英语四级写作方法与技巧汇总20篇

话题作文就是以所给的话题为中心，并围绕这个中心内容进行选材而写出的文章。下文是为大家精选的中考话题作文写作方法，欢迎大家阅读欣赏。

【解题指津】

话题作文就是以所给的话题为中心，并围绕这个中心内容进行选材而写出的文章。这类作文内容上不予限制，形式上往往也是体裁不限，给考生留下了更大的写作空间。近年来，话题作文的比重呈下降趋势。不过，有的地方没有对话题作文作简单的否定和放弃，而是“退中求变”，出现了一些有价值的探索。比如适当缩小开放范围，设计能激发考生兴趣的个性化提示语，界定概念的内涵和外延等等，这些都是新的命题形式的有益尝试。下面来看看话题作文的几种常见类型：

一是词语型。如“味道”“珍惜”“较劲” 等。这些词语有动词也有名词，有抽象的也有具体的，还有的具有比喻和象征意义，审题时应该注意其内涵和外延。而且，此种题型和命题作文联系密切，来年可能会以命题形式重新出现。

二是短语型。如“这样的衣着”“感悟美好”等。

三是句子型。这种作文命题是一个句子，富有诗意，含意隽永，对于这类题目在审题时主要是抓住主谓部分的中心词或字。如 “分享是美丽的”等。

一、巧拟标题 展示个性

标题是文章的眼睛。在考场上，一个亮丽夺目的文题能迅速激发阅卷老师的好奇心，也能为作者行文提供一个明确的中心点。所以，要闯过中考作文关，拟题好坏举足轻重。总的说来，话题作文拟题要从文章的具体内容出发，做到准确、醒目、新颖、富有诗意。一个好的标题，有这样几点要求：

1.揭示主旨

标题是文章的主要组成部分，必须概括内容，做到“题括文章，文切题旨”。例如作文题：每个人心中都有一些想倾诉的话．给妈妈的、给老师的，喜悦的、烦恼的，关于个人的，关于社会的……因为没有合适的机会，一直深埋在心里。现在，请拿起你的笔，我们在倾听……请以“心声”为话题，写一篇600字以上的文章。(要求略)

2.新颖别致

题目一定要给人一种别致的感觉，这会使你的文章顿生光彩。尤其是话题作文，如果题目平淡，则会直接影响到文章的魅力。如中考作文题目：结合阅读理解(一)中杜小康的“孤独之旅”给你的启示，以“成长”为话题写一篇文章，题目自拟。有的同学将题目定作《妈妈也在成长》，还有的同学拟题为《我的成长我做主》《成长五味》等，这些题目在众多的考卷中显得别开生面，给人一种耳目一新的感觉。

二、巧妙切入 准确立意

1.大小转化

有些话题的范围比较大，能表现多个主题，学生往往难以把握，解决的最好办法就是“化大为小”：把宽泛的话题转换成若干个“小话题”，转化成具体的人、事、物、理，然后从中进行筛选，选取自己最熟悉的、最得心应手的去写。如中考话题作文“渴望”，内涵非常丰富。如果我们能从小处人手，就可以把话题切割成“渴望放假”“渴望长大”“渴望善良”“渴望尊严”等，写作时只要选取其中一个方面，谈深谈透即可。当然，有的话题作文范围很小，学生思维难以发散，此时就应该放开手脚，从大处着眼，小中见大，以拓开思路。

2.反弹琵琶

有些作文题目，如果按照通常的做法正向审题立意，可能容易落入俗套，毫无新意可言。这时如果舍弃正面，改为反面切入，往往很快就可以找到新的突破口，让阅卷老师在千人一面的作文中眼前一亮。如中考话题作文“磨炼”一题，题引材料是孟子的话，启示我们，人必须先经受艰难困苦的磨炼，然后才能做大事，成大业。

这样立意当然比较稳妥，但不易出新出巧。如果从反面切人，从小我们要学会避免挫折和艰难困苦，但困难面前要学会面对，磨炼自己的坚强意志立论，这样就更有启发意义，更有新意。需要注意的是，反面切入得出的见解往往不是“常理”，因而不能广泛应用于所有命题。

三、围绕中心 精心选材

1、重视增加阅读量是提高英语写作的途径之一

目前，考生在进行大量阅读的同时，应注重所读材料的文章结构以及连接词的运用(ontheotherhand，however，furthermore)、作者的表达方式(词汇、习惯用语和典型句子的使用)、作者是如何进行叙述和议论的。

2、在教师的指导下，平时应勤写多练

练习写作应从基本功抓起。在中译英翻译训练过程中，加强积累适量的词汇、词组和增加各种类型句子的运用。把握好各种句型和词汇的搭配，并从各类题材和体裁着手，多阅读好的范文。然后模仿写作，作文写好之后，一般都要修改。

第一遍收笔后，先看一看结构，然后从字词上推敲，使文章“充实”起来。更重要的是经老师修改过的作文一定要仔细地看一至两遍，然后再认真地抄写一遍，收获将会很大。

3、英文写作“四步走”

由于时间限制，考试时必须在所限定的时间内完成英语作文。英语作文步骤如下：

（1)作文动笔之前一般都要先打腹稿。在确立中心上、运用材料上、篇章结构上，充分酝酿。

（2)考虑好想写多少句子，该用哪些动词和词组等。

（3)边写边思考内容的连贯性，语言和句子的准确性。

（4)写完后一定要再细看一遍。

明年的高考即将来临，众多考生也进入了最后的紧张复习阶段，如何高效地复习，最大化地提高成绩呢?作文的分数很重要!有什么写作技巧呢?下文是小编整理的相关内容，欢迎阅读参考!

清代诗人、画家郑板桥有一幅对联：删繁就简三秋树，领异标新二月花。十九世纪英国诗人王尔德说：第一个把美人比成鲜花的人是个天才，第二个把美人比成鲜花的人是个庸才，第三个把美人比成鲜花的人则是个蠢才。要激活自己的创新意识，做到“人无我有，人有我深。常中求变，变中求新。”黑格尔也说过：“内容之所以成为内容，即由于它包括成熟的形式在内。” 高考作文在发展等级中设立“有创新”的条目，目的正是想通过一个侧面鼓励学生培养创造性思维。或是见解新颖，或是材料新鲜，或是构思精巧，或是推理想象有独到之处，或是有个性特征。这些方面都是可能蕴涵“创新”因素的地方，在高考作文中凡是有利于培养学生创造精神和思路解析的地方，我们就必须给予重视和鼓励。

古代戏曲理论家李渔在《闲情偶寄》中这样说过：“变则新，不变则腐;变则活，不变则板。”高中阶段的作文训练也是如此。只有时时处处将创新意识贯彻到写作中，才有可能写出内容和形式俱佳的作文。

怎样才能做到创新呢?重要的就是你比一般人思考得深，琢磨得透，才能从普通的事物中洞见其本质意义。古人说得好：“凡作文发意，第一番来者，陈言也，扫去不用;第二番来者，正语也，停止不可用;第三番来者，精语也，方可用之。”这三番意思代表了认识逐步深化、文章渐次深刻的一个过程。具体可从以下几方面下工夫：

1.精心打造首尾。你精心设计的有个性的“亮点”，你的精彩之笔，要尽量在文章的前头展示出来，不可遮遮掩掩，直到文章的末尾才露出姿容。要一“亮相”便获“满堂彩”，不能搞“图穷匕现”。河南一考生的《一把生锈的锁》，文章层层递进，步步为营，终于找到了问题的根源：自信随岁月逝去。文章题目一语双关，一方面指实实在在的锁，另一方面指心灵上的锁，生动形象。重庆一考生的《菊花飘香的时节》文章一开始就展示了一幅旷远的画面，想象丰富，文情并茂，引人入胜。结尾两段升华主题，前后照应，行文自然流畅。

2.紧跟时代步伐。北京高职一考生的《时尚流行我心定》作者首先用“时尚”作为文章的开篇之语，继而用现实生活中的五花八门，形形色色的“时尚”来阐述所谓的时尚。然后，旁征博引，列举古今中外各行各业的时尚生活。与现代生活紧密相连，有时代特色。江西一考生的《把“意见”刻录成光盘》，好就好在不落窠臼，采取网络搜索的形式，从而似乎出现了一个个画面感，历史和现实的例子就自自然然地展示在读者面前，“搜索结果”就成了作者简短的点评，最后的结论也就水到渠成。本文的内容没有过人之处，出彩的就是它的形式。

3.敢于逆向思维。北京一考生的《包容(七)》中，大对小，厚对薄的包容容易理解，但微小对广博的包容，静止对流动的包容，沉默对喧嚣的包容，此种创意实在是独辟蹊径，非同一般。江苏一考生的《项王项王若奈何》，作者进行丰富而大胆的想象，将思维的触角延伸到了历史之中，以一种全新的眼光对历史人物 ——项王进行了入木三分的刻画与诠释，也更深刻地揭示了一个主题：灵动的水可保持一片蔚蓝，灵动的智慧，可以造就一个英雄。

[高考作文的写作方法

中考作文是语文考试中的半壁江山，要想在这科成绩中独树一帜取得高分，那么作文就一定要认真对待。中考作文在语文成绩的比重是相对较高的，除了要在平时多积累多阅读优秀作文之外，也要学会一些应试的小技巧；也许可以化腐朽为神奇。下面，就和小编一起来看一看中考作文写作九大技巧，希望对大家有帮助！

技巧1：作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是草书书法，切忌字迹潦草。

技巧2：考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面；字体大小也关键，千万不要写出边框线

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。规定五到七断为宜。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影。

考试作文的卷子上，都是用黑颜色印刷的方格。同学们必须使用规定的考试黑色中性笔做文字题及写作文。选择题用2B铅笔，按要求涂上。此外，除书写规范外，写作文的时候，建议占方格下面的四分之三，这样，显得卷面美观。这样的作文写出来，在视觉上有眼前一亮的感觉，分数上可能就会占点便宜。另外，千万不要写出边框线。

技巧3：开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了忌八九行的行文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半，顶多不能超过三行半。视觉会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响到阅卷老师的判定。

技巧4：动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。拟题的办法（见后2、3页详解）根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能依葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

技巧5：作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出亮点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法、解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。

精写前几段，给评卷老师留下一个好印象。要精雕细刻，要出彩。比如，可开门见山，直奔主题;可制造悬念，引人入胜;可提出问题，引人注意;或巧用排比、比喻、拟人等修辞手法，或巧述故事，引人入胜，或巧用题记，揭示主旨，或巧用诗文显诗意。

写好结尾和过渡段。阅卷老师一般是S型的扫描全文。结尾可画龙点睛，发人深思;或总结全文，照应开头;或虚笔拓展，扩大容量;或精辟议论，深化主旨。结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好都要再次扣标题。怎么扣呢？如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

此外，文章要有二至三个亮点。我建议：如果是记叙文，应该用抓人的情节和生动的各种描写（环境、心理、外貌、动作、语言）表现你的真情，记叙文不能没有描写。假如是议论文，就一定要有1--2个典型的论据，就应该有纵横捭阖，很深刻的见解。如果是微型小说一定要有巧妙的构思。这个亮点还可以是一句富有哲理的警句，也可以是一个精彩的比喻，也可以是一个超常的搭配。总之，要能使评卷老师眼睛为之一亮。

技巧6：动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

在具体操作的时候，要给自己充足的构思时间5-8分钟，不要急于动笔，“宁停三分，不争一秒”，因为写作是“开弓没有回头箭”的，写到一半，突然发现，呀！把题目理解错了，或没领会好命题的要求，发现没什么可写的。最可怕的是文章写到一半，又想另起炉灶。时间没了，心情也坏了。干着急。建议打草稿，防止“三边工程”(边想题目，边思结构，边写作文)。考场作文不宜见异思迁，边写边改。要贯彻一种构思。一旦构思已定，就不要轻易改变。因此，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细些，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个聪明的学生，列提纲，大约8分钟到10分钟。时间要掌握好，提纲要简练些。

要力避前松后紧、虎头蛇尾。有些同学构思、提纲拟好后，开头反复推敲，精雕细琢，后来发现时间不够，于是草草收兵。此外，要谨慎对待修改。修改一般只着眼于字词方面的，可用笔划条斜线。结构方面不能修改。要保持卷面的整洁美观，要努力做到改动少而效果好。

此外，千万记住，写作文过程中要多次扣题，要一路扣题一路写。材料、引语和话题中的相关文字至少在文中出现四次以上。开头三句话内应点题一次，结尾应回扣标题，“回眸一笑百媚生”。中间至少扣题一次。几次扣题事实上也是在不断地提醒自己不要跑题。有球场上叫暂停的效果，可以调整思路和写法。

技巧7：想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意点题抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3断或4断，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳论点，记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了。建议除要求不写诗歌外也尽量不要选写议论文。

技巧8：适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

此外还可以把从书上、电视等其它媒介上看到的别人的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。但这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

技巧9：篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，中考高分作文要求都在600字。最好写到580—650字之间。如果实在难快收尾，那就顶多写到700字。实在没必要多写。

英语写作是学生学习的一个盲点，缺乏对写作的专门训练和反思，老师的工作量大，造成作文讲评大多数时候只谈现象，因此学生学得也不具体、不深入，忽略写作技能的提高，甚至误认为只要句子结构正确，无单词拼写错误就应该得满分。同学们应该走出对英语写作认识上的误区。那么怎样才能写出一篇优秀作文，而在中考中获取高分呢？

一、写作决窍

总体把握，要点齐全；人称时态，逻辑清楚；

关键词汇，动词第一；组词成句，结构完整；

组句成文，连词增色；此路不通，绕道迂回；

字迹工整，留好印象；从句适量，高分有望。

1.认真审题。审题包括要点、格式、词数以及此篇文章要传递给读者什么样的信息，告诫读者什么(即写作目的)。

2.确定文体和时态。确定文体后，根据不同文体的特点和要求进行组织材料；同时确定出该篇文章的总时态与时态的变化。

3.写完要点，但不随意发挥。

4.先草稿，后抄写。

not only is summer a hot season but also diseases are apt to happen。 to us it is neither comfortable nor safe。

if we do not wish to get sick， we must pay attention to the following sanitary ways in summer。

both fresh air and clean food are indispensable to us。

we must try our best to get (obtain) them。

we should take at least one bath every day。

don’t wear dirty clothes。

in conclusion， if we can carry out the above – mentioned rules， we will neither get (take/fall) sick nor suffer pain。

"夏天讲卫生方法"英语作文译文:

夏天不仅是个炎热的季节，而且疾病也容易发生。它对我们既不舒适也不安全。我们希望不生病，就得注意下面那些夏天卫生的方法。

新鲜空气和干净的食物两者对我们是不可缺少的。我们必须尽全力去获得它们。

我们每天至少应当洗一个澡。

不要穿脏衣服。

总而言之，如果我们能实行上面所说的那些规则，我们既不会生病也不会吃苦。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

10、直接抒情法

【特点】

直接抒情可以使感情表达得朴实真切，震动人心。直接抒情一般适用于抒发强烈而紧张的感情。直接抒情的特点是叙述时感情强烈，节奏时快、紧张，情感直露，容易把握。

11、间接抒情法

【特点】

间接抒情的特点是抒情含蓄婉转，富有韵味，感染力强。间接抒情一般可以通过叙述抒情，作者在叙述时加上自己主观感情色彩，根据感情的流动来叙述，使读者在叙述的过程中感受作者的思想感情；也可以通过议论抒情，作者在议论中，表达强烈的爱憎、褒贬之情，这种记叙中的议论一般是利用判断来进行；还可以通过描写来抒情，作者在描写的过程中，渗透自己的情感。采用间接抒情的方法，要做到语言美丽而又富有感情色彩。

12、先叙后议法

【特点】

先叙后议是先叙事后议论，因此议论要起总结上文，点胆中心的作用。议论时，要对事件的主要内容，或事件的主要人物，或主要事物进行议论。这样才能做到叙事和议论的统一。议论的方法，可以通过文章的人物的语言、心理活动进行议论，也可以以第三者的身份进行议论。

13、先议后叙法

【特点】

采用先议后叙的方法，首先开门见山地提出记叙的要点和中心，并以此统全文，使全文所记事件的意义，通过议论之后，显得清楚明白。在叙事的时候，要根据议论的中心，抓住重点进行写作。

14、夹叙夹议法

【特点】

夹叙夹议的特点是叙事和议论穿插进行，写法上灵活多变，作者可以自由自在表情达意。采用夹叙夹议的方法写作要注意叙事的连贯性，议论插入要自然。

[常见100种作文写作方法之议论抒情

读后感一直是学生写作常用到的体裁，以下是小编搜索整理一篇如何写好读后感作文方法，欢迎大家阅读!

所谓“感”，可以是从书中领悟出来的道理或精湛的思想，可以是受书中的内容启发而引起的思考与联想，可以是因读书而激发的决心和理想，也可以是因读书而引起的对社会上某些丑恶现象的抨击。读后感的表达方式灵活多样，基本属于议论范畴，但写法不同于一般议论文，因为它必须是在读后的基础上发感想。要写好有体验、有见解、有感情、有新意的读后感，必须注意以下几点：

首先，要读好原文。“

读后感”的“感”是因“读”而引起的。“读”是“感”的基础。走马观花地读，可能连原作讲的什么都没有掌握，哪能有“感”?读得肤浅，当然也感得不深。只有读得认真，才能有所感，并感得深刻。如果要读的是议论文，要弄清它的论点(见解和主张)，或者批判了什么错误观点，想一想你受到哪些启发，还要弄清论据和结论是什么。如果是记叙文，就要弄清它的主要情节，有几个人物，他们之间是什么关系，以及故事发生在哪年哪月。作品涉及的社会背景，还要弄清楚作品通过记人叙事，揭示了人物什么样的精神品质，反映了什么样的社会现象，表达了作者什么思想感情，作品的哪些章节使人受感动，为什么这样感动等等。

其次，排好感点。

只要认真读好原作，一篇文章可以写成读后感的方面很多。如对原文中心感受得深可以写成读后感，对原作其他内容感受得深也可以写成读后感，对个别句子有感受也可以写成读后感。总之，只要是原作品的内容，只要你对它有感受，都可以写成读后感。

第三，选准感点。

一篇文章，可以排出许多感点，但在一篇读后感里只能论述一个中心，切不可面面俱到，所以紧接着便是对这些众多的感点进行筛选比较，找出自己感受最深、角度最新，现实针对性最强、自己写来又觉得顺畅的一个感点，作为读后感的中心，然后加以论证成文。

第四，叙述要简。既然读后感是由读产生感，那么在文章里就要叙述引起“感”的那些事实，有时还要叙述自己联想到的一些事例。一句话，读后感中少不了“叙”。但是它不同于记叙文中“叙”的要求。记叙文中的“叙”讲究具体、形象、生动，而读后感中的“叙”却讲究简单扼要，它不要求“感人”，只要求能引出事理。初学写读后感引述原文，一般毛病是叙述不简要，实际上变成复述了。这主要是因为作者还不能把握所要引述部分的精神、要点，所以才简明不了。简明，不是文字越少越好，简还要明。

2015中考将至,目前距2015 中考仅有几个月，因此现在是复习的关键时刻，在此YJBYS为了让考生们了解更多的中考试题，以为今年的中考取得更好的成绩。YJBYS的小编为考生们收集了2015年中考(精选)英语作文高分技巧分享，具体内容请各位考生及时查看如下，尽请关注!

一、了解高分作文的特点

要想作文获得高分，必须了解高分作文具有的特点，才有助于我们朝之而努力。高分作文一般具有以下特点：

1、书写工整，书面整洁，很少有涂改痕迹。

2、分段合理。全文分段一般不止一个自然段，让阅卷老师很容易就能找到作文所要求写的要点和重要句子。

3、要点齐全，不缺要点。

4、首尾呼应，自然成一体。

5、使用了大量的高级词汇和句型。阅卷老师一看就知道这个同学的功底非不一般，自然就给打高分了。

6、开头言简意赅，不啰嗦，不偏题，迅速引入主题。

7、段与段之间，自然过渡。有合适的连接词。

8、句与句之间，有恰当的连接词，使之自然成一体。

9、全文中同一个意思，基本没有重复使用某一个词、短语或者句型等，说明这个同学的词汇量不同寻常。老师自然就对该作文有好感了。

10、能够恰当使用谚语、格言等给文章添彩。

二、勤积累，巧准备

要想作文得高分，除了了解以上的特点外，还要在平时的学习中注意一下方面：

1、牢记课标词汇是基础

一篇作文多数是由积极词汇写出来的，这些词汇主要来源于课标。因此，牢记课标词汇是写好作文的基础。

2、掌握课标词汇和短语的用法

要想作文不扣分或者少扣分，有个要求是作文的语病少。怎么能够减少语病呢?这就要求我们在平时的学习过程中反复通过练习，掌握课标词汇和短语等的用法。例如，对于as soon as 、stop some body from doing something 、other 、another等的用法很多学生就经常出错。

3、高度重视同一个意思的多种表达方式

高分作文有个特点是：让老师发现你拥有丰富的词汇量，你的水平高人一筹。这由何而来?靠我们在平时学习过程中，逐步积累起来的。比如：今年的中考作文，谈的就是帮助他人的问题。同一个意思“帮助”，假如你就用一个动词“help”，岂不显得你词汇贫乏?假如你在作文中不断地变换方式，用help、give somebody a hand、 give a hand to somebody 、be in need of 等以表达“帮助”同一个意思，岂不更好呢?

像这样的例子很多，比如：大家都觉得很简单又很基础的“表示姓名的方式”就有：my name is jim. i’m jim. i’m called/named jim. i’m a boy called /named /with the name of jim. 等等。

表达年龄的方式有：she is 12. she is 12 years old. she is aged 12. she is a girl of 12(years old) 。 she is a girl aged 12.等等。

很显然，使用高级一点的更好。

4、加强练习，积累经验

学习语言最好的方法是运用，作文也不例外。我们要想作文得高分，必须经常练习，才能提高水平。

5、充分利用作文范文

很多资料书上都有作文范文。诚然，他们有很多值得借鉴的地方。

我们怎么利用它们呢?首先，我们先不要看文章，自己先思考一下：假如你来写，你会怎么去写，会用到哪些词或者句子等。然后去比较，勾出其中的好词佳句，并且把它摘录在专门的作文册子上。供写作时选用。

另外，背一些范文也是很有必要的。

6、背诵一些谚语和警句

作文中如果出现恰当的谚语和警句，会有锦上添花的效果。

三、精心审题，沉着写初稿

很多同学看到作文后，下笔就写。这是不对的。一则很容易写偏题、写出病句，涂改后书面又不整洁，影响得分。

其实，会写作文的同学都知道，审题非常的重要，可以防止很多毛病，提高得分。那么我们审题要做些什么呢?

审题主要要做一下事情：

1、审人称、时态、体裁等

审题时，要求我们要弄清楚这篇文章主要使用的人称是第几人称，什么时态、什么体裁。这些问题解决后至少不会犯很严重的错误：全文皆错。

2、明确必须表达的要点

高分作文有个特点是要点齐全。如果漏掉一个要点，则要扣分。因此我们必须认真细读其要求，把必须表达的要点勾出来。保证不漏掉任何一个要点。

3、罗列出可能会用到的短语、句型，确定好使用哪个?

4、确定好如何分段

就是要确定好，将哪些要点放在一个自然段里面，首段、尾段打算写哪些?

以上YJBYS的小编为考生们收集了2015年中考(精选)英语作文高分技巧分享试题

1、作者用小说的笔法去描写散文中的人物，个个生动形象，形神毕肖，对母亲的描写尤其出色。作者笔下的母亲是一位相当典型的贤妻良母，充满了“母心、佛心”。母亲没有文化、俭朴勤劳、灵性很强。她善良大度、充满美德、性格坚强。母亲的谆谆教诲、关爱呵护、劳心劳力以及一言一行，都是琦君写作的题材。有时，简单的几笔，人物就立起来了。例如：“到了喝春酒时，就开出来请大家尝尝。‘补气、健脾、明目的哟!’母亲总是得意地说。她又转向我说：‘但是你呀，就只能舔一指甲缝，小孩子喝多了会流鼻血，太补了。’其实我没等她说完，早已偷偷把手指头伸在杯子里好几回，已经不知舔了多少个指甲缝的八宝酒了。”在这里，母亲的慈爱温柔，孩子的活泼调皮，真是历历如在眼前。

2、琦君的散文不雕琢，不粉饰，文笔如行云流水，舒放自然，典雅隽永。她驾驭文字得心应手，善于营造隽永温馨的氛围。琦君的文字是经过千锤百炼之后成就出的精粹与平和，她写人物、抒情怀，就有了鲜明的宽厚从容和温柔蕴藉。

3、琦君认为：好的文章必须语语动人，字字珠玑。而要做到这一步，必须做到：

⑴ 平易;

⑵ 净化;

⑶ 蕴藉;

⑷ 真挚。

我们在《春酒》一文中即可以看到这些特征。琦君善于使用抒情与叙事并用的方式，在娓娓叙事的过程中让自己的感情自然流淌;琦君描绘人物鲜明细腻，亲友、长工、母亲都在她的笔下栩栩如生。尤其是母亲的宽容、善良、勤俭，在琦君温婉流畅款款细叙的笔下，得到了极为传神的刻画。

琦君就是用这样一种洗净铅华的笔调，絮絮地说着自己对童年、对故乡的无限眷恋。

作状物作文能够培养和提高同学们观察事物、认识事物的能力，提高同学们的语言表达能力。下面小编为你介绍一下状物的作文写作技巧吧！

一、仔细观察，了解物体的外部特征

观察是作文的基础，要想写好状物作文，就必须留心观察。对于动物，我们不但要观察其外表，如大小、形状、颜色等，还要特别注意观察其静态和运动时的神情和姿态，了解其生活习性。对于植物，我们不仅要对其根、茎、叶、花等部分进行观察，还要懂得植物生命的周期性，了解其色彩、形状、大小等随四季变化而变化的特性。对于静物，我们不仅要观察其形状、大小、颜色、还要了解其构造、用途等。总之，观察是状物的第一步，只有仔细观察，作文时才能栩栩如生地再现物体的形象。

二、选取描写的具体内容，有序写作

状物作文必须按照一定的顺序写，这样才能让人读了以后，觉得层次清楚，对所描写的内容才能清楚地了解。由于描写的物体不同，因而写作顺序也不一样。一般来讲，写动物，往往按照先写其外表，后写其习性的顺序写作。写其外形时，可以按从头到尾、从体到肢的顺序有详有略地描述。写植物，可以按照根、茎、叶、花、果的顺序一步步观察描写。写静物，可以按照从整体到部分来描写。

当然，状物作文的描写顺序是多种多样的，可以按时间顺序写，按生长规律写，按由远及近或从外到内等不同方位顺序写。因此，我们在作文时要灵活运用。

三、抓住物体的个性特征

好的状物作文，应力求所写物体形象逼真，让人喜爱、如见其物之感。而要做到这一点，就要抓住物体的个性特征描绘。

“描虎不能像猫，画叶不能像花”。由于物体的类型不同，形态、习性各异，我们在描摹物体时，只有抓住它们与众不同的特征加以刻画，才能把物写真、写活。如松柏苍劲挺拔，柳树柔软多姿，小鸟雀跃在枝头歌唱，高粱笑红着脸在微风中招展……不同的物，各有特征。

四、融入感情，为文章的中心服务

一篇好的状物作文，不应只是为写物而写物，而应当通过对物的描述，表达其人格化的精神品质。在状物的同时，如果能“水到渠成”而又巧妙地表达出作者积极的、向上的、健康的情怀，对作文就能起到“托物言志”、画龙点睛的作用。“托物言志”、“借物抒情”，这是对状物作文的更高层次的要求。优秀的状物作文不仅能表达作者对物的外形之爱，而且能由表及里地表达出作者对物的实质之爱，让人读后从中受到感悟，得到教益。

高中各科目的学习对同学们提高综合成绩非常重要，大家一定要认真掌握，小编为大家整理了高一语文学习方法：写作的习惯，希望同学们学业有成!

1、积累素材。素材的积累宜从以下几个方面入手：一是自己的亲身经历和体验(含自身周围环境见闻)，这是极为丰富而行动的材料来源;二是学过的课文内容，这也是一个可观的材料库;三是课外阅读(书籍、报刊、影视等)中发现的反映社会生活的典型材料、精彩片断、名言警句等。

2.要注意文体的选择。现在高考作文在文体上几乎对考生没有限制，但文体影响着评卷老师对一篇文章优劣的认定，所以考生千万不能掉以轻心。

3.要注意材料的运用。引用材料宜概括，不要原文照抄。

4.要注意文章的模仿。

5.要注意文章的主题不要偏离社会的主流价值观。

6.要注意在平时多观察、多思考，强化文句表达训练。

7.要注意追求独特的构思，但不为追求而追求。独特的构思吸引人，尤其在许多模式化、公式化的文章中。独特的构思必须用丰富的内容来支撑，丰富的内容必须紧扣中心。

当前，对于高考作文来说，首先要解决的问题，不是“怎么写”，而是“写什么”。很多考生拿到了作文题，往往不知道写些什么，脑子里似乎不存在所要写的东西。这到底是怎么造成的呢？高考满分作文，他们无一例外地写出了生活的丰富多彩，在写作上根本不存在“写什么”的问题。难道他们有不同于一般学生的特殊生活吗？一般来说，是没有的。要说他们与一般学生有什么不同，那就是他们的观察力和思考力比一般学生强，心灵比一般学生敏感，能够从生活中观察和感受到那些令人心动的东西。造成多数学生作文课上不知道“写什么”的原因，大概就是在这里。

那么，怎样解决“写什么”的问题呢？

叶圣陶早就说过，要在平时充实生活，丰富经验，增长阅历，养成认真观察、仔细认识事物的习惯，养成有条理地周密地推理判断的习惯。叶老还强调，“一个人要在社会上有意义地生活，本来必须要求经验和意思的精当、语言的确切周密。那并不是为了写文章，为的是生活。如果是为了写文章而去求经验和意思的精当，语言的确切周密，那当然是本末倒置。”这就是说，不是为了写作才去生活，才去丰富生活经验，而是为了生活才写作，写作是生活的一部分。如果能够把叶老的说法化为实践，那么“写什么”的问题不就迎刃而解了吗？从高考满分的优秀作文中，也可以看出，作者是怎样观察事物的，怎样思考生活的，怎样感悟周围人物的，怎样体验美好人性的。从这一切，我们不难获得关于“写什么”的启发。而对于“写什么”的问题已经基本解决的考生来说，“怎样写”则是需要解决的头等问题了。关于学习“怎么写”，鲁迅先生说过，“凡是已有定评的大作家，他的作品，全部就说明着“‘应该怎样写’”。这就是说，应该从大作家的经典作品中去学。在中小学生语文教材中，大都是这类作品，它们应该是我们学的重点。最近几年颁布的语文课程标准推荐的课外阅读作品，也应该作为学习“怎样写”的对象。从这些作品中，学习作者怎样立意，怎样选材，怎样谋篇，怎样遣词造句。平时人们都说阅读是写作的基础，杜甫说“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，有人说“熟读唐诗三百首，不会吟诗也会吟”，正是从这个角度上说的。

同学们不妨带着写作中的问题去阅读经典作品，如朱德熙先生所说：“重要的是得联系自己，要‘心中有我’，就是说要设身处地去想：这篇文章要是让我来写，会写成什么样子，照这样写是比原文好还是不如原文。如果不如原文，那是为什么？从这样的角度去分析文章，一定有很多收获，特别是从中悟出许多作文的道理来。”

然而，在自己写作的时候，“愈不把阅读的文章放在心上愈好”。因为“阅读的文章并不是写作材料的仓库，尤其不是写作方法的程式”(叶圣陶语)。自己写作文，材料来自于自己的生活，应该寻找适合自己的作文内容的写作方法。换言之，从阅读中学习写作，只是借鉴，绝不是生搬硬套。

雅思写作偏题原因有哪些?在考生写作之前，审题是必须要操作的步骤，而且也是关乎作文分数最为关键的一环。最重要也是最基本的要求就是：写作要紧扣主题符合题意，否则，即使观点再精彩、语言再优美、论据再充实，作文也无法得到高分。本文将着重对生词原因进行分析，并指导考生该如何应对。

雅思写作偏题原因：生词

生词，是考生审题出现偏差最普遍的问题。一方面，雅思考生越来越低龄化：很多考生年龄小，大多数词汇量非常少，有的考生能够认识的单词甚至还不到1000个。另一方面，雅思的大作文考题尤其是学术类的，话题偏重于社会话题，语言偏书面化，因此有很多考生，其中不乏许多大学生，都会有此感慨：题目有单词不认识啊。

对策

①积累话题核心词

1.何谓题干核心词

雅思议论文题目虽多，但是会有一些出现频率比较高的实意词即为：题干核心词。

2.学习题干核心词的方法

对于题干核心词的学习，建议考生从写作机经入手，找出题干中出现的实意词并作积累。

●请看以下雅思真题：

1. International travel often leads people to have someprejudicesrather than broad-mind. What are the main reasons of this phenomenon? What do you think people can do to get better understanding of the countries they visit?

托物抒情或托物言志的文章，我们主要应该注意的是“物”与“情”的内在关系，而如何才能更好地把握呢？请随我们一起去学习托物言志作文写作方法吧！

【美文赏读】：石缝间的生命

林 希

石缝间倔强的生命，常使我感动得潸然泪下。

是那不定的风把那无人采撷的种子撒落到海角天涯。当它们不能再找到泥土，它们便把最后一线生的希望寄托在这一线石缝里。尽管它们也能从阳光中分享到温暖，从雨水里得到湿润，而惟有那一切生命赖以生存的土壤却要自己去寻找。它们面对着的现实该是多么严峻。

于是，大自然出现了惊人的奇迹，不毛的石缝间丛生出倔强的生命。

或者只就是一簇一簇无名的野草，春绿秋黄，岁岁枯荣。它们没有条件生长宽阔的叶子，因为他们寻找不到足以使草叶变得肥厚的营养，它们有的只是三两片长长的细瘦的薄叶，那细微的叶脉告知你生存该是多么艰难；更有的，它们就在一簇一簇瘦叶下又自己生长出根须，只为了少向母体吮吸一点乳汁，便自去寻找那不易被觉察到的石缝。这就是生命。如果这是一种本能，那么它正说明生命的本能是多么尊贵，生命有权自认为辉煌壮丽，生机竟是这样地不可扼制。

或者就是一团一团小小的山花，大多又都是那苦苦的蒲公英。它们的茎叶里涌动着苦味的乳白色的浆汁，它们的根须在春天被人们挖去作野菜。而石缝间的蒲公英，却远不似田野上的同宗生长得那样茁壮。它们因山风的凶狂而不能长成高高的躯干，它们因山石的贫瘠而不能拥有众多的叶片，它们的茎显得坚韧而苍老，它们的叶因枯萎而失去光泽；只有它们的根竟似那柔韧而又强固的筋条，似那柔中有刚的藤蔓，深埋在石缝间狭隘的间隙里。生命就是这样地被环境规定着，又被环境改变着，适者生存的规律尽管无情，但一切的适者都是战胜环境的强者，生命现象告诉你，生命就是拼搏。

如果石缝间只有这些小花小草，也许还只能引起人们的哀怜；而最为令人赞叹的，是在那石岩的缝隙间，还生长着参天的松柏，雄伟苍劲，巍峨挺拔。它们使高山有了灵气，使一切的生命在它们的面前显得苍白逊色。它们的躯干就是这样顽强地从石缝间生长出来，扭曲地、旋转地，每一寸树衣上都结着伤疤。向上，向上，向上是多么地艰难。每生长一寸都要经过几度寒暑，几度春秋。然而它们终于长成了高树，伸展开了繁茂的枝干，团簇着永不凋落的针叶。它们耸立在悬崖断壁上，耸立在高山峻岭的峰巅，只有那盘结在石崖上的树根在无声地向你述说，它们的生长是一次多么艰苦的拼搏。那粗如巨蟒，细如草蛇的树根，盘根错节，从一个石缝间扎进去，又从另一个石缝间钻出来，于是沿着无情的青石，它们延伸过去，像犀利的鹰爪抓住了它栖身的岩石。有时，一株松柏，它的根须竟要爬满半壁山崖，似把累累的山石用一根粗粗的缆绳紧紧地缚住，由此，它们才能迎击狂风暴雨的侵袭，它们才终于在不属于自己的生存空间为自己占有了一片天地。

如果一切的生命都不屑于去石缝间寻求立足的天地，那么，世界上就会有一大片一大片的地方成为永远的死寂，飞鸟无处栖身，一切借花草树木赖以生存的生命就要绝迹，那里便会沦为永无开化之日的永远的黑暗。如果一切的生命都只贪恋于黑黝黝的沃土，它们又如何完备自己驾驭环境的能力，又如何使自己在一代一代的繁衍中变得愈加坚强呢？

世界就是如此奇妙。试想，那石缝间的野草，一旦将它们的草子撒落到肥沃的大地上，它们一定会比未经过风雨考验的娇嫩的种子具有更为旺盛的生机，长得更显繁茂；试想，那石缝间的蒲公英，一旦它们的种子，撑着团团的絮伞，随风飘向湿润的乡野，它们一定会比其他的花卉生长得茁壮，更能经暑耐寒；至于那顽强的松柏，它本来就是生命的崇高体现，是毅力和意志最完美的象征，它给一切的生命以鼓舞，以榜样。

愿一切生命不致因飘落在石缝间而凄凄切切。愿一切生命都敢于去寻求最艰苦的环境。生命正是要在最困厄的境遇中发现自己，认识自己，从而才能锤炼自己，成长自己，直到最后完成自己，升华自己。

石缝间顽强的生命，它既是生物学的，又是哲学的，是生物学和哲学的统一。它又是美学的，作为一种美学现象，它展现给你的不仅是装点荒山秃岭的层层葱绿，它更向你揭示出美的、壮丽的心灵世界。

石缝间顽强的生命，它具有如此震摄人们心灵的情感力量，它使我们赖以生存的这个星球变得神奇辉煌。

名师赏读：

大自然并非对每个生命都施以恩惠。有时，有些生命所面对的生存环境是异常艰难窘迫的，而能在这种种困境中顽强生存的生命，自有其震撼人心的力量。石缝间的生命，就是这样震撼了“我”。这篇托物言志的散文，通过对“撒落到天涯海角”的石缝间的生命的描述，赞美了石缝间的生命的那种倔强和崇高的品格，阐述了生命的内涵就是拼搏，启示我们：要做驾驭生活的强者。

【名师辅导】：融情入旨 情深意浓

1．明确概念内涵。写借景抒情或托物言志的作文，首先要明白什么是“借景抒情”，什么是“托物言志”。“借景抒情”是指借助于描绘景物而抒发感情，感情寓于写景之中。“托物言志”是指通过描写客观事物，寄托、传达作者的某种感情、抱负和志趣。

2．选准写作对象。春、夏、秋、冬四季的变化，花草树木的繁茂和衰败，日月星辰的时空转换，江河湖海的变幻莫测，都能引发我们无穷的想象。要善于发现捕捉其中触动自己心灵的“亮点”，写出自己真切的感受。写景的文章，写的是景，抒的是情，把自己的情，自己的感受融入所描绘的景色中去，情景交融，这景，才是美丽的景，鲜活的景。

3．学会化大为小。贾平凹从一块丑陋的石头，看出了那种“不屈于误解、寂寞的生存的伟大”，揭示了我们在人才观的世俗偏见，于是他的《丑石》便有了个性化的感悟，有了非凡的影响。如果我们能把这种充满生命智慧的独特感悟表现在我们的作文中，何愁写不出具有丰厚文化意蕴的美文佳作?

4.掌握构思流程。“事—感—悟”是托物言志类作文的三步构思流程。没有触点（事或景），情感是无论如何也调动不起来的；没有了感情，也就少了悟性，悟不出事物所蕴含的社会意义。所以要升华议论，点明题旨，就必须在鲜明地描绘“触物”后，顺势抖出题旨。热爱生活，坦然面对生活，及时捕捉自己生命世界里的灵光，你就能迅速将感受美升华为思想美。

【佳作展示】：因为有了期盼

张宇

我，是一颗木槿的种子。和所有的种子一样，我期待着自己能够早日发芽、开花，尽管生长在重重叠叠的岩层中，我也有这样的期盼。

岩层的环境十分恶劣，阴冷而黑暗。这里的种子并不只我一个，有的和我一样年轻，有的却已变成空壳。小泽和我一般大，他是一颗松树的种子。开始时，他和我一样，期待着发芽，他总是喜欢跟我讲松树的故事，讲松树的高大伟岸，他的脸庞总会在这时闪耀出别样的光芒。我坚信，他会变成一棵松树。

然而，漫长的等待消磨了他的耐心，他开始变得不爱说话。最后，他无力地告诉我：“放弃吧！这里是被大地遗忘的角落，我们是不会发芽的。”我轻轻摇了摇头。我是不会放弃的，因为我有了期盼，我忘不了，忘不了母亲临终的叮嘱和不甘。她告诉过我，一定要出去。

日子一天天过去。一天，岩层正在嘲笑我们弱小的时候，我清楚地看见，他那夸张放大的嘴角破了一个洞。然后，一缕细微的阳光轻轻洒在我的身上，很舒服，像母亲的手一样。我知道，层层的岩石也抵挡不住岁月的侵蚀，他风化了，老了；而我，正年轻。

我每天拼命地吸收阳光，我对自己说：“你是最顽强的木槿，插地就生，你会成功的。”慢慢地，我的身体发生了微妙的变化，我知道，我要发芽了。

这一夜，我彻夜未眠，因为我知道，当明天第一缕晨曦洒向大地时，我就会发芽。这一刻，终于来临，我蓄积了自己所有的力量，破壳而出。破壳的喜悦让我泪流满面。我奋力向上生长，因为我想冲出岩层。时间很快便过去了，在冲出岩层的那一刻，我看见，角落里的小泽竟变成了空壳。外面的世界无限美好，我看见：

明亮的春日里/各色的花儿竞相开放/牧笛声悠扬、清脆/一群小鸟愉快地冲向天空……

而今，我已是一株开了花的木槿，因为有了期盼，我积蓄力量，不轻言放弃，终于完成了种子到花的蜕变。

学习与借鉴

选材新颖，视角独特。考生以一颗木槿种子的口吻，叙写了“我”如何克服岩层的阻碍，由种子变成花的过程，巧妙地运用象征的手法阐释了作文的主题：只有坚持不懈地期盼并毫不放弃，才能获得最后的成功。

语言生动，富含哲思。比如：“你是最顽强的木槿，插地就生，你会成功的。”“我知道，层层的岩石也抵挡不住岁月的侵蚀，他风化了，老了；而我，正年轻。”这些语句蕴含着深刻的人生哲理，极富感染力。

结构严谨，首尾点题。首段开篇点题自然，交代了生存环境的恶劣，结尾用“而今，我已是一株开了花的木槿，因为有了期盼，我积蓄力量，不轻言放弃，我终于完成了种子到花的蜕变。”作结，给人以深刻的启迪。

【积累素材】：托物言志类作文开头结尾赏析

1．开头：当我还是一粒种子的时候，阳光在我耳边呢喃，风儿在我身旁絮语，我仿佛听到一个声音：外面的天地很广阔，而你，会成为那精彩的一株小草……

结尾：幽暗的峡谷，我傲然绽放，听风儿在低低吟唱。我终于完成了一株草的使命，并为这世界献上我的花朵。编织一个只属于我的美丽童话。如果有来生，我还要做一株草，一株小小的会做梦的草。

【赏析】开头和结尾具有童话色彩，语言优美富有诗情画意。

2．开头：我是一只来自尘世的飞蛾，在一阵青草味中，睁开了自己紧闭的双眼。

结尾：向梦想飞翔，即使我已不再存在。那向着光明永不放弃的精神成就了我们飞蛾光辉的形象。

【赏析】人们常说“飞蛾扑火，自取灭亡”，本文作者反其道而行之，把自己想象成一只铺扑火的、追求光明的飞蛾，想象奇特。结尾点出了飞蛾扑火的精神所在——向着光明永不放弃。

3．开头：你是那样的渺小，令人瞧不上眼，可每当我看见你从墙缝、瓦砾、屋脊，甚至在坚硬的石板缝里钻出来的时候，就不能不为你那顽强的生命力所折服，直到从内心感到敬佩而发出由衷的赞叹！

结尾：我赞美野草，我更要赞美那些具有坚强意志的人。

【赏析】文章开头描写野草的生长环境—墙缝、瓦砾、屋脊、石板缝，文章结尾物人合一，直接赞美并点题。

写作技巧就是写作中进行表现时运用的方法，是作者为表情达意而采取的有效艺术手段。今天，小编特意为大家推荐小学生作文写作的技巧和方法，希望大家喜欢！

一、提高认识事物和表达事物的能力。

我国著名教育家叶圣陶先生指出：写任何东西决 定于认识和经验，有什么样的认识和经验，才能写出什么样的东西来。反之，没有表达认识的能力，同样也写不出好作文。

二、把认识结构作为作文的核心。

包括学习知识，观察积累，记忆储存，训练思维，丰富 想象，培养情感，锻炼意志；从说到写，推敲修改，多读勤写。

三、树立大作文观，听、说、读、写有机结合。

一要注重审题；二要明确写作目的，立意要新；三是选材要有根据；四要讲究谋篇技巧，安排好篇章结构；五要注意文章分段，事先列小标题，作文提纲；六要注重文章写法，因文用法；七要妙用语言，用思想调遣语言。

学会五种立意法：以事赞人，直抒胸臆，借物喻理，触景生情，托物言志。

四、作文大目标的逐年级分解。

一年级字词，二年级句子，三年级片断，四年级篇章，五年级综合，六年级提高。

五、实施五项训练。

根据认识是作文的核心这一原则，围绕这个发展学生心理机制的核心，扎扎实实地进行了五项训练：

（一）字词训练。

学习掌握大量字词。掌握运用字词的金钥匙：联系自己熟悉的事物； 联系自己生活实际；联系自己学会的语言及字词知识。

运用十引说的方法，把字词学习与说话训练相结合。十引说是：1、分析字形； 2、利用教具；3、凭图学词；4、组词扩词；5、选词填空；6、词语搭配；7、调整词序； 8、触景用词；9、词语分类；10、联词成句。

丰富了说话训练内容，使自己积累大量会说会用的字词，为写作文打下坚实基础。

（二）句子训练。

只要是一个句子，都包括两个方面：一是说的人、事、物、景， 二是说目的。

可有些教师指导学生说一句话时，没有很好凭借图画和事物，认真教学生观察、认识、分析、表达的方法，只是拿出一张图或一事物让学生说写一句话，学生不知道为什么要说写一句话，怎样说写一句话，说写一句什么句型、什么句式的话， 导致作文中语调单一、呆板、不活泼生动。

可以改让学生凭图、看物、对话、练习说 写一句时间、地点、人物、事件四要素完整的话，四种句型，九种句式的话。学生 才会在作文中运用不同句型、句式，表达不同的思想、感情、态度、目的。

（三）段的训练。

结合八种段式：以事物发展为序段，时间先后为序段，空间变换为序段，总述、分述结构段，因果段、转折段，递进段，并列段。

以此认识客观事物的发生、发展规律。不论哪种段式，都是记叙事物的发展和人们对事物的认识，即段的内容，段的中心。

它和一句话一样，也是对人、事、物、景的叙述，也是表达一 个意思。只不过是把一句话进一步说得更清楚、更深刻。

（四）篇章训练。

篇是由段组成的。通过对审题、立意、选材、谋篇、定法、用 语的知识与方法，通过记叙、描写、抒情、议论四种表达方法，文章开头与结尾、过渡 与呼应方法，各种文章体裁的知识与方法。学会写中心明确，意思完整，详略得当的记 叙文和应用文。

（五）生活现场训练。

采用生活现场训练，更好地体会从内容入手写作文。 通过各种作文教学活动，如确定中心讨论会、选材讨论会、作文会诊会、 小诸葛审题会、妙用词语比赛会，从活动中生动具体地学到作文知识与写作文 的方法。

另外，还可开展各种校内外活动，如跳绳、拔河、踢毽、球类、背书比赛，从而学会如何写比赛作文；开展校内外义务劳动，学会如何写劳动场面；举行诗歌朗诵、 讲演会，学会如何写会议场面及会议上的见闻；通过参观访问，浏览名胜古迹，学会如 何写参观访问记、游记。学习观察方法，留心周围的事物、事件，处处留心皆学问， 人情练达即文章。

通过现场生活作文，进一步认识到：生活是作文的沃土。从而学会 写真事、抒真情，陶冶真、善、美的情操，培养良好的文风。 实行互评互改，培养学生思维独立性和创造性。

学生作文写好后，组织在小组内讲评。先学习别人作文的优点，再用批评的眼光互相指出作文中的缺点，并指出改进意见。在此基础上重新再写，从而使学生每写一篇都有收获。

尽可能多的写：每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。你写得多了，也就写得好了。学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

随时随地记下你的灵感：随身带一本小笔记本（纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片），当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

专门的写作时间：每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

随便涂鸦：面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。你会想：我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧！先生，千万别这样。马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是：开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

集中精神：写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏（没有其他软件得干扰）的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

先计划，再写： 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴；然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲；等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。这里，有一个构思小说的三部曲，可以参考这个：Snowflake Method.

创新： 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

修改： 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。修改的目标是：更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

简明扼要： 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。记得：简单就是力量。

富于感染力的句子：在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

获取别人的反馈： 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜：就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

采用对话式的文体： 很多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅（没有叹生词）。这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则（就像我的前一句那样）。因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

好开头和结尾： 开头和结尾是文章的重点。特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

第一部分写明你要申请的职位和你是如何得知该职位的招聘信息的。

第二部分说明你如何满足公司的要求，陈述个人技能和个性特征。

第三部分表明你希望迅速得到回音，并标明与你联系的最佳方式。

第四部分感谢对方阅读并考虑你的应聘。每封求职信应以针对适合雇主而精心设计，以此表明你明白该公司的需要。

求职信还应包括与你所取得的成果及解决的问题的事例，这些事例与你所申请的工作类型相关。

求职信应是寄给有职位的某一特定的人，使用高档纸书写，仔细校对，避免打字或语法方面的错误，要自存副本档案。

长久以来孩子们的写作思维被固化了，这篇文章孩子们认真阅读，真正掌握了其要义，就可以把文章写的更鲜活，富有灵性！

写外貌不用“有”

作文如何写外貌?

孩子的作文里总会看到类似这样的名子：“XX可漂亮了，她有一头卷卷的黄头发，有一双乌黑的葡萄般的大眼睛，有一个高高的鼻子，还有一张樱桃小嘴。” 如果你试着让他们去掉文中的“有”，把文字重新串联一遍，会发现作文顺了很多。写上段文字的同学经蒋老师指导后修改如下：“XX可漂亮啦。一头卷卷的黄头发自然地披在肩上。她的眼睛太吸引人了，乌黑乌黑葡萄一般。高高的鼻子，和樱桃小嘴配合起来，有点混血的味道，同学们可喜欢她啦。”是不是读起来舒服多了?

写说不出现“说”

让孩子比较以下三句话。 张三说：“……”； 张三无可奈何地说：“……”； 张三摊了摊手，一副无可奈何的样子：“……” 显然，让人物说话有多种方式，写语言可以不用出现“说”而是在语言前面加上动作和神态，通过一定的训练掌握这样的技巧让孩子的写作水平切实得到提升，让他们学会细节描写，不会仅干巴巴的地写“某某说”。

写想不出现“想”

遇到描写心理活动时，这样的句子已经被孩子们写滥：“我脑子里跳出两个小人，一个小人……另一个小人……”不用这个句子又该怎么写?最常用的就是“我心想”。如某学生写：“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。我心想：天哪!这该怎么办呢?” 按照蒋老师“写想不用想”的技巧，去掉：“我心想”三个字如何?“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。天哪!这该怎么办呢?”是不是更简洁精练?别忘了提醒孩子要给心理描写加上适当感叹词。

就是不用成语

作文为什么写不长?都是成语惹的祸!蒋老师此言一出震惊四座。不是说多用成语才显得有文采吗?其实不然，在“就是不用成语”写作技巧中，蒋老师指出：当作文中只会按照套路使用成语时，文章细节就没了，还不如让孩子老老实实把自己看到的感受都写出来。什么天高云淡、风和日丽、桃红柳绿、炯炯有神、心旷神怡……这些被用滥的成语还是少出现为妙。 如，写春天别用“风和日丽”，而是这样写：“风儿拂过林梢，原本平静的湖面漾起了圈圈涟漪，湖边的柳树轻摇着身姿，我也忍不住张开双臂，任风抚过我的每一寸肌肤，暖暖的，痒痒的。”想办法用具体的句子替换掉别人用滥的成语，解决孩子作文写不长写不细的难题。

遇到“很”和“非常”

想一想 对于文章写不长的孩子，可以训练的另一个技巧是：遇到“很”和“非常”想一想。看过无数学生习作，蒋老师发现出现频率最高的字眼包括“很，非常”，请家长提醒孩子，遇到要写这几个字时不要轻易下笔，停下来想一想，是不是非要出现这个字眼? 比如写热，别出现“很热”两个字，学会用其他的描写来体现热：骄阳似火，没有一丝风，树叶低垂毫无生气……文章自然就能写长。

环境里面有“真”“情

到了五六年级孩子都要学习环境描写。如有的孩子会写：“早上天气还挺好的，放学回家时，却哗哗下起雨来。雨珠在下，泪珠在滴，老天也好像在为我哭泣。” 孩子能用环境衬托自己的心情首先要表扬。但是很多孩子只要一写环境，肯定就是小花微笑，小草点头、小鸟歌唱、小雨哭泣，成了套路，难道世界上只有小草、小鸟、小花吗?为什么不能写身边更真实的东西呢?云、雾、桌子，哪怕是电线杆都可以写，这个技巧是提醒孩子不仅要让人活在环境里，还要让人活在真实的环境里。

要动连着动

文章要一波三折才好看，但现在的孩子生活都很平淡，你不能强求他们写出一波三折的内容，那就让他们学会一波三折地使用动词，就这是要动连着动——学会连续使用动词，某学生写一场乒乓球球赛：“他发了一个旋转球，让人看得眼花缭乱。”(一句话把文章就给写完了) 学会动词技巧后将修改成：“只见他高高地将球抛起，眼睛死死盯着，球接触球板的一瞬间，他手腕轻轻一抖，脚一跺，球高速旋转着，向这边飞来，让人看得眼花缭乱。”一个动词转瞬变成六七个，文字即刻灵动丰富起来。

一秒钟的事写三百字

还是针对作文写不长的一种技巧训练：用三百字来描写1秒钟内发生的事。如关于破校运会跳高纪录瞬间的描写原本只有几十字：只见某某纵身一跳，一下子飞过横杆，新的校运会纪录诞生了! 怎么变成三百字?可以有条理地加上动作解剖：如何助跑、起跳、翻越、落地;加上联想：往届校运会有人挑战失败，平时如何一次次练习等等;还可以加上细节来充实，起跳前如何与同学们进行眼神交流，成功后同学如何向他祝贺……家长可以找一些1秒钟的素材让孩子进行写作练习，学会了这个技巧还怕考试写不出四五百字吗?

一段话里至少出现6个标点

很多孩子不会用标点，习作中常只有逗号句号逗号句号，甚至逗号都没有，把老师读到断气为止。针对这个现象，可以让孩子进行“一段话至少出现6种标点”的技巧训练。比如，。?!……：“” 这些标点你的作文中都有吗?没有的话请尝试用起来。经过几次训练后，你会发现孩子的惊人变化：意味深长的句子会写了、人物语言会加进去了，心理活动结合进去了，还会用反问句了，这些句子加进去后，文章当然生动起来。一位作家就曾用这种方法对自己作文写不好的孩子进行训练，收效明显，进步很快。

字数三四五

这个技巧说白了就是学习写短句。学了一段时间写作的孩子容易在作文中写长句，而长句写不好就变成病句。事实上很多作家也是以写短句见长的，像沈从文、汪曾祺。家长要提醒孩子注意控制每句话的字数，建议把十几个字几十个字的长句改成只有三四五个字的短句，孩子们会发现这样的作文有语感会舒服很多。 如某学生的原文：“高高的绿绿的草散发着诱人的清香。一根一根都看得那么清楚，很挺拔的样子。”经指导后改成：“草绿了，高了，散发着清香。一根一根，看得清清楚楚，很挺拔的样子。”是不是很有节奏感?

做任何事情都要讲究门“门径”，门径便利，很快可以登堂入室。门径有新有旧，有巧有拙。只要行之有效，就是好方法。初学写作的中学生朋友要想很快进入作文的殿堂，无妨试试以下几种方法：

1、记日记。日记的内容广泛，学习生活中的所见、所闻、所感，都可以作为日记的内容，且形式自由，可长可短。因此，初学者坚持记日记，既能丰富自身的写作素材，又能提高自身的书面表达能力，还可以培养观察、辨析、审判能力。

2、写书评、影（视）评。我们看书、看^电.影（电视），难免会对书（影、视）中的情节、人物或作者的表示方法发表议论。假如能把这些议论记下来，久而久之，我们的写作能力和多篇能力便会得到迅速提高。

3、办手抄报。手抄报的内容可以是自身写的，也可以是从报刊上摘录来的有价值的文章。定期办手抄报可以提高自身的写作兴趣，能从摘录的过程中学到写法，从写的过程中得以练笔。同时又能培养自身的组稿、绘画、版面设计、书写能力。办好的手抄报又便于保管。

4、读后写。所谓“读后写”，就是选择一篇有价值有意义的文章，读过一两遍后，不看文章，凭记忆，把文章的内容具体地写出来。可以用文中的原句，也可用自身的语言，还可进行补充加工。写完后，与原文对照一下，看哪些语句没有把原文的内容充沛地表达出来，哪些语句使原文的内容更加丰富，更加感人。经常做这种练习，能不时地学习到写作的方法，同时又锻炼了自身的比较、记忆和发明能力，空虚自身的“语言仓库”。 以上四种训练方式，在培养作文能力的同时，又使其他方面的能力得以提高。喜好写作的初学者无妨一试。