文来源于生活，但又高于生活，生活只记录了事情的发生、发展、结果，是一本“帐”。陆游说：“尔果欲学诗，功夫在诗外”。这诗外的功夫即是对生活的体验，感受和认识，也就是“思”、“议”、“情”，将你们思考到的，你的观点说出来，你对这件事的感情色彩，表达在你的文章中，这样，文章才会丰满，再大的树干也需要枝叶的铺盖，才会生机盎然。

叶圣陶先生说：“生活如泉源，文章如溪水，泉源丰富而不枯竭，溪水自然活泼地流个不竭”，对学生来讲，生活的经历不算是丰富，固定的生活模式容易让学生产生公式化的记忆，叙起事来自然也就成了“流水帐”。但孩子的生活细节是丰富的，他们在日常生活中，对事物有着不同于成人的观察范围、观察视角、观察兴趣，如果将这些详细的叙述出来，作文自然也就丰富了。

作为教师，帮助学生深挖叙事过程中的“思”、“议”、“情”等方面的内容，可以起到画龙点睛的作用。

一、网络评论的概念

网络评论是就某个新闻事实或新闻事件借助网络媒体所发表的评论。主要区别于电视、报刊、广播等传统媒体上刊载的评论。网络评论与传统媒体的载体不同，严格意义上，网络转载的其他媒体的评论，不属于网络评论，网络评论是借助网络媒体所发表的原创评论。

二、网络评论的特点

据有关数据显示，中国网民数量已达5.64亿，其中，10—19岁网民是最大的用户群体，拥有高中学历者占到39.4% ，主要构成群体是青年学生和城市白领。由于网络载体的原因，网络评论与报纸、电视等评论存在不少差异，其特点是：反应迅速、文章短小、观点鲜明、论证新颖、语言鲜活。

1、反应迅速。新闻事件发生后，纸媒、电视等媒体要发布评论，有时要受制于出版和播出时间的限制，而网评不受这个限制。比如人民网人民网评在发布莫言获得诺奖的评论就发表在2012年11月11日当天，而人民日报《让文学回归我们的内心》则在第二天了，人民日报海外版《从莫言获奖说起》、《莫言获奖空前不绝后》则在2012年11月13日。

2、文章短小。纸媒评论一般字数在1000——1200字左右，人民日报的“人民论坛”字数在1200字左右;而网络评论字数一般在1000字以内，人民网的“人民网评”现在一般在1000字左右;新华网的“新华网评”则在800字左右的较多。

3、 观点鲜明。网评的观点受制于网络媒体的特点和网络受众的特点，它的观点通常都是开门见山，直抒胸臆。不像纸媒评论以及杂文那样，需要铺垫、绕弯，而是直接提出自己的观点，紧接着就论述。但是网络评论的标题制作一般较长，基本上是把新闻事件和观点同时表达出来。

4、论证新颖。网络是一个新媒体，网络评论的作者新人也较多，许多人没有传统媒体的条条框框，与我们生活着的现实世界联系紧密，从论证技巧到语言文字都有着新鲜的痕迹。王石川的《致考生，努力了你就无悔青春》这篇评论，就借用了年轻人喜欢的歌曲《致青春》，拉近了评论与年轻读者的距离。“青春是一场渐行渐远的诗歌，无论悲欢，都是记忆;无论好坏，都不是终点。走过这段路，轻装上阵，迎接下一个渡口。”他的这种观点在《致青春》的歌曲氛围中，是很容易被考生们接受的。

5、语言鲜活。网络评论在很多时候都使用了网络语言。除了文中使用以外，有许多网评标题也都是由鲜活的语言组织起来的：《“电荒”源于利润“掐架”》、 《新车改：没有执行力，“神马”仍将都是“浮云》 、《 “菜鸟”能给马云下多大的蛋》.......

网络语言是伴随着网络的发展而新兴的一种有别于传统平面媒介的语言形式。它以简洁生动的形式，一诞生就得到了广大网友的偏爱，发展神速。比如“杯具”、“神马都是浮云”、“ 斑竹 ”等等。鲜活的网络语言甚至影响了正规的纸媒。2010年11月10日《人民日报》头版头条刊登《江苏给力“文化强省”》一文，就用了网络词汇“给力”，中国组织人事报评论：《正确对待群众的“拍砖”》就用了网络语言“拍砖”。

所以，网络评论写作，要使用网络语言，这样，写出的评论才是网络评论而不是别的什么评论。

三、网络评论写作技巧：

(一)重视选题。

1、选题的意义：新闻稿或者信息，最“金贵”的还在于选题、立意，题是文章的点睛之笔。

特别是在“读题时代”、“速读时代”，找选题=找新闻;筛选题=选出特别值得做的新闻，放弃暂不值得做的新闻。一篇稿件的生命价值在很大程度上取决于立意选题。

凡是成功的新闻稿件都离不开选题好这一点。第21届中国新闻奖网络评论一等奖《依法理性表达爱国热情》、第22届中国新闻奖网络评论一等奖《“老何说和”说了些什么?》选题首先都不错。

2、如何选题：这个还是要依照新闻的价值来选择，即新闻的新鲜性、重要性、显著性、接近性、趣味性这样五个方面。

通常，新闻新闻，新鲜性这个要素是必须具备的，五个方面都能顾及到更好，一般只能兼顾两三点。

例：《北京警方夜查天上人间等4家豪华夜总会》这篇新闻稿，这五个方面都有所涉及。比如首次查办高档夜总会是新鲜性;天上人间的政治胭脂到底有多厚是重要性;首都多年以来首次查办高档夜总会是显著性，腐败是社会普遍关注的问题，这是接近性，高档妓女则是趣味性。

3、网络评论选题的特性：

比新闻还要注重选择。

因为评论是新闻的衍生物，是对新闻的进一步拓展，所评论的新闻本身是否具有价值对评论可以说具有生杀予夺的影响。由头的新闻价值高，受众的关注度高，读者相对来说也会较多。反之，由头是个没有拓展意义的新闻，是个不值得评论的新闻，那么，“皮之不存，毛将焉附”?勉强为之的评论一般也不会受到读者过多的关注。

选题确定了，评论就有了明确的目标;选题定不下来，评论犹如老虎吃天或者无头苍蝇;选题如果选错了，评论就可能失败。

选题还涉及到写什么和从哪个角度采写的问题。因为新闻事件是纷繁的，所以必须选择;还因为新闻事件是复杂的，所以必须选择角度。也就是说，选什么是个大主题，确定之后，还要确定从哪个角度切入。

(二)制作一个“点睛”的标题

著名散文家秦牧说过：“好的题目，总是概括力很大，饶有深意，引人深思，能激发人们的阅读兴趣。” 写文章，一个好的文章标题能起到画龙点睛的作用，那么对于网络评论的标题来说，一个精彩的标题更是能提高这篇评论的点击率。

例： 《丈母娘眼光直瞄教育短板》

这个标题，是我们根据文章题意和作者原来的标题最终制作成的。原题是《丈母娘，你辛苦了!》文章主要说一个女老师曾有一个得意门生，若干年后别人给她女儿介绍的对象，碰巧就是这位得意门生。但老师却坚决反对：“你看他的背，好像有些驼了;走起路来怕踩着了蚂蚁，就像个小老头;你看他的眼镜，镜片那么厚，至少也有七八百度;你再看他说话细声细气的，哪像个小伙子，更不说像个男子汉了;最让我看不上眼的是他那么古板，表情那么单一，一点幽默感都没有……”文章最后说：“丈母娘推高房价”、“史上最牛丈母娘有27项择婿标准”，而此次为教育“把脉开方”的竟然又是丈母娘!丈母娘真是太辛苦了。

修改过程为：《丈母娘，你辛苦了!》——《丈母娘眼光直指短板》——丈母娘眼光直瞄教育短板。这篇稿子央视专门介绍了，人民网、新华网等也都转载了，人民网还将其提到首页显著位置。

“看书看皮，看报看题”，这种现象一方面在说现在是读题时代和读图时代，另外一方面也真实地反映出了好标题的作用。

好的网络评论标题应具备的特点：直接、准确、简洁、新颖、生动。

1、直接。最好是观点的直接反应。

我们说过，网评的受众多是年轻人，时间少、很忙碌，网评标题制作最好一目了然，一看就知道是说在什么。比如《虐童不是家务事》，《莫忘“租友”的先天缺陷》、《名人八卦当休矣》。

2、准确。准确是指，标题要恰当地概括或者点出稿件的核心内容。标题中最好包含评论内容的关键词，做到题文相符。这样，读者看到关键词，如果有兴趣，就会逗留，甚至看下去。《音乐下载收费，切忌操之过急》、《世界水日，为水请命》、《反思“到此一游”背后的社会成因》，都比较恰当地反映出了评论的主要内容。

有一篇网评的题目为《韩国看不上爱国者》，从字意看，似乎是”韩国看不上热爱祖国的韩国人”，而实际上，文章中的“爱国者”指的是美国的“爱国者—3”导弹系统。那么，这个题目就不准确，容易引起歧义。

还有一篇来稿：《手机控，微博控，加剧道德“失控”》，说的是西安发生的一件事：发生了车祸，诸多围观者却只顾拿手机拍照发微博，没人救援的事。文中的主要观点是：手机控，微博控，加剧道德“失控”，加速良知流失。事实上，执勤民警打了120，而且，手机控，微博控，与道德“失控”在逻辑上没有必然联系。因此，这个标题就不准确。

3、简洁。简洁是指文章的题目用语要精炼。能用3个字说清楚的，决不用5个字，能用5个字说清楚的，决不用8个字。

按照阅读习惯，一般纸媒评论标题在4——8个字较好。但是网络评论标题得字数稍多，主要是为了要把新闻信息和观点都包含进去，字数太少，或者标题太虚，会让读者感觉摸不着头脑。

例：《中国足球那点事儿》，绝不是说中国足球出了什么事了，而是在探讨中国足球应该怎么走出困境。因此完整的话应该是“中国足球如何改变年复一年的沉沦”。但是，作者在确定题目时，对题目进行了语言的艺术提炼，使题目精练了。

4、新颖。会有一些作者用同样的新闻由头写评论，编辑用稿胜出的，很多是标题新颖的。

例：前一阵关于“拆迁暴富”的新闻由头，手头有这样几个标题：《拆迁暴富是福还是祸?》 、《农民拆迁暴富返贫现象值得关注》、《如何看‘拆迁暴富’现象》、《如何打破‘拆迁暴富’魔咒》。就我个人的看法，最后一个标题较好。因为它新颖，新颖在“魔咒”这两个字。

另外，《航母Style：娱乐版的爱国表达》，新颖在航母范儿;《秦岭毁容，无异于“焚琴煮鹤”》，新颖在“焚琴煮鹤”很少用来作标题上;《传播“快时代”要有“慢思考”》，新颖在提出了“快时代”的时代特征。

5、生动。标题的生动，就是标题让人看后要有跳跃感。要让静态的变动态;让枯燥的变有趣;让抽象的变具象。那么，标题就会生动起来。例：《开咬茅奖的N个好处》，就是用了“咬”这个动词，使标题生动了起来。而《“烂娃桃”的“桃子生态学”》这个标题，则是令人感到有趣。

在第二次世界大战中，英国吃了不少败仗，邱吉尔上台当首相时，为了鼓舞斗志曾发表过一篇有名的演说，其中有这么一句：“我所能奉献给你们的只是鲜血、劳累、眼泪和汗水”。从那以后，许多英国人都引用这句话，但都只记住了“鲜血、眼泪和汗水”，而把“劳累”一词遗忘了。因为“劳累”是一个抽象的字眼，难以捉摸，而其它3个词都是具象的，能给人以深刻印象的形象的东西。

保安人员英语对话50句

1、先生/女士，您好！

Goodmorning/Goodafternoon/GoodeveningSir/Madam

2、请问有什么可以帮您？

HowcanIhelpyou?/MayIhelpyou?

3、请您出示您的住户证。

PleaseshowmeyourIDcard.

4、请问您去哪个单元？

WhichApartmentareyougoingfor?

5、不好意思，我不懂英文。

Iamsorry,Idon’tunderstandEnglish.

6、请问您会中文吗？

DoyouspeakChinese?

7、您有翻译或者有会中文的朋友吗？

DoyouhaveafriendwhospeaksChinese?

8、请您在登记本上填写您要去的单元。

PleasewritedowntheApartmentnumberonourregistrationbook.

9、谢谢您的合作。

Thankyouforyourcooperation.

10、请您用对讲机或电话和您要去的单元联系一下好吗？

Please,canyouuseyourphonetocontactthehost/proprietor?

11、能否请您要去单元的客户下来带您进去。

Couldyoupleaseaskthehost/proprietortocomedownandtakeyoutotheapartment?/Pleaseaskyourfriendtocomeandleadyoutotheapartment?

12、请您稍等，我找同事带您进去。

Pleasewaitforamoment,Iwillaskmycolleaguestotakeyoutotheapartment.

13、您好，需要我帮您提这些物品吗？

Hello,doyouneedmyhelptocarrythesethings?

14、地上有水，请小心地滑。

Theflooriswet,pleasebecareful./Caution,wetfloor!

15、抱歉，这个情况我不是很清楚。

Iamsorry;Iamnotsoclearaboutthissituation.

16、请您稍候，我联系服务中心。

Pleasewait;Iwillcontacttheservicecenter.

17、请您和服务中心联系。

Pleasecontacttheservicecenter.

18、不好意思，小区内禁止单车、电

动车进入。

Iamsorry;bicyclesandelectro-carareforbiddenintheresidence.

19、不好意思，这里不能停车。

Iamsorry,parkinghereisnotallowed.

20、请您将车辆停放到指定位置。

Please,parkyourcarintheappointedparkinglot.

21、请您关好车门车窗。

Pleasemakesureyouclosethecardoorsandwindows.

22、请不要摆放贵重物品在车内。

Please,donotleaveyourvaluablesinthecar.

23、车辆可以停放在（具体位置根据服务中心自行制定）

Carscanbeparkedin(definiteaspecificplaceinaccordancewiththeservicecenter)

24、请您配合我们的工作。

Pleasecooperatewithus./Weneedyourcooperation.

25、真不好意思，这个是小区的规定。

Iamtrulysorry;thisistheruleoftheresidence.

26、为了安全，请你拴好狗绳。

Forsafety,pleasefastenyourdog’stie.

27、如果您有什么疑问，可以咨询服务中心。

Ifyouhaveanyproblem,pleasecontacttheservicecenter.

28、服务中心电话是：。

Theservicecenter’stelephonenumberis:

29、您搬出的物品有放行条吗；

Doyouhavethepermissionshiptoremoveitems?

30、请您到服务中心办理放行条。

Pleasegototheservicecentertoapplyforthepermit.

31、请您稍等，我需要核对一下搬出物品。

Pleasewaitforamoment;Ineedtocheckthearticles.

32、这里需要您的签名确认。

Pleasesignhere./Ineedyousignaturehere.

33、您有什么需要我们帮忙的吗？

Doyouneedanyhelpfromus?

34、您可以在这里指出您需要项目。

Youcanindicateallyourneedhere.

35、我要投诉。

Ihaveacomplaint.

36、我要服务中心电话。

Ineedtheservicecenter’stelephonenumber

37、我要找电工帮我维修。

Ineedtofindanelectricianformaintenance.

38、我要找快递。

Ineedanexpressdelivery.

39、我想找人来收废品。

Ineedrecyclingservice.

40、我旁边的住户打扰了我。

Mynextdoorneighborisdisturbingme.

41、我楼上的住户打扰了我。

Myaboveneighborisdisturbingme.

42、我们家的宠物丢失了，请帮我寻找。

Welostourpet,pleasehelpustolookforit.

43、我需要电召出租车。

Ineedtocallataxi.

44、我想找订餐电话。

Ineedtofindtherestaurant’sphonenumberforHome-Delivery-Service.

45、服务中心怎么走?

Howtogettotheservicecenter?

46、我想咨询搬家的事情。

Pleaseconsulttheproceduresofmovingout.

47、我想咨询管理费等费用问题。

Ineedtoconsultaboutthepropertyfee/propertymanagementfee.

48、我想咨询关于会所的问题。

Ineedtoconsulttheproblemabouttheclub.

49、我想咨询游泳池开放的时间。

Ineedtoknowtheopeningtimeoftheswimmingpool.

50、我想咨询收取垃圾的时间。

Ineedtoknowthetimefortherubbishcollecting.

【记叙文满分作文写作方法】

《语文课程标准》指出初中生应“能写记叙文、简单的说明文、议论文和一般的应用文”，又要求写作能“合理安排内容的先后和详略，条理清楚地表达自己的意思”。中考作文评分标准对一类文在内容上的要求一般表述为“思路通畅，结构严谨，层次清楚”，“文章切题，中心明确，感情真实，内容充实”。可见，打好坚实的记叙文写作基础，是写好说明文、议论文的前提。作文，600字—800字的考场记叙文，要写得出彩，至少应符合以下五美：立意美、充实美、情感美、结构美、语言美。

【中考兵法】

技巧一：中心突出，立意深远

首先，立意必须集中而突出。即使需要使用较多的素材也只能统一在一个中心之下，这样才不会散而无主，不至于喧宾夺主。其次，记叙文务必符合积极、健康、深刻、高远的立意要求。其三，要善于从日常小事中发现深刻、有时代气息的主题，善于从事件的表面向深处挖掘，使主题变得深刻起来。其四，运用对比可以让人物的形象更鲜明，事件的中心揭示得更深刻。如将美与丑、善与恶、强与弱、悲与喜对比，将人或事的前后变化对比，将不同的人对某人某事的态度对比等等。另外，你也可以用环境描写来渲染气氛，暗示事件发展，衬托人物心情等，从而彰显主旨。如一篇《责任重于泰山》的作文。作者先用“每个人都有着每个人的责任，责任重于泰山”作题记，然后分别用一、二、三作小标题，依次叙写了张老师出人意料地带病冒雪上课、检察长在战友(因救护自己而牺牲)儿子的判决书上签字前矛盾的思想斗争、县委书记为了泄洪抢险而顾大局舍小家决定炸除自己从小生活的村庄这三件事，说明了给学生上课是教师的责任、严格执法是领导者的责任、保护国家利益是所有公民的责任，从而使“不同的位置有不同的责任”的主旨得以凸显。

技巧二：详略得当，内容充实

选材要鲜活。即选构要真实、新颖、典型，从生活中捕捉精彩的典型素材，筛选出那些最高兴、最悲痛、最深刻、最难忘、最能打动人心、最能展现时代风貌的典型事件，或者概括提炼，或者放大细节，或者定格镜头，必能写出具有、独特个性、深刻感悟和超级感染力的佳作来。情节通常包括事件的开端、发展、高潮、结局等几部分，如作文《一张贺卡》，作者以“贺卡”为线，围绕一个穷学生给老师“送贺卡”这件事展开生动描述，把“买贺卡”“送贺卡”“卖贺卡”三个场面一线串起，使文章曲折生动、感人至深;但在处理素材的详略时，却略写“送贺卡”，而把自己“买贺卡”前的思想斗争、老师“卖贺卡”后的感动心理浓墨重彩描述，这样就突出了一个正直、慈爱、善良的老师形象。

技巧三：结构清爽，叙事生动

首先结构要完整，写人叙事要清晰。应善于运用前后照应、一线串珠等技法组织材料。其次叙事要生动，情节要曲折。叙事写人时可以使用前后对比法、设置悬念法、抑扬生变法、虚构科幻法等来使文章尺水兴波、妙趣横生。如一篇《我的这杯“苦咖啡”》的作文，作者分别以“麦田?烈日”“村边?夏夜”“小院?清早”“医院?黄昏”为小标题，按地点和时间变化为序依次描绘了四个生活场景，表现了作者和爷爷之间细腻深厚的祖孙情。这种以情为线的行文，立意、情感、事件以一贯之，极具结构美和情感美。

技巧四：情感真挚，叙中含情

在刻画人物时，要将真情实感融入到细致、生动的人物描写和事件叙述中去，人物有了真情实感便获得了鲜活的生命。可以通过细节描写、选用情感鲜明的词语、打造抒情语句来流露真情。例如《懂你，懂你》中描写丰富细腻、真挚感人。作者将“我”的深切感受、心理活动和母亲的动作、神态和语言描写结合起来，一个，心思细密、宽厚温和、体贴女儿的母亲形象跃然纸上。

技巧五：个性人物，形象鲜明

写人记事的记叙文大多是通过塑造人物形象来揭示中心的。你可以通过个性分明的外貌、神态、服饰、语言、动作、心理等描写来展现人物的思想感情和性格特征。例如通过不同人物的语言便能体现出各自文雅有礼、粗鲁低俗、豪爽干脆、优柔寡断、风趣幽默、干巴木讷等迥异的性格。你也可以随着事件的发展或观察角度的变化，对人物进行多层次描写，或将正面描写与侧面描写相结合，特别要注意细节描写和概括描写相结合。

【观剑识器】

难忘的那一幕

时光常常在我们不经意时溜走，但有时又把我们定格在那永恒的瞬间，或使我们彷徨，或使我们流连，或使我们感动，或使我们深思.……(开篇由一丝感慨入题，运用排比，干脆利落而又文采斐然。)

前不久，我就遇见过这么一幕。那是过端午节的前一天，正是我们镇逢集的日子。难得有假期，我带上平时积攒的零花钱，一大早就去逛街。大街上人来车往，十分热闹。两旁店铺里各种商品琳琅满目，商家争相销售的叫卖声不绝于耳，空气里弥漫着各色小吃、水果的香甜味道……整条大街到到处洋溢着节日前热闹的气氛。(描述大街上的喜庆气氛，既为人物的出场提供了合理化背景，又反衬了人物的悲惨境遇。)

我买了自己喜欢的零食，边吃边四处闲看。老远看到一堆人围在路旁的一根线杆下不知道在干什么，好奇心驱使我快步跑过去，钻进了人群。眼前出现的情景和节日的氛围极不协调。一个蓬头垢面、浑身脏兮兮的男人匍匐在飞扬的尘土中，右边的裤管瘪瘪的压在身下，紧挨在他身边的是一辆破旧的三轮车，在一堆分不清颜色的破被上躺着两个黑乎乎的小孩。男人的面前摊着一张还算得上干净的白纸，上面满是歪歪扭扭的字，一个已经斑驳的瓷钵压在一个纸角上，里面零星地散落着不多的硬币。围观的人七嘴八舌地议论着。(只三两笔就把一个乞讨男人悲苦潦倒的形象呈现在眼前，实属传神。)

“啧啧，真是可怜，一条腿不算，还是个哑巴，拉扯着两个没娘的孩子，可咋活呀!”一个老太太一边摇头叹息一边往那瓷钵中放了几元硬币(简短一句话既交代子乞讨者的境况又体现出老太太的慈善;与下文众人的麻木形成对比。)

“可怜什么啊，都是装出来的，没准是—个骗子呢!”一个烫着大波浪的妇女鄙夷地说。

“是啊，是啊，现在装可怜骗钱的人可多了。”几个人也随声附和。(语言精炼，寥寥数语把旁观者的冷漠刻画入微。)

我伸手摸了摸兜中剩下的零钱，听到他们的话，又把手缩了回来。(“伸”“缩”两个字写出了我的矛盾心理。)

“让让，让让，有什么热闹好瞧啊?”两个油头粉面的年轻人拨开围观的人群，用锃亮的皮鞋拨弄了下摊在地上的纸。

其中一个皱着眉头道：“我当有什么好看的，原来是要饭的啊。像这样的人还不如早点死了算了，活着让人恶心!”(尖刻的语言背后站着一个丑陋的灵魂。)

“是啊，是啊，看着就让人倒胃口。”另一个随声附和。

1. There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that a brighter future

for the world is an impossibility .

我们丝毫没有理由相信，世界不可能会有一个更光明的未来。

2. Meteorologists offer computer models leaving little doubt that this

years El Nino phenomenon has disappeared .

气象学家提供计算机模型，充分证明今年的厄尔尼诺现象已经消失了。

3. Facts prove the unjustifiability of claims that China will be unable to

feed itself by the year 2020 .

事实证明：断言中国到2020年将不可能养活自己是不合道理的。

4. Previous explanations of the rising divorce rate in China are simply

untenable . The fact is that many marriages were simply based on convenience and

wives are no longer willing to accept the abusive domineering attitudes of

husbands .

以前对中国离婚率升高的解释是完全站不住脚的。事实是许多婚姻仅仅建立在便利的基础上，而且妻子不再愿意接受丈夫作威作福的态度。

5. Claim that entering the Chinese market offers foreign companies an

immediate road to profits are grossly misstated and have been proven wrong time

and again . The key to entering China rests with the phraseology " vast

potential market " , and how long one is willing to wait for returns .

声称进入中国市场会给外国公司带来立即获利的途径是非常错误的，事实已经一次次地证明了这一点。进入中国的关键在于“广阔的潜在市场”这一说法以及为了回报愿意等待多久。

在学习英语写作之前先来看下练习写作对你的英文有什么样的帮助：

好处1、辅助提升口语语言组织力

好处2、提升语法

好处3、帮助背单词和句型。

了解到联系英语写作带来的好处后让我们来看看学习英语写作有哪些方法：

零基础英语写作入门方法一：背单词

单词是英语写作的基本构成之一，拥有大量的词汇才能写出你想要的文章，背单词有很多方法用mp3在零碎的时间边听边背边写，还有单词前后缀记忆法等众多方法，只要掌握其中一种适合你的方法，就开始大量的充实你的词汇吧。

零基础英语写作入门方法二：语法

语法是将单词串联在一起变成文章的那根线，学习好语法是整个英语阅读的重中之重。推荐熟读语法俱乐部，同时搭配大量的阅读自己感兴趣的文章，在大量的语境中去领受感悟本书的妙处。

零基础英语写作入门方法三：长时间的练习

写日记，这是最简单最长久的写作练习你不需要有任何的准备，这是你会接触到最基础的写作练习，你可以写任何你感兴趣的事情，你要做的就是拿起笔和本子把自已生活上的点点滴滴用英文记录下来。下面就是我的第一篇英文日记！

"today i rest,i stayed at home.sister call me go to the mother.i want not go there,because i must go to the company .去领 clothes.刚刚上完课come back.at home i find my 皮 shoes.now 要穿皮shoes了,write 日记好搞笑，还可以写点english了,i believe 以后 i sure i会更好。”

大家可能会看不懂这篇文章。你可能会觉得很好，说老实话当我现回过头去看我以前的日记我看了也觉得很好笑。但这就是我的第一篇英文日记，我的英文写作就是从这里开始的。你会发现写得非常直白，简直就是中文翻译毫无语法可言。但没有关系每个人开始都是这样的。

在写日记的开始阶段，你可能会像我这样不知道怎么去写或跟本无法组织语言，你可以像我这样按自已大脑里中文的想法去写，把会的单词都写上去不会的就用中文代替。在这个阶段你更多的是在使用你所学的词汇，有时候你会觉得这样很好玩。每天坚持写一篇，慢慢的你会发现你用的中文越来越少了有时候整篇文章都可以用英文写出来，随着你英语学习的进度不断推进，你在写句子的时候你不会直译了，你开始吧语法考虑到你的语言组织里面去。

当你要表边一个句子又找不到这个单词的时候，这种映像会深深的印在你的脑海里，当你在收集单词时候你就会注意收集那些非常实用的单词了。你会背更多的单词因为你想终有一天我的整篇文章是用英文写的。对于初期的写作，我认为就是这样写吧，请注意兴趣的培养。

第一种：总分式(最常见的全文结构，也称“总分总式”)

论说文的全文总体结构一般都是这种结构模式。在论说文的写作中，往往围绕文章的中心论点或议论的中心问题，展开层次，逐一阐述，最后得出结论，要遵循由“是什么”到“为什么”再到“怎么办”，即我们常说的“提出问题”、“分析问题”、“解决问题”这样一个过程。这种全文的论证过程是由人们认识事物时思维的自然过程决定的，不是人们主观赋予或规定的。

论证方法，一般都要在中心论点的统率下，确立几个从属于中心论点的、即为阐述中心论点服务的分论点，然后通过对分论点的逐一阐述，使中心论点得到深刻有力的证明。

因而论说文全文结构，往往是“总—分—总”式。

同样是议论文，有的侧重理证，有的侧重例证;有的横式并列论证，有的纵向深入论证;有的一事一议，有的借题发挥，有的比喻论证。

【例文借鉴】(几乎篇篇皆是，所以小编这里就部多说了。)

第二种：并列式(比较常见的论证结构)

并列式，也叫“横式”，也叫排比论证。它常用于议论文的论证部分，其特点是，论证的层次作横向展开，分论点之间的关系是并列的，也就是分论点从不同的角度、不同的侧面对中心论点或论述的中心问题展开论证，使文章呈现出一种多管齐下、齐头并进的格局。并列式的各个分论点，其先后次序有时是可以前后互换的;它们看起来是各自独立的，其实是紧密相关、不可分割的一个整体。

1)结构2)内容要点 3)语言(词组搭配、句型、句式变化、过渡词)看结构和内容要点定分数档，看语言给成绩。这是中考英语阅卷的潜规则。 三段四步法——中考英语满分杀手锏 知己知彼，方能百战不殆，既然中考阅卷流程和内部标准已经明朗化，相对的策略也就顺利成章的形成了。现在和大家分享，笔者教学和阅卷过程中总结创立的写作满分秘诀。

1 “三段”(三个段落)——针对的阅卷老师先看文章结构和内容要点，让阅卷老师不得不给你定位一类文。 中高考情景是作文，无论是那种文体，都可以用三段法来表示。这个方法的起源是来自美国的“高考”SAT考试，(SAT是美国或它国学生想要申请美国大学必须参加的考试，故被叫过美国的高考)。 我们管这样的文章叫做HamburgerWriting(汉堡写作)

顾名思义，就是无论是记叙文、还是议论文、或者08年中考以及09一模西城的夹叙夹议文章，都可以通用。简单解释如下：

Actions speak louder than words.

事实胜於雄辩。

Adversity leads to prosperity.

逆境迎向昌盛。

A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.

吃一堑，长一智。

A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难朋友才是真朋友。

A friend is a second self.

朋友是另一个我。

A friend is best found in adversity.

患难见真友。

All time is no time when it is past.

光阴一去不复返。

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy; all play and no work makes Jack a mere boy.

只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子要变傻；尽玩耍，不学习，聪明孩子没出息。

A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.

远亲不如近邻。

An idle youth, a needy age.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

Business before pleasure.

事业在先，享乐在後。

Diligence is near success.

勤奋近乎成功。

Diligence is the mother of good luck.

刻苦是成功之母。

Diligence is the mother of success.

勤奋是成功之母。

Education has for its object the formation of character.

教育的目的在於培养品德。

Every brave man is a man of his word.

勇敢的人都是信守诺言的人。

Every man is the architect of his own fortune.

每个人都是他自己命运的建诛师。

Every man is the master of his own fortune.

每个人都是他自己的命运的主宰。

Failure is the mother of success.

失败是成功之母。

Faith will move mountains.

精诚所至，金石为开。

Friendship ---- one soul in two bodies.

友谊是两人一条心。

Grasp all, lose all.

贪多必失。

He alone is poor who does not possess knowledge.

没有知识，才是贫穷。

Health is above wealth.

健康胜於财富。

Health is better than wealth.

健康胜於财富。

He who does not advance falls backward.

不进则退。

Honesty is the best policy.

诚实是上策。

Hope is life and life is hope.

希望才有人生，人生要有希望。

Idle young, needy old.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

If you dont aim high you will never hit high.

不立大志，难攀高峰。

I might say that success is won by three things: first, effort; second, more effort; third, still more effort.

成功之道唯三点∶努力、努力、再努力。

Improve your time and your time will improve you.

珍惜时间，时间才会珍惜你。

In doing we learn.

行而知。

Industry if fortunes right hand, and frugality her left.

勤勉是幸福的右手，节俭是幸福的左手。

In lifes earnest battle they only prevail, who daily march onward and never say fail.

在人生的搏斗中，只有日日前进不甘失败的人，才能获胜。

It is dogged (that) does it.

天下无难事，只怕有心人。

Judge not according to the appearance.

不要以貌取人。

Labour is often the father of pleasure.

勤劳常为快乐之源。

Learning without thought is labour lost; thought without learning is perilous.

学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。

Like tree, like fruit.

有其因必有其果。

Manners make the man.

礼貌造就人。

Never neglect an opportunity for improvement.

抓住大好时机，切莫等闲错过。

Never too old (or late) to learn.

学到老，学不了。

No great loss without some small gain.

塞翁失马，安知非福。

No one can call back yesterday.

往日不复返。

No sooner said than done.

言而必行。

No sweet without some sweat.

不劳则无获。

Nothing is difficult to a man who wills.

世上无难事，只怕有心人。

Nothing is impossible to willing mind (or heart).

有志者事竟成。

Nothing is impossible (or difficult) to the man who will try.

天下无难事，只怕不努力。

Nothing is really beautiful but truth.

只有真理才是真美。

No time like the present.

只争朝夕。

One cannot put back the clock.

光阴一去不复返。

Overdone is worse than undone.

过犹不及。

Paddle your own canoe.

自立更生，自食其力。

Perseverance is vital to success.

不屈不挠是成功之本。

Second thoughts are best.

三思而行，再思可也。

Selt-trust is the essence of heroism.

自信是英雄的本色。

Self-trust is the first secret of success.

自信是成功的首要秘诀。

Success belongs to the persevering.

坚持到底必获胜利。坚持就是胜利。

Success grows out of struggles to overcome difficulties.

成功来自於克服困难的斗争。

The first element of success is the determination to succeed.

成功的首要因素是要有成功的决心。

The more a man knows, the less he knows he knows.

懂得越多，就越知道自己懂得不多。

Union is strength.

团结就是力量。

Virtue is a jewel of great price.

美德是无价之宝。

Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses.

浪费时间是一切花费中最奢侈豪华的费用。

When there is no hope there can be no endeavour.

没有希望就不会努力。

Without a friend the world is a wilderness.

没有朋友，世界就等於一片荒野。

You cannot judge a tree by its bark.

人不可貌相。

一、表达方式：记叙、描写、抒情、说明、议论?

二、表现手法：象征、对比、烘托、设置悬念、前后呼应、欲扬先抑、托物言志、借物抒情、联想、想象、衬托(正衬、反衬)

三、修辞手法：比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、对偶、引用、设问、反问、反复、互文、对比、借代、反语?

四、记叙文六要素：时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过、结果

五、记叙顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙?六、描写角度：正面描写、侧面描写?

七、描写人物的方法：语言、动作、神态、心理、外貌

八、描写景物的角度：视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉?

九、描写景物的方法：动静结合(以动写静)、概括与具体相结合、由远到近(或由近到远)?

十、描写(或抒情)方式：正面(又叫直接)、反面(又叫间接)

十一、叙述方式：概括叙述、细节描写

十二、说明顺序：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序

十三、说明方法：举例子、列数字、打比方、作比较、下定义、分类别、作诠释、摹状貌、引用?

十四、小说情节四部分：开端、发展、高潮、结局

十五、小说三要素：人物形象、故事情节、具体环境

十六、环境描写分为：自然环境、社会环境

十七、议论文三要素：论点、论据、论证

十八、论据分类为：事实论据、道理论据

十九、论证方法：举例(或事实)论证、道理论证(有时也叫引用论证)、对比(或正反对比)论证、比喻论证

二十、论证方式：立论、驳论(可反驳论点、论据、论证)

二十一、议论文的文章的结构：总分总、总分、分总;分的部分常常有并列式、递进式。

二十二、引号的作用：引用;强调;特定称谓;否定、讽刺、反语

二十三、破折号用法：提示、注释、总结、递进、话题转换、插说。

二十四、其他：

在考试中你对作文有什么好的技巧呢，下面是小编整理的语文写作九大得分技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

这一点，所有的同学们一定要掌握明白了。任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

二、考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个段落为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行，写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。如果有必要，死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

三、开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看，一个开头就占太多的空间，阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

四、动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生，应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个，一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目，可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生，赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本，根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

五、作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法，合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法，解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，到时候就用得上。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

六、动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧，其实在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细写，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，如果时间紧张，提纲就要简练些。

七、想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了，我写的是什么文体，就按相应文体的写法来写。

八、适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文，最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》，其中的一些散文，结构是很好的，可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言，可以分别背个三五句，到时候直接抄上去就行了，这不算抄袭。关于国家大事，时事政治和要闻什么的，也要注意搜集一下。譬如，去年有奥运，今年是建国60周年，还有汶川地震的感人事迹等，都可以做考试作文的题材。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

九、篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，小升初作文要求都不低于500-600字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字，建议考生，争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右，留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多，肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练，作文打分就趋高不趋低。

临近期末，小编搜集了小学期末考试复习资料给大家，以下是命题及半命题作文的写作技巧，一起看看吧。

【复习要点】

1、了解命题作文与半命题作文的区别

2、掌握人物外貌描写与心理描写方法

3、学习一人一事与一人几事的写法；

4、掌握描写场面，记叙活动的方法；

5、掌握定点观察，描写景物的方法；

6、学会参观记、游记的写法；

7、掌握描写动物、植物和物品的记叙文的写法。

（一）写人

1、掌握人物外表描写的方法

要介绍一个人，首先要把这个人的外貌特征讲清楚。外貌特征，一般指人的长相、身材、衣着、动作、语言和神态。描写时，一定要写出人物的特点。所谓特点，就是这个人与其他人不同的地方。

2、掌握人物心理描写的方法。

比较细致地对人物的思想感情和内心活动进行描写，称为心理描写。心理描写，主要写人物的内心活动，即人物心里想些什么，尤其要写好莱坞人物在特定环境中的内心矛盾、斗争。心理描写有正面描写和侧面描写两种方法。

正面描写，也叫直接描写，这是常用的方法，一般有以下三种：

一是借用作者的笔让人物倾吐自己的思想，抒发自己的真情实感。常用在第一人称“我”身上，《十六年前的回忆》就是这种方法。

二是直接、客观地分析描写人物内心活动，对文章中的人物的思想活动及产生这种想法的原因等进行合理推测。如《穷人》一文就是这种方法。

三是用回忆或梦境、幻觉来寄托人物的情思。如《凡卡》中，凡卡只能借助回忆、梦境来表达内心情感。

侧面描写，也叫间接描写，主要借助环境、景物、天气等进行烘托。如《十里长街送总理》中的环境描写。

3、掌握一人一事的记叙文的写法。

一人一事是写作的基本功。用一件事写人，一定要弄明白“一件事”所包含的意思。用一件事写人，一定要把这件事情发生的时间、地点、人物和事情的起因、经过和结果都写清楚，对这件事的相关内容进行“插叙”或“补叙”，但要注意略写。

4、掌握一人几事记叙文的写法。

注意：一是所选的几件事都必须表现同一个人的同一个特点，不能一件事表现一个特点。二是所选的几件事最好不在同一个场合，内容不大同小异，应一件比一件深刻、深入。如《我的伯父鲁迅先生》中就讲了几件事，一件比一件深刻。

（二）叙事

1、掌握记叙一件事的方法。

所谓叙事，就是以完整地叙述一件事的发生、发展、结局来表达作者的思想感情的一种文体。要把一件事情写清楚，有三种方法：一是按事情发展顺序写；二是按时间的推移顺序写；三是空间位置的变换顺序写。无论按哪种顺序都必须交代清楚“六要素”。

2、掌握记叙几件事的方法。

记叙几件事必须围绕一个中心来写，不能几件事有几个中心。要写好文章，要注意几件事间的衔接、过渡。

3、掌握描写场面的方法。

要写好场面，离不开观察。观察时要有目的，有重点，有顺序。场面描写以“动”为主，要刻画特定环境中的活动，使整个场面有静有动、有声有色、形象真实而富浓厚的生活气息。场面有两种情况：一是自己参加进去的；二是自己看到的场面。描写场面，要有一定的线索，一定的顺序，常用以下几种方法：一是由主要的到次要的；二是定点观察，按空间顺序描写，按一定的方位顺序去表达；三是采用移步换景法，按自己活动的顺序去观察。

4、掌握记叙活动的方法。

活动是指有目的、有计划、有组织、有准备、有许多人参加的一系列行为的总称。记叙活动，开头也要和记叙文一样，先交代一下活动的时间、地点和人物，接着写活动的开始、经过和结果，重点是写活动的经过。

（三）写景状物

1、掌握定点观察、描写景物的方法。

写景状物就是指在观察的基础上，把自然景色或一些动物、植物、建筑物和其它物品描写，陈述出来的写作方法。

观察是写景状物的基础，观察时一定要确立好观察点，固定了观察点，对观察对象按一定顺序进行观察注意景物出现的顺序和变化。

观察时要讲求方法，写景顺序有四种：一是按景物方位来写，由远及近，由近及远，由里到外，由外到里，由上到下，由下到上等；二是按时间顺序写；三是按景物类别写；四是按人们认识事物的规律来写。

2、掌握参观记、游记的写法。

写这类文章要注意以下四点：

一是在文章的开头要简明扼要地交代清楚参观的时间、地点、人物、对象、目的。

二是一定要把参观的过程写清楚。 三是参观记结尾可谈点参观后的感受工收获。

四是要做到点面结合，既要突出“点”，又要用“面”作陪衬。

写游记时，要学会取舍材料。有特点或印象深刻的要详写，一般的景物要略写。

3、掌握描写动物、植物和物品记叙文的写法。

写好动物要注意四点：

第一、抓住动物的外形特征写；

第二、抓住动物的生活习性写；

第三、抓住动物鸣叫的声音写；

第四、写出动物与人的关系。

写好植物要注意：

第一、要着眼于各种植物特征；

第二、注意植物的形态、颜色、气味及生长变化情况；

第三、要按一定顺序来写；

第四、记叙植物随着生长环境的变化而发生的变化；

第五、可以运用拟人、比喻或想象等手法作动态描写。 第六、要带着感情去写。

写物品要注意以下四点：

第一、要细心观察，抓住物品的整体、局部、细节和特征；

第二、要写清物品的结构；

第三、要交代清楚物品的来历和用途；

第四、要融进对物品听感情；

4、掌握借景抒情和托物言志的方法。

要做到写文章景中含情，情中有景，情景交融，必须根据感情抒发的需要，选择最能表达自己感情的景物并抓住物点进行详细具体，生动形象的描绘。

一.妙用修辞，平添情趣美。

从美学上说，人的审美眼光是独特的，但是对美的追求却是一致的。美总是借助联想和想象的翅膀，以感情为铺垫，并以一定的形式表现出来。拟写文题时，巧用修辞，可以增加文章的美感，使文章显得含蓄隽永，余味无穷。

1.拟人式

例如：2002年常州市中考话题作文，“人们可以改变环境，环境可以改变人------人们的习惯可以改变，人们的观念也可以改变------学习方式可以改变，生活态度可以改变，人与人之间的关系可以改变。请以‘改变’为话题，写一篇文章。写你的经历，体验，可以谈你的感受、想法，也可以编故事。题目自拟。”考场佳作的标题有《“耳朵”挑食》。拟题跳出了常规定势思维的窠臼，把耳朵拟人化了，并以耳朵的挑食为线索，演绎了“真话”逐渐失落的故事，抨击了社会的不良现象，激起了读者强烈的研读兴趣。《一张渔网的诉说》、《死去的风筝》、《哭泣的老树》，都让人如闻其声，如临其境。又如2002年南昌市、太原市中考作文，以“幸福”为话题。题目《雪花的快乐》、《无忧鸟》，把自然界的物写得很有灵性，附着人的感情色彩，体现了幸福需要感悟的真谛。另外如《选择生活的色彩》、《让信仰作主》、《阳光的脚步》等都令人耳目一亮，博得评分老师的好感。

2.比喻式

例如：2002年盐城市中考话题作文，“俗话说‘靠山吃山，靠水吃水’，但结果往往靠不住，‘坐吃山空’、‘望洋兴叹’的情景总时有发生;而在我们的现实生活中，大事的成就或小事的做成，靠的是坚韧不拔，靠的是团结协作，靠的是勤奋学习，靠的是踏实苦干，靠的是-----请以‘靠’为话题，写一篇文章，可以写你的经历，体验，感受，看法等，题目自拟。”考场佳作的标题《爱的港湾》。标题用比喻的手法，把家视为停泊风浪的港湾，准确而又形象的点击“靠着这份爱，我们在家的港湾度过一个个春秋;靠着这份爱，我要乘风破浪，而父母将青春常在”的主旨。又如以“诚信”为话题。标题《诚信是金》、《一诺似千金》，用比喻的修辞把“诚信”在人们心中的重要地位表现得淋漓尽致。再如以“诚实”为话题，标题《诚实就是财富》，把诚实这种美德比作财富，有力的证明了只有用诚实才能换得友谊，赢得成功，获得知识的主题。又如以“奉献”为话题。标题《最后的烛泪》，含蓄生动，用比喻来象征姥姥无私奉献到了生命的尽头，包含了对姥姥一生奉献的无言又无尽的歌颂，形象贴切，不落窠臼。

3.反问、设问式

例如：2002年连云港市中考话题作文，“选择是一门人生的必修课。在人生旅途中，会遇到各种各样的选择：选择朋友、选择学业、选择职业------选择高尚或卑劣、选择积极与颓废、选择欢乐或忧愁------也许你曾经选择过，也许你正在选择着，也许你即将面临选择。苏格拉底曾经说过：在我们的人生过程中，无论你的选择是对还是错，生命都不会给你第二次选择。我们所能做到的，就是珍惜每一次机会，把握每一次。请以“选择”为话题，写一篇文章，题目自拟。”标题《安能取熊掌而舍鱼?》(反问)、《究竟谁错了》、《林黛玉非死不可吗?》(设问)，把问句形式用于标题，能有意设置悬念，吸引读者去追寻其中的答案。

4、对比式

例如：2002年贵阳市中考作文题，以“回报”为话题，拟题有《回报与索取》。又如以“诚信”为话题，拟题有《诚信与虚伪》、《对与错》、《走出与回归》、《白雪红梅》。标题两相对照，孰是孰非，一目了然，使读者未读全文就留下思考的空间。

5、引用式

文题中恰当地引用一些成语或名句，能达到言简意赅、精练凝重的效果，使你的文章增加一份沉甸甸的文化底蕴，更显典雅蕴籍，富于文学情趣。例如：2002年贵阳市中考作文题，以“收藏”为话题，自拟题目。标题《昨夜星辰昨夜风》，这是李商隐诗《无题二首》第一首的起始句。写的是由今宵情景引发对昨夜的追忆。在这里借来表达对昔日友情的回味与珍藏，可谓情景交融，相得益彰。再如：2002年湖北襄樊市以“信任”为话题的中考作文。标题《一句话、一辈子》引用流行歌曲《朋友》中的歌词，简单朴实中会让人产生无尽的联想。又如《太阳每天都是新的》(以“明天”为话题)、《昙花一现》、《小城春秋》(以“改变”为话题)等，都能体现作者“厚积薄发”的语言魅力。

二.对偶式

标题用对偶的形式列出，对仗工整，韵律优美，也能达到出奇制胜的效果。如《夏之终曲冬之序歌》，生动的表现了九月的季节特点(2002年云南省以“盼”为话题的中考作文)。《生于改变死于顽固》(2002年常州以“改变”为话题的中考作文)。

三.双关式

例如：北京地区2000年模拟考试的作文，以“风”为话题。《北京“风”情》，标题一语双关，既让人感受到北京初春时节风的威力，又写了北京的民俗风情，可谓一举两得，浑然天成。再如标题《生命“诚”可贵》、《减负不能随意减“副”》，用谐音、双关的手法使得文章标题意味深长。

其它如排比式：标题《那山、那水、那人》等也显示了修辞运用上的独具匠心。

四.妙改名句熟语，转换意境美

对名诗名句、成语熟语等进行翻新改造，使作文标题显得亦庄亦谐，妙趣横生。如以“改变”为话题。标题《江山易改，本性可移》一改约定俗成的“江山易改，本性难移”，标题在立意上就显得声势夺人，别具一格。又如标题《授我以鱼，还须授我以渔》，此标题一看即知由熟语“授之以鱼，不如授之以渔”化用而来，个性独特，角度新颖。《若为人生故，诚信不可抛》，该标题不但观点鲜明，同时化用裴多菲的名句“若为自由故，两者皆可抛”，比起众多考生的一般性标题，显得要别致新颖多了。再如标题《酒好也怕巷子深》由熟语“酒好不怕巷子深”变化而来。这样的转换，使文章标题别有一番洞天，自有道不尽的奥妙，犹如一枚青橄榄，使读者反复咀嚼，再三玩味。

五.巧“卖关子”，妙设悬念美。

悬念即疑团，在标题中妙设悬念，巧卖关子，能产生一种摄人心魄的艺术感染力。如教材中的《死海不死》，名已为“死”海，又为何说其“不死”?原因何在?这样看似矛盾的组合大大调动了读者阅读的热情。题目中的重重迷雾，直到阅读完全文方能柳暗花明。例如：2002年青海省中考作文题，以“宽容”为话题。标题《美丽的谎言》，谎言是具有欺骗性的，肯定是虚假的，丑陋的，又为何冠以“美丽”来修饰?题目巧用逆向思维，以违反生活常理的语言拟题，使作文题目鲜亮夺目。再如陕西省中考话题作文题，以“感受生活”为话题。如《溺水的游鱼》，人人皆知水是鱼赖以生存的命根子，怎么游鱼会溺水呢?又如以“明天”为话题，标题《假如明天没有太阳》、《如果没有明天》也能激发读者追溯文章本末，慨叹妙笔生花的思维空间。

六.旧瓶装新酒，再现“创造美”。

名着是中学生课外阅读中面大量广的精品库。在这个精彩纷呈的文字殿堂中，有许多是我们熟悉而可以开发的话题资源。找到名着与现实生活的切入点，古为今用，借古人之嘴来说今天的话题，用老故事来阐述新道理，不失为一种好的方法，更能体现创造美的能力。例如《威尼斯商人新传》、《红与黑》、《葛朗台的新生》、《无情未必真豪杰》、《北京南城菜市口怀古》、风雨《红楼梦》、《选择三叠》就是2002年高考作文探奥《心灵的选择》中此类文题的精品，同样也值得在中考拟题中思考、运用。利用熟知的名着拟题，不但可以体现一种积累能力，更可以体现内涵丰富的语言功力，再现一种博大精深的文学画面，化原始的纯朴美为创造的美。

七.巧用标点，增加表现美。

例如：2001年徐州市中考作文题：以读书为话题，可以记叙、总结、介绍、质疑，与作品中人物对话均可。拟题有《谁是打虎英雄?》、《不要等“刘备》。再如“同学正处在独立人格形成的时期，都希望受人尊重，也学着尊重别人。尊重很容易做到：得到帮助时道声谢，妨碍别人时道句歉------尊重也容易被人忽视：遭人冷落，被人揭短-----总之，尊重别人是一种美德，受人尊重是一种幸福。请以‘尊重’为话题，自由拟题。”标题有《尊重他人=尊重自己》、《自尊?自辱?》、《3-1=0》。给文题增设一个恰到好处的标点符号，能有助于增强标题的表现力，化腐朽为神奇，起到文字难以替代的作用。

当然，拟题方法不仅仅是这五种，这需要各位考生对这些拟题悉心揣摩，并灵活机智地加以借鉴，用足才情，才能把话题作文的标题这一文章的眼睛美化得熠熠生辉，流盼垂青，真正成为内容的亮点。