中招英语写作技巧最新(推荐20篇)

创新是作文的生命。尤其是面对“开放型”的话题作文，谁最有创新意识，能写出有新意的文章，谁就能取胜。我们要想写出闪烁着个性光彩、具有创新精神的作文，就需要打破框框，争取“自由”。要善于用自己的眼睛去观察，用自己的头脑去思考，用自己的心灵去感悟。写作内容也要力求广泛，文章形式力求开放。那如何做到创新呢？

一：创新从下面四方面入手：

1、材料创新。材料不新鲜不富于个性化特征，是很难创意出新的。因而创意话题作文的选材要着眼当代，紧贴现实，坚持只选新的，不选旧的；只选具体的，不选空泛的。总之，要尽量避开常人之所选，慧眼独具，以新制胜。

2、立意出新。立意是一篇文章的灵魂。要使立意充满个性，充满创意，可从下面两方面着手。

①突破习惯性思维。

我们常用蜡烛比喻老师，用蜜蜂象征劳动者，写春雨总要联系长辈的温暖，这些立意公式“历史悠久”，千篇一律，僵化陈旧，禁锢了学生的创造性思维，扼杀了学生的个性，给学生作文的立意带来了不少负面影响。所以我们切不可鹦鹉学舌、人云亦云，应多一点对习惯性思维的突破。要善于从不经意的生活小事中，开掘出不平凡的新意，点化出耐人寻味的内涵。

②巧妙选择立意的角度。

在立意的角度上，可以单向突破（写好某一主旨），可以多向出击（巧妙糅合几方面的主题），可以正面着墨，也可以反面敷粉。如以“雪”为话题，大多数考生立意“赞雪”，赞雪的“洁白无瑕”“大公无私”，这种思维是单一的正向思维，并无新意。而有一个考生逆向思维，立意“贬雪”，揭露雪的虚伪（掩盖了事实、见不得阳光）、凶恶（依仗狂风、不可一世）、冷酷（千山枯寂、万木萧条）和懦弱（任人践踏），这样的立意就很新颖。可见，善于选择新的角度思考，往往能出奇制胜。

3、构思出新。同样的立意、选材，得分有时也会因表现形式的优劣而有高低之分。因而作文要升格，就要根据自己的写作特长，优先考虑选用一般考生少用的文章形式，如书信、日记、寓言、童话、小小说、诗歌、科幻故事、戏剧小品等，这样会使你的文章脱颖而出。如果写三大文体，也要尽可能使形式新些，比如，写记叙文可以设计富有吸引力的小标题；写说明文，可以用第一人称的拟人手法；写议论文，论点的提炼多用发散思维。这样写出的文章就会给入耳目一新之感。

4、语言出新。语言是思维的外壳，是情感的载体。我们要力求写出富有个性特色的文章，用富有生气的语言生动地表达自己的感受。或幽默，或活泼，或诗意，或深沉，都是可取的。

综上所述，无论是选材、立意，还是构思、语言，都应该努力创新。只有创新，才能写出新颖、深刻的文章来。

第一，写作技巧是实现作者写作意图的重要条件。一般来说，作者的写作活动都具有一定的写作意图。所谓的写作意图，就是指作者打算在文章或作品中表达什么样的生活和思想内容，以及通过这种表达达到什么目的。而要使这一写作意图圆满实现，就必须依靠写作技巧。

第二，写作技巧是构成文学作品艺术性的内在因素。文学作品的艺术性，即文学作品反映社会生活或表达思想感情所达到的完美程度。这种艺术性的取得，决定于作者的世界观、创作方法和写作技巧。在具体的作品中，艺术性表现在作家在一定世界观的指导下，运用各种写作手法，创造出具有审美价值的艺术意境我典型形象，从而给读者带来审美愉悦。文学作品的艺术性虽不同于形式美，但它更多地体现在与内容和谐统一的艺术形式之中，而艺术形式的完美创造，则依靠写作技巧。

英语一考生要在三十分钟内写出160-200个词汇的文章，英语二的考生需要完成150个词汇左右的文章。写作时要求主题突出、结构清晰、文字通顺、连贯性好，祛除语法错误。在考试过程中，考生能在有限时间内详细解读考题设问要求，并匠心独运的构想、拟题、列提纲，最后完成一篇考场佳作，这需要前期十分认真的备考。

在写作中，考生要特别注意文章的中心思想是否切题，论据是否足够充分，如不充分则要对论据详细展开。句语句、段与段连接要自然，逻辑关系清晰明晰，切忌不要出现与主题无关的句子。人称、时态等细节处要保持一致，单词拼写、大小写以及标点也要注意到位。

由于近些年图画作文较热，是考研英语写作中出现频率最高的一类文体，我们来重点学习一下这种文体的写作方法。

图画作文通常是给出一幅或多幅漫画或图片，所给图画多反映当前的热点社会现象或热点社会现实。这类作文难度较大，要求考生首先仔细剖析图画内容，并通过文字形式将图中所包罗的思想内容准确无误地表达出来。大家可将此类作文转化为三段或四段式的提纲作文写作。

1、认真审题

在审题时，考生要在认真剖析图画所反映的内容以及出题者出题意图的前提下，通过表层含义剖析图画真正想要说明的问题是什么，深入研究图画的表层含义和深层含义，从而挖掘出其深层含义以确定文章的中心思想。

2、确定写作重点

认真审题后，考生就要确定写作重点了，根据剖析和研究的结果列出提纲并安排段落。确定每一个段落的主题和写作重点，考生要根据题目要求对选材进行筛选。

3、确定写作提纲

如何列提纲，即考生对题设材料的剖析得出结论后形成的基本框架结构，漫画标的主题、directions中的要求包罗了哪些内容，文章段落应该如何组织，基本提纲确定了的基础上，才能思路清晰、行文流通。

H1N1 influenza, since the claws reached into the earth and stuck it into our world caused great sensation. From Moscow, the United States, Japan, ... ... to China, have spared, showing the speed of its spread. While we use some of the medical technology we have can be prevented, you can cure, but it is still scary. The most laughable thing is that some people thus do not eat pork. However, these are not the focus of my concern, I am concerned, I am sad is:

When we state the first to be infected were found, one who returned from abroad Sichuanese, I heard mostly blame everyone, it makes me sad exception. Had returned from abroad is a good thing, is between the happy event. But because even not aware of being infected was a complete mess of things hands and become pieces of sad things. At first, I think we should sorry for him, should go to help him. However, many people said: "In the U.S., do not come back Well!" "We also are engaged in a state of panic." ... ...

So I write this, would like to call everyone together for their fuel.

Unfortunately, they are infected, and now has been isolated, they can not see their loved ones, they have lost freedom, they are very painful, very unwilling. So let us give them the courage to give them strength! Let us wish them a speedy recovery!

H1N1流感，自从这个魔爪伸进地球，伸进我们的世界就引起了极大的轰动。从莫斯科，美国，学习英语的网站，日本……到我们中国，无一幸免，可见其传播速度之快。虽然我们利用我们己有的医学技术，可以预防，可以根治，但是却还是令人恐慌。最可笑的是，有人因此而不吃猪肉。然而，这些都不是我关注的焦点，令我关注的，令我伤心的是：

当我们国家的第一个被传染者被发现时，就是那个从国外回来的四川人，我听到的大部分都是大家的苛责，这令我异常难过。原本从国外回来，是件好事，是间喜事。却因为连自己也不知道被传染的事搅的得一塌糊涂，成了件悲事。原本我想我们应该为他难过，应该去帮助他。然而，很多人却说：“在国外就不要回来嘛!”“还搞的我们人心惶惶的。”……

所以我写这篇，学英语的好网站，想呼吁大家，一起为他们加油。

他们不幸感染上了，现在被隔离，他们不能见到自己的亲人，好的英语学习网站，他们失去了自由，他们也很痛苦，很不甘。所以让我们给他们勇气，给他们力量!让我们一起祝愿他们早日康复!

健康：中药能够战胜甲流吗？

英语写作：Freedom in my Dream

1．词语选择的重要性

在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中，编者对词语选用的重要性作了一个很好的比喻：“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion：

it is a courtesy to others，and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world."

显然，说话或写文章时用词适当比穿着适当难度大得多，因而也具有更大的重要性。在我国，古人写文章时常为一个词语的选用具思苦想，因而有“语不惊人死不休”的说法。

成语“一字值千金”也说明了选择词语的极端重要性。有时“一字之差”造成令人遗憾的败笔，或招致成千上万的经济损失。这些反面的教训也告诉我们必须重视词语选用的问题。

2．词语选择的可能性

实际上，我们每个人的脑子里都有了一个或大或小的词库，只要我们肯去发掘，往往可以得到更好的表达方式。这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。

从客观条件广看，我们有各种类型的词典和参考书，只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读，写作时勤查考，就会在词语选用上不断进步。当然，一部好词典也不会毫无缺点，更难以面面俱到，因此在这里我们应牢牢记住著名英国作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Johson的话：

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

卷面整洁 书写清楚

构思简单 少犯错误

中心突出 层次分明

借助经典 名句俗谚

重在变化 避免重复

卷面整洁，书写清楚

1、打好腹稿再动笔，减少涂改。

2、书写漂亮的当然更好，达不到的最起码也要工整。

3、使用黑色水笔作答，白纸黑字，这样能够有效提高整洁度。

构思简单 少犯错误

根据阅卷经验，四级作文的主要错误集中在思路、标点、时态、单复数、结构等五个方面。

英语四级错误十错十察

1.句子成分残缺

We always working till late at night before taking exams.(误)

We are always working till late at night before taking exams(正)

2.句子成分多余

This test is end, but there is another test is waiting forus. (误)

One test ends, but another is waiting for you. (正)

3.主谓不一致

Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective. (误)

Someone/Somebody thinks that reading should be selective. (正)

4.动词时态误用

I was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the street. (误)

I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. (正)

5.动词语态误用

The driver of the red car was died in the accident. (误)

The driver of the red car died in the accident. (正)

6.词类混淆

It is my point that reading must be selectively. (误)

In my opinion, reading must be selective. (正)

Honest is so important for every person. (误)

Honesty is so important for everyone. (正)

7.名词可数与不可数的误用

In modern society, people are under various pressures(误)

In modern society, people are under various kinds of pressure. (正)

8.动词及物与不及物的误用

Because of his excellent performance, the boss rose his salary. (误)

Because of his excellent performance, the boss raised his salary. (正)

9.动宾搭配不当

We must make solutions to the problem. (误)

We must find a solution to the problem. (正)

It also may help you to make success. (误)

It may also help you succeed/obtain your goal. (正)

10.根据中文逐字硬译

Let us touch the outside world of campus.

Let’s keep in touch with the world outside of the campus.

Don’t forget to keep a good body health.(误)

Don’t forget to keep fit/healthy.(正)

一、议论文的结构合体

议论文,分析事实,论证道理,当然要遵循一定的思维规律;这种思维规律反映在文章的外部形态上,就是具有一定体式的文章的结构。怎样写议论文才算“合体”呢?

一是根据议论问题的一般思维模式,应当是按“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”( 或曰“引论”、“本论”、“结论”) 三大块构成。“提出问题 ”即在议论文开头一般要鲜明地提出中心论点,“分析问题”即在文章的中间要围绕中心论点展开分析论证,“解决问题”即在文章的结尾部分或者得出综合性结论, 或者提出前瞻性希望等。这一点,众所周知,兹不赘述。

二是分析问题即本论部分,要按一定的向度分层展开论述。所谓“向度”即论述展开的方向。这个“向度”有四个: 是什么,为什么,怎么样,何果。一般情况下, 一篇中学生议论文作文,其本论部分只要从这四个向度中选择一个或者两个展开即可。但无论是从哪个向度展开, 其分论点之间都要形成一定的联系。一般来说,有并列式、递进式和对照式三种。

所谓并列式,就是围绕中心从同一个向度列出几个分论点,逐一论证。如果仅仅围绕一个向度写,那么几个分论点之间的关系大多是并列关系 。

递进式同并列式结构相比,除了论点之间的意义联系不同以外,其段落的结构模式与并列式相同,就不再说了。

所谓对照式,就是从论题的正反两个方面入手,进行正反对比论证得出结论。其优点是结构简洁,论证充分,容易上手。最简单的对照式是在提出观点后，一段从正面论证观点,一段从反面论证观点,最后得出结论。还有一种对照式结构是在正面进行论述或者摆出论据后,紧接着用转折或者假设的方式从反面展开论述。

二、思路入格

议论文是论述问题的,当然要有一定的思路,即议论文各部分之间要有必然的内在联系。我们知道,议论文是论证问题的,你在提出议论文论点后,就要摆事实,讲道理,让你提出的论点令人信服地确立起来。因此,中心论点和各分论点之间就应当是因果联系,即中心论点是“果”,分论点是“因”。这个因果联系就是议论文的思路之“格”。

作为一个高中生的议论文作文,最起码要做到在中心论点和各分论点之间 ,论点和论据之间要有一定的因果联系。

学生提出中心论点后,只要围绕中心论点问一个“为什么”,就能找到提出分论点的方向。如中心论点是“只有坚守,才能使人的思想品德升华,才能成就一番事业”。稍加分析,就可发现这个观点是在说“坚守”的重要性,于是,分论点就要回答“为什么坚守很重要”这个问题。那么就可从“为什么”和“何果”这两个向度来立分论点。如“坚守是一种执着,使绝望变成希望”,“坚守是一种信念,使普通变得高尚”,“坚守是一种职责,使平凡变得伟大”。如果我们要检验这三个分论点和中心论点之间有没有必然的内在联系的话,只需在这三个分论点之前加上“因为”,在“坚守很重要”之前加上“所以”,再连起来念一下即可。

同样,分论点和议论文的论据之间,也应当是因果联系。如在“坚守是一种职责,使平凡变得伟大”这个分论点后面,就可这样展开论述:“边防战士的坚守,使国家安定祥和;人民教师的坚守,使桃李满天下;白衣天使的坚守,使病魔为之屈服。”又如在“自由是思想的漫飞”这个分论点下可以这样展开论述:“行动可以受制于客观现实,思想却永远享受绝对的自由。有了这份思想的自由,才有了集豪放与浪漫于一身的诗仙李白;才有了身陷囹圄还在感叹‘故国不堪回首月明中’的落魄后主李煜;才有了向往‘面朝大海,春暖花开’的天才诗人海子。总之,因为这份思想的自由,社会才会在其牵引之下不断地进步,才会创造出一个个永载史册的人类奇迹。”

三、粘连有术

一篇像样的议论文,除了议论文的结构合体、思路入格外,还有更重要的一个方面,就是对论点的恰当阐述和对论据的中肯分析;没有这样的阐述和分析,议论文论点论据就不能粘连起来,而这个粘连是有“术”的。

(一) 观点+过渡+事例+分析

这个步骤中最重要的是“过渡”和“分析”。所谓“过渡”就是要在观点和事例之间,用适当的词句来勾连,以接通文气,使观点和议论文材料在语言形式上畅通无阻。所谓“分析”,就是事例叙述完之后,还必须对事例进行适当的分析评论,指出其本质特点,使事例和论点在内容上联结在一起。

(二) 观点+过渡+论据+分析+归纳

这种议论文论证方式就是在第一种的基础上加了一个“归纳”。所谓归纳,就是从多个事例中提炼出必然性的东西。既然要从多个事例中提炼,那么,“论据”部分,就应是两个或三个以上。

(三) 一般道理+个别道理

即“演绎推理法”。前面的分析归纳是从个别到一般,而演绎推理法是从一般到个别,用普遍性的真理(论据)来证明特殊的论点的方法。

一、表达方式：记叙、描写、抒情、说明、议论?

二、表现手法：象征、对比、烘托、设置悬念、前后呼应、欲扬先抑、托物言志、借物抒情、联想、想象、衬托（正衬、反衬）

三、修辞手法：比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、对偶、引用、设问、反问、反复、互文、对比、借代、反语?

四、记叙文六要素：时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过、结果

五、记叙顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙?六、描写角度：正面描写、侧面描写?

七、描写人物的方法：语言、动作、神态、心理、外貌

八、描写景物的角度：视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉?

九、描写景物的方法：动静结合（以动写静）、概括与具体相结合、由远到近（或由近到远）?

十、描写（或抒情）方式：正面（又叫直接）、反面（又叫间接）

十一、叙述方式：概括叙述、细节描写

十二、说明顺序：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序

十三、说明方法：举例子、列数字、打比方、作比较、下定义、分类别、作诠释、摹状貌、引用?

十四、小说情节四部分：开端、发展、高潮、结局

十五、小说三要素：人物形象、故事情节、具体环境

十六、环境描写分为：自然环境、社会环境

十七、议论文三要素：论点、论据、论证

十八、论据分类为：事实论据、道理论据

十九、论证方法：举例（或事实）论证、道理论证（有时也叫引用论证）、对比（或正反对比）论证、比喻论证

二十、论证方式：立论、驳论（可反驳论点、论据、论证）

二十一、议论文的文章的结构：总分总、总分、分总；分的部分常常有并列式、递进式。

二十二、引号的作用：引用；强调；特定称谓；否定、讽刺、反语

二十三、破折号用法：提示、注释、总结、递进、话题转换、插说。

实际上，议论文也确实更稳妥，不容易偏题离题。考试吧高考网搜集高考议论文的写作技巧，希望对大家有帮助。

一、要掌握核心语段的基本结构

模式：主题句+支撑句1、2、3、4……

核心语段的组合不必太繁复，应追求中心清楚，层次明晰，所以一般采取总分结构，形成“主题句+支撑句”的形式。

中心句通常位于段首。支撑句从不同角度、深度、广度来证明主题句。支撑句可以按并列、递进、转折、因果、条件、承接等关系组合。

例如：①虚怀若谷，是人高尚情操的表现，也只有具备了这一点，才是健全的品格。②三国周瑜，年少有为，才智过人，堪称一代儒将。③可是面对足智多谋“运筹帷幄决胜于千里之外”的诸葛孔明，周瑜不是虚心向他人学习，而是忌妒诸葛亮的才华，不肯承认诸葛亮比自己棋高一着的事实，反而发出“既生瑜何生亮”的慨叹，最终忧愤而死。④这一史实说明了嫉妒的危害，它就像绊脚石，阻碍我们的发展，使我们不能清楚地认识自己的缺点，更不利于健康品格的形成。

【分析】此段采用了例证法。由四个句子组成。“主题句”是①，②③④是支撑句。第2句和第3句是转折关系第3句和第4句之间是承接关系。整段话清晰明白，有理有据。

主题句即观点句。其主要内容要用概括的关键词明确表达，后面的主题句才有充分展开分述的空间，也才能给结论留下回扣的对应点。例如：

自信比相信天命更有意义。(观点句)一般人通常喜欢相信天命，在他们的意识里，任何事物都归于上天的安排(过渡句)：生命从上天获得，健康有上天保佑，饮食靠上天赏赐，利益有上天赠与。(概括叙述现象)过分地相信上天，结果把自己的主权毫无条件地送给了神明，而不知道自己的命运要靠自己主宰的道理。(分析现象的危害)只有自信才能主宰自己的命运：黑暗的可以变成光明，悲伤的可以化为幸福，崎岖不平的道路可以铺成平坦光明的坦途。(阐释道理)要相信自己的生活幸福、精神愉快、前途光明都得靠自己争取，凡事靠自己的双手去创造，比依赖神明的支配不是更加实惠吗?(揭示普遍道理)

【分析】观点要靠事实说话，但这绝不意味着可以用观点加材料的简单公式便可以自然地得出结论。要知道，再典型的事例也只是个案，现象的背后都可能包含普遍的道理，但需要科学的归纳，理性的提炼。这个归纳和提炼的过程就是从感觉中提升感悟的过程。//这种思路通常的组织形式是：①段首观点句，②引用具体的事例(可以是单个经历，也可以是多则事件;可以是百态列举，也可以是世象组合。引用事例要把握一个尺度，如果是引用单个经历可以适当详细些，如果是多则事件就要采用排比或者定语扩展的方式记述，千万不能逐一展开详细的描述)，③对事件作分析评价，④揭示出普遍的社会属性或人生道理。

例如：《还有一个苹果》

坚定的信念是摆脱困境的制胜法宝。(段首观点句)//一场突然而至的沙尘暴，让一个穿越沙漠的独行侠迷失了方向，更可怕的是他的干粮和水包不幸被风暴卷走。翻遍所有的衣袋，他只找到一个泛青的酸苹果。可就是这个不起眼的苹果让他找到了求生的信念。他走过了不知多远的路程，摔了不知多个跟头，嘴唇干裂了无数道口子，衣服经历了无数便湿了又干，干了又湿的反复折腾。他的心中一直默念着：“我还有一个苹果……”，三天后，他终于走出了沙漠。(描述一个具体的事例)//沙漠独行侠的经历让我们悟出了一个人生的命题：只要你信念的旗帜不倒，你就又走出困境的可能。//在生命的旅程中，我们常常会遇到始料不及的挫折或失败，会身陷意外的困境，心遭不测的打击，这时，不要轻易地放弃。其实，只要心存不灭的信念，努力寻找，你会惊讶地发现事情远非想象的那么糟糕。 (对事件作分析评价)//只要你有战胜困难的勇气，你一定能够找到摆脱危险，渡过难关的“苹果”，握紧她，就没有穿越不了的沙漠。(揭示普遍的规律)

【解析】观点+事例+分析探究原因、目的等+阐述意义与价值等/重要意义、危害、严重后果(正反)

二、要掌握常规的展开方式

如何展开核心语段?最好的方法就是：以事实论据为基础，综合运用假设分析、比较分析、因果分析、引用分析、类比分析等。

1、假设分析。就是写完事例论据后，用假设的方法进行推理。(事例后+假设推理)

【示例】《耐住寂寞》

德国康德是闻名世界的大哲学家。但他一生都生活在一个小镇上，远离尘嚣，没有接受任何媒体的吹捧，没有参加过什么名流聚会，没有什么领导接见的风光，他在寂寞中领悟、思考、探索天地的哲理，路不断地在寂寞下延伸。(事例)//(假设)//如果他耐不住寂寞，把时间、精力都用于出名和享受世俗的热闹上，他的一生可能会“丰富”些，但是，他能成为德国古典哲学的宗师吗?

【示例】学会“照镜子”方能正确认识自己、提高自己。(观点)李世民懂得镜子的作用，能把魏征批评他的话写在屏风上，当作“镜子”，随时对照。又能看出“以铜为镜，可以正衣冠;以古为镜，可以知兴替;以人为镜，可以明得失。”(事例)//这难道不是一个很会“照镜子”的人吗?李世民正是做到了“以人为镜”“以古为镜”，学会在人们的各种批评、意见中认识自己，而成为一代名君。(评论)//假如当初唐太宗非但不听取魏征的逆耳忠言，而且因丑处被照，短处被揭，恼羞成怒而将“镜子”弃之，砸之，又哪能出现“贞观之治”的太平盛世?(假设推理)

▲语段模式：观点+事例+例后评论+例后假设推理

【方法点拨】(假言分析法)进行假设性的分析，如果你举的例子是正面的，那么你就从反面来假设分析;你举的例子是反面例子，你就从正面来进行假设。

2、正反对比法。就是在写完事例论据后引进比较加以分析，从而得出结论。例如《关注细节》：

列文虎克在关注细节中发现了细胞学说，齐白石在关注细节中创造了闻名中外的画法，鲁迅在关注细节中开创了中国现代小说的新时代。(事例)//相反，我们周围的一些人，对什么事都马马虎虎，对细节处毫不在意，最后一事无成。//两相比较，答案不是很明显吗?关注细节，收获精彩的人生;忽视细节，空留无穷的遗憾。(事例后+反例+比较分析)

【示例】俗话说：勤能补拙。(观点)//就拿我国明代的张溥来说吧，他小时候很“笨”，别人读一会儿就能背下来的东西，他往往要读几十遍才能背下来。但是，他并没有灰心，每拿到一篇文章，先认真抄一遍，校正好，再大声朗读一遍，然后烧掉，接着再抄。这样，一篇文章往往要抄六七遍。后来，他逐渐变得文思敏捷，出口成章。26岁写下了名扬天下的《五人墓碑记》。(正面事例)

相反，仲永5岁就能赋诗，可谓天赋出众。凭着聪明，他父亲带他四处作诗炫耀。仲永再也不思进取，长大以后，他变得庸庸碌碌，“泯然众人矣”! (反面事例，注意其转述的简洁及侧重点)

不难看出，张溥虽然很“笨”，但他肯勤学苦练，正是勤学苦练才使他的文思变得逐渐敏捷起来;而仲永虽然天赋出众，但他后来不思进取，终致庸庸碌碌，“泯然众人矣”! (分别对两个事例作对比分析论证)//由此可见，尽管先天智力因素的差异不可否认，但后天的勤奋则能弥补先天智力上的不足。(总结)

▲语段结构：观点+正面事例+反面事例+事例后的对比分析+总结

【示例】好集体不会埋没人才。(观点)//孙膑与庞涓同出于鬼谷子门下。他们二人可说是精于谋略，都是不可多得的人才。但是当孙膑来到庞涓任职的魏国时，庞涓嫉妒他的才能，表面恭敬内心狠毒，多次向魏王进谗言，以致使孙膑被挖去膝盖骨，不得施展其才能。而齐王听说孙膑之才，不惜费尽心力，将孙膑请到齐国，委以重任。齐军才有了马陵道之胜。(举一反例与一正例)

同是孙膑为何落得两种境遇呢?(抓信矛盾点，设问，因果探究)

就是因为他效劳于优劣不同的两个统治集团。在魏国，庞涓只图私利，妒贤嫉能，魏王昏庸，偏听偏信，而且缺乏识别千里马的伯乐眼光。孙膑在这样一个集体中，如何施展大志呢?而齐王任贤用能，身边的臣子也不像庞涓那样谋私，因而上下齐心，孙膑在此，正得以充分发挥作用。(因果分析法)//可见，好集体不会埋没人才。(总结，观点)

【点评】一个正面的例子，一个反面的例子放在一起，接下来要对这个例子从正反两方面进行对照分析，突出“好集体不会埋没人才”的观点。

▲语段模式：观点+事例(一反例与一正例)+例后(设问+因果分析)+总结观点

3、因果分析。就是写完事例论据后进行论据推导，得出结论。例如话题《爱心》：

《园丁之歌》中那个陶力，当初是那么的贪玩顽皮，使每一个教他的老师都感到头痛，叫苦不迭。(事例)//但是为什么他的班主任于老师能够使他走上正路，认真学习呢?(设问)//(揭示原因)//原因是于老师采取了适当的方法，使陶力有个适宜的成长环境。于老师之所以能够这样做，是因为他对学生有一颗爱心。(事例后+设问+揭示原因)

为加强论证的深度，还可以使用“因果链”的形式。例如：

因为有了诚信，所以人与人之间的关系就更为和谐;关系更为和谐，就能大大提高办事的效率;效率提高了，整个社会就能不断地进步。//可见，诚信是社会进步的明灯，是历史前进的灯塔。

【示例5】靠奋斗冲破“埋没”的压力。(观点)古今中外，许多取得了重大成就的人，很多都遭受过“埋没”的命运。爱因斯坦就曾被埋没在一个专利局中，充当小职员的平凡角色。但他没有灰心，抓紧一切机会进行研究，终于开创了物理学的新天地。华罗庚曾“埋没”在小店铺里，但他没有消沉，每天在做好营业工作后，抓紧一分一秒的时间，昼夜不停，寒暑不辨，刻苦自学，潜心钻研数学，终成著名的数学家。(事例)为什么他们没有因“埋没”而“窒息”，并且能有建树?//(设问+因果分析)//因为他们不甘心忍受被“埋没”的命运;不管在怎样不利的情况下，他们始终没有丧失向上的勇气和力量;他们坚信：不失千里之志的千里马，终有奋蹄腾飞的日子。//因此，他们在“埋没”的情况下，不是怨天尤人，而是努力拼搏奋斗，终于冲破“埋没”，脱颖而出。(分析总结)

▲语段模式：观点+事例+例后(设问+因果分析)+分析总结

【方法点拨】(探因分析法)作者在列举受因斯坦和华罗庚之例后，运用探因分析法，一层深一层地提示了他们冲破“埋没”的原因：不甘被埋没，坚信能冲破埋没，努力拼搏奋斗。从而使事例很好地论证了论点。

【示例】人贵有自知之明。对自己有准确的认识，才不会被别人的评价所蒙蔽。邹忌的妻、妾和客出于私心，异口同声地肯定邹忌比美丽的城北徐公更美，但邹忌没有被假象迷惑。为什么邹忌能透过妻、妾和客的交口称赞的表象发现问题的本质呢?因为他时刻保持着清醒的头脑，有自知之明。邹忌对自己的清醒认识，使他没有迷醉在虚假的光环之下，并借此发掘出了治国安邦的道理。由此可见，自知之明多么重要。

4、引用分析。就是写完事例论据后再引用名言、诗句等，然后结合对名言、诗句的阐释发挥和事例论据一同进行分析。例如，话题《不要为打翻的牛奶哭泣》：

明代历史学家谈迁花费二十年心血，收集大量资料，历尽许多艰难，终于完成了历史巨著《国榷》。但是刚完成时，被小偷偷走了。世间没有比这更痛苦残忍的了。面对此打击，谈迁在痛苦中毅然决定：重写《国榷》!又一个二十年过去了，一部更高水平的《国榷》展现在世人面前。(事例)//读书至此，我想到了普希金的诗句：“假如生过欺骗了你，不要悲伤，不要心急!忧郁的日子里，需要镇静。相信吧，快乐的日子将会来临!”(引用名人名言)//我们要从过去中吸取经验教训，而不要让过去成为负担，换句话说——不要为打翻的牛奶哭泣!(事例后+名人名言+围绕观点进行阐述分析)

5、类比分析。就是使用类比的方法，在话题之外引用一个类比物，通过对二者相似点的分析推理得出结论。例如论述“感情的亲疏和对事物的认知”：

其实探知也如同喝茶的艺术，我们泡茶的时候，第一遍淡洌，第二遍沉香，为什么第三遍才最爽口宜人?因为前两遍冲去了茶叶上的蜡质和灰尘，第三遍才泡出了茶叶的真纯之味。(类比物)//我们探知也是如此，(话题)//在对事物的认知上，越过感情布下的迷雾，抛过感情亲疏的羁绊，用一尘不染的心灵，轻装上路，才能取得丰硕的成果，领悟认知的真谛。(分析二者相似点推理得出结论)

(类比物+话题+分析二者相似点推理得出结论)

6、同类归纳法。所举之例应为同类例子，并且在分析论述时要紧扣论点找出相同点。

【示例三】只有付出，才有收获。(观点)左思为写《三都赋》闭门谢客，数载耕耘。三九严冬，笔耕不辍;三伏酷暑，意兴犹酣。多少白日，三餐忘食;多少夜晚，独对孤灯。“衣带渐宽终不悔”的执着，换来了丰硕的成果，《三都赋》轰动全城，一时洛阳纸贵。英国物理学家法拉第，为了揭示电和磁的奥秘整整奋斗了十年，十年中，他不懈地努力，却不断地失败;不断地失败，却又不懈地努力。十年之后，他成为揭示电磁奥秘的第一人。(事例)

左思和法拉第，不同时代，不同国籍，不同的研究领域，而他们成功的道路却是相同的——付出，无悔地付出。付出心血和汗水，付出精力和智慧。 (同类归纳评论)

▲语段模式：观点+事例后+同类归纳评论

【示例】乐观是成功的保证。(观点)牛顿发明地心引力学说的时候，全世界人反对他;哈费发明血液循环学说的时候，全世界人反对他;达尔文宣布进化论的时候，全世人反对他;贝尔第一次造电话的时候，全世界人讥笑他;莱特初用苦功于制造飞机的时候，全世界人讥笑他。讲到孙中山先生，最初在南洋演讲革命救国的时候，有一次听的人只有三个。(事例)

但这许多人都因抱着乐观主义的精神，而为后世所称道。也正因有了极强烈而有效的乐观主义精神，他们才战胜各种艰难险阻取得胜利，获得了成功。(同类归纳评论)

▲语段模式：观点+事例后+同类归纳评论

7、叙议交融法：叙述交融法即叙中有议，议在叙中的一种分析方法。

【示例】人才到处都有，问题在于是否有人去发现他们。(观点)//追溯历史，要是萧何不与韩信几天几夜地谈话，他哪里知道韩信是天下无双的奇才呢?要是左光斗不在大雪之夜微服出访巧遇苦读的史可法，他怎会发现史可法是可造之才呢?要是没有伯乐深入马群调查研究，人们又怎么能鉴别出日行千里的良马呢?//(叙中有议，议在叙中)

【方法点拨】在论证过程中，将论据的叙述融于排比兼反问的说理之中，一箭双雕。做到语言简洁有力，信息含量丰富，逻辑性强。

8、运用基本的哲学思维。

哲学是一切科学的科学，是对自然和社会一切知识的提炼和概括。哲学观点有紧急基础和上层建筑的关系、全面的观点、发展的观点、普遍联系的观点。这些基本思想派生出一些子目，如：原因与结果、偶然与必然、现象与本质、对立与统一、外因与内因、量变与质变、实践与认识、主观与客观等。如论述“近墨者未必黑”：

我们知道，事物的变化是外因和内因共同作用的结果，而外因是变化的条件，内因是变化的根据，外因只能通过内因起作用。(哲学观点)//所谓“近墨者黑”，正是忽略了事物发展的内因而过分突出外因。//屈原身为楚国大夫时整个官场腐化堕落，私己而误国，周遭一片墨黑。唯独屈原忠心耿耿，众人皆醉而他独醒，即使被小人陷害也不改其救国之志。宁可“赴常流葬乎江鱼腹中”，也不“以皓皓之白蒙世之温蠖”。包拯坐镇开封府时，权贵大臣贪污受贿成风，皇亲国戚徇私枉法为盛。而包拯却独保清廉，铁面无私。(事例)//可见，近墨者变黑与否，关键还在于近墨者本人，在于他的人格、意志、判断力等。近墨者中的很大一部分人能“出污泥而不染”，自始至终不被周围不良事物所左右。(分析推理得出结论)

(哲学观点+事例+分析推理得出结论)

●详例与概例

▲看看下列两个语段，看看它们在证明语段论点时用例有何不同。

【例1】在曲径中转身，也许能创造奇迹。//当你在曲径中跌跌撞撞，头破血流甚至奄奄一息的时候，不要放弃，只要稍事休息，来个华丽的转身，即可东山再起。//拿破仑在被反法同盟军打败后，被流放在大西洋的一个孤岛上，但他并没有因此而绝望，他重返法国，建立“百日王朝”，创造了一个神话，一个前无古人后无来者的奇迹。尽管滑铁卢之战他再次失败了，但他的这次转身却在历史上写下了厚重的一笔。//所以，即使在艰难困苦中也不要放弃，即使山重水复，只要你肯转身，相信前面定会是“柳暗花明又一村”。(以“转身”为话题的作文片段)

【例2】自卑像根受潮的火柴，难以将希望之火点燃;自负像个可怕的陷阱，一旦身陷其中即难以自拔;唯有自信自强，才能扬起生活的风帆。//我国宋朝的文豪苏洵，几次赶考都名落孙山，一些人更是对他冷嘲热讽，但他没有灰心，而是闭门苦读，终于因散文有极高的造诣而名列唐宋八大家;举世闻名的音乐家贝多芬，30岁就耳聋，他没有屈服于命运的安排，在听不见声音的情况下，创造了大量优秀作品，并谱写出时代的最强音“扼住生命的咽喉”;居里夫人，这位伟大的科学家，作为镭的发现者，荣获诺贝尔化学奖，耀眼荣誉没有使她陶醉，他仍如从前一样孜孜不倦的工作，使它成为获得这一殊荣的唯一女性。//这些伟人之所以能够取得成功，是因为他们在挫折面前毫不自卑，在成就面前毫不自负，始终有自强不息的精神。(考场优秀作文《自卑?自负?自强》)

【分析】证明语段论点时，例1在举例论证时仅用了一个事例，而且较详细，我们称之为“详例”;例2在举例论证时则用了三个事例，叙述简约，而且句式上排比，我们称之为“概例”。

▲▲1以详例证明观点

所谓详例，即用典型的具体的事例作论据来证明语段论点，叙例文字较多，即通常所说的“摆事实”“例证法”。由于这种方法是以个别事实作为前提证明一个观点的，因此，选例要有较强的说服力，列举的事实必须注意应该真实、典型。详例看似简单，但最易出问题，我们看以下病例：

【例3】欧洲有位化学家，在一次实验中，发现一种新物质，可是他没有把这种新物质提炼出来，就放弃了这个实验。后来另一位化学家也做了这样的实验，由于他坚持不懈，另一种新元素终于被他发现了。

【分析】事例语焉不详，甚至虚假。提到的两位化学家，没有写出他们的姓名，做什么实验，发现一种什么新物质，模糊不清，因此降低了论据的说服力。

【例4】法国的托尔斯泰为写《战争与和平》深入采访，光笔记就写了40万字，最后终于用60年的时间完成了这部巨著。

【分析】事例不准确，出现硬伤。托尔斯泰是俄国作家，哪个不知道?“用了60年时间完成了这部巨著”，与事实不符。事实上，托尔斯泰写《战争与和平》，一共用了7年时间。论据不真实，失去可信度，同样就没有说服力了。

【例5】做事必须要有恒心。唐代大诗人白居易在诗坛上颇负盛名，但他从不满足，从不松懈，经常深入民间把自己的新诗念给村妇老农们听，问他们听懂听不懂，虚心征求他们的意见，并加以修改。所以他的诗通俗易懂，深受广大人民喜爱。

【分析】事例与观点若即若离，打擦边球。用这个事例论证“做事要有恒心”显然是不妥的，虽然其中也有“不松懈”、“经常”等字样，却不能用来论证“有恒”。如果用它来论证“作家应该有严谨的创作态度”则是很切题的。

【例6】“有志者事竟成”的例子实在不胜枚举。西汉历史学家司马迁，年轻时遵父命写史书，遍访天下古迹，花费二十年进行资料搜寻蓄备。正当他潜心著书时，一场灾难降临了他的头上。因为他为李陵辩护而惹怒了汉武帝，被捕下狱，遭受宫刑。这一打击使他痛不欲生，几欲绝命于世。正是著写史书的大志支撑着他，使他忍辱苟活，终于完成了历史巨著《史记》。

(用例冗长，以叙代议。这是初学议论文的同学最易犯的毛病。司马迁的事迹众所周知，无须详细介绍。这样不仅拉长篇幅，成为赘语，而且冲淡了论点。)

1.想像类的题目不要表现什么主题，只要写得有趣有益就行;

2.结尾段千万不能用议论或表决心，最后仍然是描写，与开头呼应，如果与开头基本相同，也很有特色;

4.语文大考时，起码要为文章留好一个小时的时间，基础知识的检查放在作文之后。修改时要使用标准的修改符号，并注意卷面的整洁。

5.认真的书写是成功的前提。阅读者会在第一眼就对你留下良好印象;

6.写作时，应在选材和形式上多加斟酌，表现出你的智慧、思想和追求，即使阅卷者也自愧不如;

7.文章中应充满强烈的感情secai，因为唯有强烈的情感才能打动人心;

8.对手中的素材加以小小的修饰，使之更感人，更鲜明和更富有美感，这不是虚假，而是美化;

9.写作中要加进至少一种新颖的尝试，这种尝试是你从未使用过的。唯有你自己都觉得新鲜的东西，别人也才会觉得新鲜;

10、以第一人称写作最适宜抒情，并增加文章的真实感和可信度。

11.考试前几日，可以有选择地翻阅一些高品质作文图书，以帮助打开思路;

12.考试作文的最低要求是文顺和切题，达到了这两个要求，基本分数就可以拿到;

13.考试时要不要打草稿，这要视各人情况而定，一般来说，因为费时，所以尽量免去;

14.一篇文章起码分有四段，在六七段最为适宜;

15.书写整洁极其重要，阅卷老师的第一好感来自于你的字迹;

16.开头第一段一定要全力以赴，用描写手法描写人物形态、事件过程或景物特色。成功的开头占据全文得分的50%;

17.遇到生冷的作文题，不要害怕，缩小其范围，发现其核心，即可行文;

18.如果考试题已经做过，那肯定是一件大好事，当然，需要你“更上一层楼”;

19.像叙述一个故事给好朋友听一样，口语化的语言就像录音，非常生动有趣;

20、语言幽默一些，增加趣味性，让阅卷老师也忍不住笑出声来，这样的文章一定能得高分;

一.开头段常用提出现象句型

1. Nowadays more and more…are commonly and widely…in everyday life.

如今，在日常生活中，越来越多…被广泛…

2. In recent years…is gaining growing popularity with…

近年来，…受到越来越多…的欢迎

3. Recent years have been a boom in…

近年来，出现了迅速增长。

4. Nowadays, there are many…

如今，出现了许多…

5. Nowadays,…has become a very common matter in…

如今，…已经成为在…的常见现象。

6. Nowadays, there is a growing tendency in…

如今，在…方面出现了上升趋势。

7. Recently…has aoused wide concern…/has been brought into focus.

最近，…引起了广泛关注/受到了人们的关注。

8. Most of us may have such experience that…

我们当中许多人可能都有…这种经历。

二. 开头段常用引出他人观点的句型

9. In reaction to the phenomenon of…, some people say…

针对…现象，有人说…

10.When asked about…most people say…

当被问到…，大多数人认为…

11. When it comes to…, some people think…

关于…,有人认为…

12. Now, it is widely believed that…

现在，许多人认为…

三.开头/中间段常用引出两种不同观点的句型

13. There is a public debate today over… some people believed that…Others claim that…

如今社会上出现了关于…的争论。有些人认为…另一些人则声称…

14. When it comes to/talking about…, quite a few people believe that …but other people think differently.

当谈及…时，有相当一部分人认为…然而，另一些人则有不同的想法。

15. People’s opinion wary when they talk about…Some maintain that…Others believe that…

当谈及…时，人们观点不一。有人坚持认为…另有人认为…

四.开头段常用引出故事/事件句型

16.At about…o’clock in the…,when I…, I saw…

…点在…,当我正…的时候，我看见…

17. It was a …morning, when a …suddenly…

五.中间段常用引出优缺点/不足/影响句型

18.The advantages of…lies in many ways.

…有许多有点/好处。

19….as in the case with many issues, has both merits and demetits.

正如许多事物一样，…也是既有优点又有不足的。

20….will bring about an unfavorable effects/influence on…

…会为…造成不好的影响。

21. …may give rise to/result in a number of problems.

…会导致一系列的问题。

六.中间段/结尾段常用引出原因句型

22. Why…? Three factors can explain this. First… Second…Third…

为什么…?有三个因素可以解释。首先，…其次…，第三…

23. As for/Among the factors for…,…counts for the half, the rest depends on…

就导致…的因素而言，…是一部分原因，另一部分原因是…

七.中间/结尾段常用引出解决方法句型

24. How to…? The key words are as follows. To begins with, …Next, …Finally, …

如何…?关键措施如下。首先…其次…最后…

25. Such …would not …if we knew the following ways to handle …First,… Second,…Third…(虚拟语气)

如果我们掌握了以下处理…的方法，如此的…可能不会…第一个方法是…第二个方法是…第三个方法是…

八.结尾段常用引出“我”的个人观点的句型

26. As far as I am concerned, I agree with…

就我个人而言，我支持…

27. As to me, the former/latter opinion is more acceptable.

对我来说，前/后一种观点更可以接受。

28. For my part, I am on the side of…

对我来所，我站在…那边。

29. As I see it, …

就我看来，…

30. From my perspective, I…

就我而言，我…

九.图表作文开头段常用引出总体趋势的句型

31. As can be seen from the line/bar/chart/table that…increased/rose/grew/dramatically from…

从图表可见，自…以来，…出现了极大的增长。

32. It can be seen/concludedfrom the chart that…dropped/declined/fell/reduced slightly to…

依图可见/判断，…小幅下降到了…

The winter solstice, the winter solstice as the "holiday" in han dynasty, the rulers to congratulate ceremony known as "He Dong", official holidays, routine officialdom popular each "winter" worship custom. "Were" has such records: "before and after the winter solstice, the gentleman place static body, baiguan, scenes, and then pick an auspicious day Chen save trouble." So on the court and off to rest, to the army on standby, frontier retreat, business travel out of business, family and all distinctions to food, visit each other, a joyous festival "place static body". When in the six dynasties, the winter solstice is called "the age", people to elders to extend holiday greetings to your parents; After the song dynasty, the winter solstice festival gradually become the sacrifice to ancestors and gods.

Tang and song period, the winter solstice is to worship the day of worship ancestors, the emperor held outside the day to worship, the people in this day to the parents or elders worship. Ming and qing dynasties, the emperor have to worship, of "winter solstice jiao days". There has to be given to a emperor, table officials ritual, but also to each other for congratulations, like New Years day.

Winter festival also called yesterday, hand in winter. It is one of the 24 solar terms, is a traditional festival of China, have "the winter solstice as big as a year". Winter solstice supplements, is Chinas traditional customs, folksay: fill a lump-sum winter, in the coming year without pain. Summer volts, winter lump-sum. The winter solstice mend, nutrients.

冬至到了，汉代以冬至为“冬节”，官府要举行祝贺仪式称为“贺冬”，官方例行放假，官场流行互贺的“拜冬”礼俗。《后汉书》中有这样的记载：“冬至前后，君子安身静体，百官绝事，不听政，择吉辰而后省事。”所以这天朝廷上下要放假休息，军队待命，边塞闭关，商旅停业，亲朋各以美食相赠，相互拜访，欢乐地过一个“安身静体”的节日。魏晋六朝时，冬至称为“亚岁”，民众要向父母长辈拜节;宋朝以后，冬至逐渐成为祭祀祖先和神灵的节庆活动。

唐、宋时期，冬至是祭天祀祖的日子，皇帝在这天要到郊外举行祭天大典，百姓在这一天要向父母尊长祭拜。明、清两代，皇帝均有祭天大典，谓之“冬至郊天”。宫内有百官向皇帝呈递贺表的仪式，而且还要互相投刺祝贺，就像元旦一样。

冬至节亦称冬节、交冬。它既是二十四节气之一，是中国的一个传统节日，曾有“冬至大如年”的说法。冬至进补，是我国传统风俗，俗语云：三九补一冬，来年无病痛。夏养三伏，冬补三九。冬至补一补,一年精气足。

审题的目的是吃透命题人预设的条条框框，并尽可能地拓展开思路，然后确定最能扬长避短的写作方向。但如果审题不清，就有可能导致方向上、战略上的错误，这对于一篇考场作文而言将是毁灭性的。中考作文评分标准中对一类文一般有“切合题意”的描述，对于四类文以下则有“偏离题意或文不对题”等类似表述。《语文课程标准》中则强调“写作时考虑不同的目的和对象”和“有独立完成写作的意识”等表述。

【中考兵法】

技巧一：审题类型

看到一个作文题，先要判定它是何种类型的作文题：是全命题作文还是提供话题需要再自拟题的话题作文，是选择型半命题作文还是自由填写型半命题作文，是材料作文还是用材料引题的全命题作文或话题作文，是续写、扩写还是看图作文。如：

鸟儿的愿望是飞上蓝天，鱼儿的愿望是畅游大海，花儿的愿望是吐露芬芳，而你的愿望是什么呢?可能是为玉树灾区祈福，可能是为西南早灾祈雨，可能是为爸爸妈妈祈祷，也可能是为自己许下梦想……敞开心扉，尽情地写出内心的愿望吧!

请以“愿望”为话题，写一篇作文。

要求：(1)题目自拟;(2)文体不限; (3)字数不少于550字，诗歌不少于20行;(4)文中不得出现真实的人名、校名和地名。

这道题属话题作文，需“题目自拟”，可写成“不少于550字”的文章，也可以写成“不少于20行”的诗歌，“文体不限”更是提供了广阔的创作尝试空间。

技巧二：析透引语

绝大部分的话题作文、半命题作文;部分命题作文有引语或提示语。其作用一般有三种：一是拓展写作思路，降低文题难度;二是明确写作方向，暗示写作要求;三是引起考生情感共鸣，便于调动写作素构。审清引语的方法主要是提取关键词和切题联想。如：

有人憧憬雪花飞扬的冬，有人心仪草长莺飞的春，有人喜欢阳光灿烂的夏，有人钟情天高云淡的秋。岁月更迭，四季交替，总有一个季节让人期盼，总有一片天空让人翱翔，总有一段往事让人回味，总有一份精彩属于自己。

请以“总有我的季节”为题写一篇文章。

要求：将题目抄在答题卡上;除诗歌、剧本以外文体不限;不要少于600字;文中不要出现本人(或暗示)的姓名、校名。

从引语我们可以看出，题目中(将“季节”可以指“冬”“春”“夏”“秋”的自然季节，也可以指“属于自己”的“一片天空”“一段往事’“‘一份精彩”等难忘经历和精彩回忆。

技巧三：理清“要求”

文题后面往往都有—个“要求”或“注意”，它常对写作范围、文体、篇幅等方面作一些限定，有的给出的是副标题，要求自拟题目作文，有的要求只能写成记叙文或议论文，有的特别要求写成书信体，而有些要求则隐含在引语之中。如：

(1)以“我读_______ ”为题，写一篇文章。

要求：(1)在横线上填上一本书的书名，将题目补充完整;(2)文体不限(诗歌除外);(3)不少于600字;(4)文中不得出现真实的人名、校名、地名。

(2)书信是我们交流思想、表达情感最常见的方式。《与朱元思书》描绘了一幅充满生机的大自然画卷;《就英法联军火烧圆明园致巴特勒上尉的一封信》愤怒地谴责了侵略者的罪行;《傅雷家书》传递着动人的舐犊之情;《致女儿的一封信》则用充满诗意的故事阐释了生命的真谛……请你选择一个渴望交流的对象，以写信的方式追忆往事、传递情感、关注现实、畅想未来，展开心灵对话吧!

请以“写给_________ ”为题，写一篇文章。

要求：(1)请选择下列五个词语中的一个，填入标题横线处，使之完整(自己班主任 温总理 蚂蚁 未来);(2)字数不少于600字;(3)文中不得出现真实的人名、地名、校名。

这两道题都是半命题作文。但要求又不同于一般的自由补写型的半命题作文。第(1)题“要求”中明确指出要填写的是“一本书的书名”，如果补写成 “我读懂了他”“我读小说的经历”“我读故我在”等当然就属于跑题了。第(2)题则属于五选一的选填型半命题作文，补写内容不能游离于所供五个对象之外。当然第(2)题的引语部分“以写信的方式”也限定了文体必须是书信体。

伏笔式照应，就是在文章的前面为后面设下埋伏的内容。这种照应，有的体现在事物上，有的体现在线索上，有的体现在情节上，用得比较多的是后者。以下是小编为您带来的记叙文写作照应技巧，欢迎阅读!

一、首尾式照应

首尾式照应，就是在文章开头出现的事物或语句，在文章结尾又再次出现，从而构成首尾呼应的关系，使全文形成一个首尾圆合、严密无懈的整体。首尾式照应的作用，主要表现在两个方面，一是在内容上，它可以强调某种思想感情，强化主题意义，加深读者印象，提高表达效果。二是在结构上，它可以增强文章的完整性和回环美。

首尾式照应在记叙文中的运用，常见的有两种情况。

一是运用倒叙方法的记叙文，必然是首尾照应，这种情况最多，也最典型。例如《记一辆纺车》，它运用了倒叙的方法，首尾照应很严密。请看首尾两段的有关内容：

首段：“我曾经使用过一辆纺车，离开延安那年，把它跟一些书籍一起留在蓝家坪了，后来常常想起它。想起它，就像想起旅伴，想起战友，心里充满着深切的怀念。”

尾段：“就因为这些，我常常想起那辆纺车。想起它就像想起旅伴和战友，心里充满着深切的怀念。围绕着这种怀念，也想起延安的种种生活。……”

这两段文字，在内容上、感情上、修辞上、时间上、地点上、表达方式上等方面，几乎都是相同的，前者放在开头，领起全篇，造成悬念，揭示主旨，激发读者阅读的兴趣。后者放在结尾，总结全文，强调中心，回扣文首。这样，既强调了作者与纺车的密切关系，又深化了纺车的不平凡意义，使文章形成了一个很严密的整体。

二是运用顺叙方法的记叙文，也有首尾照应的，但没有运用倒叙方法记叙文的照应那么周密，那么严整，运用的频率也不高，难度却较大，但如果运用得好，会产生别出心裁的效果，例如莫怀戚的《散步》，是一篇用顺叙方法写成的记叙文，其中就运用了这种照应的方法。

先看开头：“我们在田野散步：我，我的母亲，我的妻子和儿子。”

再看结尾：“这样，我们在阳光下，向着那菜花、桑树和鱼塘走去，到了一处，我蹲下来，背起了母亲，妻子也蹲下来，背起了儿子。……”

这两段文字的照应，主要体现在两个方面：一是情节的照应，即“散步”;二是人物的照应，即“我”母亲、妻子、儿子等祖孙三代四个人。而且，照应的顺序很有讲究，开头是“散步”总概，结尾是具体的“散步”;开头由“我”到“母亲”到“妻子”到“儿子”，结尾依然是这样的安排顺序。这样照应，既有序，又有物，既合理，又严密。

首尾式照应是使文章完整的最主要方法之一，运用时，有两点值得注意：一是照应的语句要有所变化，不能简单重复，否则显得呆板;二是开头和结尾的文字，要有明显的适应性，开头只能作开头，结尾只能做结尾，不能互换而用。

二、总结式照应

总结式照应，就是在文章有关段落的前面或后面，对上面或下面的内容进行总结或领起，这种总结总领式的语句或段落，至少出现两次，而且句式或段落的内容和形式基本相同，从而形成前后照应的关系，使文章浑然一体。

总结式照应既在内容上归束上文，领起下文，又在结构上勾连前后，具有明显的阶段性，有的从内容上，逐层引向深入，有的从感情上，依次推向高潮。它在内容上以总结总领为主，在结构上以照应为主。例如《白杨礼赞》这篇文章，全文共9个自然节，总结式照应主要体现在第4、第6两节。第4节：“那就是白杨树，西北极普通的一种树，然而实在是不平凡的一种树。”第6节：“这就是白杨树，西北极普通的一种树，然而决不是平凡的树。”这两段文字，前者总结是第3节内容，后者总结第5节内容，它们都是一名话，都是独立成段，二者不仅内容相同，都是说白杨树的不平凡，都是说白杨树的评赞，而且句式也都是相同的，都是二重转折复句，都是判断句加否定句，实际上，只有两个词之差，其余所用的文字也都是相同的。这样总结，就构成了明显的照应关系，使文章前后相联，彼此关照，避免了松散和拖沓，强调了白杨树的不平凡意义，总结很有深度和力度。

总结式照应的另一种形式，就是体现文章主题思想的语句在文中多次出现，如果出现在开头，则起领起作用，如果出现在中间或结尾，则起总结作用。这种照应阶段性不明显，但更自由灵活。《钓胜于鱼》这篇以记叙文为主的哲理散文，就采用了这种照应的方法。体现文章主题的语句是“我是为钓，不是为鱼”，这个句子在文中完整地出现有两次，一次是在第6节，二次是在第 18节，除此而外还有与之相近的句子，如第10节：“能够欣赏钓，而不计较鱼”;如第17节：“不是为鱼的钓者”等。这些语句，有的用于段落的开头，有的用于段落的结尾，概括领起，总结归纳，前照后应，十分和谐紧凑。

总结式照应有明显的阶段性，阶段的体现有两种形式，一是并列式，像《白杨礼赞》;二是递进式，如《钓胜于鱼》。运用时，要注意文章的发展顺序，是并列式还是递进式。如果是前者，总结的语句可以相同：如果是后者，总结的语句就要稍有变化，要符合递进的内容特点，还有，总结的语句宜简不宜详，以概括为主，表达上一般是议论或抒情。

三、伏笔式照应

伏笔式照应，就是在文章的前面为后面设下埋伏的内容。这种照应，有的体现在事物上，有的体现在线索上，有的体现在情节上，用得比较多的是后者。伏笔式照应讲究的是“伏”，“伏”的内容设计要服从全文的主要情节，不能旁逸。同时，后文要有对前文“伏”的内容的说明，使“伏”的内容有个圆满的交代，从而形式前伏后应的密切关系，使文章结构严谨。

伏笔式照应既有单一性的，又有多样性的，前者按一条线索设置伏笔，单线发展，这种照应，比较简单，读者容易掌握.后者多方面地设置伏笔，也多方面交代结局，这种照应有一定的难度 ，读者不易把握，但用得好，可以增加文章的结构美。例如，《挺进报》就运用了这种多样性的伏笔照应。

文章开头提到陈然：“决心学写仿宋字”，狱中党组织又指示陈然“心须坚持写仿宋字”，这两处都是伏笔，后来，特务们核对许晓轩的笔迹，得出“笔迹相同”的结论，这是对前面两处伏笔的交代，照应十分严密。如果前面没有那两处伏笔，这个结论就很难作出，如果硬写上这个结论，就显得突兀了，这是第一组伏笔式照应。

写散文，就得需要用一些华丽的词藻来描写景色，衬托人物的内心世界;写小说，就得需要大量的对话，具体的人和物的描写，使用大量的形容词和量词，比如说你看到了一把刀架在你的脖子上，就应该说我看到一把闪闪发亮的短柄瑞士军刀架在了我的脖子上。呵呵，我不写散文和小说，只是大概说一说这两种文体的写作套路。由于泥人常写的文章以财经、管理、时评类为主，这里主要讲一下写时评类文章的技巧。

时评文章，顾名思义，就是时事评论性的文章，写时评文章，其写作套路可以总结为取材、观点、组织三点。

首先是取材，取材是写时评文章的第一步。取材其实很简单，每天从各个报纸、新闻网站上看看，当天发生了什么重要的或者备受关注的新闻。然后，分析一下，这些新闻的背后是否有可以挖掘的东西。比如：最近发生的一些社会性事件有：真假华南虎事件、华为辞职门事件、嫦娥卫星上天事件、色.戒电影等等，还有当地的报纸上刊登的地方性新闻、自己在生活中遇到的各类看似正常或本来就不正常的现象。这些新闻事件和现象背后一定有其深层次的原因和相关的因素值得去挖掘。这就是写作的取材。

其次是观点，有了写作材料，然后就需要根据写作材料形成自己的观点。比如真假华南虎事件就可以来由此拷问社会诚信度问题、从技术或者情感角度去支持某一方、真假华南虎问题带来的社会正面影响、负面影响等等。从华为辞职门事件可以去分析企业的社会责任感、分析中国的钻空子文化、法律的尊严、企业与员工的关系、支持某一方的观点等等。这些都是值得思考和分析的话题，也许我们看到了这样的新闻会有自己的直观判断，但如果我们去深入思考和分析，并将它写出来，就形成了自己的思想积累，长年累月，还会形成一个思想体系。

关于观点，本人的观点是宁愿偏激，拒绝平庸。一个平庸的观点，人云亦云的观点，是没有太大价值的。相反，如果我们从一些常人想不到的角度去思考问题，就会提出新颖的观点，形成自己有个性的观点。例如泥人曾经提出的价值投机的观点、用股利增长模型分析房价等都是非常有个性的观点。如何形成自己的观点，推荐大家一本书《六顶思考帽》，《六顶思考帽》是用红帽子、黑帽子、白帽子、绿帽子、黄帽子、蓝帽子分别来形象的比喻：直观判断、负面角度分析、基本事实角度、创意角度、正面积极角度、综合系统控制角度来对一件事进行六维平性思考。通过六顶思考帽的平行思维方法，我们能对同一件事件从不同角度提出看法，从而形成自己的独特的观点。

第三是组织，有了写作素材和写作观点，剩下的事情就是如何来组织行文了。在网上写作，组织行文的技巧和传统平面文章有所不同。传统平面文章要求组织严密，行文严谨，用词规范等等，而在网上写作，在行文组织上，也要做到三点。第一是要做到标题标新立异且最好能吸引眼球。例如新浪的编辑将“大陆青少年为什么不再把父母当偶像”改为“大陆父母没资格做偶像?”就使标题更为夺人眼球了，这是一个眼球经济时代，眼球就是生产力。也因此出现了一个新名词叫做标题党，指的是标题很哗众取宠，但与内容却不太一致，或者是内容的断章取义。第二是文章要同时给人和搜索引擎看。随着google、百度等搜索引擎被用户普遍使用，用户对一个网站的粘性已越来越低，而更多的是借助于百度搜索引擎来所搜自己需要的内容。因此，文章能不能被搜索引擎搜索到，成了网上写作的一个纯粹的技巧。我们不推荐使用大量的无关的关键字堆砌，但对于每篇文章的主题、核心词汇，就需要有一定有密度。例如，本文的主题是写作技巧，我们在文章就会不断地出现写作技巧这个词，这样有助于用户的搜索体验例如即用户想搜写作技巧这个主题，于是就输入写作技巧这个关键词，就能找到这篇关于写作技巧的文章。关于文章的关键字问题，又是一个话题，这里就不展开了。第三，文章的行文组织上，要做到思路清晰，尽量将论据、论点等一二三列出，让人一看，就能理清头绪，一面看了文章还是一头雾水。

写作技巧应该只是辅助性的，更重要的是文章的内涵和深度，一个没有深度的文章，写得时候很轻松，几分钟就能整出一个文章，然而对读者来说其价值并不是很大，甚至会浪费读者的时间。因此就取材、观点、组织这写作三部曲来说，观点就显得最为重要。

在写作文中，我们要懂得运用技巧，下面是小编整理的中考优秀作文写作的5项技巧分享，欢迎阅读。

1、有一个灵活的头脑：造句法、筛选法、换题法。

2、有一张可爱的脸蛋：书写要工整，自己的字能够写多好就必须写多好，不得使用涂改液，不得随意修改，特别是开头、结尾和段落的开头句，不能修改。

3、有一双闪亮的眼睛：好的文题等于成功了一半。参见《中考满分作文拟题技法——眉目传神惹人眼》

4、有一身漂亮的衣装：(1)一个最拿手的题材(适合自己);(2)一个好故事(好布料);(3)一个好结构(好设计);(4)一口流畅、优美的语言(好花纹、好色彩)。

5、有几件精美的饰品：(1)倒叙、描写、引用开头(好发型)(2)结尾：议论反问式、含蓄余味式、赞美抒情式、哲理深思式、名言点睛式、联想做梦式、决心号召式(名鞋);(3)名言名句名作的恰好点缀(钻石哟);(4)用景物描写渲染气氛(如梦的纱巾)。

写作是—种复杂的思维活动，在高考作文写作的过程中，谋篇布局、文字功夫固然很重要，但形成文字之前的思维技巧更为重要。

作文思维是一个多元的、立体的、复杂的思维过程。常用的思维方法有顺向思维和逆向思维、发散思维和收敛思维、纵向思维和横向思维、线性思维和非线性思维、对称思维和非对称思维、静态思维和动态思维等。这些思维方法贯穿于写作的全过程，我们应当研究思维技法，努力将这些思维方法灵活地运用于作文中，使思路活跃，文思泉涌。

下面，我们择要介绍一些思维技巧。

一、顺向思维

顺向思维是一种从人类已有的成果出发，以人类已有的成果为思维原点，又创造性地推动着人类已有成果向前发展的思维方法。具体的表现形式有三种：一是创造性地运用人类已有的成果；二是对人类已有成果进行创造性的完善三是创造性地深化人类已有的成果。

作为写作中的顺向思维，是指在写作思考的过程中，思维循着命题者的意图、指向去思考。在写作过程中，循着命题者的指向思考，并从正面考虑问题的答案，这样有利于培养思维的求同性。你也可以有所创新，但必须在原材料思维前进的方向上发展创新。

二、逆向思维 逆向思维也叫反向思维法、反弹琵琶法。所谓逆向思维，就是对某一问题抛开它所提供的条件和思路导向；换一个角度向其反面去思考，以获得与原材料截然不同的意义，得出不同凡俗、富有创意的思维结果。

三、求异思维 人们往往习惯于认识事物的某一面，而忽略了与之相反的另一面，因此，这就留给了人们思考的另一空间。运用求异思维的方式，打破从来如此的思维定势，独辟蹊径，反其道而思之，往往有新颖独到的发现，进而写出好的文章.

四、原点思维 原点思维是指以某一原有事物为原点，围绕其所进行的继承借鉴、发扬深化、寻找原因和解决问题的一种思维方式。有人说。原点思维就是从思维的原出发点考虑问题。

五、发散思维 发散思维又称辐射思维放射思维多向思维扩散思维，它是从多种角度去思考探索问题，寻找多样性解决问题的思维方式。发散思维的特点是：充分发挥人的想象力，突破原有的知识因，从一点向四面八方想开去，井通过知识、观念的重新组合，寻找更新更多的设想、答案或方法。发散思维是一种多方面、多角度、多层次的思维方法，具有大胆独创、不受现有知识和传统观念局限和束缚的特性，因此很有可能从已知导向未知，获得创造结果。

六、辨证思维 辩证思维是指用全面、发展、变化的眼光看待事物，透过大量繁复庞杂的现象认清事物本质的思维方法，实际上就是以辩证法为其观念基础的思维认识方法。

[高中语文作文创新写作技巧指导

导语：套用一些英语作文模板可以得到分数的提高哦!下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Some people contend that ... has proved to bring many advantages (disadvantages)

有些人认为________有很多有利之处(不利之处)。

Those who argue for ... say that ...economic development of the cities.

觉得_____的人认为，______ 城市的经济发展。

Some people advocate that ....

有些人在坚持认为_________。

They hold that ... 他们认为_________。

People, who advocate that ..., have their sound reasons (grounds)

坚持认为______的人也有其说法(依据)。

Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high praise of it.

那些从中受益的人对此大家褒奖。

Those who strongly approve of ... have cogent reasons for it.

强烈认同_______的人有很多原因。

Many people would claim that...

有人会认为___________。

Just as the saying goes: "so many people, so many minds". It is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.

俗话说，""。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。

To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.

对于这个问题，不同的人持不同的观点。

There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes without saying that...

万事万物都有其两面性，所以，勿庸置疑，____________。

When it comes to ..., most people believe that ..., but other people regard ...as ....

提到_________问题，很多人认为_________，不过，一些人则认为______是____.

When faced with...., quite a few people claim that ...., but other people think as...

提到_________问题，仅少数人认为________，但另一些人则认为_________。

1. There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that a brighter future

for the world is an impossibility .

我们丝毫没有理由相信，世界不可能会有一个更光明的未来。

2. Meteorologists offer computer models leaving little doubt that this

years El Nino phenomenon has disappeared .

气象学家提供计算机模型，充分证明今年的厄尔尼诺现象已经消失了。

3. Facts prove the unjustifiability of claims that China will be unable to

feed itself by the year 2020 .

事实证明：断言中国到2020年将不可能养活自己是不合道理的。

4. Previous explanations of the rising divorce rate in China are simply

untenable . The fact is that many marriages were simply based on convenience and

wives are no longer willing to accept the abusive domineering attitudes of

husbands .

以前对中国离婚率升高的解释是完全站不住脚的。事实是许多婚姻仅仅建立在便利的基础上，而且妻子不再愿意接受丈夫作威作福的态度。

5. Claim that entering the Chinese market offers foreign companies an

immediate road to profits are grossly misstated and have been proven wrong time

and again . The key to entering China rests with the phraseology " vast

potential market " , and how long one is willing to wait for returns .

声称进入中国市场会给外国公司带来立即获利的途径是非常错误的，事实已经一次次地证明了这一点。进入中国的关键在于“广阔的潜在市场”这一说法以及为了回报愿意等待多久。

下面是小编为大家整理的中考命题作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

第一：抓题眼，把握表意重心。

文章表意的重心就是最能体现文章中心的关键性词语，只有抓住了关键性词语，才能体现文章的特色，写出更好的作文。

第二：明限制，确定选材范围。

限制的内容大致有时间、地点、对象、内容、数量等，审题时要弄清楚，作文时则不能越“雷池”半步。没有限制的内容，题目上没写，需要自己去想。因为只有想到没有限制的内容，才能找到选材的广阔天地，扩大选材的范围。

第三：展联想，深入挖掘主旨。

充分发挥想象和联想，以题目为载体，向深层次挖掘，使自己的作文有深度，这也是得高分的重要一环。

第四：巧构思，化抽象为具体。

“一粒沙里见世界，一瓣花上说人情”。选材若太宽太泛，会给人“空”或“浮”的感觉。要解决这一问题，不妨采取“化大为小”、“化虚为实”或“化宽为窄”的方式，从细微处，具体生动地展现对生活的感悟。