大学英语写作基础答案（汇编20篇）

一：用介词短语替代从句，例：

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

二：删除诸如"who is”或"that is"之类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

三：剔除你不需要的单词，例：

Two joint partners will present their views over a long-distance telephone call.

写完这样的句子后，你自己再读一遍，挑出单词"joint"和"telephone"，注意删去不必要的词。

英语写作注意两点

一、先审题，弄清写作要求审题是写好作文的前提，也是书面表达的基础。如果写偏了题，语言表达再好也很难得高分。审题时要注意两个方面：

1.认真地看两遍题目，包括提示，全面了解写作要求。

2.理清思路，确定体裁、框架结构和内容。

二、用英语进行思维英语写作时必须排除汉语思维的干扰。

从现在起应逐渐加大阅读量和听的输入量，将阅读、听力训练与书面表达有机地结合起来。经常体会和领悟作者传递信息和表达思想的方式。在话题讨论和写作中经常运用所学到的表达方式就会有所创造。还要尽量做到“五多”：多看、多听、多思考、多用心体验和感悟身边的人和事、多用英语说和写自己的体验和感受。

well-known 众所周知 important 重要的 pollution 污染

focus 面对 benefit 益处 development 发展

society 社会 knowledge 知识 necessary 必要的

opinion 观点 harm 危害 exception 例外

advantage 优点 disadvantage 缺点 serious严峻的

measures 措施 solve 解决 overcome 克服

increase 增加 decrease减少 deny 否认

prefer 喜欢 example 例子 addicted 沉迷

useful 有用的

play an important role in our life在生活中扮演重要角色

with the development of our society 随着社会的发展

bring a lot of benefits 带来很多益处

everything has two sides 任何事物都具有两面性

Become more and more serious 变得越来越严峻

on the contrary 相反 take measures 采取措施

solve this problem 解决这个问题

the best way to 最好的方法

overcome the difficulties 克服困难

be faced with 面对

No one can deny the fact that 没有人能够否认这个事实。。。

in favour of 赞同 支持 For example 例如

become addicted to the Internet 沉迷于网络 All in all 总之

come to the conclusion 得出结论

As far as I am concerned that 就我而言

There is no doubt that 毫无疑问

in a right way 正确的方法

waste a lot of time 浪费时间

Today, my brother went to school in Jinan and my father brought me up. Dad wanted me to feel the life of the University. We came to Shandong Normal University, and that was the fathers alma mater. The entrance is very blocked, because today is the date of new arrival, so there are so many vehicles that we cant go in very easily. Once we enter the mountains, we have many big sisters and big brothers, holding the brands of their colleges to welcome the arrival of new students. The first picture was the statue of Chairman Mao. An air of teaching building, a clean lawn. There are tall laboratory buildings, libraries, and hundreds of thousands of books, books, books, books, books, books, books, and books. It is a sea of knowledge. My father said so, I want to go in and see, but dad said that there must be a card to go in to see, but I had to imagine in it.

Every time I go to a place, I will ask my father what it is for. My father introduced me like a tour guide, and I listened carefully. Dad told me that he was in college at that time. I think college life is really meaningful. We came to the dormitory imperceptibly brother, I look dumbfounded, the corridor inside the dark, than I imagined. My father was busy explaining to me that I knew the house was a few decades old, so it was so old. Let me have a bad feeling about college life. I said, "I cant test this school in the future, and the environment is too bad." But I listen to my father that the learning atmosphere of this school is still very strong, everyone can learn. I want to grow up quickly and get into the dream college life earlier.

课文中的经典句子，又是精华中的精华，背熟之后对你的写作语法有很大的帮助。下面来看看小编为大家带来的英语课文经典句子吧，希望对你有帮助。

1、 Flora,whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.

2、 Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.

3、 The garden that was once so beautiful was completely destroyed, swept away by the wild water.

4、 I found some photos of interesting places which were not too far away from Chengdu.

5、 He told me that I could go on a two-day trip to Leshan and Emei, which wasn’t too expensive.

6、 First,we went to Leshan, where we climbed all the way up the mountain to see the Buddha.

7、 Looking up at the large head and down at the large feet makes you feel so small.

8、 Wei Bin took photos of us standing in front of the Buddha.

9、 Steven Spielberg, whose mother was a music teacher, was born in 1946 in a small town in America.

10、 In 1959 Spielberg won a prize for a film which he made when he was thirteen years old.

11、 The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low.

12、 Here he worked on a short film, which won him a job as the youngest film director in the world.

13、 This was the moment when Spieberg’s career really took off.

14、 I hate hiking and Im not into classical music.

15、 I surf the Internet all the time and I like playing computer games.

16、 Rock music is OK, and so is skiing.

17、 When are you off to Guangzhou?

18、 My plane leaves at seven, so I think we’ll take a taxi.

19、 See you when I get back.

20、 The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden.

21、 Now ,the water, which was cold as ice and flowed faster than a river, was above her knees.

22、 Jeff and Flora looked into each other’s face with a look of fright.

23、 Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.

24、 One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.

25、 He realizes that he hasn’t been a very good friend because he has always been thinking about himself.

26、 Chuck learns that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow, and that it is important to have someone to care about.

27、 When he makes friends with Wilson, he understand that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.

28、 The lesson we can learn from Chuck and all the others who have unusual friends is that friends are teachers.

29、 I found the bathroom, but I didn’t find what I was looking for.

30、 Don’t forget to buy me some ketchup on your way back.

31、 There are more than 42 countries where the majority of the people speak English.

32、 In total, for more than 375 million people English is their mother tongue.

33、 In China students learn English at school as a foreign language, except for those in Hong Kong, where many people speak English as a first or a second language.

34、 In only fifty years, English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in the world.

35、 With so many people communicating in English every day ,it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.

36、 For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed.

37、 In the same way Americans still use the expression “I guess “(meaning “I think”),just as the British did 300 years ago.

38、 At the same time, British English and American English started borrowing words from other languages ,ending up with different words.

39、 Except for these differences in spelling, written English is more or less the same in both British and American English.

40、 However,most of the time people from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other.

41、 Many people travel because they want to see other countries and visit places that are famous, interesting or beautiful.

42、 Many of today’s travelers are looking for an unusual experience and adventure travel is becoming more and more popular.

43、 Instead of spending your vacation on a bus, in a hotel or sitting on the beach, you may want to try hiking.

44、 Hiking is fun and exciting, but you shouldn’t forget safety.

45、 A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams.

46、 If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few fallen trees or rocks.

47、 The name “whitewater “comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.

领导讲话是秘书部门常见的文字材料，是秘书人员必须熟悉和掌握的一种文体。怎样撰写领导讲话，笔者根据自己十年办公室工作的实践认为，应从以下三个方面去努力。

一、在写作特点上，注意奏好四部曲

第一，进入领导角色。进入领导角色是写好领导讲话的前提。因为领导讲话是领导意志的直接反映和完整表述。如果不能站在领导的高度，就写不出符合领导要求的好稿来。因此，秘书人员要有意识地使用领导眼光，运用领导魄力，高屋建瓴，观察问题，分析问题，处理问题，使所写的讲话材料既有气势，又有魄力;既有广度，又有深度。不能脱离领导，站在局外，凭自己的主观想象去东拼西凑。

第二，展示领导艺术。领导讲话是一种论事说理的文字材料，是一种展示领导才华的公开形式，应认真对待。讲话的内容一般包括三个方面：上级机关要求做什么，为什么;我们要做什么，怎样做;不能做什么，为什么不能。因此，它要求讲话材料既要体现一定的理论水平，又要展示高超的领导艺术。

第三，推出领导举措。领导讲话通常是为了部署某项工作或开展某项活动而作出的。因此，必须有明确的指导思想和过硬的工作举措。常见的领导举措有：提高认识、加强领导、抓点带面、督促检查、总结评比等。

第四，运用领导语言。正确运用领导讲话时的特殊语言，可以起到加强效果的作用。必须认真研究语言表述问题，努力做到全面、完整、准确、肯切。讲话材料中常见的领导语言有：传达精神的概括语言;分析形势的完整语言;布置工作的肯切语言;开展动员的激励语言。

二、在写作方法上，注意定好六步棋

一是查阅文件，吃透精神。对上级机关下发的正式文件和上级领导作出的重要讲话，要认真阅读，细心研究，把握要点，吃透精神。只有这样，才能使所撰的讲话材料体现上级文件精神，符合上级政策规定。

二是深入调查，摸清情况。要写好领导讲话，就要熟悉基本的和全面的情况。只有深入细致的调查，才能得到准确的情况。“没有调查，就没有发言权”，道理就在于此。调查没有深度，讲话就没有力度。因此，起草讲话稿之前，要主动深入基层，运用多种方式，从不同角度、各种层次、多个侧面做“解剖”性调查。通过实地调查，获得来自基层单位的实际情况。

三是研究消化，提炼升华。对调查获得的材料进行梳理筛选，去粗取精，去伪存真，再经过理性的分析研究，使零乱松散的素材达到凝炼升华的高度，形成一个鲜明的主题。

四是征求意见，罗列提纲。形成文字材料之前，必须慎重地向领导本人征求意见，包括篇幅的长短、内容的多少、表扬事项与批评事项等等。征求意见之后，就可以根据领导的要求、调查的情况和会议的主旨，拟定提纲了。

五是挥笔疾书，一气呵成。文章的框架扎好了，就如画家画梅有了主干，下一步就是添枝加叶、排花润色了。经过一番构思酝酿之后，若要动笔行文，最好找个安静的地方，集中精力，一次完稿。如果断断续续，“三天打鱼，两天晒网”，就可能影响到文章的连贯性和逻辑性。

六是字斟句酌，严审细核。一次写成的稿子毕竟有点粗糙，必须认真细致地进行修改和校核。讲话材料的修改，要从整体着眼，从局部入手。不仅要从大的方面如观点、材料、结构等方面考虑，而且要从小的方面如题目、语言、标点等方面加以修改。

三、在写作技巧上，注意把好三道关

领导讲话的结构一般包括导言、主体和结尾三部分，也就是通常所说的“三道关”。

(一)导言。导言是文章的先导语言，是讲话稿的开头，类似于新闻报道中的导语。其内容可以是全文提要，也可以是概括介绍。一般介绍会议的性质、背景、主题、任务、形式、程序、目的以及方法步骤等。这段文字尽管在整个报告中份量不大，但颇为重要。它既是标题及事由的承接，又是主体内容展开的序幕，对全文起着提纲挈领的作用。

(二)主体。主体部分是领导讲话的核心，可分为“上级指示精神”和“本地工作部署”两个部分。“上级指示精神”主要包括：会议的性质和概况;对当前形势的最新看法;对某种工作的评价和估量;对下级工作的指示和要求。传达上级指示精神应坚持详尽的原则，该写的一定要写清楚。“本地工作部署”，主要包括的内容有：本地区在全局范围内所处的位置;过去工作积累的经验;当前的有利条件;落实上级机关或领导指示精神的举措;总结评比和奖惩办法。进行工作部署是落实上级指示精神的关键环节，要注意必要性和可能性的有机结合，注意全局利益与局部利益的有机协调。安排“上级指示精神”与“本地工作部署”所占篇幅时，应注意两点：当领导讲话的重点是传达精神时，“上级指示精神”所占篇幅要长;当领导讲话的重点是部署工作时，则“本地工作部署”所占篇幅要长。

(三)结尾。结尾是领导讲话的收尾部分。一般表明讲话人对会议的看法、希望和祝愿，是对全篇讲话内容的总结、概括和升华。领导讲话的结尾通常可分为“升华主题”和“祝愿会议”两个部分。“升华主题”所起的作用是强调前面的讲话内容，把会议的气氛推向高潮，其形式有五种：一是总结式。对全文进行总结概括，起强调作用。二是召唤式。向参加会议的同志或一定范围内的同志发出号召。三是预测式。对某项工作的完成情况作出分析与预测。四是希望式。对会议或某项工作寄予的希望。五是鼓舞式。为完成某项重要工作任务而鼓劲加油。“祝愿会议”所起的作用是表明对会议的态度。常用的祝词有“预祝大会圆满成功”、“祝各位代表身体健康”等。

写作领导讲话的各个部分应遵循三条原则：一是导言部分的简明原则;二是主体部分的详尽原则;三是结尾部分的升华原则。

关于领导讲话稿的写作基础：

第一部分 起草领导讲话稿的基础工作

领导讲话稿是情况信息的积累与凝聚、政策的阐发、理论的深化、工作的要求、研究的结晶、实践的总结和领导意图的体现。要起草好领导讲话稿，关键是要做好与起草领导讲话稿相关的基础工作。

一、起草领导讲话稿的主要基础工作

起草领导讲话稿的基础工作主要包括三个大的方面:一是政策理论和业务准备。二是情况资料准备。三是对领导意图、脉搏的把握、准备。具体包括以下七个方面内容:

(一)资料工作。第一，尽可能全面、客观、准确地掌握情况信息，即做到搜集资料不厌其多、整理资料不厌其烦、储存资料不厌其杂。第二，搜集的资料必须分门别类，分专题或专卷存放。第三，对搜集的资料要及时学习、分析、研究，真正把“死东西”变成“活东西”。第四，搜集资料的方式既可以个人单独搞，也可以集体统一搞，理想的模式是个人与集体结合起来搞。

(二)综合工作。第一，根据起草领导讲话稿的需要，经常自觉地开展自我服务性的综合工作。第二，根据领导的决策需要，开展为领导决策服务的综合工作。第三，综合工作贵在经常有用。第四，为起草领导讲话稿所做的综合工作，应有别于一般的综合材料工作，应以短小精悍的小综合材料为主。

(三)调查研究。第一，要经常围绕领导决策和公安中心工作，抓住一些鱼待解决的重大问题和突出矛盾，深入调查研究，力争发现一些重要的倾向性问题，提出一些有重要参考价值的意见或建议。第二，要通过调查研究摸到重要的有用情况，研究出有价值的成果。

(四)形势分析。第一，当前情况与未来发展趋势相结合。第二，既要看到有利形势，又要看到不利形势。第三，要有深入、精辟的分析，既有鲜明的论点，.又有充足的论据，一还要有科学的论证。

(五)政策理论学习与研究工作。一是马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想。二是党和国家历史与现实的路线、方针、政策，三是法律、法规尤其是与公安工作有关的法律、法规。四是历史的和现实的公安工作的大政方针。第一，提高政策理论水平的唯一途径是学习、学习、再学习。第二，要多研究政策理论，多研究问题。第三，一要注意把理论与实践结合好，创造性地提出工作措施和要求。

(六)渊博的知识基拙。要具备文学知识、社会学知识、政治学知识、历史学知识、经济学知识及科技知识等。

(七)把握领导意图。第一，多留心、多留神，精心捕捉领导意图。第二，对于捕捉到的领导意图及时进行文字处理、归纳和提炼。第三，要注意加强对领导意图的研究、升华与正常发挥。

二、做好起草领导讲话稿基础工作的主要途径

(一)思想重视，增强意识。

(二)突出重点，有的放矢。

(三)注重实用，讲究实效。

(四)分工协作，共同负责。

(五)处处留心，时时动手。

(六)运用科技，提高质效。

(七)不断总结，逐步提高。

第二部分 领导讲话稿的起草工作

一、领导讲话稿的特点

(一)领导讲话稿本身的特点。第一，要有一定的高度，有的还要求有一定的理论色彩。第二，要有很强的实战性。第三，要有很强的针对性。第四，格式非常灵活。第五，语气特征非常讲究。第六，领导讲话的个性语言非常突出。

(二)领导讲话稿起草过程中的特点。第一，起草时间的有限性和时间分配的不确定性。第二，起草内容的不确定性。第三，领导讲话稿定型时间的后延。

二、领导讲话稿的种类

(一)从领导讲话的场合看，可以划分为汇报稿、发言稿、指示稿。

(二)从领导讲话的内容看，可以划分为工作报告、形势报告、动员报告、情况介绍、经验介绍等。

(三)从讲话的形式看，可以划分为正式发言稿、即席讲话稿、开幕词、闭幕词、电视讲话稿、广播新闻稿、讲课稿。

(四)从会议上讲话的具体时间看，可以划分为开始时的报告与结束时讲话两种基本形式。

三、领导讲话稿的基本结构

(一)“三段论”结构:第一部分主要是情况、工作，第二部分是问题、原因，第三部分是措施、建议。

(二)“独联体”结构:领导讲话稿的每一部分都独立成篇，各个部分可连接起来成文。 第一，领导讲话稿的长短要考虑讲话的时间要求。第二，根据讲话的重点，合理安排结构。第三，领导讲话稿的结构中，要注意导语部分、过渡段和结束语，以免使文章显得干瘪和突兀。第四，领导讲话稿的标题一般有直录式、点题式或主附式两种。

四、起草领导讲话稿的步骤

起草领导讲话稿的步骤一般要经过明确起草目的即审题，搜集、整理资料，确定主题和设计提纲，写作、修改、成文等过程。

(一)确定提纲。第一，要事先征求讲话者本人的意见，拟出提纲后交讲话者本人审定。第二，提纲最好是比较详细的纲目式的。第三，拟定提纲要尽量有新意。

(二)起草工作。第一，要注意提炼观点。第二，要特别强调逻辑性。第三，内容要高度概括，用语简炼、明快。第四，初稿起草时，要多从内容上、从大的方面考虑问题。第五，大、小标题都要准确、鲜明地概括本段、层的内容。

五、领导讲话稿的语言特点

(一)语言要符合讲话人的身份和场合。从身份上来讲，不同职位身份的人，讲话语言的虚、实程度不同。从场合来看，不同的场合，语言特点就有很大差别。

(二)语言要符合讲话人的个性特征。要在注意适当口语化的同时，从讲话者本人的角度出发，写出符合讲话者个人风格、特征的稿件。

(三)语言要讲究准确。包括情况、观点要准确，概念要明确，判断要恰当。

(四)语言要鲜明。一要观点鲜明。二要在布局谋篇上做到突出重点，论据充分，论点、证据、论证融为一体，能够纲举目张。三要在结构安排上层次清楚、分明。四要讲究方法。五要句子结构规范、简炼。

(五)语言要讲究生动。一要内容充实，分析精辟透彻。二要注意修辞方法的运用。三要注意提炼出有特色的文字。

六、领导讲话稿修辞上的特点

(一) 用词避免太专业化。

(二) 绘性用词要注意变换。

(三)恰当地使用限制性词语。

(四)规范地使用简化词。

(五)一些名词排列要规范。

七、起草领导讲话稿需要注意的一些问题

(一)要体现领导意图。

(二)要有新意或者说要求变化。

(三)要突出重点，不要面面俱到。

(四)要把握好起承转合。

第三部分 领导讲话稿的修改工作

修改领导讲话稿主要是在领导审定前、领导提出修改意见之后、正式印刷之前及形成正式文件之前。

一、领导讲话稿修改的重点

(一)主题思想:一是领导讲话稿的主题和提出的观念、观点、思路、目标、口号以及引申等，是否领导意图。二是这些观点、思路、目标是否符合客观形势和工作实际的要求。三是是否非常重要而又非讲不可。

(二)政策措施:包括方案、意见、政策、措施等方面，是否符合国家的法律、法规;是否符合党和政府的方针、政策及有关规定;是否符合本地实际，是否符合人民群众的根本利益和要求;是否具有较大的适用性和可操作性。

(三)文字表达:包括结构、层次、标题、语言、材料、引文、典型、事例等方面，是否符合事实、_符合逻辑、符合语法，是否鲜明生动。

(四)文面要求:即体式、款式、字体、字号、书写、序号、时间、页码、署名等是否规范。

二、领导讲话稿修改的原则

(一)在指导思想上:必须遵循实事求是、精益求精的原则。

(二)在工作作风上:必须遵循谦虚谨慎、认真负责、讲究效率的原则。

(三)在工作组织上:必须遵循多方求教、集思广益的原则。

(四)在具体工作上:必须遵循服从主题、提高质量、从大到小、从粗到细的原则。

三、领导讲话稿修改的组织形式

(一)集体修改。一是起草人员集体讨论，专人修改。二是起草人员集中一起，边讨论边修改。三是向会议或非与会人员印发征求意见稿，书面广泛征求意见。四是专门邀请有关领导或其他人员讨论修改。五是讲话者与起草人员共同修改。六是有重点地走访上级、基层，面对面地征求意见。

(二)个人修改。一要舍得割“爱”，并力戒片面性。二要多换一个角度认识问题，换一个思路考虑问题，换一种提法表述问题。三要与有关领导和人员多沟通，多虚心求教。

四、领导讲话稿中常见的问题

(一)主题思想方面:主题没有体现领导意图，认识不深刻，观念不新颖，概念不对，概括不当，观点不鲜明、不清晰、不全面、不准确等。

(二)政策体系方面:与上级政策相悖，与有关政策不衔接或政策不配套，政策界限模糊、失度等。

(三)文字材料方面:篇幅冗长、布局不合理、标题大而空、 典型不鲜明等。

(四)文面要求方面:行文不规范。

五、领导讲话稿修改的具体方法

(一)集体修改领导讲话稿的具体操作方法:边读边改法、 读后修改法、综合整理书面意见法、现场听取意见法等。

(二)个人修改领导讲话稿的具体操作方法:抓住重点深入 思考与推敲的多思法、反复阅读修改法、请人指正法等。

主题是文章的统帅和纲领，是文章的核心;主题源于材料，主题不能先行，必须从实际出发，从材料中引出主题。实用文体主题的表现表式主要有：①直接阐述;②单一集中;③以意役法;④片言居要;⑤善用标题。

文章结构安排的环节主要包括：选择角度;设置线索;安排层次;划分段落;设计开头与结尾;处理过渡和照应等。文章的结构应达到严谨(严密精细，无懈可击)、自然(顺理成章，开阖自如)、完整(匀称饱满，首尾圆合)、统一(和谐一致，通篇一贯，决不相互抵触，自相矛盾)

文章常用的表达方法有叙述、描写、议论、说明，其中议论的方法又可具体分为：①例证法;②喻证法;③类比法;④对比法;⑤反驳法;⑥归谬法。

语言运用的基本要求：合体、得体，准确、顺达，简洁、明快，生动、有力。

1.爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog.

2.百闻不如一见 Seeing is believing.

3.比上不足比下有余 worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst.

4.笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow make an early start.

5.不眠之夜 whe night

6.不以物喜不以己悲 not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses

7.不遗余力 spare no effort; go all out; do ones best

8.不打不成交 No discord, no concord.

9.拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter to pay Paul

10.辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new

11.大事化小小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all

12.大开眼界 open ones eyes; broaden ones horizon; be an eye-opener

13.国泰民安 The country flourishes and people live in peace

14.过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little

15.功夫不负有心人 Everything comes to him who waits.

16.好了伤疤忘了疼 once on shore, one prays no more

17.好事不出门恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.

18.和气生财 Harmony brings wealth.

19.活到老学到老 One is never too old to learn.

20.既往不咎 let bygones be bygones

21.金无足赤人无完人 Gold cant be pure and man cant be perfect.

22.金玉满堂 Treasures fill the home.

23.脚踏实地 be down-to-earth

24.脚踩两只船 sit on the fence

25.君子之交淡如水 the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge between keeps friendship green

26.老生常谈陈词滥调 cut and dried, cliché

27.礼尚往来 Courtesy calls for reciprocity.

28.留得青山在不怕没柴烧 Where there is life, there is hope.

29.马到成功 achieve immediate victory; win instant success

30.名利双收 gain in both fame and wealth

31.茅塞顿开 be suddenly enlightened

32.没有规矩不成方圆 Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards. 33.每逢佳节倍思亲 On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of ones dear ones far away.It is on the festival occasions when one misses his dear most.

34.谋事在人成事在天 The planning lies with man, the outcome with Heaven. Man proposes, God disposes.

35.弄巧成拙 be too smart by half; Cunning outwits itself

1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard

3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention

8.不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少 be indispensable to …

19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden

30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质 comprehensive quality

37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40. 应当承认 Admittedly,

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information

44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I 大写)

46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly

49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology

51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue

52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion

53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence

54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way

55. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice

56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…

57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition

58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest

59.长远利益. interest in the long run

60.…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages

61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones

62.取其精髓，取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。

63.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to

64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information

65.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …

66.采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth

67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …

68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。

No garden without weeds。

69.对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person。

70.重视 attach great importance to…

71.社会地位 social status

72.把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…

73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge

74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally

75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…

76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal

77. 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that

78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden

79.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth。

80.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with

81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。

82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of

83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water

84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities

85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress

86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…

87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding

88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of

想要写好英语作文平常肯定少不了积累，下面是语文迷网整理的关于中考英语作文的句子素材，希望对你有帮助。

1. According to a recent survey， four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However， this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents， who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和**.

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus， which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem： the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact， it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government， which is blind to this point， may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays， many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately， for most young people， it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem， effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills， which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held， this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades， advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact， we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now， it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death——a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part， I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons：

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion， I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that， along with the rapidly economic development， the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation， environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle， it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously， they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me， Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation， for the following reasons：

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology， and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people， reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style， it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes： it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

写作是很重要的一道题目，那么我们要掌握写作的哪些基础知识呢？下面小编为大家整理了语文写作基础知识，希望能帮到大家！

(一)作文基础知识

1、审清题意：“五审”

(1)审清体裁(记叙文、应用文、说明文)

(2)审清题材(人、物、事、景)

(3)审清范围(时间、地点、人称、事件、对象具体限制)

(4)审清主题(中心思想)

(5)审清其他要求(附加要求)

2、确定主题：“四要”

(1)主题要正确(反应生活实际)

(2)主题要集中(一个文章不能多个主题)

(3)主题要鲜明(明确表达自己对事物的态度和立场)

(4)主题要深刻(深挖内涵思想)

3、选择材料：“四要”

(1)围绕主题选择材料(多写与主题相关的内容)

(2)选择真实的材料(真实可信，具有代表性和典型性)

(3)选择新颖的材料(新人新事)

(4)选择独有的材料(具有创新性)

4、编写提纲“五点”：

(1)拟好题目

(2)确定主题

(3)段落安排

(4)每段的主要意思

(5)重点段落的层次安排和内容

5、修改文章“五看”：

(1)是否切题

(2)主题、思想是否明确、突出

(3)看材料是否符合主题、内容是否具体、完整

(4)看语言是否通顺、用词是否准确，有无错别字

(5)看标点是否正确。

(二)看图作文 “一看二写，四要两注意”

“一看二写”：先看图，再写作文

“四要”：仔细观察图画;展开合理想象;突出主题、抓住重点;分清主次，具体描写。

“两注意”：看清全画面内容;分清图上内容主次和表达的中心。

(三)记叙文·记事

(1)写清楚事件发生的时间、地点以及事情的发生、发展和结果。

(2)事件经过写具体

(3)按事件的发展顺序来写

(4)注意表达真情实感

(四)记叙文·写人

(1)确定写作对象

(2)确定人物的思想品质

(3)选择典型的具体事例

(4)抓住最能表现人物思想品质的外貌、语言、动作、心理、环境进行描写。

(5)注意表达自己的真实感情

(五)记叙文·状物——“五要三注意”

“五要”：

(1)抓住物的特征

(2)按一定顺序写

(3)既写静态又写动态

(4)展开想象，运用拟人等手法把内容写具体

(5)托物言志，借物抒情

“三注意”：

(1)仔细观察、抓住特征

(2)明确中心，展开想象

(3)根据内容，安排顺序。

(六)记叙文·写景

注意六点：

(1)抓住景物特征

(2)注意时间、地点、气候等因素的影响

(3)景物特点安排恰当的顺序

(4)采用多种手法表现景物特点及变化

(5)写出自己的感受

(6)借景抒情

(七)应用文

1、应用文大多以记叙文为基础，但是还要特别注意的是各种应用文的格式

2、常见应用文类型：书信、读后感、通知、留言条、表扬信、建议书和日记。

3、具体格式：

(1)标题居中。(除了书信、留言条和日记没有标题，其他皆有)

(2)正文：另起一行空两格。

(3)署名和日期：先写署名，另起一行写清“*年*月*日”。

在今日全球化的经济环境下，有效地用英语(精品课)交流已经变得至关重要。

然而如何清晰地表达你的想法却是门大学问。太多时候人们只是简单地照抄他们眼中同事，尤其是上级写出来的“漂亮英语”。你每天都能在收件箱里看到很多例子——那些难懂的需要你读好多遍才能理解的邮件。

一个巨大的错误就是用一些不必要的单词和词组让你的文章变得冗长。你要牢记你写作的目的是为了更清晰地交流你的想法。

总是尽可能减少你句子中使用的字数，避免使用可以用更短的词代替的长词。以下是一些例子：

Instead of "prior to" use *before*

用“before”代替“prior to”

Instead of "subsequent" use *after*

用“after”代替“subsequent”

Instead of "in order to" use *to*

用“to”代替“in order to”

Instead of "in the event that" use *if*

用“if”代替“in the event that”

Instead of "with reference to" use *about*

用“about”代替“with the reference to”

Instead of "state of the art" use *latest*

用“latest”代替“state of the art”

Instead of "due to the fact that" use *since*

用“since”代替“due to the fact that”

Instead of "not later than 2pm" use *by 2pm*

用“by 2pm”代替“not later than 2pm”

Instead of "at the present time" use *now*

用“now”代替“at the present time”

同时也要记得文章有组织性。第一句话就要开门见山地点出你每一段要讲什么。除此之外，要控制你邮件的长度。没人想读一条长达10段的邮件。

通过使用简单的单词和易懂的词组，你就能最终提高你信息的清晰度。

1.individuals,characters, folks替换(people ,persons)

2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising

(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good

3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad

如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换

eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they records are less impressive.

4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many.

注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。

Eg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理 用most, if not all ,替换most.

5: a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some

6:harbor the idea that, take the attitude that,

hold the view that, it is widely shared that,

it is universally acknowledged that)替think

(因为是书面语，所以要加that)

7:affair ,business ,matter 替换thing

8: shared 代 common

9.reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits )

10:for my part ,from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion

11:Increasing(ly),growing 替换more and more( 注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.

Eg.sth has gained growing popularity.

popular with the advancement of sth.

12.little if anything, 或little or nothing替换hardly

13..beneficial, rewarding替换helpful,

14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser, 替换customer

15.exceedingly,extremely, intensely 替换very

16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable ... 替换 unnecessary, avoidable

17.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in

18.capture ones attention替换attract ones attention.

19.facet,demension,sphere代aspect

20.be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代 indicate, suggest ,fear

21.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause.

22. There are several reasons behind sth 替换..reasons for sth

23.desire 替换want.

24.pour attention into 替换pay attention to

25.bear in mind that 替换remember

26. enjoy, possess 替换have(注意process是过程的意思)

27. interaction替换communication

28.frown on sth替换 be against , disagree with sth

29.to name only a few, as an example替换 for example, for instance

30. next to / virtually impossible,替换nearly / almost impossible

文案，原指放书的桌子，后来指在桌子上写字的人。现在指的是公司或企业中从事文字工作的职位，就是以文字来表现已经制定的创意策略。小编收集了文案写作基础，欢迎阅读。

1、展现对阅听众要求的了解。

你会觉得了解你需要的人，也是能满足你的需要的人。相同的道理也适用于文案策划广告。“这广告懂得我，”读者如此感觉：“我可以相信它一点。”这有助于排除买家对卖家的疑虑，甚至是“通常一点都不可相信”之感。Xerox资讯存取系统的广告巧妙地运用了莫非定律，展现出对目标阅听众面临问题的了解：有个人在办公室里，话筒紧贴耳朵，传来坏消息：“先生，我们已经查过你在找的那份资料——肯定是丢掉了。”

2、挑战公认的事实。

广告里比较令人愉快的吊诡之一是，和普遍接受的想法唱反调的东西反而比较令人信服，崭新的想法令读者惊异。媒体界的陈腔滥调之一是用“每千人成本”——多少钱多少读者——作为评量杂志的指标。Barrons，一本读者财产经常超过七位数字的投资杂志，向这个想法提出了挑战。论证重点应该是读者的“质”而非“量”。“最低百万富翁成本”于是成为标题。

3、既然事实比宣称可信，最好用事实当宣称。

在广告里，“宣称”常常只是“谎言”比较婉转的说法。很多这种特别修饰过的谎言都是特别为了过律师和出版品检查人员那关特别准备的。你不能说你的花生酱里花生比较多，除非举行过公开公正的数花生仪式。可是却可以说某人如果为小孩准备这种花生酱就是比较好的妈妈。那你只要承认自己是在做广告，所有的罪名就都不成立了。广告反正就只是广告。对律师和检查人员来说，只要站得住脚，尽管说谎去!可是，对其他所有人来说，谎言就是谎言，而且清清楚楚。这是为什么BMW的广告里不只坚持BMW是上选投资，还用它的高二手售价来证明这点。它的说服力并不是来自与其他汽车的相互比较，而是目标阅听众可能用来与其他投资相较的“去年有一种汽车表现超过纽约股票市场里318种股票”。

4、让读者得以相信。每个人的心里都有一个地方其实真的想要相信如果用哪种爽肤水或润丝精就会拥有比较美好的生活。不幸的是，这地方配有横肉满身腰备武装的警卫巡逻，一遇到像本书这样的胡言乱语就立即打倒在地。我们的强壮警卫需要的通行凭证，是让他可以接受你的前提而不致看来象白痴的有力证据。DDB替Avis制作的广告里并不只是说Avis更努力，它说的是如果你只是第二名就得更努力——还有别的路吗?

5、让读者不得不相信。

这和第四点相互呼应。美国总统柯立芝曾经说过“无道理者终究难信”。Avis广告的前提，呼应小鱼若不游得快些便可能被大鱼果腹的生存法则，便合乎此道。Volkswagen那张敞篷车顶棚全开，露出汽冷式引擎的广告也是如此：“冷却器不会有问题，因为没有冷却器”——无可辩驳的标题。

6、成为同类产品中最佳选择。

这些日子这句话充斥在每个创意简报里。这是“90年代”最基本的策略之一，虽然你弄不清楚是哪个90年代——由买家还在用贝币付款时，广告主就已经在使用这个策略了。这法子之所以有效，是因为每个买东西的人都希望别人觉得他做了件聪明事，至少不要被当作是做了什么傻事。买主的趋善避恶是横古亘今，毋庸置疑的，这Saab 9000的定位为什么是“给继承了脑袋而非财宝的人预备的跑车”。

7、创造购买的渴望。

只要你还有脉搏，就有渴望。如果产品能实现你的渴望，它的广告也就不必象推销员一样喋喋不休，而可以成为内在的诱引喃喃低语，鼓励你去将美梦成真。对“野火鸡”(Wild Turkey)——波本威士忌的极品高价产品——而言，这便意味令读者不可或忘任何价格较为低廉的选择都是盲目简吝与自我否定：“当然有比较便宜的波本——也有比较不值钱的股票和比较小的车”。

总之，广告，照定义来，就只是一半的事实：广告只会提出对产品有利的论述。至于不利的论述，对手会很开心地提出来的。加上读者对你说的东西只能半信半疑，你的一半事实很快就会变成四分之一事实。那就离无关紧要不屑一顾，只有一线之隔了。

如果有一个简单的原则能够把这一切总和起来——事实上没有着简单原则，无论如何我还是提出来——那就是，写广告的人应该假设读者至少和他自己一样聪明。这有助于自己常常——或者几乎总是——保持真诚的好处。此外也有助成就诚实的撰文——和可信的广告。

小编导语：如何写好高中作文，对于学生作文的写作基础也要好好的训练，话题作文的基本要求：话题作文还是要审题，所写内容必须在话题范围之内。“立意自定”，关键要读懂话题关键词的意旨，若给出导语提示，还应划出导语中包含归结的关键语词。一般初学者，首先要注意让这些关键词贯穿在自己作文的始终，统帅自己的文意。如何写好高中作文，对于学生作文的写作基础也要好好的训练,实际效果又发现学生完全没有一般思想认识的基础，真正可见现在所谓合格教育的成效，和高中教学要求的“架空作业”。下面小编就来说说话题作文的写作基础。

一、文章形式的革命——夹叙夹议

尽快脱离初中只重记叙，笼统归结的写法。高中的作文记叙只向最高水平开一条缝，你得复杂记叙，融情思与哲理于一炉，有最动人的细节和最精美的表达，巧妙蕴含深刻的思辨和无穷的回味，这不是一般人能做到的，更不是学不会议论抒情的同学的避难所。所以，比自己多练议论，远比固守初中记叙的窠臼要有前途。高中的记叙必须简约，只提炼能说明自己观点的内核，而尽量舍弃叙述的完整过程与细节。叙，惜墨如金;而起始学写议，应力求具体多点分析阐述。

二、文章立意的升华——深入浅出

叙完笼统归结是初中模式作文的又一通病，常常文章的结尾具有宽泛的普适性，而缺乏对文章应有之义作具体针对性的挖掘阐发，常常文章的“穿鞋戴帽”大到可以套在无数篇文章上，却没什么真正的思考。高中作文倘使还用夹叙夹议，也要对叙的材料反复推敲，找出几例可以统一在一个观点里的材料，就材料的不同侧面来评析议论，最后上升归结出恰当切题、言之有物的中心。

三、文章表达的提高——点睛生花

好的文笔追求更高效率、更多意蕴。描述中就渗透情思与评析，这是较高水平的表达。一般的叙议分段，也应注意所叙材料紧贴自己的议论，议论应采取逐层推进，前后分界，避免相互缠绕。但又必须前后连贯，形成一个整体。在文章中一定写好精心组织的关键议论，努力使文章多处呈现运用一定修辞的文采。

话题作文训练举例

话题作文的基本要求：话题作文还是要审题，所写内容必须在话题范围之内。“立意自定”，关键要读懂话题关键词的意旨，若给出导语提示，还应划出导语中包含归结的关键语词。一般初学者，首先要注意让这些关键词贯穿在自己作文的始终，统帅自己的文意。

规定“题目自拟”，一定不要用话题作标题。1、标题范围尽量要小，不要太大太泛;要合理出新，不落俗套。2、标题不能过长，可以采用副标题的方式对主标题加以限制。3、标题要含蓄，把思维蕴涵于形象的标题之中。

一个句子必须按照一定的模式来组织，这个模式称为句式。下面是语文迷为大家提供的高考英语写作优秀句式，供大家参考。

1) on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored.

2) due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.

3) since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.

4) furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.

5) from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.

6) there is much discussion over science and technology. one of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.

7) According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

8) The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

9) No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

10) People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

11) An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

12) When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

13) Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

14) Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

15) An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

16) Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

17) There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

18) An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

19) A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

20) Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

21) Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

22) In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

23) The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

24) It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

25) Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

26) No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

27) People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

28) In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

29) In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

30) We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

31) People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

32) The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

33) Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

34) This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

35) For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

36) Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

37) This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

38) Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

39) Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

40) In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

41) Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

42) Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

43) Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

44) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

45) There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

46) This issue has caused wide public concern.

47) It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

48) A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

49) As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

50) It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

51) Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

52) It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

53) For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

54) There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

55) This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

56) Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

57) In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

58) Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

59) In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

60) It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

61) Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

62) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

63) Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

64) There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

65) Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

66) However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

67) Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

68) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

69) Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

70) Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

71) But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

72) Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

73) Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

74) From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

75) Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

76) There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

77) An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

78) It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

79) Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

80) Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

81) Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

82) An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

83) For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

84) For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

85) There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

86) By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

87) Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

88) Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

89) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

90) These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

1)做模版：拿几片范文，找几句比较拽的结构型句子，拼凑出一个你自己顺手的框架即可。不用到处找，也不用找很多，一个框架即可，当然，准备一些可以替换的词：比如recommendation替换conclusion.漂亮句子很多，但若水三千，我只掬一瓢饮。

2)找出主要的错误类型，每种写出一道两句经典的表述即可。

3)考时30分钟分三个阶段：一)12-15分钟，写出完整的第一段，三个征文段的topic sentence，和完整的末段。写第一段的同时就构思topicsentence,末段无非是重复结论和三句topic。这样的好处是结构已经完整了，你不用慌了。。二)13-10分钟，完成三段正文。我以前觉得这个很困难，后来想通了。无非是把这层意思说清楚就行。3句话就够了。也够长了。三)5分钟check.还一个作用时，是在前面没有完成，还有一个buffer,也不至于弹尽粮绝。

4)非常措施：考试万一时间不够，首段就抄原句;如果时间还不够，末段就cut-paste首段和topic 的文本，稍加修改即可。但是，结构是完整的。

5)ok作文法的精髓和适用范围：精髓：看上去很美。适用范围：不想得6分的人(因为想的6分的人追求的是实际上也很美。如果运气好，可以的5分，运气不好，可以的4分。

1. the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

2. Nothing is + ~er than to + V

Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

3. ~cannot emphasize the importance of ~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。)

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

4. There is no denying that + S + V ... (不可否认的...)

例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

5. It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~ (全世界都知道...)

例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

6. There is no doubt that + 句子~ (毫无疑问的...)

例句：There is no doubt that our air pollution leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的空气污染令人不满意。

7. An advantage of ~ is that + 句子 (……的优点是……)

例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

8. The reason why + 句子 ~is that + 句子 (……的原因是……)

例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air / The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

9. So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此……以致于……)

例句：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵，我们浪费不起。

10. Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V(虽然...)

例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. 【by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不】

虽然我们的国家富有，但我们的生活品质一点也不令人满意。

通讯，是运用叙述、描写、抒情、议论等多种手法，具体、生动、形象地反映新闻事件或典型人物的一种新闻报道形式。小编收集了新闻写作基础知识：通讯，欢迎阅读。

通讯是以叙述、描写为主要表达方式，将具有新闻价值的人物或事件及时、具体、生动地予 以报道的新闻体裁。

一、通讯特点

通讯作为报刊、电台等媒体最主要的体裁之一，新闻性显然是基本的特征。而新闻性中，真 实、时效、思想性及典型意义构成了它的不同层面。就报道对象言，或是人物、事件，或是 经验、成果、工作情况、社会风貌等，都必须是真实的，不允许虚构或“合理想象”，而且 报道对象应该具有必须的思想性和典型意义。就报道时效言，通讯虽不及消息这般快速敏捷 ，有时为将人物、事件报道细致完整需时较长，但也必须及时，仍须有很强的时效概念。除 去真实、时效的新闻性特征，通讯的主要特点有：

1、生动性。

通讯尤其是人物通讯具有一定的文学色彩。消息在表达上主要 是平面的叙述，语言追求简洁 、明快、准确。通讯则较多借用文学手段，可以描写、抒情、对话，可以用比喻、象征、拟 人等修辞。因此通讯在语言和表达方法上都具有一定的文学性，它在报道真实的人和事的过 程中，善于再现情景，平添许多生动和形象，给人以立体感、现场感。

此外，通讯虽然一般以第三人称叙述为主，但在“见闻”、“采访记”一类的通讯中，也采 用第一人称。不过其中的“我”主要起见证人或采访线索的作用。在效果上第一人称的使用 也增加了一些亲切感。

2、完整性。

通讯须相对完整、具体地报道人物或事物的过程。消息侧重写 事，叙述 简明扼要，一般不展开情节。通讯可写人物也可写事件，其材料比消息丰富、全面，其容量 比消息厚实、充足。它要求详尽、具体地报告事件的经过、演绎人物的命运，充分展开情节 ，甚至描写细节和场面。这些既是生动性的表现，同时也是内容完整性、具体化的要求。

3、评论性。

通讯须运用夹叙夹议的方法对人或事作出直接的评论。消息是 以事实说话，除 述评消息一般不允许作者直接发表议论。通讯则要求在报道人物或事件的同时，表露记者的 感情与倾向。然而通讯的评论不同于议论性文体的论证，它须时时紧扣人物或事件，依傍事 实作适时的、恰到好处评价点拨。因此这是一种通过描写、叙述、抒情等表达手段进行的议 论，它的特点是以情感人，理在情中。

二、通讯种类

1、人物通讯

是以人物的思想、言行、事迹和命运为报道内容的通讯。 人物通讯并非仅仅 是“名人通讯”，报道对象的选择取决于其蕴含的新闻价值，一般来说人物必须具有先进性 或典型性。在取材上可写“全人全貌”，也可截取片断着重写人物的某个侧面或阶段。此两 类一般以人物的“行”为主，而“人物专访”则以写人物的“言”为主。通过记者的专访， 记述人物的谈话，从而揭示其精神世界。

2、事件通讯

是以具典型意义的事件为报道对象的通讯。事件通讯时效 性较强，它围绕中 心事件选材，虽不着力刻划人物，但往往通过典型事件表现一群人或一个集体。所以它通过 较为详尽地展示事件的完整过程，挖掘其意义，揭示其本质，进而反映社会风尚，弘扬时代 精神。 除人物通讯与事件通讯外，另有：“工作通讯”，这是介绍某单位先进事迹，传播其典型经 验和做法，以指导一般的通讯;“概貌通讯”，这是记述某地区、部门、行业、工程的新面 貌、新气象的通讯。报刊上常见的“见闻”、“纪行”、“巡礼”、“散记”均属此类。此 外，还有以写一段片断、一个场景、一场冲突为对象的“新闻故事”、“小通讯”之类，它 们以生动、快捷的形式宣传新人新事新风尚，实为通讯家属中不可忽视的一员。

三、通讯写作

1、关于选材与提炼主题

占有材料对通讯写作来说就是通过扎实细致的采访广泛搜集第一手材料。随后在纷繁的直接 材料中剥离出典型材料、背景材料。这些材料不仅要求真实，而且要有意义，具有典型性、 指导性，同时还要有意味，具有具体、完整、感人的生动性、情节性。在这般基础上根据深 和新的原则提炼主题，通讯才可能呼应社会关注热点，反映时代风尚特点，宣传党的路线方 针，从而以正确的舆论引导人，以先进的人物激励人，以真实的事件震撼人。然而通讯写的 是真人真事，其主题必须从实际生活中提炼而来，不能随意“拔高”，更不能虚构夸大，它 永远不能违背新闻的真实性原则。

2、关于写人

事因人生，人以事观。人与事虽不可分，但在人物通讯与事件通讯中的确有以人为主和以事 为主之别，为叙述方便故而分之。 写人在文学创作中已积累丰富经验，在“非虚构”的原则下，我们不妨可借用其多种手段， 并注意以下三个方面：第一，形与神兼备。即不仅要写出人物的行为和事迹，更要展示其精 神世界;第二，言与行统一。人物语言、行为表达、传递出人物的思想，而不同的语气、句 式、词汇及动作表情、神态等是极富个性色彩的内心表露形式。写好了人物的言与行，无疑 是写活了人;第三，画龙必须点睛。如果说言行、事例、情节勾勒出人物的整体形象称为“ 龙” ，那么揭示人物行为意义，指出人物个性特点的评点便是“睛”。“画龙”用的是纪实的叙 述、描写，“点睛”则是超脱的议论或抒情。

3、关于叙事

通讯离不开写事，事件通讯更须完整地叙述事件的起因、人员、场面、结果等，以交待事件 的复杂性和社会影响度。叙事要注意两点：第一，理清主线、丰满细节。一个新闻事件的发 生、发展过程中，有因有果，有人有事，头绪多而关系复杂，作者须理清主线，按事件原貌 将其完整地、动态地、立体地呈现给读者。而为实现这一目标，就须选择典型的细节。一篇 优秀的事件通讯，必然有几个生动感人的细节来充分展示主线，使作品丰满而具现场感。第二，时间为经、时间为纬。通讯须有一定的时间要领因为事件、故事总在于一定的时间和空间中。纺织好时空画面既是一个结构总是也是一个表达方法问题。篇幅不长而情节不太复杂的事件通讯可多运用插叙、补叙、分叙等手段，充分展开矛盾和利用背景材料，使文章有变化起伏。容量大而情节复杂的事件通讯则常常运用时空交叉方式，以时间推进、空间变换等手段来切割事件，构成若干侧面。经过作者精心的组合剪辑将事件完整而利落地报告于世。

显然选材与提炼主题是各类通讯写作中必须面对的，而写人与叙事则因通讯品种不同而有所侧重。但是通讯的写作模式也必然带来约束，因而通讯的散文化写法亦开始为人注目。所谓 的散文化倾向有以下几个特点：(一)生活面更趋广阔，(二)结构不拘一格，(三)技法更多样 化，(四)报道呈系列化。

话题作文它不同于以前的半命题、命题及材料作文，是一种崭新的、具有很强生命力的作文样式，下面是关于话题作文的写作基础，一起来学习下吧：

一、从话题的另一意义的角度切入

许多话题都具有多义性，如果只盯住其本义或其常用义，则构思很难出新，写出的作文虽不跑题但也显得一般化，撇开其本义或常见义，转而从其引申义或其比喻义的角度切入，构思就会有新意。如以“水”为话题，如果从自然界之“水”这个意思层面上去理解，把“水”当成名词，则构思很难出新；若把“水”理解成形容词，如“这个人很水”，在这个层面上理解“水”的意思，则其拟题、行文都会很有新意。

二、从缩小话题内涵的角度切入

有许多话题的意思非常宽泛，如果给话题加上一些限制语或修饰语，便缩小了话题的内涵，有利于出新出奇。如以“第一次”为话题，缩小内涵才有利于构思选材，但是添加的限制语或修饰语，必须避开大家都在写的这一误区，要从自己的材料库中许多不为人知的人、事、景、物着手。

三、从话题的逆向思维角度切入

围绕话题，自我多方设问，多方求答，用以开启思维，立意选材，这是众多学生的一般作法。但是，大多数人只知道沿着话题正向发问，很少有逆向发问的。如以“尊重”为话题，可以提出“何为尊重”、“谁尊重谁”、“为什么要尊重”、“谁可做尊重或被他人尊重的典范”等问题，这些都是从正面发问，没能跳出常规思维的圈子；如果从“逆向”角度思考发问，“为什么谁不尊重谁”、“不尊重他人好不好，为什么”、“不尊重的事例或现象有哪些”、“怎样消除不尊重现象”等，这般的提问思考，就使文章的构思、选材步入了新境。

四、从话题的另一时空的角度切入

围绕话题，写自己经历的事，写自己身边的事，从家庭、社会、学校这几个范围立意选材，也没什么不好，这都是从话题的“现实角度”构思的，如果能从话题的“过去”或“未来”的角度构思，只要联想、想象或幻想的人、事、景、物合乎情理，不管写的是话题的“过去”还是“未来”，只要能含蓄、曲折地反映话题的“现实时空”，便能写出颇具新意的作文来。如以“初三生活”为话题，大多数人可能都会写自己或同龄人的初三生活，但是如果从过去或未来的角度出发，比如写爷爷、奶奶的初三生活或几十年以后自己子孙的初三生活，只要合乎情理，那都是非常有新意的作文。

[关于话题作文的写作基础

University is students’ fight goal, entering the university means the promising future for students. In most university campus, the scenery is very beautiful, some campus are even the hot tourist sites. Like Cambridge and Oxford, many people go there to have a look at the beautiful sites. Campus seem to be the open to tourist sites, I think it is not good to be open.

大学是学生奋斗的目标，进入大学对学生来说意味着有一个光明的未来。在大部分大学校园里，风景是很漂亮的，一些大学校园甚至成为热门的旅游景点。比如剑桥和牛津，很多人去那里只为看一眼美丽的风景。大学校园似乎对旅客开放，我觉得开放是不好的。

On the one hand, when tourists come, there will be a lot of rubbish. We always hear about the news that in the tourist sites, many rubbish are left, which makes the sites polluted. University campus are the places for students to study, the places should be clean and quiet.

一方面，当游客来到校园，就会带来很多的垃圾。我们总是听到这样的新闻，在一些旅游景点，留下了很多垃圾，使得景点受到了污染。大学校园是给学生学习的地方，应该是干净和安静的。

On the other hand, when campus is open to the tourists, it means anyone can go into the school, it will be not safe to students. Some bad people will pretend to be the tourists and go into the campus to steal things. Some students will fight against the bad guys and will get hurt. Opening the campus gives the bad guys the chance to make crime.

另一方面，当大学校园对游客开放，意味着任何人都可以进入校园，对于学生来说很不安全。一些不怀好意的人会假装成游客，进入到校园来偷窃。一些学生会和歹徒搏斗，伤到自己。开放校园给坏人带来了犯罪的机会。

University campus should be clean and quiet for students to learn knowledge. Students also need a safe environment. So it is not good to open the university for tourists.

大学校园应该是干净和安静的，有利于学生学习知识。学生也需要一个安全的环境。所以大学校园对旅客开放是不好的。

一、函的概念 函是不相隶属机关之间相互洽工作、询问和答复问题，或者向有关主管部门请求批准事项时所使用的公文。

函作为公文中惟一的一种平行文种，其适用的范围相当广泛。在行文方向上，不仅可以在平行机关之间行文，而且可以在不相隶属的机关之间行文，其中包括上级机关或者下级机关行文。在适用的内容方面，它除了主要用于不相隶属机关相互洽工作、询问和答复问题外，也可以向有关主管部门请求批准事项，向上级机关询问具体事项、请示较小事宜，还可以用于上级机关答复下级机关的询问或请求批准事项，以及上级机关催办下级机关有关事宜，如要求下级机关函报报表、材料、统计数字等。通知一般事项，如通知召开一般性会议。此外，函有时还可用于上级机关对某件原发文件作较小的补充或更正。不过这种情况并不多见。

二、函的特点

(一)沟通性。函对于不相隶属机关之间相互洽工作、询问和答复问题，起着沟通作用，充分显示平行文种的功能，这是其他公文所不具备的特点。

(二)灵活性。表现在两个方面：一是行文关系灵活。函是平行公文，但是它除了平行行文外，还可以向上行文或向下行文，没有其他文种那样严格的特殊行文关系的限制。二是格式灵活，除了国家高级机关的主要函必须按

照公文的格式、行文要求行文外，其他一般函，比较灵活自便，也可以按照公文的格式及行文要求办。可以有文头版，也可以没有文头版，不编发文字号，甚至可以不拟标题。

(三)单一性。函的主体内容应该具备单一性的特点，一份函只宜写一件事项。

三、函的分类。

(一)按性质分，可以分为公函和便函两种。公函用于机关单位正式的公务活动往来;便函则用于日常事务性工作的处理。便函不属于正式公文，没有公文格式要求，甚至可以不要标题，不用发文字号，只需要在尾部署上机关单位名称、成文时间并加盖公章即可。

(二)按发文目的分。函可以分为发函和复函两种。发函即主动提出了公事事项所发出的函。复函则是为回复对方所发出的函。

(三)另外，从内容和用途上，还可以分为洽事宜函，通知事宜函，催办事宜函，邀请函、请示答复事宜函，转办函，催办函，报送材料函等等。

四、函的结构、内容和写法

由于函的类别较多，从制作格式到内容表述均有一定灵活机动性。主要介绍规范性公函的结构、内容和写法。

公函由首部、正文和尾部三部分组成。其各部分的格式、内容和写法要求如下：

(一)首部。主要包括标题、主送机关两个项目内容。

1、标题。

2、主送机关。

(二)正文。其结构一般由开头、主体、结尾、结语等部分组成。

(三)结尾。一般用礼貌性语言向对方提出希望。或请对方协助解决某一问题，或请对方及时复函，或请对方提出意见或请主管部门批准等。

(四)结语。通常应根据函询、函告、函或函复的事项，选择运用不同的结束语。如“特此函询()”、“请即复函”、“特此函告”、“特此函复”等。有的函也可以不用结束语，如属便函，可以像普通信件一样，使用“此致”、“敬礼”。

(五)结尾落款。一般包括署名和成文时间两项内容。

署名机关单位名称，写明成文时间年、月、日;并加盖公章。

五、撰写函件应注意的问题

函的写作，首先要注意行文简洁明确，用语把握分寸。无论是平行机关或者是不相隶属的行文，都要注意语气平和有礼，不要倚势压人或强人所难，也不必逢迎恭维、曲意客套。至于复函，则要注意行文的针对性，答复的明确性。

其次，函也有时效性的问题，特别是复函更应该迅速、及时。像对待其他公文一样，及时处理函件，以保证公务等活动的正常进行。

例文 通知事宜函

国务院办公厅关于羊毛产销和质量等问题的函

国家计委、经贸办、农业部、业部、经贸部、纺织部、技术监督局： 为进一步发展我国羊毛生产，搞活羊毛流通，提高羊毛质量，根据国务院领导同志的批示，现就有关问题通知如下：

一、要切实抓紧抓好草场改造和羊种改良工作。(略)

二、技术监督局要加强羊毛的质量监督和检验工作。(略)

三、要尽快组织直接进入国际羊毛拍卖市场。(略)

四、为了促进国内养羊业的发展，支持纺织工业生产和扩大出口创汇。(略) 上述有关政策，请有关部门、各地区特别是羊毛生产区认真研究落实，执行中的问题，由国家计委和经贸办协调，并督促落实。

国务院办公厅(盖章)