中招英语写作技巧最新合集20篇

写记叙文，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。下面是小编整理的2017年小学生记叙文写作指导，欢迎阅读。

在记叙文写作中，叙述好一件简单的事，这是一项基本功。练好这个基本功，以后进行复杂的叙事，也就有了基础。德国大作家歌德曾经说过：“一个人只要能把一件事说得很清楚，他也就能把许多事都说得清楚了。”那么，怎样记叙好一件简单的事呢?

一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。

如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了;“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

三、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。

写记叙文，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。那么，怎样安排记叙顺序才能使文章条理清楚呢?

一、运用顺叙。

顺叙，是按照事物发生、发展的先后次序进行叙述。这样写，可以将事物的发展过程，有头有尾地叙述出来，来龙去脉，十分清楚。运用顺叙写成的文章，它的层次、段落和事物发生、发展的过程是基本一致的。

顺叙有以时间为顺序的，有以事物发展规律为顺序的，也有以空间变换为顺序的。在叙事性的文章中，大多是以时间为顺序和以事物发展规律为顺序的。

按时间顺序进行叙述时，必须严格地安排好顺序，写清楚叙述的时间。现实生活中任何事情都不会突然发生，它总有一个发生、发展的过程。因此，作者常常要根据事情发生、发展、高潮、结局这一事情发展的规律来进行叙述，文章的层次也是清楚、明了的。

当然，有的文章事情比较简单，因而不一定非要写出事情过程的四个层次(发生、发展、高潮、结局)。

二、运用倒叙。

倒叙，就是把事件的结局或某个最突出的片断提在前面叙述，然后再从事件的开头进行叙述。

需要指出的是，运用倒叙的写法，必须注意交代清楚倒叙的起讫点，顺叙和倒叙的转换处要有明显的界限、必要的文字过渡。这些地方处理不好，会使文章脉络不清，头绪不明，影响内容的表达。

三、运用插叙。

插叙是指在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于某种需要暂时中断叙述的线索而插入的关于另一件事情的叙述。

需要指出的是，在运用插叙时不能打乱原来的叙述线索，要注意与上下文的衔接。这样，文章的结构不仅富有变化，而且叙述事情的条理非常清楚。

有些小朋友看见同学写出一些好文章来，便惊叹道：“这些内容，我也熟悉的，怎么我没能把它们写出来!”这个问题值得深思，说穿了，那是因为你缺乏从小事中写出深意的能力。生活中，惊天动地的事情是少见的，一般人所经历的大多是平凡的、细小的事情。自古以来，好文章数也数不尽，大多写的也是平凡的、细小的事。《红楼梦》写的是封建社会大官僚仕宦家族中的生活琐事，这些生活琐事在那样的门第中可以说是平常又平常的了，但它反映的思想意义却是深刻的，成为举世公认的巨著。

那么，怎样从小事中写出深意呢?

一、提高思想水平，训练一副见微知著的好眼力。

照相机能摄像，人的双眼也能摄像。然而人和照相机毕竟不同，双眼是带着感情去选镜头的。观察的人本身要有一定的思想水平，只有这样，才可能看到事情的里层，发现其中蕴含的深意。

二、深入思考、分析、挖掘、寻找出事情所蕴含的深意。

在日常生活中，要做到凡事多加留意，尽可能深入地去想一想，不只注意到它的表象，还要去挖掘它的本质，弄清它的来龙去脉。这样，就能有敏感的头脑和锐利的好眼力，挖掘、寻找出事情中所蕴含的深意。

三、把事情放在一定的背景中去写。

背景就是时代环境，指的是社会变迁和政治动态等。一件小事，孤零零地看，是不起眼的，如果把它和事情发生的背景联系起来，那就不寻常了。

四、“事”与“意”的榫头要对得合适。

从小事中写出深意来，容易犯的毛病是“事”和“意”的榫头对得不准，往往是主观上(意)想“深”，客观上(事)显得内容单薄。因此，我们在具体写的时候，避免在提示事情所蕴含的意义时候犯任意“拔高”的毛病。

有一篇题目叫《节日的早晨》作文，叙的内容是一家人愉快地吃早点的情形，结尾是

吃完早点，我开了院门一看，只见人们穿着美丽的新衣服，三个一群五个一伙的，走向热闹的大街，走向光明的共产主义明天。

这段话的结尾处，犯有“拔高”文章思想意义的毛病。如果写好吃早点的情形，体现人民生活水平在共产党的领导下步步提高是可以的，可是将它和“走向光明的共产主义明天”联系在一起，那“事”和“意”的榫头就对得不合适了。

总之，我们只要提高自己的思想水平，对听到或看到的事深入地想一番，认识它的意义，鉴别它的价值，并把它放在特定的环境中去写，就能从小事中写出深意来。

不少同学的作文，不是写拾到皮夹子交公，就是写为抱小孩的妇女让座;不是写帮助同学补课，就是写送迷路的小孩回家……总之，尽是写一些人家写“烂”的材料。于是语文老师常常在他们的作文后面写上类似的评语：选材陈旧，希望今后选择新颖、独特的材料。

那么，怎样才能选择到新颖、独特的材料呢?

一、从自己的生活中去找

不少同学看到作文题目，不是到自己的生活中去找材料，而是道听途说，或者是从概念出发去记叙、描写。记好人好事，总是写“拾皮夹”、“让座”、“为人补课”，不管此事自巳是否经历过，是否有感触。这样的内容，怎么会给人耳目一新的感觉呢?

其实，我们每个人居住的环境不同，兴趣爱好不同，经历的事情必然不同。能把自己那些与众不同的经历作为选材的内容，那么，你所选择的材料一定是自己独有的，新鲜生动的。

二、做生活的有心人。

常听一些同学说，我们是学生，生活贫乏，看不出有什么新鲜、独特的事情值得记叙。同学们生活面不广是事实，要扩大作文选材的范围，就要求我们尽可能地广泛接触生活。那么是不是我们同学生活圈子小，就没有新鲜、独特的材料可以写呢?不是的。只要做生活的有心人，就会有独特的材料让你挑选。住在城里的人，恐怕都见过老年人跳迪斯科吧?可是有的同学熟视无睹，竟然让这样的材料从眼皮底下悄悄溜走了。

三、选择新角度，让常见的材料放出异彩。

一般来说，同学们的生活圈子小，家庭、教室、操场。接触的人少，家人、老师、同学。同学们在作文时，所叙述的事往往是常见的。常见的材料中就没有新鲜的东西吗?不是的。只要我们开动脑筋，对常见的材料改变一下叙述的角度，也会让它放出异彩。

四、打开思路，扩大视野。

有相当一部分同学，思路比较狭窄，他们的目光只注意好人好事，作文的材料老是不能扩大。如果我们同学把观察的目光投射到整个生活里，既看到那些好人好事，也看到那些坏人坏事，作文的材料一定会丰富多采起来。

法国巴黎艺术馆里，陈列了一座伟大的文学家巴尔扎克的雕像，奇怪的是：他的雕像却没有手。他的手呢?是被艺术家罗丹用斧头砍去了。罗丹为什么要砍掉巴尔扎克雕像的双手呢?原来，在一个深夜里，罗丹好不容易完成了巴尔扎克的雕像，非常满意，连夜叫醒了他的学生来欣赏雕像。他的学生把雕像反复地看了个够，后来，目光渐渐地集中在雕像的手上：巴尔扎克的那双手叠合起来，放在胸前，十分逼真。学生们不禁连声地说：“好极了，老师，我可从没见过这样一双奇妙的手啊!”罗丹的脸上笑容消失了。他突然走到工作室的一角，提起一把大

斧，直奔雕像，砍掉了那双“完美的手”。

罗丹的雕像是要表现巴尔扎克的精神、气质，现在那双手(次要部分)突出了，人们看了雕像，只欣赏手的完美，而忽略了主要的内容。所以，罗丹砍掉了雕像的双手，以突出雕像所要表现的意义。

雕塑是这样，写作文也是这样，只有围绕中心安排详写和略写，叙事的重点才能突出。

那么，在记叙的过程中，怎样妥当地安排详写和略写呢?

一、事情的发生和结果要略写，事情的发展过程要详写。事情的发生阶段，往往是交代时间、地点、人物，以及起因，事情的结果部分，往往是写出事情的结局或点明事情的中心。它们在整个事情中，或者说在整篇文章中，仅仅是枝节部分，所以要略写。事情的发展过程，是整个事情，或者整篇文章中的主体部分，它往往具体体现中心思想，因而要详写。

二、有点有面地叙事，“面”要略写，“点”要详写。有点有面地叙事，“面”上的内容往往是渲染气氛，交代背景，起烘托的作用。“点”上的内容往往是文章的重点。直接体现中心思想的，所以要详写。这里需要说明的一点是：在文章中，重点突出详写的部分时，不能忽视略写的部分。略写虽是寥寥几笔，但运用得好，可以对文章重点的突出、主题的表现，起到“绿叶映衬红花”的作用。

一篇文章，好比一架运转正常的机器，文章中的一个个段落就好比机器中那些大大小小的零件，这些零件不仅相互照应，而且那些大零件需要小零件把它们连接起来。文章里的段落也需要相互照应，也需要一些“小零件”，即过渡段和过渡句把它们自然、紧密地连接起来。不然，文章就会显得支离破碎。所以，写文章时，一定要注意段与段之间的过渡和照应。

一般说，记叙文在下面几种情况需要过渡

一、由这件事转到另一件事时需要过渡。

二、记叙的时间发生变化时需要过渡。

三、由倒叙转入顺叙时需要过渡。

四、运用插叙时的起止处需要过渡。

一般来说，插叙内容写完以后要注意与原来的叙事线索衔接。叙事中的照应有三种情况

一、文题照应。在叙事过程中，我们所写的内容务必切题，要和文章的标题相照应。二、首尾呼应。文章的开头和结尾遥相呼应，可以使文章结构紧凑。

三、前后照应。在一篇文章中，前面的内容和后面的内容要互相照应。

总之，过渡和照应，是叙事文章中必不可少的，我们在作

文时千万不能忽视。

写文章应该怎样开头?怎么结尾?谁也不会带着这个问题去问警察，因为警察不是教语文的，跟他关系不大。然而有一则外国幽默，却说有人向警察请教作报告的诀窍，而这个警察终于谈出“门道”来了。全文摘抄

有人向警察请教作报告的诀窍，警察说：“作报告时，首先要有信心，报告的开头要像逮捕犯人一样，富于戏剧性;报告中间要像审讯犯人一样有条不紊;报告的结尾要像宣判一样简洁明快。”

看了这则幽默，同学们可能会捧腹大笑，有的笑那个“向警察请教作报告”的人，是向聋子借听力，是向盲人问路;有的笑那个警察是：“不懂装懂，胡说八道。”其实，那位外国警察谈的作报告的诀窍也一样适用于写文章，所谓开头要“富于戏剧性”，就是说开头要漂亮;所谓结尾要“简洁明快”，就是说结尾要干脆有力。

到“开头漂亮”的主要途径是

一、叙述好事件的起因。如《边线》作文，开头这样写道：“大扫除刚结束，不知哪个‘缺德鬼’把一小团废纸扔在五年级的走廊上。”文章的开头便是军军和牛牛争吵这件事的起因，具有夺人眼目的力量。

二、描写环境，烘托气氛。如《风》作文，作者一开头就描写了风的猛烈：“走在路上，风要把我吹得飘起来。”甚至“前面路口的大杨树被风刮得东倒西歪，发出‘唰唰’的响声……”文章的开头交代了上学路上的恶劣环境，正是为了适应表达中心思想的需要，也增强了感染力。

三、激人兴趣，引人入胜。如《一堂有趣的自然课》，作者开头就写道：“清脆的上课铃声刚止住，马老师就抱着一大堆毛皮子、丝绸帕、玻璃棍和橡胶棒等东西，快步走进了教室。”马老师究竟要干什么?难道你不想看下去吗?

四、开门见山，点明题旨。如《“雷锋”来到运动场》作文，作者开头写道：“学校十三届田径运动会结束了。在总结会上，老师和同学们纷纷赞扬一位不知名的‘雷锋’。”这样直截了当，一下子把读者注意力吸引到中心思想上，起到总领全文的作用。

做到“结尾有力”的主要途径是

一、把事件的结局交代清楚。如《一堂有趣有自然课》，是这样结局的

下课铃声响了，当同学们恋恋不舍地放下手中的实验时，一个个不由自主地埋怨道：“怎么搞的，这节课时间这么短!”

这种顺着情节的发展，以事情的终结作全文的结尾，干净利落，不枝不蔓，事情结束，文章也就结束了。

二、语言含蓄，发人深思。在记叙文中，作者以独特的认识和理解，写下深刻含蓄的结语，力求意味深长，发人深思。

三、结尾同开头呼应。结尾照应开头，能使文章结构谨严，浑然一体。

四、篇末点题，突出中心。篇末点题，尤如画龙点睛，这“睛”点得好，会使全篇顿生光彩。画龙点睛式的结尾，能帮助读者悟出全文的深意，给人留下深刻的印象。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

【论文摘要】在高考英语试题中，写作是有效提高学生整体成绩的重要手段，写作是目的也是为了测试学生直接运用英语表达的能力而设置的，因此通常都会放在试卷的最后面作为压轴题出现。在高考英语写作要求中，明确提出要让考生运用所学知识进行书写，能组词成句、组句成文，语句符合英语语法和习惯。在写出的书面材料中，要求达到：切中题意，文理通顺，语言准确，得当。那么，怎样才能在高考英语写作中出类拔萃呢？这正是本文要探讨的内容。

一、有的放矢，了解高考英语写作要点

要对高考英语写作的题型及内容有所了解，才能把握好高考英语写作的考点，在此基础上才能找到行之有效的对策及方法。纵观近几年各省高考英语试题中，写作测试的命题思路，有一种从指导性写作逐步向半开放式写作过渡的趋势。半开放式写作，具体地说，就是给考生们提供一定的材料(包括图、文或图文结合)然后要求学生根据材料来进行书面表达，这样的考题形式，既限制了考生随心所欲的思维，又给予考生适当的发挥空间。这种命题方式能较好地考查考生的语言组织能力、书面表达能力以及思维能力。而在文体方面，记叙文、议论文、应用文及书信为最常见的写作题材。因此，我们可以做一个形象的比喻，写文章就像工厂里制造一台机器那样，首先要确定机器由几部分组成，然后对这几部分分别细化，形成初步的设计图；再根据要求对初步的设计图进行完善、补充、修改，随之形成最终的设计图；然后我们再按照图纸的设计，使用我们所掌握的零件去制造出机器；同样的道理，学生写作时可参照以下模式：

1．理解话题：学生在动笔前必须对指定的话题进行反复细读，认真思考，理解其真正的含义，了解出题者的意图，这是进行写作的第一步；

2．明确文体，确定人称时态：这一阶段的判断中，主要强调近十年高考最常见的两种文体：(1)说明文：必须按照事物的原貌加以说明、介绍、解释，常采用一般现在时，被动语态也常使用；(2)记叙文：通常采用第一人称，描述本人的经历或耳闻目睹之事；或用第三人称讲述他人的事情，如果是过去的事情，要用过去时。

3．初拟提纲，再理解话题：明确文体的基础上，草拟写作提纲；提纲是文章的骨架，可以是一句活，也可以是一个词组，由于考试时间所限，提纲内容不必面面俱到，但必须体现文章的整体结构和思路；目前绝大部分高中学生在英语写作时，还习惯于使用母语进行构思，然后将构思好的中文内容翻译成英文，这种情况是正常的；关键在于翻译过程中的语言表达必须符合英语语言的表达习惯

4．开始写作：提纲完成后，应根据提纲充实内容，如果说提纲是骨架的话，那么这时你必须将骨架填充血肉；具体的说就是要扩展要点，连词成句，适当地变换句型，组句谋篇成文；注意应简明扼要，层次分明、用词准确、语法概念清楚，使文章更具说服力，然后在写作完成后，还要对文章进行快速的检查，减少单词的拼写错误和句子表达的错误。

二、高考英语写作指导的具体策略

根据以上对历年高考英语写作试题的分析，我们可以从以下三个方面去指导学生进行写作：

1．细读材料，认真审题

仔细阅读书面表达题所给材料的全部内容，准确理解题目要求。需要认真审查的内容有：(1)文章的开头和结尾是否已给出；(2)用第几人称写作，书面表达要求中会明确指出使用第一人称还是第三人称；(3)提供的情景是图画、图表，还是提纲，如果是连环画，要注意故事情节的连贯性，确定合理的情节发展；(4)是否提供参考词汇，如果提供有参考词汇，写作中最好要用到；(5)采用什么文体，如果是议论文，要有论点、论据和结论三部分。如果是应用文，要注意其格式。如果是记叙文，要抓住六个要素：时间、地点、人物、事件、事情起因、事情的发展与结果。

2．恰当选择词语和句式

认真审题后，就可以列提纲了，将重点单词、短语、句型写在提纲里，关于选词切忌使用生僻词语，要求做到用词准确、得体、达意。选择句式时，尽量使用多种句式，如强调句、倒装句、各种名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句和固定句型等，长句和短句视情况交错使用，这样可以提高文章的档次，使文章生辉。

选词大多是在一组同义词或近义词之间进行。例如，我们要表达“好”这个意思，一般来说，大家会马上想起“good”，因为口语中我们经常说agoodfriend、goodluck、agoodpicture等。但是，在不同的短语中，可以选择不同的英语单词使表达更加准确、生动、形象。

3．多背常识性语句，扩大知识面

语言是有规律的，不同体裁的书面表达都有其常识性语句。如果同学们平时有大量的语句积累，在写作时就能把积累的东西调动起来。这些常识性语句既可增加文章的连贯性、逻辑性和可读性，同时还能提供地道的表达方式。写人物介绍时，应着重写人物的姓名、性别、年龄、职业、身高、健康状况、业余爱好、工作态度、与人相处和社会评价等语句。例如：lipingisagoodteacher，whoisthirtyyearsold．heis175centimetrestallandheishealthy．等。

【参考文献】

[1]韩金龙，秦秀白.体裁分析与体裁教学法.[j].外语界2000(1)

[2]韩金龙.英语写作教学:过程体裁教学法.[j].外语界.2001(4)

[3]何星.“过程写作法”较之“结果写作法”在高中英语写作教学中的

有效性研究.[d]华东师大专业硕士学位论文.2007

中考命题作文包罗万象。如：童年回忆童年琐事、青春剪影我在花季、心香一瓣忘不了他(她)、难忘时刻：记一次升旗活动、走向未来自强的我、生活感悟我生活在集体的怀抱里、山光水色家乡变了、世相写生记一位平凡的人、温馨情怀母亲的爱等等。以下是为大家分享的中考作文写作技巧方法，供大家参考借鉴，欢迎浏览!

从总体来看，中考命题作文有其设计、表达方面的规律：

第一，绝大多数文题涉及的内容充分贴近学生生活；第二，大题、宽题大大多于小题、窄题，便于考生自由选材；第三，记叙文题大大多于说明文、议论文题；第四，命题作文在使用数量上仍占主流地位。

了解这些规律，那么，在实际应试实践中又有哪些规律需要遵循呢?下面介绍四个要点。

1.要审题上，要做到瞻前顾后、一字不漏

对于题目，应从头至尾反复领会、研读，不得忽略一处。要审读的内容包括：

①文题的大、小、宽、窄、虚、实、显、隐。②文题中有没有点示主题的字词。③文题中有没有点示重点的语言标志。④文题中的的标点或其它符号及其含义。⑤有没有副标题，其作用是什么?⑥各种写作要求、限制。⑦能否从题目以外的语言材料中品味出一点隐含信息。

在写作中，要紧紧抓住审题得到的信息，步步都要紧扣文题，紧扣要求。

另外，在具体的审题过程中，对这样几种内容的题目不可掉以轻心。

第一种，看似很浅显的题目。

如“我长大了”这个文题，是一个宽泛的中考作文题，谁也不会在取材上发生困难，看样子真是浅得不能再浅了，但实际上，这个题的关键在于对长大的理解。如果在审题之中认为长大的含义只是生理、身体的变化或是学会了某种生活技能、能够料理自己、胆子变大了，或者能对付别人的欺负等等，那这种理解就很肤浅，写出来的文章在选材立意上也就上不了档次。如果说能够寓理于事，从不同的角度写出正处于花季年龄的初中生成长中的追求、向往、烦恼和困惑，以及对人生的初步认识，写出人生中的各种各样的责任感已经在心中出现，那么，这样的思考就是准确地把握了文题的含义。

第二种，看似很熟悉的题目。

如“美在课余”这个文题，是一个宽题。可供取材的内容也是不少的。其实这个题目有一个迷惑点，这个迷惑点在那个美字上。稍不注意，就会由于觉得这个文题似曾相识而忽视对美字的品读。由于没有抓住这个美字，就会写出丰富多彩的课余、好玩的课余、有趣的课余、热闹的课余等等内容，这就没有突出这个美字。

第三种，看似很形象的题目。

如“风景这边独好”这个文题，也是一个宽题，题目似乎很形象，但远不是从字面上理解的那么简单。它既可以写实，如写一个地方的风景，写一个地方的景物特点，写一个地方的景物的变化，但更重要的是应该写这个地方的发展，写这个地方的特色，写这个地方表现出的时代的进步。再换一个角度思考，它不仅可以写地方，还可以写人，还可以写事，等等。

第四种，看似很直观的题目。

如“礼物”这个题目，好像一看就知道是什么。但在具体的写作中，它可能是实指某种物，更多的也许是喻指像礼物一样的美好事物。用喻指来写文章，其思路更广，其情感更丰富。要记住，不管命题作文的形式多么复杂，你的眼睛要永远盯着它的题目。在熟悉的题目面前不要激动，不要以为它就是你做过的原题；在生疏的题目面前不要紧张，不要以为你的心目中就没有它的影子。

2.在取材立意上，要做到大中取小，以小见大

我们先来看下面一些信手拈来的中考作文题：学语文的故事、母亲的爱、我生活在集体的怀抱里、他做得对、同学，你不能这样、在错误和挫折面前、谈谈我们的课堂教学、雨中、五星红旗升起的时候等等。它们的共同特征是好像只是画出了一个取材立意的框框，需要我们选用自己最熟悉的内容将其具体化。

对这样一些文题，要做到大中取小，将其具体化：第一，将宽题变窄。所谓宽题，就是从内容上看，可以包含许多题材、许多素材的题目。由于它的宽，似乎许多材料都可以用来写作文，我们就必须选准材料，把作文的内容浓缩到一个点之上，使之变窄，以便顺利成文。如火柴的联想是一个宽题，它可以让你联想到非常多的事，非常多的人，非常多的现象。但这种丰富的联想只能是在构思过程中，必须从这丰富的联想中决定一个供展开的联想点，才能开始考场作文的写作。

第二，将大题变小。

所谓大题，其实也是一种宽题。从意义上看，有些题目的主题比较直露，比较追求一定的意义。如文题“变了”，从这个变字上看就是要求你在文中一定要点示出某种意义。

对于这样的题，我们可以用加限制的方法将其变小。如“变了”这个题，我们可以在题目前加上限制性的语言，如：兰兰变了、我们家变了；也可以在题目后面加上副标题，如“变了——从一件小事看我们的班风、变了——他又回到了我们班。经过这样的处理，就可以开始构思了。

再来看下面一些常见中考作文题：

我的一天、记我受到的一次小挫折、家中小事、记一堂我喜欢的语文课、我的老师、常人小传、令我深思的一件事。这些题目对内容的要求都很具体，选材也比较容易。

对这样的文题，我们要做到的以小见大。小中见大最为关键的就是要选点生发，也就是说，要选好一个能够让你很好地展开记叙、很好地展开议论的点，再从这个点上写开去。

3.在构思上，要做到或一点式伸展，或多点式铺陈

或一点式伸展，或多点式铺陈这句话，可以说是中考作文构思的总策略。一点式伸展就是一篇文章内只将一个内容写好、写细、写完整，多点式铺陈就是在文章中多写几个内容，将它们有机地组合在一起。

看下面中考作文题的构思方向：

家乡变了：用多个画面、事例的组合来表现变，这是多点式铺陈。

我在家中的故事：可写一个故事的始末，这是一点式伸展。

给班主任老师的一封信：或谈一个观点，或回忆几件小事。

天下无难事：可通过记一件事来突现主题，也可用几个例证证明观点。

读书乐：可乐在一处，乐在一点；也可乐在几处，乐在几点。

我眼中的同龄人：必须进行多点式铺陈，写几个同龄人的生活。

一件小事给我的教益：必须进行一点式伸展，先写事，再写理。

以这两种模式为基础进行变化，设计好开头、结尾，安排好不同表达方式的穿插，考场命题作文的框架便能够设置得完整、规范。

4.在表达上，要做到：注重文体特征

表现个性特点，注重文体特征，就是要充分准确地表现文体特点，而不要出现将读后感写成读后叙、在家乡变了中穿插一半篇幅的议论、将自强的我写成自我介绍等模糊文体色彩的错误。

表现个性特点，就是要表现考生运用语言文字的技能技巧。就是要认真遣词造句，稳妥布局谋篇，从语气、结构、主题方面尽量表现出自己的实际水平，甚至期望有超过水平发挥，力争做到常中出新、平中有奇。

在高考时不要紧张，按照小编的写作方法，高考作文轻松高分，欢迎阅读。

1、充分发挥自己的优势。认识水平高、擅长理性思维的同学可选择议论文，擅长形象思维、会刻画人物的同学可选择微型小说，擅长抒情的同学可选择散文。

2、精写前几段，给评卷老师留下一个好印象。要精雕细刻，要出彩。比如，可开门见山，直奔主题;可制造悬念，引人入胜;可提出问题，引人注意;或巧用排比、比喻、拟人等修辞手法，或巧述故事，引人入胜，或巧用题记，揭示主旨，或巧用诗文显诗意。写好结尾和过渡段。阅卷老师一般是S型的扫描全文。结尾可画龙点睛，发人深思;或总结全文，照应开头;或虚笔拓展，扩大容量;或精辟议论，深化主旨。

3、要给自己充足的构思时间，不要急于动笔。“宁停三分，不争一秒”，因为写作是“开弓没有回头箭”的，写到一半，突然发现，呀，把题目理解错了，或没领会好命题的要求。最可怕的是文章写到一半，又想另起炉灶。时间没了，心情也坏了，干着急。建议打草稿，防止“三边工程”(边立项，边设计，边施工)。考场作文不宜见异思迁，边写边改。要贯彻一种构思。一旦构思已定，就不要轻易改变。

4、要力避前松后紧、虎头蛇尾。有些同学构思、提纲拟好后，开头反复推敲，精雕细琢，后来发现时间不够，于是草草收兵。此外，要谨慎对待修改。今年实行网上评卷，更应慎重。修改一般只着眼于字词方面的，可用米尺比好之后划两横。结构方面不能修改。要保持卷面的整洁美观，要努力做到改动少而效果好。

5、如果偏题或者离题，作文的主要分数就失去了。为防止跑题，可从如下几点做出努力：一是将材料、引语和话题联系起来思考，不可单看话题;二是看自己确立的观点能否用话题所给材料来证明;三是想一想这则材料当初发在媒体上登载是要达到一个什么效果的。万一跑题了，要考虑逆挽，使文章形成一种欲扬先抑的结构形态。

6、一定要完篇。熟话说，好文章是风头、猪肚、豹尾。没有豹尾，老鼠尾巴也要有一个，绝不能写半头文。用半篇文章给你评分，怎么会得高分?

7、要重视拟题，特别要注意不能缺题。不是万不得已，不要以话题做标题。张伟民讲那是一种浪费。拟题是显示你才气的一个好的平台，不能轻易放弃。缺题影响远不止2分。正好给了评卷老师扣分的理由。

8、文章要有一至两个亮点。如果是记叙文，应该用抓人的情节和生动的描写表现你的真情，记叙文不能没有描写。如果是议论文，就一定要有1--2个典型的论据，就应该有纵横捭阖，很深刻的见解。如果是微型小说一定要有巧妙的构思。这个亮点还可以是一句富有哲理的警句，也可以是一个精彩的比喻，也可以是一个超常的搭配(酽酽的歌喉)。总之，要能使评卷老师精神为之一震。

9、行文中要多次扣题，要一路扣题一路歌。材料、引语和话题中的相关文字至少在文中出现三次以上。开头三句话内应点题一次，结尾应回扣标题，“回眸一笑百媚生”。中间至少扣题一次。几次扣题事实上也是在不断地提醒自己不要跑题。有球场上叫暂停的效果，可以调整思路和写法。

10、思想要健康。“思想健康”不是说要你只说冠冕堂皇的话，不是要你刻意拔高，“健康”是针对“病态”、“庸俗”而言的，它的底线是不能欣赏违背法律法规和偏离社会道德的事。恋爱题材是考场作文的禁区，无论考生写得如何缠绵悱恻，真挚动人，因其行为是中学生日常行为规范所不允许的，这类作文自然得不了高分。

11、观点不可太绝对，要留有余地。“义正”未必要“辞严”，“理直”未必就要“气壮”。联系现实生活时，涉及社会黑暗面时，要有分寸，不要一味指责。“质问京山大冤案”。批评家长、老师和社会要与人为善，抱着协商与治病救人的态度，要提建设性意见。不可尖刻、讽刺、挖苦，甚至恶意地进行人身攻击。

12、临场写作时可以根据题意和你的表达需要想像一个或一类读者就在你的面前。如以“沟通”为话题作文，写与家长的沟通，可想像父母就在身边;写“沟通”之艰难和必要，就好像误解过你的人正在听你倾诉;写国际间通过沟通走向合作，就设想自己参与了国与国的谈判。即使所写文章没有明确的阅读对象，你也可以想像此文是写给你的语文老师的。你要知道，你的文章的惟一读者是那位跟你的语文老师非常相似的人。写记叙文，且最好将主人公设定为自己。想想阅卷老师的喜好，说他们想听的话。尽可能赢得评卷老师的同情。

13、写法上可以求新。要考虑，怎样表现更智慧，更艺术，更有可读性;但更要求稳。我的意见是大家一定要在一种比较稳的情况下，确有把握时才可写小小说或者是写戏剧，或者是写别的，确有把握之后才写这种文体，如果没有把握的话，就选择比较稳妥的老的文体，老的写法。

14、不可按上年或前几年的高考作文思路行文。求新、求变是人们所追求的，高考作文也不例外。但若按上年或前几年的高考作文思路行文，甚至拿来套用，机械模仿，不懂灵活应变，就会吃力不讨好，这也是失分的点。因为阅卷者大都是相对固定的，对以前的高考作文非常熟悉。不主张写诗歌、文言文。

15、苦于材料缺乏则可以突出自己的爱好。你如果喜欢体育，那你就像体育记者一样，叙体育、议体育，只要切合题意就好。你如果喜欢听××的歌、看××的书、爱好上网……你就可以将自己这一方面的经历和感受与命题联系起来。那样就不愁内容贫乏、文思枯竭。不要瞎编乱造。靠编故事骗取老师的眼泪从而获得高分的时代已经一去不复返了。

16、要美化自己，而不是丑化自己。要显现自己的高境界、大抱负、多知识、同情心，要显现自己以天下为己任的豪情。不要出于反衬别人等考虑而故意丑化自己，如果让评卷老师以为你真就是那样，那就麻烦了，因为高考是选拔性考试。从某个角度讲，评卷老师评卷的过程就是一个选择淘汰对象的过程。

17、字数以900字左右为宜。不能给人凑字数的感觉，但也不能拖得太长，不允许加纸条。许欢写长文的同学，开篇要注意不要放得太开，开口不要太大，能跳过去的就跳过去，要相信读者的理解能力。要注意节省篇幅，要防止高潮来了没地方写了。切忌三段文。要突出的句子(扣题的、表现主旨的、文眼、点睛之笔、抒情议论、议论文的分论点等)最好单独成段。

18、看到题目后，可先搜索一下自己以往所写的优秀作文，看有没有可以再利用的。需要注意的是一定要不牵强。

课文中的经典句子，又是精华中的精华，背熟之后对你的写作语法有很大的帮助。下面来看看小编为大家带来的英语课文经典句子吧，希望对你有帮助。

1、 Flora,whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.

2、 Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.

3、 The garden that was once so beautiful was completely destroyed, swept away by the wild water.

4、 I found some photos of interesting places which were not too far away from Chengdu.

5、 He told me that I could go on a two-day trip to Leshan and Emei, which wasn’t too expensive.

6、 First,we went to Leshan, where we climbed all the way up the mountain to see the Buddha.

7、 Looking up at the large head and down at the large feet makes you feel so small.

8、 Wei Bin took photos of us standing in front of the Buddha.

9、 Steven Spielberg, whose mother was a music teacher, was born in 1946 in a small town in America.

10、 In 1959 Spielberg won a prize for a film which he made when he was thirteen years old.

11、 The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low.

12、 Here he worked on a short film, which won him a job as the youngest film director in the world.

13、 This was the moment when Spieberg’s career really took off.

14、 I hate hiking and Im not into classical music.

15、 I surf the Internet all the time and I like playing computer games.

16、 Rock music is OK, and so is skiing.

17、 When are you off to Guangzhou?

18、 My plane leaves at seven, so I think we’ll take a taxi.

19、 See you when I get back.

20、 The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden.

21、 Now ,the water, which was cold as ice and flowed faster than a river, was above her knees.

22、 Jeff and Flora looked into each other’s face with a look of fright.

23、 Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.

24、 One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.

25、 He realizes that he hasn’t been a very good friend because he has always been thinking about himself.

26、 Chuck learns that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow, and that it is important to have someone to care about.

27、 When he makes friends with Wilson, he understand that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.

28、 The lesson we can learn from Chuck and all the others who have unusual friends is that friends are teachers.

29、 I found the bathroom, but I didn’t find what I was looking for.

30、 Don’t forget to buy me some ketchup on your way back.

31、 There are more than 42 countries where the majority of the people speak English.

32、 In total, for more than 375 million people English is their mother tongue.

33、 In China students learn English at school as a foreign language, except for those in Hong Kong, where many people speak English as a first or a second language.

34、 In only fifty years, English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in the world.

35、 With so many people communicating in English every day ,it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.

36、 For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed.

37、 In the same way Americans still use the expression “I guess “(meaning “I think”),just as the British did 300 years ago.

38、 At the same time, British English and American English started borrowing words from other languages ,ending up with different words.

39、 Except for these differences in spelling, written English is more or less the same in both British and American English.

40、 However,most of the time people from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other.

41、 Many people travel because they want to see other countries and visit places that are famous, interesting or beautiful.

42、 Many of today’s travelers are looking for an unusual experience and adventure travel is becoming more and more popular.

43、 Instead of spending your vacation on a bus, in a hotel or sitting on the beach, you may want to try hiking.

44、 Hiking is fun and exciting, but you shouldn’t forget safety.

45、 A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams.

46、 If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few fallen trees or rocks.

47、 The name “whitewater “comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.

写状物类文章和写人记事的文章一样，首先必须突出中心，只有中心思想明确，读者才能领会你的写作意图。同时，写这类文章还应适当地抒发自己的思想感情。产生联想和想象，恰当地运用一些修辞方法，力求语言生动，文笔流畅。

状物类作文，以“物”为描述的中心和文章的线索，或寓情于物，或托物言志，融知识性与趣味性于一体，表达文章的题旨。这是学生喜闻乐见的一种写作形式。因此，加强状物类作文的指导，既是学生的一种心理需求，也是新的课程标准的目标之一。

一、语言要有趣

如习作《蚂蚁》。作者在写蚂蚊的独特功能时，是这样写的：“除了四周的景物能帮助蚂蚁辨别方向外，它们还有一个自身的‘法宝’，这就是在蚂蚁走过的地方都会留下一种特殊的气味，掉队的蚂蚁根据这种气味就能确定方向。倘若用樟脑丸一类的怪气味弥散在蚂蚁走过的路径上，那么后来的蚂蚁就会因找不到那种特殊的气味而迷失方向。”这是作者知识的积累与生活的积累相互融合的结果。

又如，习作《姥姥家的小黑狗》。作者在介绍小黑狗的外形特点时如是说：“(它)一身乌黑发亮的皮毛，就像黑缎子一样油亮光滑;雪白的小爪儿，俨如四朵梅花;那条翘着的小尾巴总是不停地摇摆着;特别是那对黑白分明的小眼睛，总是四处张望，充满着兴奋和好奇。”这里，作者用了生动的比喻，写出了小黑狗皮毛的油亮和爪子的厚实;又用“不停地摇”写出了小黑狗对熟人的媚态;还用“四处张望”来写小黑狗的警觉与好奇。语言富有生活的情趣，突出了小黑狗的漂亮与可爱。

因此，语言的理趣是知识性的体现，情趣是情感性的体现。只有结合为一体，方能显示状物类作文语言的知识性与趣味性。

二、观察要有序

有序观察是写好状物类作文的基础。一要按顺序观察，二要抓住特点进行观察，只有进行有序观察，才能写出条理清晰的文章。

如，苏教版六年级(上册)《麋鹿》。在介绍其外形时这样写道：“它的外形很奇特：角似鹿，面似马，蹄似牛，尾似驴，所以又被称为‘四不像’。”这里的观察顺序是：由上而下，由前而后。作者抓住麋鹿角、面、蹄、尾的特点，寥寥数语，却勾画得栩栩如生。又如，苏教版五年级(上)“练习册”上有一段对熊猫的描写，形象逼真，凸现熊猫的生活习性。“熊猫睡觉时，腹部朝天。有时，它用前爪轻轻地拍着肚子;有时，它两腿一蹬，便翻了个身。”“它睡醒了就翻身起来，用手揉了揉腥忪的眼睛，好奇地望望人们。然后迈着蹒跚的步子走到栏杆的另一边，坐了下来，好像想清醒一下头脑似的。”这里，作者抓住熊猫嗜睡的特点，写得饶有趣味。

三、结构要有“形”

根据表达的需要，文章有纵式结构与横式结构之别。初学状物类作文，以纵式结构为主，以纵横交错式结构为辅。如“总分”或“总分总”结构。

例，习作《银杏》。可以先介绍它的外形特征，再写出它的价值或用途，诸如营养价值和药有价值等。从总体上看，全文为纵式结构。而在介绍其价值或用途中，又采用横式(并列式)结构。这样，介绍的内容尽管较多，但由于结构清晰，也就显得有条不紊。

又如，习作《猪》。作者从对猪这种动物的偏爱入手，开篇破题：“其实，猪是一种聪明可爱的动物。”接着，文章分别从猪的智力、嗅觉、起居、饮食等方面展现它的聪明可爱。这种“总分式”结构条分缕析，学生容易模仿。有的同学为了进一步突出家养猪的可爱，还简约地将野猪与家养猪作对比。这样，不仅丰富了写作的内容，而且凸现了文章的中心。

四、方法要有变

状物类作文的写作方法也不是一成不变的。仅就叙述的人称而言，就有第一人称与第三人称之异。当然，各有各的妙处。例《钢笔和原珠笔》，叙述时采用第一人称，既显得亲切，又便于介绍。为了行文需要，人称也可以转换。如，《铺路石》。从整体上说，用的是第三人称，“它来自大山之中，它是大山的儿子。为了人类的需要，它离开了母亲的怀抱，来到了繁华的闹市，来到了宁静的村庄……”而在文章的结尾，为了礼赞的需要，转为第二人称。“铺路石，你是山的精灵，你是大山的忠实儿子!你默默无闻，但大地没有忘记你，高山没有忘记你。看，高山顶上的巨石，不正是大地母亲为你树立的丰碑吗?”这种第三人称与第二人称的交替作用，使知识性和情感性得以和谐统一，叙的是“铺路石”，颂的是“劳动者”。

现代写作学认为，写作是一种观念形态的活动，是客观外界事物在头脑中加工制作的过程。从这一意义上来说，状物类作文的指导要以有序观察为基础，情趣表达为载体，有形结构为借鉴，行文有变为方法，经典引路，以读促写。实践证明，这是一条行之有效的写作途径。

一、从写作内容角度上看。

公基作文一般是议论性质的文章，字数一般要求在800--1200字之间。公基作文要求结合材料进行写作，属于材料作文类，考生不能脱离材料自行写作。此外，考生在写作的时候一定注意不要跑题，不要脱离总论点。因为作文的阅卷是先定档后给分，这就要求我们一定不能跑题，而且虽然都是议论文但是不能跟高中初中作文那样随意抒发议论，要找到自己的角度，站在报考岗位的角度去思考问题，不能盲目抒情、大发特发议论，此乃作文大忌。

二、从文章标题角度来看。

标题即论点，刚才我们谈到作文阅卷先定档，因此，如果能标题就是论点的话能够大幅度减轻阅卷人的压力，使得自己更容易获得高分。对于标题给大家简单提醒一下，通常情况下标题不建议大家使用标点符号。

三、从文章结构上来看。

一定要保证文章结构的完整性，在阅卷规则当中，有重要一条就是逻辑完整，因此适当运用逻辑结构词就显得特别重要。这里提示广大考生，我们的逻辑词经历过四个阶段，第一个阶段是第一、第二、第三、第N个，这种结构因为第多少个没有上限，因此不建议采用，第二个阶段是首先、其次、再次、最后，第三个阶段是一方面、另一方面、与此同时、此外、加之等。这里推荐大家使用第二第三个阶段，逻辑结构比较完整，第四个阶段是运用过渡句过渡段，这种逻辑不推荐大家使用。

四、公基作文一定要写对策。

考查公基作文的目的就是考查考生进入单位之后分析与解决问题的能力，因此，考生必须在文章中必须有所体现。从文章写作对策段落来说，建议大家在对策段落里面运用“结论+原因+措施”的写作结构，这种结构简单理解就是是什么、为什么、怎么办逻辑，比如说某地的某个行业出现一定的发展问题，那么对于这个行业的发展政府起主要作用，那么我们应该先说政府大概应该如何去做，如政府应该多渠道扶持，此即结论，接下来就应该叙述政府为什么要去扶持，也即原因部分，最后要写明政府如何扶持也即具体措施，如运用宏观调控、减免税收、提供政策支持等。

五、从结尾段落来说，结尾要做到与首段呼应。

浑然一体的结尾与开头要相呼应，写出既呼应开头，又不简单重复的语句，这种结尾方式是各类文章极常见的收束方法。这种收束方法能唤起读者心理上的美感，产生一种首尾圆合，浑然一体的感觉。

公共基础知识写作点拨

第一：理解、分析、研究文体。事业单位写作其实就是议论文写作，因为只有议论文这种文种才能够承载对一个事物的确定观点和论述。所以对议论文来说，要把握一点，就是议论文是围绕一个观点进行展开，这对议论文来说是最重要的，也就是要有确实的观点，即总论点，目前来看事业单位考试的总论点一般都是已经确定的。

第二：确定了总论点之后，再去议论观点。例如：上海是个好地方，那么整个文章展开的核心就是证明观点，也就是为什么说上海是个好地方，再比如：要勤奋，整个文章展开的核心就是论述为什么要勤奋。

近几年来公职类考试的写作命题有了新的变化。首先，会有给定材料，材料围绕着一个主题展开，主题通常是社会问题或者施政要点。例如：要推进民生改革;要提高政府公信力;要推进服务型政府建设;要勇于探路等。其次，针对这样主题的变化，论述的方向也随之有所变化。例如：要提高政府公信力。基于这样的总论点，文章展开的逻辑就是为什么要提高公信力、如何提高政府公信力。再比如：要勇于探路，那么文章展开的逻辑就是为什么要勇于探路、如何探路。通过以上事例，小伙伴们能基本理清两个最重要的内容：议论文就是围绕一个确定的观点展开，整个文章的核心要求就是把观点论述清楚。解决了这两个问题后，接下来就是填充内容了，在此根据情况来说明。

第一：如果平时比较关注新闻、热点时事，自然有内容可写，而且能够做到内容充实、立意高远、理解透彻。如果是这样的情况，就摸索出适合自己表达的语言风格即可。

第二：如果是平时看书比较多，有自己对事物的思考。这样的基础能让写作体现出比较好的人文素养和知识储备，如果是这样的情况，就把看书多的优点发挥出即可。

第三：如果是既不看新闻、也不看书、学习马马虎虎或者工作后没有时间复习，这样的情况比较普遍，如果是这样的情况，就需要找一些捷径了，比如选择培训班等等。

Love,It would have to be to you

[爱，它只属于你]

Softhearted is sick, but you are life.

心软是病，可你是命.

island is the scar of the sea

[岛是海的疤痕]

You ever far is my fixed lattice

(你永远是我的定格.)

The time that you are my most fatal.

时光深知你是我最致命的爱

Learn to sorrow blind eye.

[学会熟视无睹对于悲伤]

You dont laugh tears away.

[你别笑了眼泪都掉了]

I want to be your bride .

【 我想成为你的新娘 】

Lets make thing better.

(让我们做得更好)

Does not belong to me,I will let go

不属于我的 我会离开.

I am not greed but I envy.

我没有贪婪 我羡慕海枯石烂.

Let the time tell the truth.

任由时间说真话

Promises are often like the dust

承诺像尘埃

Everybody wants to be loved

谁都想被疼爱

I will always be, even if love pale.

我会一直在,纵使爱变苍白

The time that you are my most fatal

时光深知你是我最致命的爱人

Let me make you whole life youth

[愿我许你一生青涩年华]

You are my most adventure youth dream

[你是我年少时最冒险的梦]

If through time, through love

[倘若看透时光看透爱]

Who gives us meet but not concurrently give us forever.

是谁赐我们遇见 却不一并赠我们永远。

I think I will love you for a long time

我想我会爱你很久

Laugh Until You Cry; Cry Until You Laugh

笑到终于哭出来;哭到终于笑出来。

You were never mine to lose.

你从来就不属于我，谈不上什么失去

导语：什么叫话题作文?“话题”，是谈话的核心议题，是描述或议论所涉及的范围或“由头”。“话题作文”便是就着这个“由头”说事论理、抒情言志。有人打比方说，话题作文就好比是电视里栏目主持人，跟嘉宾和观众一道聊天，或评述人物春秋，或讲述百姓故事，或评论时事热点，所聊的内容就是“话题作文”。

近几年高考话题作文以新的面孔出现在我们的眼前。它们是天津卷的“我说90后”和辽宁卷的“明星代言”。和往年相比，今年的话题作文命题思想和写作要求又有了一些变化，在内容范围和写作要求上提出了更严格的限制。比如，天津、辽宁两卷都提出了“不得套作，不得抄袭”的要求，以保障高考的严肃性和公正性;辽宁卷还明确要求“不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文”，这就避免了以前话题作文可以不联系材料从而无节制放纵的弊病。所以可称其为“新话题作文”。

新话题作文一般有很强的现实针对性，常常是社会热点问题。如今年的“明星代言”，考生可联系社会现实生活说事评理。其次便是有较充分的自由度。以今年天津卷的“我说90后”为例，对于“90后”的认识并没有统一的答案。文体选择也相对灵活，可写成“90后”的故事，可写成“90后”的宣言，也可写成为“90后”的辩白，甚至可写成理性评判对“90后”的毁誉之类的议论文。但是也应注意到：新话题作文在内容方面的限制性在增强。比如，“我说90后”这个话题，你可以任选“嘉许”、“担忧”、“诠释”中的某一个角度或说理，或叙事，或抒发感情，但是你得承认：“90后”终将担当起社会和历史赋予的重任。

新话题作文审题要注意几个方面，可概括为“五要”

一要全面，审清命题的所有信息要素。新话题作文文题的表述一般由导语、材料和要求三部分构成。对这三部分用语要全面关注。尤其是“要求”用语，其内容往往涉及角度、拟题、文体、字数、提示、警示等，大都是刚性要求，不可逾越，如2009年高考天津卷“要求”后的1至3点和第5点，而第4点则是一个善意的提示：“写出自己的真情实感”。材料表述有时会表明题型如“以‘我说90后’为话题”，有时则比较模糊，需要借助有关信息参比才能半端出题型，如辽宁卷材料表述的第一节“513网上论坛。主题：明星代言”，它意味着以“明星代言”为话题写文章。

二要深入，审清话题概念的内涵、外延甚至一些隐含信息。还以“我说90后”为例，其中“90后”应指20世纪90年代出生的一代人，而不能理解为时间、时代、社会等。“我”意味着文章应以第一人称表述，是写个人的认识，但不是写自己，并且第一人称还可以用“我们”来表述。“说”导向的文体应该是议论文，是要求作者发表对“90后”群体的感受、看法和评价。

三要分析，审清材料的内容、含意以及不同的角度。如辽宁卷“明星代言”，应围绕“明星代言”现象衍生出“小主题”或要点，如诚信、责任、道德与利益、法制等。抓住这些要点便于围绕中心从不同角度逐层论述。而天津卷“我说90后”材料中“嘉许”、“担忧”、“诠释”三个关键词则是三个并列的角度，最好选择其中一个进行叙事或评说，不要将几个纠合在一起，以至缠绕不清。

四要推求，审出话题背后的“命题意图”，以便有针对性地选择写作策略和方案。高考其实是一种社会行为，既要教育考生，又要引导舆论，自然应有积极的命意。话题或文题只是一个“窗口”，它要引导考生张望社会、世界和人生。因此我们应以正确的思维方式联系社会热点，推求命题意图。比如“我说90后”这个话题，是要让考生了解、认识自己所处的这个群体，正视自己的长处和短处，意识到自己这一代人的历史责任，以便更好地健康成长。而“明星代言”这个话题，将材料和社会热点如三鹿奶粉事件联系起来则能推出其“引导考生关注社会民生的热点问题，学会辩证思考和分析社会现象，培养独立思考的习惯和批判意识”的命题意图。

五要抓“点”，这样便于选择恰当的切入点、合适的文体、合理的思路，形成最佳写作方案。比如“我说90后”，材料中那三个关键词，你只需选择一个以优化的方案展开;而其中的“说”，明眼一看，议论文便是最合适的文体。再如“明星代言”，抓住五则材料的要点，可快捷地理出文章的合理思路。当然也可以抓住其中一个方面如道德自律或法制监管深入剖析，形成最佳方案。

今年有学者对高考作文命题晦涩化、幼稚化和缺少思想力度提出批评。这是我国高考作文命题的思想将发生较大变化的征兆，从上述两个文题可窥见一斑，至少它是对旧话题作文乃至多年高考作文命题沉疴的反拨。一些专家介绍的国外命题内容和话题形式，也值得我们关注。

新闻，是指通过报纸、电台、广播、电视台、互联网等媒体途径所传播信息的一种称谓。小编收集了新闻稿件的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、培养新闻触角和新闻敏感，善于发现新闻线索，是写好第一篇新闻稿的意思准备

同是大学生记者，共同生活在同一个环境里，也都到实践中去了，到学生中去了，为什么有的记者能写出漂亮的新闻作品，而有的记者仍然发现不了新闻线索，或者说发现不了有意义的新闻线索呢?为什么有的学生记者通讯员总是埋怨没有什么东西可写，而一再要求编辑老师为他们提供采访的话题，说到底这就是一个新闻敏感的问题。

什么叫新闻敏感或新闻触角呢?简言之，它就是新闻工作者识别新闻的敏锐能力。一个具有新闻价值的事情，别人不能看出它是新闻，而你却一下就能识别它是新闻，这就是新闻敏感。没有一定的新闻触角和新闻敏感，就很难写出一篇像样的新闻稿。美国新闻学家卡斯柏.约斯特在《新闻学原理》一书中的一段话，形象的阐述了新闻敏感对于记者的重要性。他说：“一个不善于辨别色彩的人，不能成为一个画家;一个不懂得和谐的人，不能成为一个音乐家;一个没有‘新闻敏感’的人，也不能成为一个新闻记者。”(1)培养新闻触角和新闻敏感，善于发现新闻线索，就能够当事情还在“风起于清萍之末”时，就敏感地察觉到它，并预见它的去向，从而比较得心应手地写出一篇新闻稿。

当然，新闻敏感不是与生俱来的，而是记者在采访实践中不断培养训练获得的。在大学生记者群中，不乏这样的人，他们刚开始成为一名学生记者，通讯员的时候，由于都是刚刚从中学来到大学，不用说缺乏新闻触角和新闻敏感，就是基本的新闻知识也不具备。但是，他们经过一段时间的新闻工作实践，刻苦学习，勤奋笔耕，终于成为了一名有一定新闻敏感和写作能力的校园记者。二、积累新闻素材，选好新闻题材，找准新闻角度，是写好第一篇新闻稿的前提。

人民艺术家老舍曾经对初学写作的年轻人说过：“先收集材料，越多越好。”周立波也认为“材料少了不好办。”有个外国记者说：“你要有作为吗?*8小时写稿不行，要做24小时的记者。”这些都说明积累素材对写作的重要意义。作为一个初学写作的大学生记者，更应该重视积累新闻素材。新闻素材是进入记者视野并被记者所意识，所采摘的生活现象，即从社会生活摄取而来的、尚未通过提炼和加工的原始材料。没有新闻材料的积累过程，就谈不上新闻写作的问题，作为记者，要积累新闻素材，必须重视自己的“笔记本”。法国作家果戈里便有一个近五百页的笔记本，他总爱把自己每时每刻看到的、听到的传闻趣事、警句谚语随时记到这个笔记本上。他说：“一个作家。应该象画家一样，身上经常带着铅笔和纸张。一位画家如果虚度了一天，没有画成一张画稿，那很不好。一个作家如果虚度了一天。没有记下一条思想，一个特点，也很不好。”每一个大学生记者，要写好一篇新闻稿，就必须养成随得随记的习惯，把在校园内看到的一切与师生相关、有可能产生新闻的素材积累起来。一个校报记者在几年的采访过程中积累起来的“笔记本”，将成为他从事新闻写作和研究工作的“万宝囊”。

角度，是新闻写作向自然科学借用来的一个概念。报道的角度，是记者认识被报道对象的思想方法及对被报道对象各“侧面”把握水平的综合反映的结果。它在一定程度上能说明记者处理采访的素材、挖掘材料的新闻价值的流程。大量散漫在笔记本上和记忆中的材料，如何进入新闻的既成轨道中呢?找出它之所以构成为新闻的特殊由头，就为记者进入材料的世界打开了一个突破口，开启了一扇大门;同时，找出最便于读者接受的角度，实质上是对材料的归纳和梳理，并对读者认识、接受事实起到了一个“导读”的作用。

要写好一篇新闻稿，可以注重这样几个角度：

第二、特色角度，有些节日的庆祝活动每年都大同小异，但我们如果找准了该年活动的特色内容进行报道，就能写出有价值的新闻。

分享或讨论以及反映相关话题，请到论坛讨论

第三、读者角度，要注意研究同全校师生的物质生活和精神生活竟紧密相连、普遍关心的问题，选择发生在师生学习、生活中的“小事”，以小见大，才能增强新闻的吸引力。作为一个大学生记者，只要经常深入到同学们的教室、寝室、图书馆、运动场，注意观察他们的学习和生活状况，了解他们的意见和要求，从他们的意见和要求，从他们最关心、最想知道的内容入手，才能写出有意义的新闻。

第四、时间和空间角度。有些新闻事实，在不同的时期、不同的空间其重要的程度也会发生一定的变化。有的事实发生在去年算不了新闻，但发生在今年却要算新闻了;有的事实发生在a学院算不了新闻而发生在b学院却又算新闻了;有的事件和话题，在一定时期内迫切需要解决，对实际工作能起推动作用;有的问题在一定时期内成为师生关注的焦点。

三、掌握新闻写作的一般技巧，提炼新闻主题，是写好第一篇新闻稿的关键

大学生记者要写好一篇新闻稿件，就必须掌握各种新闻体裁写作的一般技巧。如果是学写第一篇新闻稿，至少要做到以下几点：

第一、基本掌握标题的制作技巧。标题是文章的眼睛，一篇新闻稿若有一条新颖别致的标题，就能象磁石那样牢牢地吸引编辑和读者的注意力。

第二、学会写导语。导语是消息的开头，是消息中最有价值的部分。国外新闻界有人称导语是“抓心的手”这就是极言导语吸引作用的。没有好的导语，就算不上成功的新闻稿。

第三、基本熟悉各种新闻体裁的写法和结构。不熟悉各种新闻体裁的基本写法，就无法比较得心应手地进行新闻写作。而谋篇布局的好坏在一定程度上决定新闻稿件在受众和编辑眼中的“身价”

第四、理解和掌握新闻写作的基本方法——用事实说话。摆事实，用事实说话，这是新闻独特魅力所在，也是新闻事业不可代替的价值所在。初学新闻的大学生记者往往用自己的主观评价和臆断代替大量的重要的新闻事实，使写出的新闻或空洞无物，或言不及义

而孕育新闻主题，则是提高新闻稿价值的应有之义。新闻主题是一篇报道的主旨，我们写任何东西，都要有一个明确的目的，到底要表现什么、反映什么，若是心中无数，势必信笔涂鸦，不知所云。如果要反映记者对生活现象和社会问题的基本态度和看法，使写出的新闻报道吸引人、鼓舞人、引导人、就必须注重提炼新闻主题。清代的袁枚对“主题思想”的问题讲的精彩。他把漂亮的句子比做一大堆铜钱，古代的铜钱外圆内方，可以用绳子穿起来，一串铜钱叫“一贯”，袁枚认为，文章的主题就好比是穿钱的绳子，要是没有一个明确的主题思想来统帅你的文字，那你写的东西就像撒满一地的铜钱，不能派上用场。如获得1986年全国高校校报好消息一等奖的《小郎和日本姑娘喜结良

缘》(3)，如果作者只是轻描淡写地描述去婚姻本身，而不是站在“为中日友谊写下了新篇章”、日本姑娘向往中国、追求自我存在价值的高度，就不会使这篇消息给人以启迪和教育，也就成不了一篇好消息。

新闻主题是整篇报道的灵魂，它隐藏于新闻素材之中，一旦我们把它发掘出来，它就会统领全篇，成为整篇报道的中心内容。我们要站在时代和社会的高度，坚持实事求是、不落俗套、贴近生活、读者至上等原则，运用追根究底法、对比联系法、见微知著法等方法，提炼和深化新闻主题。

四、虚心请教，大胆投稿是写好第一篇新闻稿的必要过程

请教的时间，可以贯穿到新闻采访写作的全过程。如何培养新闻敏感，寻找新闻线索可以请教;如何拟订采访提纲、选好新闻题材、提炼和表现新闻主题可以请教;如何使写出来的新闻更加符合新闻写作的要求，更加精彩，更应该虚心向学长、师长请教。

一篇新闻概写好后，还得大胆投稿。有的初学新闻的学生记者，或者认为自己的作品羞于出手，即使写好了，也不敢或不愿寄出去，或者总是过分要求稿子的质量，一而在，再而三的修改，结果错过了报道的时机。其实，由于校园存在范围小、易于捕捉、头绪少等特点，如果不抢时间积极投稿，就会让别人抢得先机，即使你写得再好，也只能算作又一次练笔了。

当然，大胆投稿不是盲目投稿。如果没有任何目的，打的是无准备之仗，再好的稿子也可能石沉大海。因此，作为一个大学生记者，一定要认真研究传播媒介，研究它的版式结构、专栏设置、报道风格、出版或播出周期甚至编辑部的人员构成、编辑姓名及联系电话等。是邮寄的，还要弄清楚通讯地址，保证所投稿件万无一失地寄到编辑部。这样一来，就可以在写稿之前，针对传播媒介的特点，引导自己的创作思路和方法，对写作内容和形式作出必要的限制;在新闻稿写好之后也能够有的放矢地投递到报纸等媒体的相应版面、专栏及编辑手中，从而大大增强新闻稿见报几率或播出几率。

总之，作为初学新闻的大学生记者，如何写好第一篇新闻稿是十分关键的，也不是轻而易举的事情。大学生记者只有勇于实践，大胆尝试，深入采访，勤奋笔耕，不断提高新闻采访写作的技巧，才能写出更多更好的新闻作品。

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径：

１．问题现状

２．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)

In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一). For another -------------(解决方法二). Finally, --------------(解决方法三). Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法). Consequently, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处).

一个鲜亮的题目，就是一个极好的得分点。因此散文的题目是最有嚼味的题目。有的是场景入题，《无边落叶》、《昨夜雨，今朝下》;有的是感觉入题，《花香》、《路是月的痕》、《眼睛上的窗帘》;有的呼告，《茉莉，我爱你》;有的祈祷，《让双眼更加清澈》;有的比喻，《放下感情的叶片》;有的口语化，《明天一定记着开窗》;有的化用成语诗词，《随遇而安》、《月是故乡明》;有的繁复，《眼前同一水，笔下各异情》;有的简洁，《网里人生》。比较一下其他文体的题目，我们可以发现散文的题目没有一个相同，富有个性，富有创新精神，而且又跟高考"感情亲疏和对事物的认知"的话题十分切合。

2.取材广泛。

散文的题材十分广泛，因此其内容非常丰富。"举凡国际国内的大事，社会家庭的细故，掀天之浪，一物之微，自己的一段经历，一丝感触，一撮悲欢，一星冥想，往日的凄惶，今日的欢快，都可以移到纸上。"(周立波《散文特写选·序言》)凡是能够引起作者动情的，凡是对读者有教育意义的，都可以是散文的题材。在一篇散文里，作者可以展开广阔的思路，无所拘束，任意驰骋。高考作文取材最忌讳旧、俗，阅卷老师老是看到常见的材料，首先就感觉不佳。散文广泛的题材领域，可以弥补这一缺陷。上面举到的几篇文章，取材面相当广泛。有的是以个人经历为突破口，深挖细掘，探索心灵中隐秘的宝藏(如《茉莉，我爱你》);有的敏锐地抓住当今时事，细察社会发展轨迹(如《随遇而安》);有的恰到好处地联系课本知识(如《让双眼更加清澈》)，有的则进入历史的海洋去舀一勺水(如《眼前同一水，笔下各异情》)。广阔的题材显示了考生敏锐的思维，丰富了文章的内容。

3.表达灵活。

散文取材广泛，它的表现形式也就显得自由灵活，表达方式也就多种多样。从表现形式看，它不必像诗歌那样格律化，不必像戏剧那样模式化，只要在一定的思想情感的统率下，把零碎的材料组织成文就行。散文在选材上可以涉及古今中外、各行各业，在结构上也可以几放几收、舒卷自如。对叙述、说明、议论、抒情、描写等几种表达方式也一样，可以根据需要，灵活运用。有时突出其一，作为重点加以运用;有时几种方式熔为一炉。因为散文总是有抒情性的特点，抒情方式尤其丰富多样。满分作文《昨夜雨，今朝下》(山东考生)先由栀子花开状写惜花恨雨之人的心态，然后联想到古代诗人和诗境，中间穿插议论抒情，结尾用栀子花重开暗示自己的见解。《拨开天空的乌云》扣住对道家音乐的感悟一事，写心境，写游览，写谈话，写品曲，无不为"感情亲疏不同，对道家音乐的感知也千差万别"张本，写得大气。

4.情理相透。

散文是忠于生活反映生活的一种文学作品，它强调生活真实，而不仰仗于虚构，表现作者对生活的真情实感。大凡优秀的散文，往往有深邃的思想内容，而这种深刻寓意又饱含诗情，因为散文具有情理相透的特点。它的思想内容往往不是直接表露的，而是常常寓于"物"或"景"之中，以强烈的感性形象激发读者的理性思考。今年的话题具有很强的思辨性，富有才华的考生就把这种理性通过感性形象来展开。如《无边落叶》写童年记忆中遗失一枚香山红叶而误解同学的故事;《随遇而安》写了从北方来广州的母亲饮食上的改变，进而引发对广州人生活习惯的认同，富有生活气息，巧妙道明"感情影响认知"的观点。《黄色蛹·金色蝴蝶》是一篇公认的"散文诗"，虽没有叙述一个完整的故事，但精心挑选的三个片段，重点表现了自己感情在生活经历中的变化过程，语言上处处洋溢诗情，极好地扣住话题。这对一些不注重生活积累的考生，只会空洞发表议论的考生，应该是一种矫枉过正的启发吧。

5.语言精美。

"真正的散文是充满诗意的，就像苹果饱含着果汁一样。"(巴乌斯托夫斯基《散文的诗意》)散文的真情实感、灵活的表达方式，需要优美的语言才能相称。我们往往在散文中读到让人一见不忘的语言。《与你同行》显示了良好的语言功力，文章写道："让水与火同行，情与理同行。坚持爱与美的真理，让冲动与成见在你的足下沉淀，带上淬火之后的智慧--与你同行!"理性思考在激烈的感情下化为不可抑制的内心独白，强烈表明自己的观点，也以情动人。《月是故乡明》将话题巧妙转化为"因为深情，所以偏执"这一警策之语之后，直接用铺排方式将生活感受强化："这就是为什么加利福尼亚更透明的阳光，莱茵河畔更圆满的月亮，剑桥小郡更浪漫的流水都远远逝去;家园日暮时点起的那一束桔黄的灯光。只因这是我们所熟悉而深爱的地方。南方小城温暖湿润的空气，菁菁校园里若有若无的花香，来来往往的人，似曾相识的脸，母亲洗过的洁净的衣裳，老师批过的严整的笔记。……这一切都让我们享之坦然并且心存感激，任是将来走远了，在异国他乡也能满心骄傲地怀想--"通过语言，把感性与理性融合为一，成为美文。

：

一、用于描写图表和数据

1. It has increased by three times as compared with that of 1998.

2. There is an increase of 20% in total this year.

3. It has been increased by a factor of 4since 1995.

4. It would be expected to increase 5 times.

5. The table shows a three times increase over that of last year.

6. It was decreased twice than that of the year 1996.

7. The total number was lowered by 10%.

8. It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this year.

9. Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 percent.

10. The number is 5 times as much as that of 1995.

11. It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with…

二、用于解释性和阐述性论说文

1. Everybody knows that…

2. It can be easily proved that…

3. It is true that…

4. No one can deny that

5. One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is…

6. The chief reason is that…

7. We must recognize that…

8. There is on doubt that…

9. I am of the opinion that…

10. This can be expressed as follows;

11. To take …for an example…

12. We have reason to believe that

13. Now that we know that…

14. Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned…

15. The change in …largely results from the fact that

16. There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally…

17. A number of factors could account for the development in…

18. Perhaps the primary reason is…

19. It is chiefly responsible of…

20. The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact…

21. Here are several possible reasons, excerpt that…

22. Somebody believes/argues/holds/insists/thinks that…

23. It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon…

24. Different people observes it in different ways.

三、用于文章的开头

1. As the proverb says…

2. It goes without saying tan…

3. Generally speaking…

4. It is quite clear than because…

5. It is often said that …

6. Many people often ask such question:“…?”

7. More and more people have come to realize…

8. There is no doubt that…

9. Some people believe that…

10. These days we are often told that, but is this really the case?

11. One great man said that…

12. Recently the issue of… has been brought to public attention.

13. In the past several years there has been…

14. Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether…

15. Currently there is a widespread concern that…

16. Now people in growing number are coming to realize that…

17. There is a general discussion today about the issue of …

18. Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive differently.

四、用于文章的结尾

1. from this point of view…

2. in a word…

3. in conclusion…

4. on account of this we can find that…

5. the result is dependent on…

6. therefore, these findings reveal the following information:

7. thus, this is the reason why we must…

8. to sum up …

9. as far as…be concerned, I believe that…

10. It is obvious that…

11. There is little doubt that…

12. There is no immediate solution to the problem of …, but …might be helpful

13. None of the solutions is quite satisfactory. The problem should be examined in a new way.

14. It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on…

15. Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclustion that…

五、用于论证和说明

1. As it is described that…

2. It has been illustrated that…

3. It provides a good example of…

4. We may cite another instance of…

5. History man provides us with the examples of…

6. A number of further facts may be added…

7. The situation is not unique, it is typical of dozens I have heard.

8. A recent investigation indicate that…

9. According to the statistics provided …

10. According to a latest study, it can be predicted…

11. There is no sufficient evidence to show that…

12. All available evidence points to the fact that…

13. Examples given leads me to conclude that…

14. It reveals the unquestionable fact that…

15. The idea may be proved by facts…

16. All the facts suggest that…

17. No one can deny the fact that…

18. We may face the undeniable fact that…

还是有的。我这里给即将高考的考生赠送一粒“临时抱佛脚”的“高考作文速升法仙丹”，让你们在高考作文时，不会那么慌乱、盲目、抓瞎。敬请服用!药不能停!

上周在广东某市，晚上吃饭时，一位教育局领导问我，孩子在市重点上学，初中作文写得还不错，上了高中之后，作文写得越来越不好了。能不能抽出半个小时，跟她谈谈怎样写好作文?

写作文是个大难题，只谈半个小时就要有效果，就是天上文曲星下凡也做不到啊。但老虎老师知难而上，略微思考了三秒钟说，好吧，我试试。

实际上谈得很融洽，四十多分钟，高中生很高兴地走了。教育局领导说，没想到，叶开老师竟然可以从阅读开始，这么讲写作文。

我说，这是我长期的实践经验，对于在小学初中阶段缺乏有效阅读积累的学生，这种临时抱佛脚的方法，也非常有效。

前 天，我在杭州讲课，与来杭州东站接我的省语文教研员章老师说到这件事情，我说，写作文还是有技巧的，但是中小学作文教学都比较盲目，教师自己擅长“下水” 写作的很稀少，又没有好的写作课教材可以参考，完全是“摸着石头过河”。因此，中小学作文的教与学，除了少数语文老师摸到窍门之外，大多数主要都处在“摸 猫”状态，学生写作文很不稳定。我的办法是：“一本书，一名作家，一个时代······”

具体解释了我的“速成法”之后，章老师觉得非常有效，值得推广。

语 文能力本应是一种综合的人文素养，但今天的应试教育体系下，语文也变成了没完没了的刷题，并且耗费了大量的精力和时间，并没有刷出好的效果。尤其是高考作 文，通常做法是猜题测题套题，滥用好词好句名人名言，而通篇内容空洞，虚情假意。这样的作文，即使“不离题”，也只能拿到中等的分数。高考一分只差就会痛 失名校，这样的“中等”作文，在参加高考时完全不行。

语文的客观题，通常在学生们的三年高中学习中都刷题刷到头晕了，基本合格的学生，大多知道王维王摩诘李白李太白，丢分通常是课文以外的知识没法答出来。这些我们不讲。

而70分的作文，则是难以把握的重中之重。满分要靠命，不能乱追求。但是要保证能考到58-63分的优秀线，语文分数就很高了。

如果深入了解“一本书、一名作家、一个时代”的深阅读写作法，你真的很有可能写出满分高考作文。对于初中生、小学生来说，这个方法也非常有效，可以说更加有效。

丰富有效的阅读，是中小学生写出好作文的核心基础，丢开阅读谈写作的都是耍流氓。但如果在小学、初中里读书比较少，积累不够多，到了高中阶段怎么办?具体的做法是：

1、找一本你最喜欢的书，精读。读过了没关系，再读两遍。广东那个高中生是喜欢毛姆的《月亮与六便士》，我建议她再读两遍，然后找英文原版读一遍。并且要对法国大画家高更的人生有个了解，看看他的画和他的相关传记。

2、了解英国作家毛姆的人生和他的其他作品，有时间的话可以延伸阅读他的其他名作如《人性的枷锁》《刀锋》、以及游记《在中国的屏风上》等。毛姆曾不远万里来到中国，去四川成都拜见一个拖着大辫子的中国老头辜鸿铭。你要知道这些琐碎的事情。

3、 了解毛姆所处的时代，对那个时代的其他作家也要有些了解，知道个大概。如第一次世界大战时毛姆在干什么，第二次世界大战时他在干什么。还有，他同时代的作 家如英国的萧伯纳、德国的托马斯·曼、法国的安德烈·纪德等，他们都在干什么。那个时代的中国，还有怪人辜鸿铭等，凡是毛姆知道的、认识的，都可以略微了 解，明白一点当时的时代背景和思想潮流，会知道毛姆对自然与人性的认识。

在深入阅读《月亮与六便士》之后，你在写作文时，就可以不断调用这 部作品以及这位作家的资料来充实内容了。比如，某年广东的作文题目是“心灵中闪过微光”，题目不佳，很抽象，很难写好。但我们运用《月亮与六便士》的内 容，可以这么说，“当法国画家高更离开繁华而喧嚣的巴黎，来到南太平洋深处的波利尼西亚群岛时，他的内心充满了矛盾与沮丧。就在那里，他碰到了一个塔希提 姑娘。在塔希提岛上，他度过了人生中最丰富也是最珍贵的时期······”

如此类推，无论什么作文题，都可以套用。

对中国考生，通常来说最好的选择是“四大名著”，因为阅卷老师大多读过，没读过的也肯定知道(没读过四大名著的语文老师?哼哼!不配当语文老师)，因此，你在高考作文时，恰当地引用“四大名著”的内容时，他们都会知道，很容易让他们产生亲切感。

上海特级语文教师余党绪说，他有个学生特别喜欢《水浒传》，了如指掌，说什么都知道，写作文时，无论什么题目都能绕到《水浒传》上。因此他的作文说理时很有逻辑，资料很有说服力。高考时，这位同学写出了满分作文。

如果你对《水浒传》如数家珍，在写作时能够恰当地引用，并逻辑合理，即使不能满分，也基本都是可以达到优的分数，确保语文的考试在优秀级别，就可以于考试中，立于不败了。

昨天下午两点钟，我在杭州江干区采荷中学讲《人工智能时代的创造性写作》，谈了一堆万物互联、纳米技术、大脑扫描、人机结合声明、碳基生命和硅基生命等内容，最后谈到了《西游记》，

我 建议听课的六百多名初一同学，如果喜欢的话就精读《西游记》。什么叫做精读呢?就是除了吴承恩的《西游记》之外，你还知道朱鼎臣的《唐三藏西游释厄传》杨 致和的《西游记传》等相关作品，最好还知道丘处机等《长春真人西游记》、玄奘的《大唐西域记》等不直接有关但是可以拓展认识的作品。当代的影视改编版本， 如上海美术电影制片厂早期的动画片《大闹天宫》、央视版《西游记》、如刘镇伟、周星驰版《大话西游》、如周星驰版《西游降魔篇》，还有新的动画片《西游记 之大神归来》，新的改编版《西游记之三打白骨精》以及周润发等主演的新《大闹天宫》等。另外，现代人新解《西游记》，如今何在等《悟空传》等，也可以了 解，还可以看看《孙悟空等师父是谁》等网文，知道一下人们为何用“猪一般的队友”等方式来活用《西游记》这部经典，这样，你写作文时，就言之有物，下笔如 有神了。

我小时候是胡乱生长的，整天都是打家劫舍、捉鱼摸虾，没干什么好事。但是父亲比较关心我们的阅读，在七十年代末书籍缺乏年代，我们还是能读到“四大名著”连环画等小人书，后来看到梁羽生、金庸、古龙等人的武侠小说，语文课本之外，知道了世界如此丰富。

这些武侠小说虽然算不上是经典名著，但也开拓了我们的知识，拓展了我们的思维。我少年时代读金庸的《天龙八部》，完全不明白什么叫做“天龙八部”，也完全不懂佛经佛法佛教，但知道了大理国、吐蕃、西夏、大辽，那个宋代四面受敌的时代，在武侠小说里写得比革命史精彩多了。

后来，我算是把金庸的武侠小说全都读透了，八十年代初进入大陆的香港电视连续剧如《射雕英雄传》《神雕侠侣》等，成为我们那个时代的精神大餐。

为了深入理解新派武侠小说，我也曾有意识地了解了金庸先生的人生经历，后来顺藤摸瓜，又去读了旧式武侠小说如《三侠五义》等。这种延伸性阅读法，使我的阅读比同龄人丰富得多，在高考时，我几乎毫不费力地拿到了全县语文高考的最高分。

后来考研究生、考博士，我都是第一名，这个真是轻轻松松，势如破竹，完全可以大肆吹嘘的。

女儿说：“爸爸是考神!”

是因为，我有好办法，又能更早地运用这种方法。

好方法不常有，能把好方法运用好的更是不寻常。

文体写作理论知识应由定义出发，定义中的要素可以衍生出写作的各种要求和方法。但是，不论诗歌，还是散文，传统认识集中体现在一般写作教材上，对其定义的认识既不准确统一，又片面地强调社会属性。不合乎文体本质属性的传统文学体裁定义在本书中一概不提。需要的是最终表现作者个体生命本真的文体定义。散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活精干的文学体裁。

作者在散文中的形象比较明显，常用第一人称叙述，个性鲜明，正象巴金所说“我的任何散文里都有我自己”，总之可以说是表现自我。这就需要大胆无忌。正如鲁迅所说“任意而谈，无所顾忌”，他还推崇曹操及魏晋散文的“力主通脱”。又如刘半农所说，散文要“赤裸裸地表达”。还如一些人所说，“我是怎样一个人，就怎样写”，“心口相应，信口直说”，“反正我只是这样一个我”。写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在。这是定义的最大要素。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础，而文语(包括古语和欧化语)为点缀。其次是要清新自然，优美洗练。此外，还可以讲究一些语言技法，如句式长短相间，随物赋形，如多用修辞特别是比喻，如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。

必须明确一个散文写作观念，这就是散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。所有教材都提出了散文要写感情，但却是作为一种必备因素和一种内在线索。应当强调指出，感情不是片面的因素，也不仅仅是线索，而是散文的对象。散文写人写事都只是表面现象，从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”，而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事，而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。刘真的《望截流》，重点不是顺理成章的工程本身或建设者业绩，而是一种回归历史进步主流的内心感受。散文一开始就使自己沉浸在一种突如其来的悲喜交集的感情体验中，由此生发联想——小时候跟着妈妈赶集差一点丢失，四十年代初一度离开部队，“文革”中被迫放下笔等。最后又面对横江截流的宏伟场面，激情满怀。感情体验，是散文的内在结构。有了它，就可以天马行空地起草。这一点，不能不明朗和确定。有了散文的内在结构——感情体验，只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。

散文和小说一样，建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上，但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说，小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”，而散文则是“以线穿珠”。小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面，具备冲突，各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显。而细节只能在这样的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”，就是感情体验，或多或少，随手拈来，任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此，我们说散文(应称艺术散文)，是最自由的文体，散漫如水，手法灵活。只要弄清以上四点，写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感情体验和细节描写，就掌握了散文写作的要领，什么意、章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习，其它文体理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。

散文可以主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出，供初学者和高等教育应试者选择使用。

一、记人散文模式

【开头】①感情化语言概括叙述。我和该人，重点在后。介绍该人，如肖像描写。②两者关系及该人精神特质的议论。

【中间】▲一种情况：一件事。从开头、发展到结尾，细致叙述和描写。

▲另一种情况：几件事。每件事即每层次前，可以用对该人精神特质的一个因素领起。以对该人的感情体验及整体议

二、论来贯穿几件事。

【结尾】①重申特质，照应开头。②深化感情关系，发出感慨。

三、抒情散文模式

【开头】1叙述自己与景物的关系。2议论景物和自己。

【中间】1描写景物，分出层次，细致动人。2联想发挥，更大意义。

【结尾】感慨

四、散文写作——构思、联想、语言

散文，往往通过生活中偶发的、片断的事象，去反映其复杂的背景和深广的内涵，做到“一粒沙里见世界，半瓣花上说人情”。要达到这种境界，构思是关键。

构思，是作者对一篇作品的整个认识过程，从他对外界事物的最初感受到成篇的全过程。就是进入下笔阶段，也仍然在思考，在探索，在继续认识所要描写的对象，深入发掘其底蕴和内涵。这是一种复杂的、艰辛的、严肃的精神活动，是对作家人格、修养、功力的考验。由于事物间的联系是深邃而微妙的，作家要善于由表及里，从纷繁错综的联系里，发现其独特而奥妙的联系点，才能够从“引心”到“会心”，由“迎意”到“立意”。

构思的奥妙，不同的作家有不同发现。于是就出现了种种不同的构思方法。秦牧的构思方法，有人叫做“滚雪球”。他写散文，起初的感受只是一点点，如一片小雪花，随着题材的增加，体会的深入，联想的开展，那感觉一步步膨胀起来，就象滚雪球一样。这里可贵的是最初的感觉，照秦牧的话说，它是事物的“尖端”部分，最富有“特征”的部分，一旦被作家抓住，就象一粒饱满的种子，落到肥沃的土壤里，作家用思想、感情的阳光雨露恩泽它，使它萌发成丰富的果实。这是一个核心，越滚越大，形成统一的构思。他的名篇《土地》、《社稷坛抒情》就是很好的例子。

徐迟的构思方法，叫“抓一刹那”。这“一刹那”他认为是事物的“精华”部分，最有“光彩”部分。抓住这“一刹那”，就抓住了头绪，抓住了中心，零散杂乱的材料才得以集中，才有了归宿。如他的《在湍流的涡漩中》的创作，正反两方面的教训都可以说明这个问题。

千描百绘的特写

考场记叙文，阅卷老师最看重有没有场面描写，看场面描写时，老师又最看重有没有特写镜头。因为写好特写镜头在阅卷老师看来，就是写好记叙文的最佳境界。什么是特写镜头，即考生借鉴电影艺术的表现手法，对人物、景物的局部特征加以浓墨重彩式的描写或精细刻画，从而凸现一个感人的形象，展示一个精彩的细节，使文章具有强烈的感染力的艺术手法。所以为了与一般平铺直叙式的记叙文境界有别，考生应该独辟特写的佳境，让考场记叙文因为特写而牵制住老师的眼球。

诗情画意的意境

考场散文的最高境界是诗情画意，有时即使寥寥几笔，也让阅卷老师如获至宝。意境就是作者的思想感情和客观事物的高度融合，就是作者所创造的那种情景交融、形神兼备的艺术境界。散文要富有诗意，就应有意捕捉优美的意象并寄托感情，形象一点说，就是要在写散文的时候，感到仿佛是在写诗和作画，要表达出情味、画面和韵致，同时要追求语言的诗化，主要表现在凝练含蓄、形象具体、音韵节奏等方面。要特别善于用精炼语句点染诗意，通过绘形绘色绘声的描写让阅卷老师生发丰富的联想和想象，从而满目生辉，满口溢香。

生动形象的说理

考场论说文的最高境界是议论生动形象，阅卷老师特别害怕大段罗列高深理论，板着面孔说教，愿意看到考生把议论中抽象的，难懂的道理或见解，采用一定的方法和手段，使之变得具体、变得形象;把议论中冗长的客观的论述，采用一定的技巧，使之变得生动活泼，摇曳多姿。比如使用比喻论证，因为喻体的为人熟知，而本体与喻体之间又具有相似点，议论起来就会独僻蹊经，别开生面。而如若在议论中始终贯穿生动形象的说理，则自成妙境。

慧眼传神的标题

要在考场中取悦阅卷老师，先用传神的标题去构建作文的佳境，尝言：标题是眼睛。好作文就要有一双迷人的慧眼。现在我们训练了大量的话题作文，大量同学却把标题拟得老气横秋，或者干脆用话题作为文章的标题，让人一看就不愿给高分。所以作为考生的你要充分意识到阅卷老师的疲惫，用尽量新、雅、美的标题去引起老师的注意，标题拟好了，实际上也是在为考场作文创设景致，而独特的标题更是作文独僻佳境的最好体现，会让人为之一震。

一言九鼎的识见

对于中学生的作文，阅卷老师尤其看重学生的思想认识与观点见解。在阅卷的过程中，老师始终在留意或寻找考生作文中最能代表其识见的内容。因为任何一篇文章总是为表达一定的思想主题服务的，识见的水平如何，直接关涉到作文得分的高低，因此作为考生应该不断磨砺语言，砥砺思想，尽可能在作文中表达一言九鼎的识见。而实践证明，精要而有深度的认识与见解，会使本来很平常的作文内容为之境界全新，无眼之龙也会因为你的点睛之笔而畅游九天之外。

：

【提要】高考英语作文 : 2017年高考英语作文写作模板：图画类写作模板

图画类写作模板

1.开头

Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...

2.衔接句

As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.

3.结尾句

In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...

1、紧扣主题，短文必须包括提纲中的全部要点;与主题无关或关系不大的字句必须一律删去。

2、文章通顺，前后贯通，语言流畅。

3、句子开头多样化，句型多样化。

4、无句型结构错误，无语法错误和用语造句等方面的错误。

5、短文字数不得少于150个字。

对考研英语短文的策略：

1.分配好短文各部分篇幅比例

根据在40分钟内写150词的《大纲》要求，合理分配各部分篇幅比例显得非常重要。篇幅比例安排大致如下：

(1)开头：可控制在4句话之内，以2——3句较为适宜。该部分约占全文篇幅的10%——15%。

(2)主体：约占全篇短文的70%——80%。

(3)结尾：这部分应控制在2——3句话之内，约占全文篇幅10——15%。

2.合理分配时间

应该切记短文写作时间仅为40分钟，在这较短的时间内考生需完成120——150词的短文。这就要求考生做到有条不紊、忙而不乱，充分发挥自己应有的水平。从而稳操胜券，驾轻就熟，从容应对。建议考生在动笔之前，用5分钟的时间写个提纲理清思路，然后再动笔。此外，要留出5——6分钟来修改抄写。以避免不必要的笔误，给评卷老师留下良好的印象。

3.审题——紧扣主题的关键

所谓审题，就是正确理解题意，所写短文要紧扣题目要求。从每年的英文短文考题可看出，除了题目外，还有开头第一句话和一个写作提纲。这个写作提纲就是短文的写作具体范围。考生必须以指定的句子开头，按写作提纲规定的要点和顺序(通常是3个要点)往下写。

通常3个要点就是写三段话，每段开头(除第一段已给了外)第一句话必须把该段写作提纲中的主要的词或主要意思包括进去，这就是段落中心句。每段其他句子必须紧扣该段的段落中心句，与段落中心句无关的句子或关系不大的句子必须坚决删去。由于写作提纲中所给的3个要点(即关键词)已包括在每段开头的段落中心句(即每段开头的第一句)中，而每段的其他句子又紧扣段落中心句，这就使每段的内容紧扣主题，而不至离开主题去谈别的问题，这就是抓住主题的关键。

一、什么是自传

自传是叙述自己生平经历的文章。生平经历是指一个人生活的整

个过程。婴儿——幼儿——上学——现在

1、婴儿时期（吃、哭、爬、学说话、学走路……）

听妈妈说那时候的我是怎样的？（高、矮、胖、瘦、乖、闹、聪明……）例文欣赏

示例1：听妈妈说，小时候的我胖乎乎的，很聪明。刚到了九个月就会说话了，把妈妈叫得很开心；10个月就会学走路了，摇摇晃晃，东倒西歪但不让人扶。有一次从床上掉下来，至今胳膊上还留有伤疤；奶奶说我那时候特别乖巧，但也特别淘气。

特点：聪明、淘气

示例2：刚出生的我在医院里又哭又闹，说着平常人不懂的“外星球语”，让爸妈很苦恼，白天我咬着奶瓶呼呼大睡，晚上我就活跃起来，让大人抱着我到处去溜达，如果一松手，那哭声在你耳朵里徘徊，仿佛一栋楼都会震动起来！

特点：爱闹

2、幼儿时期

⑴、脑中充满疑问

“妈妈，天上的星星为什么会眨眼睛？”“妈妈，我的肚子为什么会饿？”“妈妈，为什么天上的月亮有时是圆的，有时是弯弯的？”⑵、探索世界

把家里的小闹钟、把我的玩具拆得七零八落

⑴、⑵表现出我很聪明

⑶、上幼儿园

哭着、喊着不肯上幼儿园这些表现出我又很淘气

例文欣赏

示例1：一眨眼的功夫，时间老人已把婴儿时期带走了，幼儿时期缓缓走来。妈妈和幼儿园的老师都说我好动。为此我觉得自己得了儿童多动症，其实我确实挺爱动的。在幼儿园里，我基本不会规规矩矩的坐上三分钟；就算坐在椅子上，也是东摇西摆。结果一次在课堂上“发挥”多动时，老师误以为我在吃东西，我的脸烧了又烧，简直就像一

只掉进油锅里的虾。

示例2：幼儿时期的我最爱跳舞。记得有一次，妈妈手机里传出了一阵响亮的歌声，在一旁搞东西的我听见了，便情不自禁的跳起来，屁股一扭一扭的，手也摆动起来，不时还走一下猫步，仿佛我已经沉浸在这欢乐地歌声里，无法自拔一样！一旁的妈妈鼓起掌来，笑着说：“看来我们家会有一位舞神了。”奶奶听后，大笑起来，家里充满了快乐的气氛。

3、我上学了

⑴、有了稳定的兴趣。如：①、爱上了学习②、迷上了阅读

⑵、进不了

⑶、交了很多朋友

例文欣赏

示例1：进入小学后，在优美的校园里，我感受到了学习的快乐，从此爱上了学习。现在，我是班里的学习委员、语文课代表。我的作文经常受到老师表扬，不仅在作文比赛上获过奖，还经常在一些刊物上发表呢！

示例2：八岁的我爱书如命。故事书、漫画书、作文书、科幻书、小说等等，不管什么书，我都一股脑儿拿起来就读。不管晚上作业有多少，事情有多忙，我都会挤出一点时间来看书。

我看书很着迷。我会随着书中的趣事哈哈大笑；也会为着书中令人落泪的悲惨故事而伤心痛哭；看到本领高超、助人为乐的人，我会产生敬佩之情；看到那些烧杀抢掠的恶人和那些贪赃枉法的坏人，我心中的愤怒油然而生……每当妈妈看见我忽而大笑、忽而大哭，忽而喜悦，又忽而愤怒时，总会无可奈何地叹息道：“这丫头，真是没办法！”

示例3：我进入了XX小学读书，在这座优美的校园里，我对学习有了比较大的变化，表现比较积极，一年级第一批就加入了少先队，四年级参加了鼓号队，曾经当过体育委员、语文课代表。在学习上能多看课外书籍，经常去剑英图书馆借书或去新华书店看书，同时注意积累好词好句，坚持每个星期写一扁日记，因此语文成绩比较理想，对作文比有兴趣，作文经常被老师表扬；数学成绩还算可以，但是英语一直是我的弱项，总感到压力好大。

示例4：我结交了很多朋友，他们也十分乐意和我交往，使我从交往中得到了许许多多的快乐。我对他人十分的诚实守信，从来不说恶意

的谎言，答应别人的事情绝对做到，因此，他们也很乐意跟我玩，和我谈心。我有时也会跟别人一起哈哈大笑或讲悄悄话，跟同学们打成一片，让我成为他们心目中的好朋友。有了他们我的生活充满了朝气，充满了快乐。我对人十分有礼貌，助人为乐也是我的本份，他人有困难，我一定会竭尽全力去帮助他。

4、现在的我

长大了、懂事了、学会承担了、有理想了。

例文欣赏

示例1：随着年龄的增长，我变得越来越懂事了。想起妈妈以前整天都为我操心，而我却总是惹她生气，我的心里真不是滋味。

星期五放学回到家，妈妈放下我的书包，就径直走进厨房准备做饭。我想：妈妈工作了一整天，已经很累了，又要去接我，回到家还要做饭，这多么不应该！想到这，我马上走进厨房。

“妈妈。”

“有什么事儿吗？”

“妈妈，您去休息吧，我帮您做饭。”

“不用了，你快去做作业吧，饭菜很快就好了。”

“妈妈，就让我为您做一顿饭吧，嗯？”

妈妈只好笑了笑，点了点头。

晚饭后，我又替妈妈把碗碟洗得干干净净，把家里打扫了一遍，最后还为妈妈捶背按摩。妈妈很高兴，对我说：“孩子，你长大了，懂事了，妈妈真高兴！”我听到这句话，心就像被浸在一罐世界上最甜的蜜糖里。

这就是12岁的我，懂事的我。

示例2：现在的我，会承担责任了；十二岁的我会像挤海棉一样挤时间了；十二岁的我，会自己面对困难了；十二岁的我，成熟了许多；十二岁的我已经长大了，一些鸡毛蒜皮的小事，我自己已经会应付了。面对十二岁的人生，我好像还有点混浊，但比起以前已经进步了许多。对于我来说，未来是一条坎坷的岔路，我一定要选择正确地道路，要一直努力认真的向前走。只要努力学习，就会考上重点大学。

二、行文线索

1、不懂事，爱哭、爱闹——有点听话——开始懂事

2、听话的乖孩子——爱学习的好学生——懂事、知道孝敬父母

3、淘气，耍小聪明——明白事理，大智慧

三、详略取舍

1、详写部分的选择：

⑴、记忆最深刻、最难忘的那段岁月

⑵、最能体现你这个人的特点

⑶、转变最大、成长最快的那段时期

2、其它部分可略写

四、开头和结尾

㈠、开头：

1、简要的介绍自己

2、对自己有一个粗略、整体的评价

例文欣赏

示例1：本人名叫陈思婷，属龙，2000年11月18日，伴随着一阵哭声，我从医院诞生了，胖乎乎的显得十分可爱，嫩滑的脸蛋上，有着一对小酒窝。长大后，我的皮肤黝黑，有人叫我“非洲黑珍珠”！我只好不好意思地笑纳！

示例2：2000年7月20日，随着一阵“哇哇”的哭声，一个可爱的婴儿来到了这个五彩缤纷的世界。从此，生活的大舞台上就有了我的小天地。我的小脚丫在小天地里任意的涂鸦，涂鸦成我难忘的昨天。㈡：结尾

1、对自己成长的总结

2、对未来的向往

例文欣赏

示例1：岁月如梭，整整12年过去了，我从不懂事的小孩子，变成了有志气的大姑娘，我希望，以后能改掉坏习惯，开心快乐地成长。示例2：比起小时的我确实是进步了很多，可是人生的道路是曲折而漫长的，学海无涯，我还有许多东西不懂，我想：只要有远大理想，带着顽强拼搏的意志和勇气走下去，就能够迈进成功的殿堂，就能对国家有贡献！

示例3：这就是我，一个有着多样性格的我。看完我的自传，你们喜欢我吗？

习作练习

我的自传

1、要美化自己，而不是丑化自己。要显现自己的高境界、大抱负、多知识、同情心，要显现自己以天下为己任的豪情。不要出于反衬别人等考虑而故意丑化自己，如果让评卷老师以为你真就是那样，那就麻烦了，因为中考是选拔性考试。从某个角度讲，评卷老师评卷的过程就是一个选择淘汰对象的过程。

2、字数以600-900字为宜。不能给人凑字数的感觉，但也不能拖得太长，不允许加纸条。喜欢写长文的同学，开篇要注意不要放得太开，开口不要太大，能跳过去的就跳过去，要相信读者的理解能力。要注意节省篇幅，要防止高潮来了没地方写了。切忌三段文。要突出的句子(扣题的、表现主旨的、文眼、点睛之笔、抒情议论、议论文的分论点等)最好单独成段。

3、看到题目后，可先搜索一下自己以往所写的优秀作文，看有没有可以再利用的。须要注意的是一定要不牵强。

4、要力避前松后紧、虎头蛇尾。有些同学构思、提纲拟好后，开头反复推敲，精雕细琢，后来发现时间不够，于是草草收兵。此外，要谨慎对待修改。修改一般只着眼于字词方面的，可用米尺比好之后划两横。结构方面不能修改。要保持卷面的整洁美观，要努力做到改动少而效果好。

5、如果偏题或者离题，作文的主要分数就失去了。为防止跑题，可从如下几点做出努力：一是将材料、引语和话题联系起来思考，不可单看话题;二是看自己确立的观点能否用话题所给材料来证明;三是想一想这则材料当初发在媒体上登载是要达到一个什么效果的。万一跑题了，要考虑逆挽，使文章形成一种欲扬先抑的结构形态。

6、一定要完篇。熟话说，好文章是凤头、猪肚、豹尾。没有豹尾，老鼠尾巴也要有一个，绝不能写半头文。用半篇文章给你评分，怎么会得高分?

7、特别要注意不能缺题。不是万不得已，不要以话题做标题。拟题是显示你才气的一个好的平台，不能轻易放弃。缺题影响远不止2分。正好给了评卷老师扣分的理由。

8、文章要有一至两个亮点。学而思老师建议：如果是记叙文，应该用抓人的情节和生动的描写表现你的真情，记叙文不能没有描写。如果是议论文，就一定要有12个典型的论据，就应该有纵横捭阖，很深刻的见解。如果是微型小说一定要有巧妙的构思。这个亮点还可以是一句富有哲理的警句，也可以是一个精彩的比喻，也可以是一个超常的搭配(酽酽的歌喉)。总之，要能使评卷老师精神为之一震。

9、行文中要多次扣题，要一路扣题一路歌。材料、引语和话题中的相关文字至少在文中出现三次以上。开头三句话内应点题一次，结尾应回扣标题，’回眸一笑百媚生’。中间至少扣题一次。几次扣题事实上也是在不断地提醒自己不要跑题。有球场上叫暂停的效果，可以调整思路和写法。

10、思想要健康。’思想健康’不是说要你只说冠冕堂皇的话，不是要你刻意拔高，’健康’是针对’病态’、’庸俗’而言的，它的底线是不能欣赏违背法律法规和偏离社会道德的事。恋爱题材是考场作文的禁区，无论考生写得如何缠绵悱恻，真挚动人，因其行为是中学生日常行为规范所不允许的，这类作文自然得不了高分。

11、观点不可太绝对，要留有余地。’义正’未必要’辞严’，’理直’未必就要’气壮’。联系现实生活时，涉及社会黑暗面时，要有分寸，不要一味指责。’质问京山大冤案’。批评家长、老师和社会要与人为善，抱着协商与治病救人的态度，要提建设性意见。不可尖刻、讽刺、挖苦，甚至恶意地进行人身攻击。

12、临场写作时可以根据题意和你的表达需要想像一个或一类读者就在你的面前。如以’沟通’为话题作文，写与家长的沟通，可想像父母就在身边;写’沟通’之艰难和必要，就好像误解过你的人正在听你倾诉;写国际间通过沟通走向合作，就设想自己参与了国与国的谈判。即使所写文章没有明确的阅读对象，你也可以想像此文是写给你的语文老师的。你要知道，你的文章的惟一读者是那位跟你的语文老师非常相似的人。写记叙文，且最好将主人公设定为自己。想想阅卷老师的喜好，说他们想听的话。尽可能赢得评卷老师的同情。

13、写法上可以求新，要考虑，怎样表现更智慧，更艺术，更有可读性;但更要求稳。我的意见是大家一定要在一种比较稳的情况下，确有把握时才可写小小说或者是写戏剧，或者是写别的，确有把握之后才写这种文体，如果没有把握的话，就选择比较稳妥的老的文体，老的写法。

14、不可按上年或前几年的中考作文思路行文。求新、求变是人们所追求的，中考作文也不例外。但若按上年或前几年的中考作文思路行文，甚至拿来套用，机械模仿，不懂灵活应变，就会吃力不讨好，这也是失分的点。因为阅卷者大都是相对固定的，对以前的中考作文非常熟悉。不主张写诗歌、文言文。

15、苦于材料缺乏则可以突出自己的爱好。你如果喜欢体育，那你就像体育记者一样，叙体育、议体育，只要切合题意就好。你如果喜欢听××的歌、看××的书、爱好上网……你就可以将自己这一方面的经历和感受与命题联系起来。那样就不愁内容贫乏、文思枯竭。不要瞎编乱造。靠编故事骗取老师的眼泪从而获得高分的时代已经一去不复返了。

16、充分发挥自己的优势。擅长形象思维、会刻画人物的同学可选择记叙文，擅长抒情的同学可选择散文。初中生一般不提倡写议论文。

17、精写前几段，给评卷老师留下一个好印象。要精雕细刻，要出彩。比如，可开门见山，直奔主题;可制造悬念，引人入胜;可提出问题，引人注意;或巧用排比、比喻、拟人等修辞手法，或。巧述故事，引人入胜，或巧用题记，揭示主旨，或巧用诗文显诗意。写好结尾和过渡段。阅卷老师一般是S型的扫描全文。结尾可画龙点睛，发人深思;或总结全文，照应开头;或虚笔拓展，扩大容量;或精辟议论，深化主旨。

18、要给自己充足的构思时间，不要急于动笔，’宁停三分，不争一秒’，因为写作是’开弓没有回头箭’的，写到一半，突然发现，呀，把题目理解错了，或没领会好命题的要求。最可怕的是文章写到一半，又想另起炉灶。时间没了，心情也坏了。干着急。建议打草稿，防止’三边工程’(边立项，边设计，边施工)。考场作文不宜见异思迁，边写边改。要贯彻一种构思。一旦构思已定，就不要轻易改变。