中招英语写作技巧最新（优秀20篇）

下面是小编为大家整理的中考命题作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

第一：抓题眼，把握表意重心。

文章表意的重心就是最能体现文章中心的关键性词语，只有抓住了关键性词语，才能体现文章的特色，写出更好的作文。

第二：明限制，确定选材范围。

限制的内容大致有时间、地点、对象、内容、数量等，审题时要弄清楚，作文时则不能越“雷池”半步。没有限制的内容，题目上没写，需要自己去想。因为只有想到没有限制的内容，才能找到选材的广阔天地，扩大选材的范围。

第三：展联想，深入挖掘主旨。

充分发挥想象和联想，以题目为载体，向深层次挖掘，使自己的作文有深度，这也是得高分的重要一环。

第四：巧构思，化抽象为具体。

“一粒沙里见世界，一瓣花上说人情”。选材若太宽太泛，会给人“空”或“浮”的感觉。要解决这一问题，不妨采取“化大为小”、“化虚为实”或“化宽为窄”的方式，从细微处，具体生动地展现对生活的感悟。

1、审题：审题是做到切题的第一步。所谓审题就是要看清题意，确定文章的中心思想、主题，并围绕中心思想组织材料。

2、进行构思，列出简单的提纲，打造文章之骨架：审好题、立好意后，就要写提纲，打造文章的骨架。文章布局要做好几件事：安排好层次段落，铺设好过渡，处理好开头和结尾。

3、扩展成文：根据字数多少扩展成篇。扩展的内容一定要紧扣主题，千万不要写那些与主题不相关的内容。展开的方式包括：顺序法、举例法、比较法、对比法、说明法、因果法、推导法、归纳法和下定义等。可以根据需要任选一种或几种方式。

在这一步骤中还需注意三方面问题：

1、确保提纲中段落结构的思路与各段主题句的一致性。只有这样，才能保证所写段落不偏题、不跑题。

2、要综合考虑各个段落的内容安排，避免段落内容的交叉。

3、用好连接词，注意段落间、句子间的连贯性。要做到所写文章层次分明，思路清晰，文字连贯，就需要在句与句之间、段与段之间架起一座座桥梁，而连接词起的正是桥梁作用。

在扩展的过程中也有些窍门，以下几点可供参考：

1、在整篇文章中，避免只是用一两个句式或重复用同一词语。英语中存在着极为丰富的同义词，准确地使用同义词可以给读者清新的感觉。同时要灵活运用各种句式，如倒装句、强调句、省略句、主从复合句、对比句、分词短语、介词短语等，从而增加文章的可读性。

2、使用不同长度的句子。如果一个意思用一句话写不清楚的话，通过分句和合句或用两句、三句来表达，增强句子的连贯性和表现力。

3、改变句子的开头方式，不要总是以主、谓、宾、状的次序。可以把状语至于句首，或用分词等。

4、学会使用过渡词。递进furthermore，moreover，besides，in addition，then，etc ;转折however，but，nevertheless，afterwards，etc ;总结finally，at last，in brief，to conclude，etc ;强调really，indeed，certainly，surely，above a11，etc ;对比in the same way，just as，on the other hand，etc。

5、确定文章用第几人称写，基本时态是什么。使用人称时人物不能张冠李戴或指代不明。时态要尽量保持一致。

检查修改：要检查复核，不要写完了事。

要留时间通读全文，修改可能出现的错误。检查上下文是否连贯，句子衔接是否自然流畅。检验的标准主要是句子是否通畅，该用连词的地方用了没有，所用的连词是否合适，是否有语法错误，主谓是否一致，动词的时态、语态、语气的使用是否正确，词组的搭配是否合乎习惯，是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误等，还有就是注意卷面整洁。

可归纳为：中心突出，主题明确;层次清楚，条理清晰;表达

在写作的过程中我们偶尔会引用一些名言，下面是语文迷网整理的36个常用的名言，供大家阅读。

1、 More hasty，less speed. 欲速则不达。

2、 Its never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

3、 All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。

4、 A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。

5、 Look before you leap. 三思而后行。

6、 Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。

7、 Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。

8、 well begun，half done. 好的开始等于成功的一半。

9、 It is hard to please all. 众口难调。

10、 Out of sight，out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。

11、 Facts speak plainer than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

12、 Call back white and white back. 颠倒黑白。

13、 Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

14、 God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。

15、 Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。

16、 First things first. 凡事有轻重缓急。

17、 Ill news travels fast. 坏事传千里。

18、 A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

19、 live not to eat，but eat to live. 活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭为了活着。

20、 Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜过语言。

21、 East or west，home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。

22、 Its not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 君子在德不在衣。

23、 Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。

24、 Like and like make good friends. 趣味相投。

25、 The older， the wiser. 姜是老的辣。

26、 Do as Romans do in Rome. 入乡随俗。

27、 An idle youth，a needy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

28、 As the tree，so the fruit. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

29、 Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

30、 One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。

31、 Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。

32、 A fall into the pit，a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。

33、 Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。

34、 All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

35、 Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。

36、 To live is to learn，to learnistobetterlive.活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着。

导语：写英语作文是有规律可循的，你记住了一些英语句型，就可以直接套用。下面是yjbys作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望对您有所帮助。

1.welcometosp欢迎到某地

Eg.WelcometoChina。

2.What’sthematterwithsb./sth?

出什么毛病了?

Eg.What’sthematterwithyourwatch?

3.bedifferentfrom与---不同

Eg.TheweatherinBeijingisdifferentfromthatofNanjing。

4.bethesameas与……相同

Eg.Histrousersarethesameasmine。

5.befriendlytosb。对某人友好

Eg.Mr.Wangisveryfriendlytous。

6.wanttodosth。想做某事

Eg.Iwanttogotoschool。

7.wantsb.todosth。想让某人做某事

Eg.Iwantmysontogotoschool。

8.whattodo做什么

Eg.Wedon’tknowwhattodonext。

9.letsb.dosth。让某人做某事

Eg.Lethimentertheroom。

10.letsb.notdosth。让某人不做某人

Eg.Lethimnotstandintherain。

11.whydon’tyoudosth?

怎么不做某事呢?=

Eg.Whydon’tyouplayfootballwithus?

12.whynotdosth.?怎么不做某事呢?

Eg.Whynotplayfootballwithus?

13.makesb.sth。为某人制造某物=

Eg.Myfathermademeakite。

14.makesthforsb。为某人制造某物

Eg.Myfathermadeakiteforme。

15.What…meanby…?

做……是什么意思?

Eg.Whatdoyoumeanbydoingthat?

16.likedoingsth。喜爱做某事

Eg.Jimlikesswimming。

17.liketodosth。喜爱做某事

Eg.Hedoesn’tliketoswimnow。

18.feellikedoingsth。想做某事

Eg.Ifeellikeeatingbananas。

19.wouldliketodosth。愿意做某事

Eg.Wouldyouliketogorowingwithme?

20.wouldlikesb.todosth。愿意某人做某事

Eg.I’dlikeyoutostaywithmetonight。

21.makesb.dosth。逼使某人做某事

Eg.Hisbrotheroftenmakeshimstayinthesun。

22.letsb.dosth。让某人做某事

Eg.Letmesingasongforyou。

23.havesb.dosth。使某人做某事

Eg.Youshouldn’thavethestudentsworksohard。

24.befarfromsp离某地远

Eg.Hisschoolisfarfromhishome。

25.beneartosp离某地近

Eg.Thehospitalisneartothepostoffice。

26.begoodatsth./doingsth。

擅长某事/做某事

Eg.WearegoodatEnglish。

Theyaregoodatboating。

27.Ittakessb.sometimetodosth。

某人花多少时间做某事

Eg.Ittookmemorethanayeartolearntodrawabeautifulhorseinfiveminutes。

28.sb.spendssometime/money(in)doingsth。

某人花多少时间做某事

Eg.Ispenttwentyyearsinwritingthenovel。

29.sb.spendssometime/moneyonsth。

某事花了某人多少时间/金钱

Eg.Jimspent1000yuanonthebike。

30.sth.costssb.somemoney。

某物花了某人多少钱

Eg.ThebikecostJim1000yuan。

31.sb.payssomemoneyforsth。

某人为某物付了多少钱

Eg.Jimpaid1000yuanforthebike。

32.begin/startwithsth。开始做某事

Eg.Thestartedthemeetingwithasong。

33.begoingtodosth。打算做某事

Eg.WearegoingtostudyinJapan。

34.callAB叫AB

Eg.TheycalledthevillageGumtree。

35.thanksb.forsth./doingsth。

感谢某人做某事

Eg.Thankyouforyourhelp。

Thankyouforhelpingme。

36.What……for?为什么

Eg.WhatdoyoulearnEnglishfor?

37.How/whataboutdoingsth.?

做某事怎么样?

Eg.Howaboutgoingfishing?

38.S+be+the+最高级+of/in短语=

Eg.Lucyisthetallestinherclass。

39.S+be+比较级+thananyother+n。

Eg.Lucyistallerthananyotherstudentinherclass。

40.havetodosth。不得不做某事

Eg.Ihavetogohomenow。

41.hadbetterdosth。最好做某事

Eg.You’dbetterstudyhardatEnglish。

42.hadbetternotdosth。最好别做某事

Eg.You’dbetternotstayup。

43.helpsb.todosth。帮助某人做某事

Eg.LucyoftenhelpsLilytowashherclothes。

44.helpsb.dosth。帮助某人做某事

Eg.HeusuallyhelpsmelearnEnglish。

45.helpsb.withsth。帮助某人做某事

Eg.Isometimeshelpmymotherwiththehousework。

46.makeit+时间把时间定在几点

Eg.Let’smakeit8：30.

47.takesb.tosp带某人到某地

Eg.Mr.WangwilltakeustotheSummerPalacenextSunday。

49.havenothingtodo(withsb)

与某人没有关系

Eg.Thathasnothingtodowithme。

50.主语+don’tthink+从句

认为……不……

Eg.Idon’tthinkitwillraintomorrow。

导语：要学好写英语短文，就必须经常练习写作。记日记是提高书面表达能力的有效方法之一。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文指导，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

一、日记的格式

英文日记通常由书端和正文两个部分组成。日记常以第一人称记下当天生活中的所见、所闻、所做或所想的事情。中、英文的日记三格式大致一样。英语日记的书端是专门写日记的日期、星期和天气的。左上角是日期(年、月、日)、星期。右上角写上当天的天气情况，如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Windy，Snowy，Cloudy等。

1、日期表达有多种形式。年、月、日都写时，通常以月、日、年为顺序，月份可以缩写，日和年用逗号隔开。例如：

A)September 1，2004或September 1st，2004也可省略写成Sept. 1，2004或Sept. 1st，2004;the 1st of September in 2004(月份不可以缩写)

B)只有月、日：September 1或September 1st(月份可以缩写)

C)只有年、月：September 2004或the September of 2004(月份不可以缩写)

以上的1或1st都应读作the first.

2、星期也可以省略不写，可将其放在日期前或后，星期和日期之间不用标点，但要空一格，星期也可缩写。如：

Saturday，October 22nd，2004;October 22nd，2004 Saturday

3.天气情况必不可少。天气一般用一个形容词如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Snowy 等表示。写在日期之后，用逗号隔开，位于日记的右上角。如：

Saturday，March 4，2004，Windy;1st January，2004，Fine

二、日记的要求

日记的正文是日记的主要部分，写在星期和日期的正下方，可以顶格写，也可以内缩3至5个字母的空间。由于记载的内容通常已经发生，谓语动词多用一般过去时。但也可根据具体情况，用其它时态。如：记叙天气、描写景色，为了描写生动，可以使用现在时，以表现当时的情景。再如文后发表感想或评论可用现在时态或将来时态。记日记力求简单明了，有连贯性。若有文字提示，则应重视提示，把握要点。在句式上尽量使用简单句，以防繁杂，造成语法、句型错误。

三、日记的类型和训练

日记分为记事型、议论型、描写型和抒情型。建议大家在学习写日记的过程中，可按以下步骤进行：

①将一天所经历的主要事情和过程依次简要地记下来，不附加任何感情色彩，这是最简单的记日记的方法;

②阅读别人的日记，并利用所学过的句型来表达个人在一天中观察到的或感受到的事情。

「范文与点评」

March 12th，2003，Tuesday Sunny (Fine)

Today is Tree Planting Day. At 7∶30 in the morning，all the students in our class met at the school gate. We walked to the park. Miss Gao and other teachers went and worked with us. All the students worked very hard，and we planted about 200 trees. Though we were dirty and tired，we still felt very happy.

这是一篇记叙型的日记。结构严谨，中心突出，有选择地记录当天的见闻(人或事)，并加以分析和评论。

一、基础写作训练的方法

1.利用课文的词、句复习，训练学生的组句能力。从词和句入手，将每个单元课文的词和句与基础写作结合起来，是培养和提高学生的英语能力的有效途径。这不仅能帮助提高学生记忆和灵活应用词汇的能力，而且还有助于训练学生语句表达的正确性。

(1)归纳词汇和句型，帮助学生建立对词、句使用的感性认识。写作是一种语言的输出形式，只有大量的语言输入，语言输出才有可能;只有积累了一定的感受和大量的语言素材，写作才有可能进行。为了帮助学生记忆课文中的单词和短语，达到积累语言素材，掌握基本语法知识与语句结构的目的，教师可以从训练学生归纳每个单元课文中出现的重要词汇、短语和常用句型入手，使学生对句型结构的认识更加清楚，并对词、句的使用语境形成感性的认识。

(2)操练词汇和句型，训练学生的记忆和使用词、句的能力。为了使学生掌握和应用课文中所学词汇和句型，教师应为学生创设多层次的练习活动，拓宽写作的训练途径。教师可采用将学生从课文中归纳的词汇、句型进行词类转换、习惯用法、句型转换、完型填空、写短文等形式的训练，帮助提高学生的记忆和使用词、句的能力。

二、借鉴课文词、句进行仿写。

通过提供情景让学生模仿造句，不仅可以降低写作难度，而且可以增加学生写作的兴趣、自信和成就感，使学生的遣词造句的能力在实践中得到提升。

三、借鉴课文句型，训练写作多种表达与技巧，拓展学生思维。

教师在教学实践中会发现，学生在基础写作中往往出现句式雷同、语句呆板、行文单一等现象，缺乏用5个句子有效表达和传输信息的能力。因此，教师就有必要继续进一步加强句子多样化表达、句子转换替代、句子合并等训练，教会学生使用不同的短语、句型结构表达同一的意义;同时，还让学生明白写作的逻辑原则:一个句子表达的信息量越多，而且使用的句子越精练、清楚，那么句意表达和传输信息就越有效。

四、利用课文体裁，训练学生谋篇布局的能力。

教师会发现高三学生在写作中存在的另一个问题是层次不清、结构散乱以及逻辑性不强，这是因为学生缺乏谋篇布局的能力。针对这方面问题，教师可以在教学中利用课文的体裁进行文章结构方面的训练以及进行句子、段落间的连接训练。

巧用过度句能使整个文章看起来结构更加清晰，表达的更清楚，成为一个整体。下面是语文迷网整理的过渡句，希望对你有帮助。

1)To prevent this phenomenon/trend from worsening/running wide/To guide the matter/situation to the best advantage， it is necessary/important to……(可用于分析建议类、原因分析类等议论文)

2)In the face of……some people take the position that……/some people come to believe that……， to which I cant attach/add my consent.(可用于批驳分析类议论文)

或：In the face of……people retain/take/show/assume different attitudes/position s/standpoints.(可用于各抒己见类议论文)

或：In the face of……many people have come up with……(可用于对比分析类议论文和知识性说明文等)

3)But many people feel puzzled about/perplexed at/over whelmed with……(the changes/situation)， so this essay is intended to……(可用于批驳分析类议论文和知识性说明文)

4)Although lots of people follow the fashion/trend， I still set my heart on……(可用于理由陈述类议论文)

5)To get a sense of how……we must turn first to causes for it/to what benefit(harm/problems/difference)it has brought to our society.(可用于分析建议和原因分析类议论文)

6)This is a(n)favorable/unfavorable/unhealthy/essential/marked/grateful change/tendency/situation， but factors/causes/reasons for it are not hard to find(或but its appearance/existence derives from a variety of factors)。(用于原因分析类议论文)

7)The progress/improvement/change(s)in……is(are)really tremendous/remarkable/prodigious/marvelous， so it is necessary to understand(see)what it(they)illustrate(s)/prove(s)/account(s)for.(用于原因分析类议论文和知识性说明文)

8)A comparison between these changes may be a good way to learn more about……(可用于对比说明文)

9)More insight/inspiration/truth/thought can be deduced from these changes.(可用于知识性说明文)

10)This situation/phenomenon/trend/tendency is rather distressing/disturb ing/depressing/heart-rending， for the opposite of it is just in line with our wishes/just what is to be expected.(可用于分析建议、批驳分析和原因分析等议论文)

11)In that case， however， I prefer to……rather than……(用于理由陈述、比较分析、批驳分析类议论文和知识性说明文)

12)This is what we are unwilling to see， so some way must be found out to……(可用于分析建议、对比分析、批驳分析类议论文和知识性说明文)

13)Fortunately， however， more and more people come/begin to realize that……(可用于分析建议、对比分析和各抒己见类议论文)

14)Unfortunately， things have worsened/come/developed to the point where……(用于分析建议、原因分析、批驳分析、各抒己见类议论文和知识性说明文)

15)But have you ever stopped to think what/how/why……?(可用于除理由陈述之外的各种议论文和知识性说明文)

16)If we take a further/colder/closer look at this problem/matter， however， more secrets/grounds/chances/ways will be found out for……

(e.g.……putting it right/taking action against it/improving it)(可用于分析建议、对比分析、原因分析等议论文和知识性说明文)

17)But this(dis)agreement ceases to exist as soon as……(用于各抒己见、批驳分析、对比分析等议论文和对比说明文)

18)A further/deeper analysis/study/exposure of……/A further comparison between……can reveal more about……/can show us more ways to……(how to……)可用于分析建议、原因分析、对比分析、批驳分析等议论文和对比说明文及知识性说明文)

19)If you push the analysis/study/argument/comparison/exposure further， you will see that……(用于分析建议、对比分析、批驳分析、各抒己见类议论文和对比说明文及知识性说明文)

20)The same is true of many cases in life.(用于举例说明文)

21)Now， lets see what would happen to……in this case/light(或in different conditions/circumstances)。(用于分析建议类议论文和对比说明文)

22)Perhaps， it is ideal/high/ripe time for us to tackle/handle/answer/take up the question in no half-hearted manner.(用于分析建议、原因分析类议论文和知识性说明文)

23)To be frank， I have turned the question over and over in my mind， but found no reason to sidestep it;so here are my ways to……/my reasons for……(用于理由陈述类议论文和知识性说明文)

24)I was once cursed/perplexed/seized with this question， but I have forged/made my own way out of it.(用于知识性说明文)

25)People from different backgrounds， however， put different interpretations on the same thing.(用于各抒己见类议论文和展开式界说性说明文)

26)But different people hold completely different views as to its nature.(用于各抒己见类议论文和界说性说明文)

27)If/When adopted to account for/define/expose……， it can come in different meanings.(用于具体定义说明文)

28)If it is intended for……， however， the divergence of outlook on it ceases to continue while a new meaning to it begins to stand out.(用于归纳性定义说明文)

29)Our life abounds with examples in point.(或The truth in the definition goes for/is applicable to many cases in our life.)(用于举例说明文)

(1)有些题目，命题者故意藏头去尾，使题目带有迷惑性，增加审题难度，用以考查考生思维的深刻性和敏捷性。如《心愿》这个题目，具有一定的迷惑性，审题有难度。对于这类题目，我们可以采用在原题的前面加上“我”、“妈妈”、“班主任”等因素，使题目成为《我的心愿》《妈妈的心愿》《班主任的心愿》等，这样，题目的意思就明确了，文章体裁也就很容易确定了。

(2)另一些带有比喻或象征性的题目，如《暖流》《春风》等，则应注意其本体与喻体之间的关系，挖掘出这些题目背后的象征意义。

(3)对于一些抽象性的题目，如《责任》《追求》《宽容》《合作》《友善》等，写成记叙文，你可以构思成“通过一个我看到(听到，读到)的有关人(负或不负)责任、(宽容或不)宽容、(友善或不)友善……的故事，告诉大家生活需要……”，这时，题目“责任(宽容……)”就是你的记叙文的中心思想所在。

如果你熟读古今中外书籍，拥有大量事例史实，擅长写议论文，你当然可以把它写成议论文或夹叙夹议式的散文。

南瓜灯(Jack-O-Lantern)是庆祝万圣节的标志物。下面语文迷网整理了关于南瓜灯的故事作文，希望对你有帮助。

One story about Jack， an Irishman， who was not allowed into Heaven because he was stingy with his money. So he was sent to hell. But down there he played tricks on the Devil (Satan)， so he was kicked out of Hell and made to walk the earth forever carrying a lantern.

Well， Irish children made Jacks lanterns on October 31st from a large potato or turnip， hollowed out with the sides having holes and lit by little candles inside. And Irish children would carry them as they went from house to house begging for food for the village Halloween festival that honored the Druid god Muck Olla. The Irish name for these lanterns was "Jack with the lantern" or "Jack of the lantern，" abbreviated as " Jack-o-lantern" and now spelled "jack-o-lantern."

The traditional Halloween you can read about in most books was just childrens fun night. Halloween celebrations would start in October in every elementary school.

关于万圣节有这样一个故事。是说有一个叫杰克的爱尔兰人，因为他对钱特别的吝啬，就不允许他进入天堂，而被打入地狱。但是在那里他老是捉弄魔鬼撒旦，所以被踢出地狱，罚他提着灯笼永远在人世里行走。

在十月三十一日爱尔兰的孩子们用土豆和萝卜制作“杰克的灯笼”，他们把中间挖掉、表面上打洞并在里边点上蜡烛。为村里庆祝督伊德神的万圣节，孩子们提着这种灯笼挨家挨户乞讨食物。这种灯笼的爱尔兰名字是“拿灯笼的杰克”或者“杰克的灯笼”，缩写为Jack-o-lantern 。

现在你在大多数书里读到的万圣节只是孩子们开心的夜晚。在小学校里，万圣节是每年十月份开始庆祝的。孩子们会制作万圣节的装饰品：各种各样桔红色的南瓜灯。

叙事作文来源于生活，但又高于生活，小编收集了2018年高考记叙文写作技巧：文章如溪水，欢迎阅读。

叙事作文又称记事作文，在作文类别里因为贴近生活实际，而被是认为是较简单的一种作文体裁，对于小学生来讲，叙事作文往往又与另一个词联系较紧密---“流水帐”，叙事作文写作技巧。作为教师，我常在学生习作中发现“流水帐”这类文章，统观原因就是因为学生在写这类文章时，过于偏向“叙”、“记”，光叙事情的顺序，记录每一个细节，而忽视了叙事作文中的“思”、“情”、“议”，这些文章的枝叶，光剩下一副骨架，自然文章也就成了干枯的秃树，吸引不了人了。

叙事作文来源于生活，但又高于生活，生活只记录了事情的发生、发展、结果，是一本“帐”。陆游说：“尔果欲学诗，功夫在诗外”。这诗外的功夫即是对生活的体验，感受和认识，也就是“思”、“议”、“情”，将你们思考到的，你的观点说出来，你对这件事的感情色彩，表达在你的文章中，这样，文章才会丰满，再大的树干也需要枝叶的铺盖，才会生机盎然。

叶圣陶先生说：“生活如泉源，文章如溪水，泉源丰富而不枯竭，溪水自然活泼地流个不竭”，对学生来讲，生活的经历不算是丰富，固定的生活模式容易让学生产生公式化的记忆，叙起事来自然也就成了“流水帐”。但孩子的生活细节是丰富的，他们在日常生活中，对事物有着不同于成人的观察范围、观察视角、观察兴趣，如果将这些详细的叙述出来，作文自然也就丰富了。

作为教师，帮助学生深挖叙事过程中的“思”、“议”、“情”等方面的内容，可以起到画龙点睛的作用。

一、写提示议论文应考虑的几点

1、文章开头，能依据提示确立主题句(topic)阐明观点或看法。

2、会使用连接词分层次说明理由、缘由(supportingsentences)。

3、归纳总结，首尾呼应。

二、看图作文应考虑的几点

1、看懂图片，把图片展示的人物、地点、时间、事件等有机地串联起来，使之成为内容连贯的句子。

2、确定短文须用的时态和该用的人称。

3、确定体裁(说明文还是记叙文)，接着用简洁的语句描述图片或图表大意。

4、根据图片或图表大意议论。

写作要不要学习写作方法和技巧?我们不妨先看看古今大家的观点。梁代文艺理论家刘勰认为写作是有"术"的，他说:"文场笔苑，有术有门。务先大体，鉴必穷源。"(《文心雕龙·总述》)他还说:"执术驭篇，似善弈之穷数;弃术任心，如博塞之邀遇。"由此看来，刘勰是非常看重"执术"。他所谓"术"，就是为文之"法"，强调了研究掌握"术"(写作方法)的重要性。没有写作技法想获得成功，就像赌博一样，只能靠运气。

写作方法和技巧

1.阅读优秀的作品:这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。

如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。

优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。

尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

2.尽可能多的写:每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。

你写得多了，也就写得好了。

学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。

写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。

只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

3.随时随地记下你的灵感:随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片)，当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。

当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。

灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。

我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

4.专门的写作时间:每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。

对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。

无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。

每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。

若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

5.随便涂鸦:面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。

你会想:我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧!先生，千万别这样。

马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。

只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。

像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是:开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

6.集中精神:写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。

写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。

即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏(没有其他软件得干扰)的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。

关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。

清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

7.先计划，再写: 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。

在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。

每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴;然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲;等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。

这里，有一个构思小说的三部曲，可以参考这个:Snowflake Method.

8.创新: 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。

你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。

渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。

试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

9.修改: 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。

这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。

但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。

好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。

看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。

修改的目标是:更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

10.简明扼要: 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。

一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。

一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。

记得:简单就是力量。

11.富于感染力的句子:在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。

但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。

而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

12.获取别人的反馈: 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。

他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。

认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

13.是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜:就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。

你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。

你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。

如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。

若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。

所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

14.采用对话式的文体: 很多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅(没有叹生词)。

这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。

刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。

也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则(就像我的前一句那样)。

因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。

若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。

你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

15.好开头和结尾: 开头和结尾是文章的重点。

特别是开头。

如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。

所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

写作结尾小技巧

技法1：卒章显志法

【例1】亲情是一种动力，它能让你走进“独上高楼，望尽天涯路”的境界;能让你拥有“衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴”的执著;能让你品味“报得三春晖”的快乐。

作者以诗意的语言解读亲情的内涵，揭示亲情的力量，把亲情的魅力展示得情感飞扬。卒章显志，主旨鲜明。

【例2】“无论在人生中会遇到什么样的困难，永远都不会放弃，做一个生活的强者!”——这就是我的承诺。(中考作文《这是我的承诺》的结尾)

在文章的结尾，作者非常明确地表达出“我的承诺”的内容，既紧扣文题，又揭示出文章的主旨，可谓卒章显志，曲终奏雅。而且，这一句饱含激情、掷地有声的话语，显示出作者坚强的决心、豪迈的气概，可爱，可敬。

技法2：藏而不露法

【例1】母亲坐在桌前开始吃我为她煮的那碗寿面，我也坐在一边看着她。忽然，我看见两颗晶莹的泪珠滑落在碗里。我问：“妈妈你怎么啦?”母亲抬起了头，哭了。(中考作文《妈妈的生日》的结尾)

文章结尾的描写藏而不露，字里行间流露出母亲因孩子的懂事、“长大”而幸福得落泪的欣慰之情。

江苏省南通市的中考作文《天籁——记一次蛙鸣》，小作者从“独鸣”、“散鸣”、“齐鸣”等多个角度描写了不易捕捉的蛙声，使之诗意化、人格化。并且在“齐鸣”中，议论、抒情与感悟人生相协调，点出文旨“唱出生命的赞歌”。

最让人欣赏的是文章的结尾：“倾听，心听。欣赏，心赏。”它运用了谐音双关的手法，道出文章“倾听”的特质——人与自然的对话与沟通。这个精练而又耐人寻味的结尾，把读者引入一个无限广阔的空间，让读者去感悟，去遐想!

技法3：画龙点睛法

【例1】春天像刚落地的娃娃，从头到脚都是新的，它生长着。

春天像小姑娘，花枝招展的，笑着，走着。

春天像健壮的青年，有铁一般的胳膊和腰脚，领着我们上前去。(课文《春》的结尾)

作者用比喻突出了春天三个特点：新、美丽、有力量，从全新的角度以精辟的语言，总结了全文，揭示了文章的主题。

【例2】马克思的一生，是光辉的一生，也是刻苦学习的一生。他的勤奋学习的精神，是永远值得我们学习的。(《马克思的好学精神》一文的结尾)

结尾对马克思的一生作了概括的、高度的总结，并且点明了题旨。

【例3】朋友，别忘了，做人要从学会说“不”开始，对于失败，对于挫折，对于侮辱，对于强权，要勇敢地说“不”。(2007年山东省青岛市中考作文《做人从学会说“不”开始》)

结尾既总结了全文，也点明了文章的主旨。

技法4：抒情议论法

【例1】我望着这群充满朝气的哈尼小姑娘和那洁白的梨花，不由得想起了一句诗：“驿路梨花处处开”。(课文《驿路梨花》的结尾)

结尾抒发了作者赞颂雷锋精神已成为每个人的自觉行动的情怀。

【例2】亲爱的朋友们，当你坐上早晨第一列电车驰向工厂的时候，当你……他们确实是我们最可爱的人!(课文《谁是最可爱的人》的结尾)

不仅充分表达了作者对志愿军战士的爱和赞颂之情，而且对读者有强烈的感染作用。

【例3】是啊!做人要从学会放弃开始。放弃，是我心中一首永恒的诗;放弃，是我生活中一曲五彩的歌;放弃，让我心中的天堑变通途。(2007年山东省青岛市中考作文《做人从学会放弃开始》)

作者用诗一般的语言抒发了自己对“放弃”的深深理解和感悟。

技法5：警世醒目法

【例1】动物是我们的朋友，但是却有很多人把它们作为美食。他们虽然大饱口福了，但被吃掉的却是中国和谐的自然环境，更是生态平衡啊!想到这些，我茫然了：我们在吃中国?我们在吃中国!(2007年江苏省扬州市中考作文《吃在中国?在吃中国!》)

小作者高瞻远瞩，告诉世人：你们是在吃中国啊!这是多么警世醒目的语言啊。

【例2】但是，一切已太迟了，太迟了……(《当地球剩下最后一只猴子》)

作者通过地球上最后一只猴子的自述，大胆而真实地幻想了人类是如何一步步走上灭绝之路的。触目惊心的恶果字字千钧，具有震聋发聩、撼人心魄的警世醒目之力。

技法6：设问存疑法

【例1】人之立志，顾不如蜀鄙之僧哉?(课文《为学》的结尾)

以问号作结，寓浓烈的感情于朴素的文字之中，发人深省，给人以深刻的印象。

【例2】“从这么一个开端，这么一个结局里，聪明人难道看不出道理来吗?”(《金融家》的结尾)

采用了反问的形式，这就使结尾不仅深刻有力，而且耐人寻味。

【例3】有一篇中考优秀作文《简单与不简单》，在列举了种种“简单与不简单”的现象，分析了“简单与不简单”的辩证关系之后，文章结尾时，作者写道：

我们每个人的身上都同时有着简单和不简单，问题是我们该追求什么样的简单和不简单。朋友，你说呢?

作者巧妙地提出了“该追求什么样的简单和不简单”的严肃的命题，引发读者思考，启示人们作出正确的抉择，追求有意义的人生。作者尽管没有明说，但引人深思，催人警醒。

技法7：添加后记法

【例1】后记：携反省一起上路，才能在上帝关上门后，发现他留出的另一扇窗。(2007年河北省中考作文《携反省一起上路》)

作者用这个后记使文章新人耳目，画龙点睛，发人深省。

【例2】如中考作文《鲁迅先生，只有一个》的后记：先生正等着我们走出浮华的海面，款款地步入他的心房，与他进行灵魂深处的交流!

在文章的主体部分，作者通过比较尽显鲁迅及其作品的非凡价值，表现出对社会冷落鲁迅的愤慨，进而呼吁我们去亲近和阅读鲁迅及其作品。而后记部分则换了一个角度，以鲁迅先生的视角，呼吁我们与他交流，使文章进一步敲击着读者的心扉，从而走近鲁迅。可以说，这一段后记，堪成画龙点睛之笔，与文章的主体部分互为补充，相得益彰。

技法8：出乎意料法

这种结尾不是按照故事情节的通常逻辑来处理人物的结局，而是用意想不到的结局来安排人物的最终命运，而且在这时候戛然而止，让人在目瞪口呆之余，不禁感叹作者的奇思妙想、生活的荒谬诡谲。如大家熟知的《麦琪的礼物》的结尾就非常出人意料，大大增强了小说的艺术感染力，被称为欧·亨利式结尾。

技法9：首尾呼应法

【例】

[首]都说生活的船不能没有理想的帆，都说生活的理想就是为了理想的生活，而理想的生活中最快乐的时光，便是梦想的花季。

[尾]花季中，我希望自己能永远记住先哲的那句良训：生活的船不能没有理想的帆，生活的理想就是为了理想的生活。

技法10：景物烘托法

如中考满分作文《雨中品读》结尾：风停了，暴雨也结束了，太阳重新露出了笑容。隔在两代人之间的那扇玻璃也被雨后的那片残阳熔化了。太阳在远处逐渐隐去，消失在一片晚霞中，两者混为一体，没有距离。

技法11：引用诗句法

如中考满分作文《生活，使我懂得了放弃》的结尾：“野芳发而幽香，佳木秀而繁阴，风霜高洁，水落而石出”，15年来，生活让我懂得了放弃!为了我的理想，为了更多的人可以读书，我必须放弃!

技法12：展望未来法

即在叙述现状之后，结尾展望未来，鼓舞人心，激励斗志。这样的结尾应紧扣题目，照应开头，衔接文章的重点和主体，不仅能引起读者对全文的回味，加深对文章中心思想的印象，而且会使读者受到启发和鼓舞。

写作时要注意，如果文章开头是点明中心，结尾一般采用展望未来的方法，同时，展望的内容一定要与文章的中心思想有关，切忌生搬硬套。

技法13：虚实错位法

每当夜间疲倦，正想偷懒时，仰面在灯光中瞥见他黑瘦的面貌，似乎正要说出抑扬顿挫的话来，便使我忽又良心发现，而且增加勇气了，于是点上一支烟，再继续写些为“正人君子”之流所深恶痛疾的文字。(课文《藤野先生》的结尾)

文章借幻像使虚实错位，把实有的感受抽象化，从而提升作品的格调，这就是使用虚实错位法的结尾。

也可借梦境使虚实错位，如《荔枝蜜》的结尾：“这天夜里，我做了个奇怪的梦，梦见自己变成了一只小蜜蜂。”通过写梦，将文章的寓意推到更高层次，深化了主题，升华了意境。

技法14：留白拓展法

路过幸福，让我感到生命的可贵;路过幸福，让我感到生活的充实;路过幸福，让我感到人生的快乐。朋友，请放缓你的脚步，睁大你的眼睛，敞开你的胸怀……

这是中考满分作文《路过幸福》一文的结尾，采用抒情性的留白，拓展文意，让人回想。留白拓展法就是在作文的结尾有意留下一定的空白，让读者在意犹未尽的氛围中发挥想象，荡开思绪。除抒情性留白，也可设疑留白，如中考满分文《哈哈镜中的我》：

何必要让自己狭小的视角不公正地评价一个人、伤害一个人，何必要熄灭风中的烛光，何必要让所有的孩子都成为一个模子里刻出来的无个性的模型?

以问句结束，余音绕梁，启迪读者进行思考，深化了文章的内涵。

技法15：再现情境法

我在朦胧中，眼前展开一片海边碧绿的沙地来，上面深蓝的天空中挂着一轮金黄的圆月。我想：希望是本无所谓有，无所谓无的。这正如地上的路;其实地上本没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。(课文《故乡》的结尾)

结尾处再现优美的情境，既是对前文的照应，也是对作品主旨的强调，表达了鲁迅对踏出希望之路的信心。

也可用典型的形象再现，如《背影》的结尾：

我读到此处，在晶莹的泪光中，又看见那肥胖的，青布棉袍，黑布马褂的背影。唉!我不知何时再能与他相见。

再现父亲买橘背影，真切感人，引起读者强烈共鸣。

（一）怎样写事

一是把“经过”部分分成几个阶段，然后按照先后顺序一层一层地写得清楚。写的时候多文几个“后来怎样”，文章就具体了。

二是注意材料的详略，有所侧重。对一些重要的过程、场面要细致描绘，使读者有如身临其境。

三是对事件中的人物，特别是主要人物，当时是“怎么说的”、“怎么做的”，又是“怎么想的”，一定要写具体。

（二）怎样写活动

活动都是有目的、有形式、有过程的。搞什么活动？为什么搞活动？则眼搞活动？活动的结果怎样？都要写清楚。写活动也要求写清楚“六要素”，要把活动的时间、地点、人物和活动开始、经过、结果写出来。 在整个活动当中，不是写一个人，二是写一群人；不是用一两件事来写人物，而是通过写一个活动场面，来表现人物的精神面貌。写活动的记叙文，最大的特点就是必须有活动的基本内容、主要过程和重要场面。把印象最深刻的内容作为重点，把自己看到的、听到的、亲身经历的主要部分记叙下来，采用点面结合的方法，既要写好群体活动，又要把个体代表写进去；既要写整个场面，又要突出典型人物。

写活动的文章一般包括两大部分：一是活动的经过，二是自己的感受。如果写“参观”活动，就要用“观一处，感一处”的方法。写整个活动的过程，要用顺叙法，即按活动的先后顺序，把活动时间、地点、人物及活动的经过和结果依次写出来。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

小学生如何写状物作文，以下一些写作技巧，希望对你们有帮助。

状物作文，是小学生作文训练中的一个重要项目。所谓状物，就是具体、形象地描写物体的特征、形态、色彩、质地等。这个物还应该包括动物、植物等类。由于不同的物有不同的特点，所以状物的方法也不一样。

(一)怎样写物品

1.抓住特征

从大小、形状、颜色、质地(制造材料)等方面，对所写的物品仔细观察。因为不同的物品有不同的特点，即使是同一种物品，也会有某些席位的区别，也有它自己的独特之处。蛛蛛物品的特点写，就是抓住了这一物品是区别于另一物品的地方写。

2.按照一定的顺序写

(1)按总一分一总的顺序写。

(2)按物品各部分的空间顺序写。

(3)有的物品，须按先外后内的顺序写，即先写外表，后写内里的顺序。

3.状物需要想象和联想

展开想象和联想，不仅使所状之物更加具体生动，还可以开拓作品的意境，增强文章的感染力。

(二)怎样写动物

大多数小学生都喜爱小动物，看了以后总想把它们写出来来。到底用什么方法，才能写好描写小动物的作文呢?

1.写外形

首先，观察小动物(包括昆虫)的外形，一般是写小动物的静态。在观察时，包括颜色、长相、个头都要如实写出来。其次，要抓住特点，不能面面俱到什么都写。三是按顺序：先整体一再局部一最后整体。概括写整体，具体写局部，用总分关系的句群。最后，为使描写更形象、具体，要展开丰富的想象，恰当地运用比喻。特别要注意提醒小学生"像--"、"犹如--"、"仿佛--"等喻词的使用。

2.写习性

写小动物，还要细心观察它们的动作、静态和生活习性，这些是小动物的动态方面。例如写它们吃食物、嬉戏的样子，相互追逐争斗的情形，如何筑巢、休息的情况，等等。

小动物也 感情、情绪，这要靠小学生从它们的叫声和动作中，用拟人的方法去体会和想象，这样就能写出小动物的性格，显示出它们的活泼和可爱，实际上也就写出了小学生自己的感情。

(三)怎样写植物

提起植物，小学生的脑海力会出现许多花草树木的样子，但是要将平时熟悉的植物写成作文，很多同学却感到很难，有的觉得无话可写，有的三言两语就写完了。怎样才能写好植物呢?首先，写前要细心观察所写的植物，并做观察记录。观察时，先看整体的形状(外形)特征;再看颜色、枝叶的细部特征及生长环境，并把所看到的详细情况记录下来。其次，安排好写作顺序。

1.可以从整体到局部

先写植物的整体特征，再写它的局部特征。例如以主干、枝、叶、花、果等为序，并突出写其中的一两部分。另外写的时候，要求学生从各个角度去详细地描绘、刻画。例如描写树叶，就写它们的形状、颜色和给人的感觉等;描写花，就写它们的大小、香味、色彩、花期等，使人有如身临其境。

2.按照植物的生长过程进行观察

很多植物的生长、发育、开花、结果直至衰亡，每个时期的形态各不相同的，所以，可以按照植物的生长过程进行观察。

3.写观察日记

可以用写观察日记的方法。来描述某种植物在一段时间里的生长、发育情况。

4.以四时变化为序

很多植物在不同的季节里割据特色，所以，还可以其四时的变换顺序。

5.托物抒怀，借物咏志

写植物，不能仅仅停留在对外形和色彩的描写上，还应该在文章中表达作者的思想感情。例如，感悟人生的哲理、高尚的道德情操、对美好理想的追求等等。用这种方法，要借助例文进行必要的指导，培养学生丰富的联想能力，在描摹植物形态的同时，赋予它们一定的象征意义。

2015年中考临近，小编在这里把中考作文写作中的几个技巧汇总分享给大家。

一. 审题技巧

1. 重视概念的内涵。话题有时是以一个概念形式出现的，比如“诚信”“欣赏”“选择”等。概念都具有特定的内涵，忽视了概念内涵就有走题之虞。

如以“风”为话题作文，提示语中已经列举了“哈韩风”“武侠风”“学风”“校风”等例子，指的是一种社会现象，就不能将“风”理解为一种自然现象，如果错误理解内涵，作文之始就误入歧途了。

2. 重视背景语的指向。背景语往往是命题者着意营造的一种情境，不同的背景语引发的思维走向是不同的。只有审清了背景语的思维指向，才能保证写作中的思维模式与文章内在文脉的贯通。

3. 重视提示语的暗示。作文一般都有限制，这些限制多出现在提示语中。

二. 扣题技巧

我们都要明确，任何题目都有限制，扣题是写好作文的第一要务。实现扣题写作，可以从如下方面人手：

1. 标题嵌入法。所谓标题嵌入法，就是指在文章的题目中嵌入或体现话题的字眼。命题作文不存在这个问题，但话题作文、材料作文需要我们自己拟题，半命题作支需要我们自己填写题目，所以我们在拟题或填题的时候就要将题目限定在命题者设定的范围内。

2. 开篇切入法。所谓开篇切入法，就是指在文章的开头部分就点明话题或文章的主旨。清人李渔《闲情偶寄》中言：“场中作文，开卷之初，当以奇句夺目使之一见而惊，不敢弃去。”这里的“开卷之初”即开篇，这里的“奇句”，或是点明“话题”的词语，或是鲜明的观点、明确的主旨 。如议论文的开门见山提出论点(论题)，记叙文的开篇点题，散文的开篇“文眼”等。

4. 结尾回归法。所谓结尾回归法，就是指在文章结尾处对“话题”进行归纳概括或深化。像议论文结尾处的归纳总结观点或深化观点，或解决问题，或提出希望等;记叙文结尾处的画龙点晴的议论或抒情;散文结尾处含蓄深刻，言尽意犹未穷的语句等。

三、语言表达技巧

中考作文语言要精彩，首先要灵活地调动语言的表现力;其次是运用好的修辞，把生动的比喻，大气磅礴的排比，风趣幽默的仿词，语意含蕴曲折的双关等穿插全文;再次是用心调配句式，将长句短句、整句散句巧妙配合，营造音韵美。

1. 精心锤炼词语。要使语言鲜明生动，新颖脱俗，应尽可能选用那些具体、形象、内涵丰富的词语来写景状物、表情达意，尤其要重视对动词、形容词的锤炼。

2. 巧用修辞。巧妙运用修辞手法，可化抽象为具体，变枯燥为生机，化腐朽为神奇。如比喻的巧妙运用：

“如血的残阳像一位戴着红斗笠的侠客。”“晚霞飘落在天边，宛如一匹红丝绸，召唤着从远古走来的吹箫人。”这是描写“飞天”壁画而运用的绝妙比喻，不能不佩服作者比喻的新奇，想象力的丰富。又如比喻加排比：

生活如海，宽容作舟，泛舟于海，方知海之宽阔;

生活如山，宽容为径，循径登山，方知山之高大;

生活如歌，宽容是曲，和曲而歌，方知歌之动听。

3. 独创巧妙佳句。这是根据文章表达的需要创新语言的一种方法。比如：“班主任老师又在喋喋不休地向我们批发人生意义的补充版。”

“天醉了，映红了天边，云是山的使者吧，把风扯来醒酒，却弄醒水波粼剡。”上述创新出来的佳句妙语，读后如饮醇酒，给人以极美的艺术享受。

4.力求含蓄蕴藉。含蓄的语言耐人寻味，含英咀华，如嚼橄榄。

比如：“海浪不回避礁石的撞击，才得以壮观;人生不拒绝遗憾的存在，才得以明达。”

“认识自己是每个人的必修课，否则我们就会像乌云下生长的花儿，失去了充满阳光的世界。请牢记：是鱼儿，就不要向往天空;是鸟儿，就不要留恋海洋。”这类警策性的话语，于形象中蕴涵哲思，含蓄隽永，优美凝练。

试想，阅卷老师看到有如此成熟思想的文字，怎能不为之动情呢?

5.巧妙引用活用。名言名句，是语言的精华，对于文章创作有着非凡而绝妙的效用。适当引用能使文章意蕴深厚，神采飞扬。如：

李商隐有诗日：“夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏。”我惊讶于他的洞察力，然而，夕阳下互相搀扶的老夫老妻却是天底下最美的风景。

在这个充满活力的岁月里，好想好想划着竹筏，迂回于“山如碧玉簪，水作青罗带”的绮丽风光，穿梭于“两岸猿声啼不住，轻舟已过万重山”的画廊，或许这里的某个地方会出现“天街小雨润如酥，草色遥看近却无”的奇丽景象，或许还有人愿再作一次“只缘身在此山中”的妙论。

“黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐”，这是五柳先生心中和谐美丽的桃源美景;“舍南舍北皆春水，但见群鸥日日来”，这足杜陵野老浣花溪畔的安宁生活;“浓妆淡抹总相宜”，这是东坡居士留给西湖的最和谐、最完美的评价。

6.凸显个性特色，写出自己的个性如果你是多愁善感的人，那么尽量写诗意的文字;如果你以能言善辩见长，那你不妨多些议论;如果你天性活泼幽默感强，那也不要浪费自己的特点，就多些生动的叙述和描写吧。

总之，每个人都是不一样的，要写出自己跟别人不一样的地方来。

中考马上就要到来了，语文迷小编为大家整理提供中考英语写作万能句子，赶紧来看看吧。

1. 不用说…… It goes without saying that … = (It is) needless to say (that) …

= It is obvious that …

例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.

2. 在各种……之中，…… Among various kinds of …， … /= Of all the …， …

例︰在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

3. 就我的看法……;我认为……

In my opinion, …

= To my mind, …

= As far as I am concerned, …

= I am of the opinion that …

例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

就我的看法打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。

4. 随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population, …

随着科技的进步…… With the advance of science and technology, …

例：With the rapid development of Taiwans economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.

随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

5. ……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that …

……是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.

It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

6. 花费 spend … on sth. / doing sth. …

例：我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。

We shouldnt spend too much time on something we arent interested in.

7. how 引导的感叹句

例：那至少可以证明你很诚实。

At least it will prove how honest you are.

8. 状语从句

A)如果你不……，你就会…… If you dont …， youll …

例︰If you dont keep working hard, youll lose the chance.

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

B) 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

9. 宾语从句

我认为，…… / 我认为……不 I think / I dont think that …

我想知道是否…… I wonder whether …

例：He doesnt think I should stop him joining the club.

他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。

10. Since + S + 过去式， S + 现在完成式。

例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。

英语原版小说的阅读技巧与策略说实话,在原版小说的阅读方面,我不是高手,虽然有很多恩师淳淳教导,自己也买了借了很多原版小说,在我印象中,没有一本好好读完的,唯一的一本大16开的600多pages的原版教材,到是花了3个月的时间啃完了.

近来由于2外的需要,本人再次向原版小说进军.我把自己的一些3角猫的阅读技巧与策略祥述如下,希望各位高人指点在下…

1. why to read original edition novel

要想真正提高外语水平,阅读原版小说是必经之路,正如不是每个人都能成为外语高手一样,

不是每个人都能够有毅力读完N本原版小说的.(我特佩服门卫,能够把一本都上N遍,如果我有这种毅力的话,早就成为高手了…)

2. fundamental conditions

语法:系统准确的掌握语法. 基本上,如果是E,高中毕业以后这一点都达到了

词汇: 熟练词汇>2.5k, 认知词汇>5k

工具书:一本C-E,

一本E-E,或者用文曲星代替,但我偏好字典----词汇认知学指出,词汇的记忆效果与词汇的检索时间正相关(我现在读法文,由3本D, F-C,F-E,F-F)

3. 选材,仁者见仁,就我个人而言, 我偏好当代中篇作品(我现在选了一本Marcel Pagnol 写于1957年的, 280pages)

4. 前期工作: 查找百科全书或相应的工具书,了解到作者的生平,作品,世人的评价.

5. 阅读中的词汇学习: 每天阅读6 pages(6X225=1350字),在阅读过程中碰到new words先做标记,读完后再查D, 把生词记载在本子上,并及时背诵(我现在最怕的就是这一点,会不会半途而废???)

6. how to read

我准备默读, 这是我的习惯,朗读太费劲了,泛读也没有意义,介于精泛之间

7. read what

我主要研究其词汇搭配.词汇的用法是语言中最难的,比如,法语中最简单的一个介词à,用法不计其数,在大型D上有好几页,

为什么同样的词汇在名家手下就生龙活虎,到了我的手下就一潭死水呢?我认为这应该是读原版小说的最根本目的.

记得AS以前告诫我,要多学词法,少背词汇, 可惜一直没有好好的实行, 现在,我就以法语作为实验品吧…再次谢谢AS!!!

我准备把注意力集中在介词,连词,动词上面,因为名词和形容词的用法太简单了,不知这样是否OK?

8. how to digest

每读完一章写一篇读后感,相当于开卷考试,经常并及时背诵本子上的new words

9. 结语

方法人人都有,上面只是我个人的对策,真诚的希望大家对阅读原版小说提出意见和建议.

俗话说“千里之行始于足下”。英语书面表达能力的形成不是一日之功，必须从平时的课堂学习一点一滴抓起，持之以恒。

一篇优秀的英语作文在内容和语言两方面应是一个统一体，任何一方面的欠缺都会直接影响到作文的质量。然而，很多考生在写作中或者由于粗心大意，或者由于基本功不扎实而经常出现名词不变复数、第三人称单数不加s，前后不一致，以及时态语态、句子完整性等方面的错误。

1. 审题不清

如2004年中考作文要求写一项最喜欢的课外活动，有些考生将作文的主题定位为“我最喜欢的活动”，偏离了“一项、课外活动”这一主题。依据作文的评分原则，若文章内容不切题，则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确，都会被判为零分。

2.拼写错误

拼写是考生应该具备的最起码的基本功，但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。有拼写错误的作文肯定会被酌情扣分，而且有大量拼写错误存在的作文不仅体现出语言基本功差，同时也直接影响内容的表达，通常会降低作文的档次。

3.名词单复数问题

误 my father and my mother is all teacher。

正 my father and my mother are both teachers。

[中考英语作文写作常见的三个错误

1、观点不可太绝对，要留有余地。’义正’未必要’辞严’，’理直’未必就要’气壮’。联系现实生活时，涉及社会黑暗面时，要有分寸，不要一味指责。’质问京山大冤案’。批评家长、老师和社会要与人为善，抱着协商与治病救人的态度，要提建设性意见。不可尖刻、讽刺、挖苦，甚至恶意地进行人身攻击。

2、临场写作时可以根据题意和你的表达需要想像一个或一类读者就在你的面前。如以’沟通’为话题作文，写与家长的沟通，可想像父母就在身边;写’沟通’之艰难和必要，就好像误解过你的人正在听你倾诉;写国际间通过沟通走向合作，就设想自己参与了国与国的谈判。即使所写文章没有明确的阅读对象，你也可以想像此文是写给你的语文老师的。你要知道，你的文章的惟一读者是那位跟你的语文老师非常相似的人。写记叙文，且最好将主人公设定为自己。想想阅卷老师的喜好，说他们想听的话。尽可能赢得评卷老师的同情。

3、写法上可以求新，要考虑，怎样表现更智慧，更艺术，更有可读性;但更要求稳。我的意见是大家一定要在一种比较稳的情况下，确有把握时才可写小小说或者是写戏剧，或者是写别的，确有把握之后才写这种文体，如果没有把握的话，就选择比较稳妥的老的文体，老的写法。

4、不可按上年或前几年的中考作文思路行文。求新、求变是人们所追求的，中考作文也不例外。但若按上年或前几年的中考作文思路行文，甚至拿来套用，机械模仿，不懂灵活应变，就会吃力不讨好，这也是失分的点。因为阅卷者大都是相对固定的，对以前的中考作文非常熟悉。不主张写诗歌、文言文。

5、苦于材料缺乏则可以突出自己的爱好。你如果喜欢体育，那你就像体育记者一样，叙体育、议体育，只要切合题意就好。你如果喜欢听××的歌、看××的书、爱好上网……你就可以将自己这一方面的经历和感受与命题联系起来。那样就不愁内容贫乏、文思枯竭。不要瞎编乱造。靠编故事骗取老师的眼泪从而获得高分的时代已经一去不复返了。

6、要美化自己，而不是丑化自己。要显现自己的高境界、大抱负、多知识、同情心，要显现自己以天下为己任的豪情。不要出于反衬别人等考虑而故意丑化自己，如果让评卷老师以为你真就是那样，那就麻烦了，因为中考是选拔性考试。从某个角度讲，评卷老师评卷的过程就是一个选择淘汰对象的过程。

7、字数以600-900字为宜。不能给人凑字数的感觉，但也不能拖得太长，不允许加纸条。喜欢写长文的同学，开篇要注意不要放得太开，开口不要太大，能跳过去的就跳过去，要相信读者的理解能力。要注意节省篇幅，要防止高潮来了没地方写了。切忌三段文。要突出的句子(扣题的、表现主旨的、文眼、点睛之笔、抒情议论、议论文的分论点等)最好单独成段。

8、看到题目后，可先搜索一下自己以往所写的优秀作文，看有没有可以再利用的。须要注意的是一定要不牵强。

9、行文中要多次扣题，要一路扣题一路歌。材料、引语和话题中的相关文字至少在文中出现三次以上。开头三句话内应点题一次，结尾应回扣标题，’回眸一笑百媚生’。中间至少扣题一次。几次扣题事实上也是在不断地提醒自己不要跑题。有球场上叫暂停的效果，可以调整思路和写法。

10、思想要健康。’思想健康’不是说要你只说冠冕堂皇的话，不是要你刻意拔高，’健康’是针对’病态’、’庸俗’而言的，它的底线是不能欣赏违背法律法规和偏离社会道德的事。恋爱题材是考场作文的禁区，无论考生写得如何缠绵悱恻，真挚动人，因其行为是中学生日常行为规范所不允许的，这类作文自然得不了高分。

11、充分发挥自己的优势。擅长形象思维、会刻画人物的同学可选择记叙文，擅长抒情的同学可选择散文。初中生一般不提倡写议论文。

12、精写前几段，给评卷老师留下一个好印象。要精雕细刻，要出彩。比如，可开门见山，直奔主题;可制造悬念，引人入胜;可提出问题，引人注意;或巧用排比、比喻、拟人等修辞手法，或。巧述故事，引人入胜，或巧用题记，揭示主旨，或巧用诗文显诗意。写好结尾和过渡段。阅卷老师一般是S型的扫描全文。结尾可画龙点睛，发人深思;或总结全文，照应开头;或虚笔拓展，扩大容量;或精辟议论，深化主旨。

13、要给自己充足的构思时间，不要急于动笔，’宁停三分，不争一秒’，因为写作是’开弓没有回头箭’的，写到一半，突然发现，呀，把题目理解错了，或没领会好命题的要求。最可怕的是文章写到一半，又想另起炉灶。时间没了，心情也坏了。干着急。建议打草稿，防止’三边工程’(边立项，边设计，边施工)。考场作文不宜见异思迁，边写边改。要贯彻一种构思。一旦构思已定，就不要轻易改变。

14、要力避前松后紧、虎头蛇尾。有些同学构思、提纲拟好后，开头反复推敲，精雕细琢，后来发现时间不够，于是草草收兵。此外，要谨慎对待修改。修改一般只着眼于字词方面的，可用米尺比好之后划两横。结构方面不能修改。要保持卷面的整洁美观，要努力做到改动少而效果好。

15、如果偏题或者离题，作文的主要分数就失去了。为防止跑题，可从如下几点做出努力：一是将材料、引语和话题联系起来思考，不可单看话题;二是看自己确立的观点能否用话题所给材料来证明;三是想一想这则材料当初发在媒体上登载是要达到一个什么效果的。万一跑题了，要考虑逆挽，使文章形成一种欲扬先抑的结构形态。

16、一定要完篇。熟话说，好文章是凤头、猪肚、豹尾。没有豹尾，老鼠尾巴也要有一个，绝不能写半头文。用半篇文章给你评分，怎么会得高分?

17、特别要注意不能缺题。不是万不得已，不要以话题做标题。拟题是显示你才气的一个好的平台，不能轻易放弃。缺题影响远不止2分。正好给了评卷老师扣分的理由。

18、文章要有一至两个亮点。学而思老师建议：如果是记叙文，应该用抓人的情节和生动的描写表现你的真情，记叙文不能没有描写。如果是议论文，就一定要有12个典型的论据，就应该有纵横捭阖，很深刻的见解。如果是微型小说一定要有巧妙的构思。这个亮点还可以是一句富有哲理的警句，也可以是一个精彩的比喻，也可以是一个超常的搭配(酽酽的歌喉)。总之，要能使评卷老师精神为之一震。

作文是语文考试中的一大重点，写好作文，语文就容易拿高分，小编收集了如何掌握写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、审题

这是写作文首先要做好的事，否则，就会直接导致“文不对题”，“下笔千言，离题万里”。怎样才能审好题呢?根据通常的作文题目的形式来看，一般可分为命题作文和材料作文两大类。对命题作文的审题，就是要审查给定的文章题目确定的具体要求，审清文题意图，明晰题外要求，确定“题眼”。通过审题，明确作文的内容范围、时间范围、数量范围、人称范围、处所范围等。不能超出给定的范围。对材料作文的审题，主要从两个方面去把握：一是与材料的思想内容要“形影不离”，二是与作文形式的要求“丝丝入扣”。

1。命题作文

我们先重点谈一下关于命题作文的审题，要注意做好哪些事情。

确定内容范围

有的题目，对写作内容做出规定。所以，审题时，要确定题目规定的内容范围：记人的，要记什么人;叙事的，要叙什么事;写景的，要写什么景;状物的，要状什么物，等等。

精彩习作--童年趣事

童年，是一方没有莠草、污秽的净土，是一片无遮无拦明朗的天空。这里流淌的纯真与甜美，总会使人产生难以忘怀的回忆。

记得我4岁那年，迷信的奶奶告诉我：“要是剪掉了胳膊上的毛，会变成疯子。”幼稚而好奇的我听了以后，半信半疑，手痒痒的，老是想试试看，但又怕家人和亲戚为我担心。可是没试，就老是惦记着，越惦记，就越是想试。

于是，我准备马上试。我拿出那可怕的剪刀，用颤抖的右手慢慢地靠近左手胳膊上的一根毫毛。刚要剪，我又停了下来。心想：“我要是真的变成一个疯子，会不会像老鼠过街一样人人喊打?爸爸、妈妈和奶奶会不会不再疼爱这个傻孩子了?”我越想越害怕。我犹豫了许久，才把胳膊上的毛剪掉了。一剪完，我什么都不顾地钻进被窝里，不知不觉就睡着了。醒来时，我发现，我还是原来的我，一个正常的小女孩。于是，我不顾一切，高兴地蹦到奶奶身边，撒娇地说：“奶奶呀，奶奶!我今天剪了胳膊上的一根毫毛，可没变成疯子啊!”奶奶听了以后，笑了笑，摸着我的小脑袋，没说什么。

这件童年趣事已留在我记忆的闸门里。但随着年龄的增长，我懂得了：凡事要相信科学，不能相信迷信。

精彩点击

①小作者通过回忆的方式，记述了剪胳膊毛的故事。这件事既是童年发生的，又十分有趣，符合文题要求。

②事情的过程交代得很清楚，人物心理描写生动、逼真。

③结尾点明从中懂得的道理，深化了文章主题。