大学英语写作基础答案(优秀20篇)

Which place we look forward to university, the number of students of senior three. University life, every high school students dream of want to experience. At least I was at that time. But, to be honest, the university for me at that time is a kind of imagination of good, but how, I want to now I didnt have a certain understanding to him.

In college, we wont have the teacher make the teachings and anticorrosive tireless explains. Wont have too many exercises and tests every day; Dont every day in order to score, ranking and anxious, upset... In the experience of college life this month, there is such a thing let me more impressive: in the first class of the university, there are two girl for a few minutes late, according to the habit of playing before the report into the classroom. But then the teacher said: "in the university, if you be late for class or something you want to leave early, you dont have to report, just quietly in and out from the back door, it is good to do not affect you..." After this, I also met in high school even dare not even think about other things. Can at any time in and out of the dormitory and the school, for example, because of the need to accomplish something to skip class, etc.

So, I concluded that university, is a completely on the process of consciously. If high school we or a chick, so we can say of university has been growing up, away from the shelter of parents, away from the teachers supervision, the rest of the only one to do the master of himself.

So, now we are going to manage themselves, their planning their beautiful university life, and ensure that the future can smile about their college life.

At the university of the second characteristic is to have more time and space, the university will have a class from 5 points to the dormitory in the morning until 10 PM back rest; Also wont because like to see a dream of red mansions but afraid to be the teacher found and hide things, and more importantly, there are all kinds of activities in the university for you to participate in and experience, and these are considered in high school is a waste of time. In fact, we can learn much knowledge from these things - and without the knowledge of the textbook, learned a lot of experience or lessons, learn from the university of rich and colorful...

So, I think, is more important than knowledge ability, and ability to training needs a process, the university is such a good process.

大学，多少高三学子向往的地方。大学生活，每一个高中生都梦寐以求的的想去体验一番。至少当时的我是这样。但是，说句实话，大学对那时的我来说只是一种想象中的美好，但究竟如何，我想现在的我才对他有一定的了解。

在大学，不会再有老师苦口婆心的教诲和防腐不知疲倦的讲解;不会有每天做不完的习题和试卷;也不会天天为了分数、名次而焦急、苦恼……在体验大学生活的这一个月中，有这样一件事让我印象比较深刻：在大学的第一堂课上，有两个女生迟到了几分钟，按照以前的习惯打报告进教室。但后来老师说：“在大学中，如果你上课迟到或者有事想要早退的话，你不用打报告，只需悄悄地从后门出入，不要影响大家就好……”在这以后，我也遇到过其他在高中甚至想都不敢想的事情。比如可以随时出入宿舍和校门，因需要完成某事要逃课等。

所以，我总结出：大学，是一个完全靠自觉的过程。如果高中的我们还是一只雏鸟，那么大学的我们可以说已经长大，远离了父母的庇护，远离了老师的督促，剩下的只有自己做自己的主人。

所以，现在的我们要自己管好自己，自己规划自己美好的大学生活，并自己保证今后能够笑着谈起自己的大学生活。

大学的第二个特点就是有更多的时间和空间，大学中绝不会有从早上5点出宿舍上课直到晚上10点才回去休息的情况;也不会因为喜欢看《红楼梦》但怕被老师发现而东躲西藏的事情，更重要的是，在大学里有各种各样的活动等着你去参加和体验，而这些在高中都被视为纯属浪费时间的事情。其实，从这些事情中我们也能学到许多知识——课本里并没有的知识，学到许多经验或是教训，学到大学的丰富多彩……

所以，我认为，比知识更重要的是能力，而能力地培养需要一个过程，大学则是这样一个很好的过程。

导语：一篇好文章要有个好的开头，别开生面、新颖别致的开头，才有震撼力、吸引力，让人产生一种欲读之而后快之感。所谓“凤头”，亦是这个道理。文章开篇的方法众多，如下十二种方法是常用的：

一、开门见山，落笔扣题

所谓“开门见山”，是一种比喻的说法，指的是直截了当地切入要旨。

如《白杨礼赞》一开头就触及题旨：“白杨树实在是不平凡的，我赞美白杨树!”这种写法干脆利落，入题快捷，不枝不蔓，所以受很多同学所青睐。

二、引用经典，彰显底蕴

开头引用警句、名言、诗句或俗语、谚语等，能增强开端的气势，使人感到峥嵘、高远，达到吸引读者、突出中心的效果。

如下例几种常用的：

1.诗词开头

以诗句开头，气势磅礴，震撼人心。如：“莫等闲，白了少年头。”我的爸爸四十多了，白了头，可是依然很平凡……

2.俗语开头

俗语是孩子们所熟悉的，以此开头，倍感亲切，激发兴趣。如：中国有句俗语说：“三棒槌打不出一个屁来。”我的爸爸就是一个不爱说话的人……

3.名人名言开头

这种开头法不仅使你所要表达的意思简明扼要，言简意丰，而且能集中地表达文章的主旨，起到画龙点睛的作用，使文章增色不少。如一学生写《自信》：著名科学家爱迪生说：“自信是成功的第一秘诀。”是的，拥有自信，不断努力，就能获得成功。

4.故事导入

引用一则典故或现实生活中的小故事来开头的方法，可以增加文章的趣味性，能引起读者的兴趣。如一学生写《宽容》时，这样开头：“一位理发师正在给周恩来总理刮脸，由于周总理咳嗽了一声，理发师不小心将他的脸刮破了，这时理发师紧张不已，以为周总理会大发雷霆。想不到，周总理却很抱歉地说：‘这不关你的事，要是在咳嗽之前给你打个招呼，你就不会刮破我的脸了。’这样一句暖人的安慰，我们可以从周总理身上看到可贵的品质——宽容。”

5.声音开头

对话、琴声、风声、雷声等等，都可以用来开头，信手拈来，渲染氛围。如：“请把我的歌，带回你的家，请把你的微笑留下……”每当耳边响起这熟悉的旋律，自己就像遇见了多年不见的老朋友一样，感觉格外亲切。

三、精辟修辞，韵味悠长

用修辞手法开头，易抒写作者心灵的感悟，引发读者赏读的情趣。

1.比喻

开头设喻，以引起读者对要说明的事物或道理的兴趣。如《中国石拱桥》开头：“石拱桥的桥洞成弧形，就像虹。”

2.对比

用对比来开头的方法，可以加强文采，有力地突出主题。如：古今中外，凡是在事业上有所造就、取得成功的人，其成功没有不是用辛勤的汗水换来的;反之，那些懒惰昏庸的人，则无法成就事业，由此可见，勤则成事，惰则败业。

3.排比

用排比句开头，句式整齐，语势铿锵，促人赏读。如：假如我是小鸟，我会记住那出生时的巢穴;假如我是树苗，我无法忘记那滋养我的土地;假如我是江河，那雪域高原成为我记忆中的烙印……

4.设问

设问开头，铺排文气，先声夺人。如：为什么服装设计师总要千方百计地设计一套又一套的时装?为什么我们的祖国在前进的号角中总夹杂着这样一句话——提倡科技创新?为什么一座座拔地而起的高楼不沿用20世纪五六十年代建筑的风格?一切的一切，只因为时代在变化，人的思想也在变化。时装要迎合时代潮流，发展要与时俱进，生活赋予了我们创新的动力。

四、借物联想，引发情趣

文章的开头或从远到近，或由此及彼，从别的事物写起，再联想到要写的事物上来，借以烘托要写的事物。

如一学生这样写《路》：日常行走的路有大路、小路之别，人生之路有正路、歧路之分。人，应该择路而行。

五、巧设悬念，曲径通幽

开头设置一个悬而未决的问题，引起读者的关注，激发读者的兴趣，同时增加文章的曲折，显现布局之美。如一学生写《感受生活之美》：“我快要死了——我躺在病床上，四周黑漆漆的一片，十分寂静，偌大的房间里，只能听得见我微弱的呼吸声。”

六、名人作答，启人深思

采用名人作答的方式展开文章，有利增强开端气势，给人高远之感。如一学生如此写《幸福》的开篇：有人问：幸福是什么?答案是丰富多彩的。尼采认为：“能把蜈蚣、碎玻璃、肉虫、石头一齐吞下肚，却毫不恶心，这种人是最幸福的。”而思多葛派却认为：“拥有无穷的财富和威力，而且能够处事不惊，那才是真正的幸福。”

七、场景描写，渲染气氛

描写法即借助某种修辞或某种描写技法，通过对景物的描写，渲染气氛，烘托氛围，为下文人物或事情的开端做好衬托铺垫。

请看《考试》一文的开端：教室外，呼啸着的北风挟着密集的雨点扑打在墙上，“嚓、嚓”地响，教室内，一场全能竞赛考试进行到了白热化的阶段。

八、交代要素，引人入胜

交代要素式也是写作文较为常见的一种开头形式，即交代记叙文的几要素：时间、地点、人物和事件。

如《捉鱼》一文的开头：“一个星期天的早晨，我和小辰拿着小盆，拎着小桶来到一条小溪边围坝捉鱼。”这样开头可以让读者清楚地了解到记叙文的几要素，为下文展开故事情节作准备。

九、介绍背景，蓄势待发

以介绍情况、交代背景的方式开篇，可以让读者充分了解事情原委，有利于对整篇文章的正确、顺利解读。这种方法主要用于写一些事件或重要人物的文章。

如《火烧赤壁》一文的开头：“东汉末年，曹操率领大军南下，想夺取江南东吴的地方。东吴的周瑜调兵遣将，驻在赤壁，同曹操的兵隔江相对。曹操的兵在北岸，周瑜的兵在南岸。”这个开头，使读者看了以后，对两军相对峙的形势、所处的地理位置和即将发生的事一目了然。

十、概括内容，凸显主旨

开头总领全文，下文则围绕着它进行“分述”，全文因此而比较有条理，而且可以让读者迅速了解文章梗概，一睹为快，为下文的阅读埋下情感基调。如作文《春花朵朵》一文的开头：

“五讲文明的春风，吹开了学校这万紫千红的百花园中的朵朵春花。让我们从这万紫千红的百花园中摘取几朵，领略一下那满园春色吧!”

1. To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves.

爱护环境就是爱护我们自己。

2.Water is the source of ourlives

水是生命之源。

3.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation

我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状。

4.Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.

我们政府正努力制定措施与污染作斗争。

5.We are sure that well win the battle.

我们坚信我们能赢得战斗。

6.Its high time that we should protect our enviroment from being polluted.

是时候我们应该防止环境污染了。

7. Keep our mountains green，the wate clean，and the sky blue.

使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝。

8.However，natural resources are not inexhaustible.some reserves are already on the brink of exhaustion.

然而自然资源并不是无穷无尽的，一些储量已经到了穷尽的边缘。

9.If we do something with no thought for the furture . The later generation would be in danger.

如果我们不为将来考虑，后代就会受到威胁。

10.Our earths days are numbered without urgent help.

没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了。

11(Sth.)are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.

如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，……一定会有恶劣的后果。

英语写作的开头结尾是写作的重点。下面语文迷为大家带来了经典的句型，供大家阅读参考。

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，...

3.It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...

6.Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

7.Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

8.Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

9.Its hardly too much to say that... 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...

3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述

4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

5.But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是…

6.For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实......

7.Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...

8.However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于…

9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...

10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

12.As has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…

13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说

14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …

三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

英语作文虽然不像语文作文在考试

高三英语作文写作技巧：练习

“没有规矩，不成方圆，英语作文写作技巧。”对于一般英语学习者而言，写出优秀的文章有赖于后天习得，但并不意味着机械背诵、生吞活剥，或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所谓研习，需要有独立思考和个人的判断，本着“他山之石，可以攻玉”的精神，汲取文章的精华部分加以研究。研习主要侧重两个方面，包括文章章法和语言表达。文章章法指文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序。许多学习者面对一个话题，可能存在两种不同的困惑，一是下笔千言，但离题万里;二是思绪万千，却无从落笔。导致两种困惑的根源皆在于欠缺思考问题、组织思路的恰当方式，以至于文章不得要领、章法紊乱。这就要求我们从全篇脉络角度多研习范文，之后领悟如何以演绎法行文、怎样用归纳法谋篇以及如何围绕特定话题拓展思路等等。此外，研习还要侧重于语言表达，包括遣词造句和句子、段落之间的各种衔接手段，以期在自己日后的写作中派上用场，因为英文写作皆通一理。只有善于借鉴，勤加研究，才会借他人的优势和长处，提高自己的写作水平。

高三英语作文写作技巧：背诵

背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作文，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模像样的文章。只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中（commit the highlights to memory），才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择性的背诵，是有意义的记忆。因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、经典篇章。

高三英语作文写作技巧：重点词汇

美妙的用词及搭配皆在此列，像fall victim（受害），stand a fair chance（大有希望）这种地道的动宾搭配要勤加记忆。为了积累写作词汇，应将文中同属一个话题的用词汇总归纳，组成主题词族（topic family）。归类记忆可以使自己日后即写即用，得心应手。下文是一篇阐释爱心的优秀文章，多处用词精巧，现将文中关于爱心这一主题的词汇总结如下：

emotional strength 情感的力量

the noblest of human emotions人类最高尚的情感

no thought of gain不计得失

the lamp of love爱心之灯

help the victims of natural disasters支援自然灾害受害者

donate whatever they can倾囊相助

help their needy fellow citizens 帮助有需要的同胞

be ready to give a helping hand 随时准备伸出援手

—When we use the word "love"， we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex， which is a very narrow definition of the word。 Love is emotional strength， which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes。 In fact， throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions。

As an example of the power of love， we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year。 Although their incomes are still low by international standards， people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can — be it money or goods — to help their needy fellow citizens。 Moreover， they do this with no thought of gain for themselves。

In my opinion， the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are。 We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble， no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers。 In this way， we can help to make the world a better place， for the darker the shadows of sorrow become， the more brightly the lamp of love shines。

当我们用“爱”这个词时，我们不仅仅指异性对一个人的吸引，这只是对这个词非常狭隘的解释，小学生作文《英语作文写作技巧》。爱心是一种情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。事实上，纵观历史，不同文化背景的人都把爱看成是人类最高尚的情感。

说到爱心的力量，我们马上就会想起每年中国各族人民是如何响应号召支援自然灾害受害者的。尽管按照国际标准他们的收入还处于低水平，全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助——不管是钱还是物——帮助那些有需要的同胞。而且，他们这么做并不考虑自己的得失。

我认为，表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。我们应该随时准备向有困难的人伸出援助之手，无论他们是家庭成员还是素昧平生。这样，我们就能够助一臂之力把世界变成一个更美好的地方，因为，悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。

[高三英语作文写作技巧

通讯是以叙述、描写为主要表达方式，将具有新闻价值的人物或事件及时、具体、生动地予 以报道的新闻体裁。

一、通讯特点

通讯作为报刊、电台等媒体最主要的体裁之一，新闻性显然是基本的特征。而新闻性中，真 实、时效、思想性及典型意义构成了它的不同层面。就报道对象言，或是人物、事件，或是 经验、成果、工作情况、社会风貌等，都必须是真实的，不允许虚构或“合理想象”，而且 报道对象应该具有必须的思想性和典型意义。就报道时效言，通讯虽不及消息这般快速敏捷 ，有时为将人物、事件报道细致完整需时较长，但也必须及时，仍须有很强的时效概念。除 去真实、时效的新闻性特征，通讯的主要特点有：

1、生动性。

通讯尤其是人物通讯具有一定的文学色彩。消息在表达上主要 是平面的叙述，语言追求简洁 、明快、准确。通讯则较多借用文学手段，可以描写、抒情、对话，可以用比喻、象征、拟 人等修辞。因此通讯在语言和表达方法上都具有一定的文学性，它在报道真实的人和事的过 程中，善于再现情景，平添许多生动和形象，给人以立体感、现场感。

此外，通讯虽然一般以第三人称叙述为主，但在“见闻”、“采访记”一类的通讯中，也采 用第一人称。不过其中的“我”主要起见证人或采访线索的作用。在效果上第一人称的使用 也增加了一些亲切感。

2、完整性。

通讯须相对完整、具体地报道人物或事物的过程。消息侧重写 事，叙述 简明扼要，一般不展开情节。通讯可写人物也可写事件，其材料比消息丰富、全面，其容量 比消息厚实、充足。它要求详尽、具体地报告事件的经过、演绎人物的命运，充分展开情节 ，甚至描写细节和场面。这些既是生动性的表现，同时也是内容完整性、具体化的要求。

3、评论性。

通讯须运用夹叙夹议的方法对人或事作出直接的评论。消息是 以事实说话，除 述评消息一般不允许作者直接发表议论。通讯则要求在报道人物或事件的同时，表露记者的 感情与倾向。然而通讯的评论不同于议论性文体的论证，它须时时紧扣人物或事件，依傍事 实作适时的、恰到好处评价点拨。因此这是一种通过描写、叙述、抒情等表达手段进行的议 论，它的特点是以情感人，理在情中。

二、通讯种类

1、人物通讯

是以人物的思想、言行、事迹和命运为报道内容的通讯。 人物通讯并非仅仅 是“名人通讯”，报道对象的选择取决于其蕴含的新闻价值，一般来说人物必须具有先进性 或典型性。在取材上可写“全人全貌”，也可截取片断着重写人物的某个侧面或阶段。此两 类一般以人物的“行”为主，而“人物专访”则以写人物的“言”为主。通过记者的专访， 记述人物的谈话，从而揭示其精神世界。

2、事件通讯

是以具典型意义的事件为报道对象的通讯。事件通讯时效 性较强，它围绕中 心事件选材，虽不着力刻划人物，但往往通过典型事件表现一群人或一个集体。所以它通过 较为详尽地展示事件的完整过程，挖掘其意义，揭示其本质，进而反映社会风尚，弘扬时代 精神。? 除人物通讯与事件通讯外，另有：“工作通讯”，这是介绍某单位先进事迹，传播其典型经 验和做法，以指导一般的通讯;“概貌通讯”，这是记述某地区、部门、行业、工程的新面 貌、新气象的通讯。报刊上常见的“见闻”、“纪行”、“巡礼”、“散记”均属此类。此 外，还有以写一段片断、一个场景、一场冲突为对象的“新闻故事”、“小通讯”之类，它 们以生动、快捷的形式宣传新人新事新风尚，实为通讯家属中不可忽视的一员。

三、通讯写作

1、关于选材与提炼主题

占有材料对通讯写作来说就是通过扎实细致的采访广泛搜集第一手材料。随后在纷繁的直接 材料中剥离出典型材料、背景材料。这些材料不仅要求真实，而且要有意义，具有典型性、 指导性，同时还要有意味，具有具体、完整、感人的生动性、情节性。在这般基础上根据深 和新的原则提炼主题，通讯才可能呼应社会关注热点，反映时代风尚特点，宣传党的路线方 针，从而以正确的舆论引导人，以先进的人物激励人，以真实的事件震撼人。然而通讯写的 是真人真事，其主题必须从实际生活中提炼而来，不能随意“拔高”，更不能虚构夸大，它 永远不能违背新闻的真实性原则。

2、关于写人

事因人生，人以事观。人与事虽不可分，但在人物通讯与事件通讯中的确有以人为主和以事 为主之别，为叙述方便故而分之。? 写人在文学创作中已积累丰富经验，在“非虚构”的原则下，我们不妨可借用其多种手段， 并注意以下三个方面：第一，形与神兼备。即不仅要写出人物的行为和事迹，更要展示其精 神世界;第二，言与行统一。人物语言、行为表达、传递出人物的思想，而不同的语气、句 式、词汇及动作表情、神态等是极富个性色彩的内心表露形式。写好了人物的言与行，无疑 是写活了人;第三，画龙必须点睛。如果说言行、事例、情节勾勒出人物的整体形象称为“ 龙” ，那么揭示人物行为意义，指出人物个性特点的评点便是“睛”。“画龙”用的是纪实的叙 述、描写，“点睛”则是超脱的议论或抒情。

3、关于叙事

通讯离不开写事，事件通讯更须完整地叙述事件的起因、人员、场面、结果等，以交待事件 的复杂性和社会影响度。叙事要注意两点：第一，理清主线、丰满细节。一个新闻事件的发 生、发展过程中，有因有果，有人有事，头绪多而关系复杂，作者须理清主线，按事件原貌 将其完整地、动态地、立体地呈现给读者。而为实现这一目标，就须选择典型的细节。一篇 优秀的事件通讯，必然有几个生动感人的细节来充分展示主线，使作品丰满而具现场感。第二，时间为经、时间为纬。通讯须有一定的时间要领因为事件、故事总在于一定的时间和空间中。纺织好时空画面既是一个结构总是也是一个表达方法问题。篇幅不长而情节不太复杂的事件通讯可多运用插叙、补叙、分叙等手段，充分展开矛盾和利用背景材料，使文章有变化起伏。容量大而情节复杂的事件通讯则常常运用时空交叉方式，以时间推进、空间变换等手段来切割事件，构成若干侧面。经过作者精心的组合剪辑将事件完整而利落地报告于世。

显然选材与提炼主题是各类通讯写作中必须面对的，而写人与叙事则因通讯品种不同而有所侧重。但是通讯的写作模式也必然带来约束，因而通讯的散文化写法亦开始为人注目。所谓 的散文化倾向有以下几个特点：(一)生活面更趋广阔，(二)结构不拘一格，(三)技法更多样 化，(四)报道呈系列化。

思考与练习：

一、阅读下列消息，然后给它拟写引题和正题：

本报讯(记者董洪亮)我国唯一的教育艺术刊物《教育艺术》杂志日前度过了五 周岁生日。冰心老人、贺敬之等知名人士为之题词致贺。

《教育艺术》由中华教育艺术研究会暨中华教育艺术家协会、首都师范大学青年教育艺术研 究所共同主办，李燕杰教授担任社长。该刊以“激扬正气，振奋民魂”为办刊宗旨，主要栏 目有“名家谈教育艺术”、“时代精神磁场”、“青春思絮”、“教育艺术一千问”等。《 教育艺术》杂志被海内外读者誉为“青年的良师，家长的益友，干部的参谋，教师的助手” 。

(《中国教育报》1994年11月17日第2版)

二、一件新闻在不同的报纸上刊出时，会因编辑的眼光不同而出现不同的标题。请就近日发 生的一件重大新闻，比较、分析各大报纸刊出时的标题有何不同。

三、写一篇新闻，报道学校或班上新近组织的某项活动。时间、地点、事件要交代清楚，还 要注意详略得当，有条有理。? 四、下面这则题为《卫生部写信感谢空军某部官兵》的消息与通讯《为了六十一个阶级弟兄 》是同题材的报道，请仔细比较两文章，谈谈通讯与消息在确立主题、写作方法等方面的异 同。

新华社20日讯卫生部最近写信给人民解放军空军领导机关，表扬和感谢空军某 部 官兵为了抢救平陆县公路工地食物中毒的员工，克服各种困难，完成了空投药品的任务。

信上说，2月3日，山西省平陆县风陵渡公路工地上发生六十多人食物中毒事故，当地县委 来 电话后，经与你们联系，立即得到大力支援，派专机前往空投药品。飞行员们为了抢救工人 阶级兄弟的生命，毫不犹豫地连夜起飞，迅速地执行这一任务。由于药品的及时供应，使全 体中毒员工经过抢救脱离了生命危险。这一英雄行为，充分说明了人民空军战士有高度的为 人民服务的精神和共产主义风格。

信上还说，空军战士抢救中毒工人的事迹，大大地鼓舞了病人和平陆县全县人民的革命意志 ，他们纷纷写信感谢党中央和毛主席对他们的关怀，感谢人民空军的大力支援。中共平陆县 委还将此事件写成材料，向全县人民进行教育，学习人民解放军忠于祖国、忠于人民的高贵 品质。

(原载《人民日报》1960年2月21日)

五、阅读近期报纸，书面推荐人物通讯、事件通讯、概貌通讯各一件。

六、实地采访，写一篇通讯。

导语：学生写作文难免遇到写读后感，那么怎样才能写好读后感呢?小编为大家整理了一些方法，希望能帮到大家!

首先我们必须懂什么是读后感。从结构上看，一篇读后感至少要有三个部分的内容组成：一是要介绍原作的篇名内容和特点;二是根据自己的认识对原作的内容和特点进行分析和评价，也就是概括地谈谈对作品的总体印象;三是读后的感想和体会。即一是说明的部分，二是要有根据评价作品的部分，三是有感而发，重点在“感”字上。

第一，是“读”。

“读”是感的基础，“感”是由“读”而生。只有认真的读书，弄懂难点疑点，理清文章的思路，透彻的掌握文章的内容和要点，深刻地领会原文精神所在，结合历史的经验、当前的形势和个人的实际,才能真有所“感”。所以，要写读后感，首先要弄懂原作。

第二，要认真思考。

读后感的主体是“感”。要写实感，还要在读懂原作的基础上作出自己的分析和评价。分析和评价是有所“感”的酝酿、集中和演化的过程，有了这个 分析和评价，才有可能使“感”紧扣原作的主要思想和主要观点，避免脱离原作，东拉西扯，离开中心太远。

所以，写读后感就必须要边读边思考，结合历史的经验，当前的形势和自己的实际展开联想，从书中的人和事联系到自己和自己所见的人和事，那些与书中相近、相似，那些与书中相反、相对，自己赞成书中的什么，反对些什么，从而把自己的感想激发出来，并把它条理化，系统化，理论化。总之，想的深入，才能写的深刻感人。

第三，要抓住重点。

读完一篇(部)作品，会有很多感想和体会，但不能把他们都写出来。读后感是写感受最深的一点，不是书评，不能全面地介绍和评价作品。因此，要认真地选择对现实生活有一定意义的、有针对性的感想，就可以避免泛泛而谈，文章散乱，漫无中心和不与事例挂钩等弊病 。

那么怎样才能抓住重点呢?

我们读完一部作品或一篇文章后，自然会受到感动，产生许多感想，但这许多感想是零碎的，有些是模糊的，一闪而失。要写读后感，就要善于抓住这些零碎、甚至是模糊的感想，反复想，反复作比较，找出两个比较突出的对现实有针对性的，再集中凝神的想下去，在深思的基础上加以整理。也只有这样，才能抓住具有现实意义的问题，写出真实、深刻、用于解决人们在学习上、思想上和实践上存在问题的有价值的感想来。

第四，要真实自然。

就是要写自己的真情实感。自己是怎样受到感动和怎样想的，就怎样写。把自己的想法写的越具体、越真实，文章就会情真意切，生动活泼，使人受到启发。

从表现手法上看，读后感多用夹叙夹议，必要时借助抒情的方法。叙述是联系实际摆事实。议论是谈感想，讲道理。抒情是表达读后的激情。叙述的语言要概括简洁，议论要准确，抒情要集中。三者要交融一体，切忌空话、大话套话、口号。

从表现形式上看，也有两种：一种是联系实际说明道理的。这是用自己的切身体会和具体生动的事例，从理论和实践的结合上阐明一个道理的正确性，把理论具体化、形象化，使之有血有肉，有事有理，以事明理，生动活泼。另一种是从研究理论的角度出发，阐发意义。根据自己的研究和理解，阐明一个较难理解的思想观点，或估价一部作品的思想意义。它的作用是从理论上帮助读者加深对原文的理解。这一种读后感的重点仍在“感”字上，但它的理论性较强，一定要注意关照议论文论点鲜明、论据典型、中心明确突出等特点。

8College life

When I was young at high school,I couldnt stop dreaming about my college life again and again.Suffering too much pressure form college entrance test,I always admired college students for their relaxed life in college.

In my personal opinion,living in university is  an enjoyment.Every day we can open our eyes naturally,and put on clothes in our own style without warring about teachers rigid control.Communicating with great master is no longer beyond our reach.Each course we take can be a feast for our mind and soul.After class,we will lead a rich and colorful life filled with various leisure activities such as .Library in  university is another factor I pursue.I think its an access to enhancing our comprehensive abilities to read even just scan all  sorts of

writings.Whats more,we will have so much disposable time that we can do whatever worthy.And our contact group will be extended signally via organizing and participating many activities.All in all,I once imagined that I can live a life that is substantial but meaningful.

However,I just have to admit that what I just describe is really dream.Now living in SD I cant figure out what I pursue and make a feasible career planning.So many young cynics in this schoolyard  argue for something meaningless.Worse still,the academic atmosphere has already done with nothing left.I havent found a busy but rich thing to try my best.As a matter of fact,I even cant choose a lifestyle I prefer.What a tragedy it is between dream and reality. 篇二：大学生活的英语作文怎么写

Life in the university is not as satisfactory as what we had expected.

First of all, we are tightly hound by continual classes, excessive homework and exams; some students complain that we are becoming “exam machines”. Secondly, the teaching method is boring; instead of lecturing, some teachers just “read” lessons. Finally, living conditions need to be improved; and food in the dining-hall is far from being attractive and tasteful.

In spite of all these adversities we still enjoy our life in the university. During the four-year university study, we can not only acquire a lot of book learning, but also foster various abilities. All types of extracurricular activities such as sports meets, speech contests, different social gatherings and dancing parties provide opportunities to make friends; many of these friendships may last a long time.

In short,we should value our life in the university. Four years is only a short period when compared with our whole lifetime. In the university we mature, and in the university we prepare ourselves for the real world. Although there are many things lacking, the four years in the university is a worthwhile period in our whole lifetime.

学习写作应该从短篇小说入手，西欧和我国所有最杰出的作家几乎都是这样的，小编收集了短篇小说的写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

高尔基在《和青年作家谈话》中指出："一开始就写大部头的长篇小说，是一个非常笨 拙的办法，……学习写作应该从短篇小说入手，西欧和我国所有最杰出的作家几乎都是这样的，因为短篇小说用字精炼，材料容易合理安排，情节清楚，主题明确。"

怎样写作短篇小说呢?

一、充分准备，打好基础 写作短篇小说与写作中、长篇小说一样，在写作前必须进行充分的准备。首先，在执笔 写小说之前，必须具有一定的思想修养和生活积累。其次，读过较多的文艺作品，喜爱文学 创作，有一定的文艺修养和文艺理论的基础常识。茅盾在《创作的准备》开头就指出："世 界文学史上的巨人们留遗给我们的不朽的著作，以及他们毕生的文学事业的经历，就是这题 目--创作的准备的最完美的解答。理论家们从这些文学巨人们的业迹研究分析解释， 写了很多论文，数十万言一厚册，也就是给这题目作注脚。"再次，在写作小说之前，从事 过表达方法的基本练习，并从事过一般散文尤其是速写的写作练习。"一个初学写作者最好 多做些基本练习，不要急于写通常所谓小说，不要急于成篇。所谓基本练习，现在通行的速 写这一体，是可以用的。不过我觉得现今通行的速写还嫌太注重了形式上的完整，俨 然已是成篇的东西，而不是练习的草样了。作为初学写作者的基本练习的速写，不妨只有半 个面孔，或者一双手，一对眼。这应当是学习者观察中恍有所得时勾下来的草样，是将来的 精制品所必需的原料。许多草样斗合起来，融和起来，提炼起来，然后是成篇的小说。"(《茅 盾论创作》第358页)所以，我们要学习写作小说，必须从思想、生活、技巧各个方面下 苦功，打下坚实的基础。当然，对这个问题的认识不能绝对化。这并不是说，我们要等思想、 生活、技巧三关都完全过好之后再进行创作。不少青年作者的经验说明，初学写作者就是要 勇于创作实践，写是最好的基本训练。不要怕失败，失败是成功之母。小说创作和其它文体 的写作一样，没有什么捷径，小说的技巧只有自己从多次实践中逐步摸索出来。别人的技巧， 只能作借鉴，创作还是要靠自己。

二、认识生活，熟悉人物 创作需要生活，对生活不熟悉，不理解，就无法反映和表现生活。社会生活是文学艺术 的源泉，人是社会诸关系的总和，只有熟悉、理解社会生活，才能熟悉、理解各类人物。不 熟悉、不理解各类人物，就无法进行以塑造人物形象为中心的小说写作。茅盾在谈他怎样开 始小说创作时说："我是真实地去生活、经验了动乱中国的最复杂的人生的一幕，终于得了 幻灭的悲哀，人生的矛盾，在消沉的心情下，孤寂的生活中，而尚受生活执着的支配，想要 以我的生命力的余烬从别方面在这迷乱灰色的人生内发一星微光，于是我开始创作了。我不 是为的要做小说，然后去经验人生。"他还说;"好管闲事是我们做小说的人最要紧的事，你 要去听，要去问。"(《创作的准备》)因此，一个小说作者应像阿·托尔斯泰说的那样："他 溶化在生活洪流之中，溶化在集体之中;他是一个参加者。"

小说写作需要的生活不是指日常生活、饮食男女之类，能成为小说素材的"生活"，至少应该有三个条件：

1.具有较鲜明、生动的形象;

2.具有独特性;

3.具有一定的思想 内涵。因此，当作者在观察生活的时候，无论对人物、对故事、对环境，都应从上述三点出 发，勇敢地扬弃那些琐屑的、纷纷扰扰的"流水帐"，抓住真正有用的写作素材，渗透作者 的思想、感情，使生活素材逐渐变成自己的东西。 三、严格选材，深入开掘 1931年，沙汀和艾芜写信给鲁迅，请教短篇小说的题材问题。鲁迅回信说："只要 所写的是可以成为艺术品的东西，那就无论他所描写的是什么事情，所使用的是什么材料， 对于现代以及将来一定是有贡献的意义的?quot;"两位是可以各就自己现在能写的题材，动手来 写的。不过选材要严，开掘要深，不可将一点琐屑的没有意思的事故，便填成一篇，以创作 丰富自乐。" 高尔基也说过："在短篇小说中，正如在机器上一样，不应该有一个多余的螺丝钉，尤 其是不应该有多余的零件。" 这就告诉我们，写作短篇小说必须严格选择题材，深入开掘。那末，短篇小说怎样进行题材的选择和主题的开掘呢?

短篇小说的选材要做到：

(一)撷新去陈，根据时代需要选材。短篇小说的题材是没有什么限制的，凡是人类涉 足的领域、产生的事件，都可以经过选择作为作品的题材。但是，从美学价值和社会意义来 考虑，我们就必须撷新去陈，尽量选择我们这个时代、这个社会所需要的题材来写。

(二)以小见大，根据体裁特点选材。短篇小说这种体裁的形式特点，要求作者不能象 写长篇小说那样写人生的纵剖面，而必须写人生的横断面，就象是横着锯断一棵树，察看年 轮可以知道树龄一样，短篇小说虽写人生中的一角、一段，也就可以窥见整个人生。鲁迅、 茅盾、巴金等作家为了在短篇小说中反映他们所处的时代，在写作短篇小说时，都是选取主 人公人生道路上的某一段作为题材的。因此，有经验的小说家在谈创作经验时就指出，创作 短篇小说必须善于"截取"、"选择"。如王蒙在《谈短篇小说的创作技巧》中就说过，短篇 小说构思的很重要的一点就是要"从广阔的、浩如烟海的生活事件里，选定你要下手的部位。 它可能是一个精彩的故事，它可能是一个给人留下了深刻印象的人物，它可能是一个美好的 画面，它也可能是深深埋在你的心底的一点回忆，一点情绪，一点印象，而且你自己还一时 说不清楚。这个过程叫作从大到小，从面到点，你必须选择这样一个小，否则，你就无 从构思无从下笔，就会不知道自己写什么。"

(三)扬长避短，根据自己生活选材。一般来说，作者应该写自己熟悉的题材，因为这 些题材是在自己的生活中积累的大量素材的基础上提炼出来的，写起来容易驾驭，而且能写 得生动、深刻。当代小说家中的佼佼者大多是从写自己生活经历中的人和事开始走上小说创 作道路的。 选材是短篇小说写作中的第一个重要的环节。选材的目的在于从大量的素材中选取可以 写入小说中的题材--生活中有典型意义的片断。要达到这个目的，我们必须具有从纷纭的 生活现象中"捕捉"题材的能力。这种"捕捉"生活中有典型意义的片断的能力，对于小说 创作极为重要。茅盾在他的《短篇小说选集后记》中指出："在横的方面，如果对于社会生 活的各样环节茫然无知;在纵的方面如果对于社会生活的发展方向看不清，那么，你就很少 可能在繁复的社会现象中，恰好地选取了最有代表性、即具有深刻的思想的一事一物，作为 短篇小说的题材。"所以，短篇小说在选材时，不能只着眼于事件的故事性和吸引力，而要 着眼于把生活的侧面、片断放到整个时代的背景上去考察，要把握住社会的"纵"的和"横" 的两个方面，善于从平凡的日常生活现象中捕捉住不平凡的东西，从而由时代和社会的一角 反映出时代和社会的全貌，使读者从生活海洋中的一朵浪花看出奔腾澎湃的大海。

对于短篇小说题材的"开掘"--主题的提炼同样要十分重视。"几乎在所有的情况下， 作家心中首先想到的总是小说的主题，或者说思想内容。他构思小说的情节是为了表达这一 主题，创造人物也是围绕着这一主题。好的小说总是有一个好的主题的。"([英]《小说家的 技巧》) 衡量一篇小说的美学价值，重要的并不是看题材本身，而是看作者对于题材所开掘的思想的 深度--主题提炼的程度。所谓开掘，就是要深入发掘生活素材所内涵的本质意义的东西; 作者对生活素材的本质意义开掘得越深入，主题思想就越深刻，作品的教育作用也就越大， 美学价值也就更高。所以说，一篇没有好的主题的小说，是无法登上大雅之堂的。 李师东在《一个新的文学层面的诞生》中评论九十年代的新生代作家时指出："八十年代的 文学，是以对表现疆域的拓展的掘进、对表现手段的探索和实验为其显著特征的。与前几茬 作家相伴随的是冲突和对抗、张扬和摒弃、试验和沿袭、超前和滞后、创新和守成、反拨和 建立等源远流长的话题。直至今天，我们仍然能在文学创作和文学批评中感受到来自不同思 想观念、文化背景的冲撞和对举。""在九十年代新的时空下，这一茬更为年轻的青年作家得 以走上文坛，正在于他们明显疏离了前几茬作家习惯关心的话题，而与社会的新的变化和进 展保持了同步相向的趋势……把个人的情绪与时代的生活面貌和精神处境勾连在一起，谋求 与九十年代社会的契合，体现中国社会新的进展，这正是他们的努力。以一种消解的姿态， 达到对文学的整合，以反先锋的方式，回归到朴素的情感姿态，以个人化的方式，进入到文 学创作之中，这正是这个新生代作家群的文学用心。"(中国华侨出版社1996年出版的"新 生代小说系列"总序) 应该指出：小说写作中对材料的分析与科学研究中对材料的分析是根本不同的两回事。

"一个文学作家应当走的创作过程的道路，是和社会科学家研究过程的道路相反的。""社 会科学家所取以为研究的资料者，是那些错综的自然的现象，文学作家的却是造成那些现象 的活生生的人。社会科学家把那些现象比较分析，达到了结论;文学作家却是从那些活生生 的人身上，--从他们相互的关系上，看明了某种现象，用艺术手段来说明它，如果作 家有的是正确的眼光，深入的眼光，则他虽不作结论而结论自在其中了。"(《茅盾论创作》 第466页)因此，小说作者的分析工作是与自己对人物、事件的观察、感受，对生活的体 验、理解结合在一起的，这种分析是理性的，但是它是融化在形象思维中的。

许多小说作者的创作实践告诉我们，有的作品的主题是在人物之前产生的，而有的主题 是在有了人物之后才确定的。例如茅盾创作《春蚕》，是先有了主题，"其次便是处理人物， 构造故事。"(《我怎样写〈春蚕〉》)而王蒙说他的许多短篇小说并不是先有了主题然后再去 写的。他说："《夜的眼》是什么先行呢?是感觉先行，感受先行，是对城市夜景的感受先行。 这里头有我个人的感觉，但又不全都是。……《夜的眼》就是写一个长期在农村、在边远地 区的人对大城市、对我们生活的感受。……这个感受饮食着深思对我们生活的深思，这个深 思还没有做出明确的结论，但是它充满了深思。"王蒙又说："《夜的眼》还有一个主题，这 也是我在最近才明确的，就是写了我们生活中的转机。……所谓转机，充满了艰难，充 满着历史的负担，但又开始有了新的东西，大有希望。《夜的眼》里既有负担，又有希望; 既有伤痕，又有跨越伤痕向前进的努力;既有思索，又有感受;既有想不清的地方，又有相 当清楚的地方。我觉得《夜的眼》里包含的东西是比较多的。"(《漫话小说创作》)

总之，我们对小说的材料必须深入开掘，对主题必须刻苦提炼。而在构思时、写作中， 是不能将主题提炼、人物刻划割裂开来的。可以是主题先行，也可以是人物先行，还可以是 感受先行。而且，主题可以是一个，也可以是几个，即写成多主题的小说。

四、刻划人物，塑造典型

人物的刻划和典型的塑造，是小说写作中最重要的工作。茅盾指出："典型性格的刻划， 永远是艺术创造的中心问题。"

怎样才能写出典型的人物形象呢?我们当然要充分运用叙述、描写、议论和抒情等等表 达方法，采用比喻、象征、夸张、拟人……等等修辞手段，使人物生动、形象，活灵活现， 栩栩如生。但是，仅仅这样还是很不够的，小说写作与一般记叙文写作的一个重要的不同之 处，就在于小说要进行艺术概括，运用虚构、想象的典型化方法刻划人物性格，从而创造出 具有个性的又体现时代精神、社会牲特征的典型形象。为此，就"必须使现象典型化。应该 把微小而有代表性的事物写成巨大的和典型的事物--这就是文学的任务。"(高尔基《和青 年作家们的谈话》)

典型化的基本规律就是个性和共性的高度统一，使"每个人都是典型，但同时又是一定 的单个人"。这就要求我们努力实现恩格斯提出的要求："现实主义的意思是，除了细节的真 实外，还要真实地再现典型环境中的典型性格。"

所谓典型环境，一般指一定的自然环境和社会环境即现实环境，其实，它"更应该包括特定 的种族环境、地域环境、历史文化环境等各种稳态的以及动态的大环境要素。一个具有永恒 意义的艺术典型，正是诸种直接的现实环境以及全部的民族、历史、文化等深度环境和综合 环境所共同培育而成的。"(郝雨《在典型创造上用力》，1997年10月14日《文艺报》) 所谓典型性格，指的是人物必须是充分的共性和鲜明的个性的高度的统一体。人物的共性要 从人物的个性中体现出来。"人们常说，近年来的小说创作故事情节的枝干上并没有结了多 少人物之果，即是指作品重在把握围绕事件所交织起来的复杂的社会现实，但缺少栩栩 如生、呼之欲出的人物形象。这恐怕就与缺少有深度的、富于个性魅力的性格刻划有关。因 此只有在深刻把握现实关系的同时，深刻地把握人物内在灵魂，使身份与性格有机 结合而不能偏废其一，才能达到现实主义创作所要求的典型化高度。"(任玖珊《现实主义话 题再热评论界》，1997年10月14日《文艺报》)

在写作中，小说人物典型化的具体方法有两种：

第一种，以生活中的某一个原型为主，加以概括、想象和虚构，从而创造出典型人物。 例如，鲁迅的《狂人日记》中的狂人，原型是他的一个表兄弟。鲁迅结合平时对黑暗社会的 多方见闻，改造了这个疯人形象的内容，赋予人物以深刻的社会意义，从而塑造出了狂人这 个艺术典型。

第二种，在广泛地集中、概括众多人物的基础上塑造出典型人物。这就是鲁迅说的"杂 取种种人，合成一个"的方法。巴尔扎克在谈人物塑造时指出："为了塑造一个美丽的形象， 就取这个模特儿的手，取另一个模特儿的脚，取这个的胸，取那个的骨。艺术家的使命就是 把生命灌注到所塑造的人体里去把描给变成现实。如果他只是想去临摹一个现实的女人，那 么他的作品就不能引起人们的兴趣，读者干脆就会把这未加修饰的真实扔到一边去。"

鲁迅笔下的人物大多是这样的。他说："所写的事迹，大抵有一点见过或听到过的缘由， 但决不全用这一事实，只是采取一端，加以改造，或生发开去，到足以几乎完全发表我的意 思为止。人物的模特儿也一样，没有专用过一个人，往往嘴在浙江，脸在北京，衣服在山西， 是一个拼凑起来的脚色。"(《我怎么做起小说来》)

有许多优秀的短篇小说作品，其中的人物都是指不出生活原型的。这种作品中的典型人 物形象的塑造，可以说比用某一原型塑造人物形象更为困难，然而，一个真正的小说作者是 必须掌握这种塑造典型人物形象的方法的。 以上两种塑造人物的典型化方法，有时可以在一个作品中同时运用，即可以用一种方法塑造 某一人物形象，而用另一种方法塑造另外的人物形象。

在刻划小说人物时，还应注意以下三个问题：

(一)小说中的人物和真实人物不同。他是作者虚构的，而这种虚构的人物来自小说作 者的心灵之中，是融有作者的血肉、灵魂、性格、气质的"臆造"的人物。小说中的人物生 活在小说的国度里，这个国度是一个叙述者与创造者合而为一的世界。英国小说家福斯特在 《小说面面观》中指出：小说人物在人生中的五项主要活动--出生、饮食、睡眠、爱情和 死亡等方面，都有不同于真实人物的特点。只要他了解他们透彻入理，只要他们是他的创作 物，他就有权要怎么写就怎么写。这就说明：小说人物由于是作者展开想象、通过虚构创造 的，因此他不同于生活中的真实人物。学习小说写作，不能不首先明白这个问题。

(二)小说人物与作者自我之间是一种既矛盾又统一的关系。莫泊桑在《谈小说创作》中告 诉我们：作者写的不管是什么人物，"我们所表现的终究是我们自己"，"我们要使人物各各 不同，就只有改变他们的年龄、性别、社会地位和我们自我的生活情况，这自我是 大自然用不可越逾的器官限制所形成的。""要使读者在我们用来隐藏自我的各种面具下 不能把这自我辨认出来，这才是巧妙的手法。"

同时，莫泊桑又指出：我们作者"如果对人物进行了充分的观察，我们就难免相当准确地确 定他们的性格，以便能预见他们在各种不同情况下的行动方式，如果我们能够说：一个具 有这样性格的人，在这样的情况下会做出这样的事，但决不能由此得出这样的结论：我们 能够一个个地确定人物自己的非我们所有的思想中的一切最隐蔽的活动，那些与我们不同的 本能所产生的一切神秘的希求，他那器官、神经、血液、肌肤和与我们特殊的体质所决定的 暧昧的冲动。"这就是说：作者根据自己的艺术构思塑造着人物，但人物却对作者保持着相 对的独立性;作者三番五次地进行艺术构思，修改自己的人物性格，要人物活起来站起来， 是典型又是个性;人物性格一旦形成，一旦活起来站起来，他就要顽强地按照他的社会地位、 生活环境、思想性格、个人气质来思考，说话，做事，行动，抒发内心情绪。这时候，他常 常要跟他的作者发生争执，提醒作者应该怎样描写他。在这样的情况下，作者的笔就只好顺 着人物自身的行动进行写作。当然，这种情况是只有在进行认真、深刻的艺术构思后才会出 现，草率从事是写不出真正的小说人物的。

(三)小说人物的个性特征需要通过真实的细节描写体现出来。在小说写作中，细节描 写对人物的个性化具有头等重要的意义。真实的典型的细节首先是行动方面的，也可以是语 言方面的，或者是心理活动方面的，以及其它方面的。作家刘真从创作中体会到："作品中 的细节，就象活人身上的细胞，是艺术作品的灵魂，所谓作品的高度，深度，是由它的细部 来决定的。""一个细节很难构成一篇小说，可它常常是一篇小说的引线或基础。"(《首先要 攻下的难关》)

学习小说写作，一定要下功夫寻找这样的细节--看似无所谓却有重要意义的细节。因 为典型环境中的典型性格，正是由许多适当而具有力的典型细节来完成的。唯有把许多有典 型意义的细节有机地贯串起来，组织起来，才能达到从典型环境中描写典型性格的目的。

另外，有的作者还常常通过写人物小传分析人物性格。这种人物小传对作者掌握人物性 格有一定帮助，初学者也可在习作小说时采用。

五、构思故事，安排情节 "故事是小说的基本面，没有故事就没有小说。这是所有小说都具有的最高要素。" (爱·摩·福斯特《小说面面观》)"小说家的技巧首先在于会说故事。"(伊莉沙白·鲍温《小 说家的技巧》)

故事是什么呢?"故事是一些按时间顺序排列的事件的叙述--早餐后中餐，星期一后 是星期二，死亡后腐烂等等。就故事在小说中的地位而言，它只有一个优点：使读者想要知 道下一步将发生什么。……故事虽是最低下和最简陋的文学肌体，却是小说这种非常复杂肌 体中的最高因素。"(爱·摩·福斯特《小说面面观》第22页)

然而，初学写作者必须了解，小说的故事和一般意义上的故事是有很大区别的。小说的 故事都是虚构的，但是这种虚构--臆造由于作者充分发挥了想象，并进行了巧妙的组织， 读者会觉得比现实生活中的事件还要真实可信。当然，发挥想象构思故事绝对不是毫无根据 地胡思乱想，胡编瞎造，而是以现实生活中的矛盾冲突作 为构成作品情节的基础，从错综复杂的矛盾冲突和形形色色的生活事件中，选取最能展示人 物性格的事件，经过提炼的加工改造的功夫，构成富有表现力的情节。这种提炼的加工改造， 就是情节典型化的过程。它告诉我们：根据提炼出的主题，从人物性格出发虚构故事情节， 这是小说构思的基本原则。 学习写作小说必须懂得情节及其与故事的区别。情节是什么?高尔基认为，"文学的第三个 要素是情节，即人物之间的联系、矛盾、屿、反感和一般的相互关系，--各种不同的性格、 典型成长和构成的历史。"(《和青年作家的谈话》)也就是说，情节是环绕着人物性格以及人 物之间的相互关系所展开的一系列的生活事件。爱·摩·福斯特指出："情节是小说中较高 级的一面"，"情节是小说的逻辑面"，"情节同样要叙述事件，只不过特别强调因果关系罢 了。"(《小说面面观》)

传统小说的情节一般包括破题、开端、发展、高潮和结局等五个环节。当代小说的情节安排 已经不受这些环节的限制，如有的没有破题，直接写开端;有的可在高潮中暗示结局。

在写作时，情节通常是由场面和线索构成的。场面，指小说中被处理在某一时间、某一 地点的具体的矛盾冲突--人物之间的关系，它是比事件更为具体的生活画面。线索，指把 人物活动贯穿起来完成情节发展的事物或事件。短篇小说多为一根情节线索，也有两根的， 一是主线，一是次线;一是明线，一是暗线。 安排故事和情节需要使用"大纲"。一般来说，"大纲"包括：1、主要人物表;2、故事 要点;3、重要场面;4、作品主题;5、篇章结构。这样的"备忘录"式的大纲，虽然在实 际写作时会有修改，但是它比没有大纲要好得多，尤其对初学写作小说的人更为重要。 六、精于首尾，善于叙述 一篇好的故事包含三个要素：一是必须简单;二是能引起读者广泛的兴趣;三是要有一 个好的开头。所谓好的开头，不仅仅是个结构的问题，实际上是小说如何截取生活片断、恰 当地"切入"的问题，是小说的总体构思的问题。好的开头必须直截了当，引进人物，展开 故事。 至于结尾，在短篇小说写作中同样重要。这是因为好的结尾可以提高和深化作品的的思 想意义、加强作品的感染力和艺术效果。优秀短篇小说的结尾，或给人以人生哲理的思索， 或给人以希望和鼓舞，或使人掩卷深思…… 对于整个作品的叙述的技巧--写的技巧，同样要给予足够的重视。王蒙指出："构思得差 不多了，靠写。写，不仅仅是把想好的东西记录下来。固定下来，写，是创造的最重要的阶 段。正是在写的过程中，你的思维活动、感情活动、内心活动才空前活跃起来。" 那末，怎样来叙写?可以像写章回体小说那样去叙写，也可以像书信那样去叙写;可以连贯 性地叙写，也可以间断性地叙写……应该看到，短篇小说的叙写是十分自由的。

叙写中的时间如何安排是个技巧问题，这是因为："时间是小说的一个重要组成部 分。……时间同故事和人物具有同等的重要的地位。"(伊莉莎白·鲍温《小说家的技巧》)

要注意以下三点：

(一)"小说家的时钟"：讲故事的要则之一是能同时天南海北，无所不知地讲，不但精 通历史，通晓当今，还能洞察未来可能发生的事情。在作者的叙述中，所有已知的和预期的 时间都集中在即刻发生的事件上。在这个过程中，"小说家的时钟"同时报出不同的时间。 这种时间说明：无论故事起初是怎样构思的，叙述总是象花筒似地把各个时间牵连在一 起。最简单的叙述就是将各种感觉、回忆和推测的过程混为一体。 小说作者安排故事的方法之一就是他可以调整各事件所占的时间比例。一个重要的事件 可以写得比它实际发生的过程更长一些;而漫长的历史用一段文字就可以概括叙述出来。这 种叙述的灵活性正是小说作者使用的主要手段之一：用时间比例来表明每一事件的相对重要 性。从某个角度上看，小说家在写作时可以象一把扇子似地把时间打开或者折拢。既然每一 篇故事根据自己的轻重缓急都需要一种特殊的计算时间的方法，那么作者如何计算时间就是 非常重要的。

(二)时间生活和价值生活：在叙写中，小说作者为了表达的需要有时把时钟拨快，有 时把时钟拨慢，有时把指针倒回或拨前，但是，没有一个作者能全然不顾时间的顺序。福斯 特在《小说面面观》中说："在小说中，对时间的忠诚极为必要，没有任何小说可以摆脱它。" 这是因为，"日常生活同样的充满了时间性……不管什么样的日常生活，实际上都是由两种 生活合成的--时间生活和价值生活--而我们的行为也显示出一种双重的忠诚。我只看 了她五分钟，但那是值得的。这个简单的句子里就含有这种双重的忠诚。故事是叙述时间 生活的，但在小说中--如果是好小说--则必须包含价值生活。"所以，叙写故事不能忽 略自然的时间生活，但是更要注意社会的价值生活，必须匠心经营，写好价值生活。

(三)微观叙述和宏观叙述：小说的叙写应使读者有历史感。为此，小说作者在把自己 的故事安排在一个特定的时间范围内的同时，他就应对历史负起责任。这就是说，小说场景 的每一个细节，对话中的每一个片断以及书中人物的每一个行动都必须合乎小说发生的时代 背景。这样，在写作中就有了微观叙述和宏观叙述。所谓微观叙述，是指"按时序组织起来 的一连串事件";所谓宏观叙述，是指"历史的一个片断"。这两种叙述使得作者能够正确处 理"小说范畴里的时间安排和小说结构与历史前景间的关系。"(乔纳森·雷班《现代小说写 作技巧》)

(四)三项基本选择：在对待时间的安排上，作者通常有三项基本的选择：一是按"时 间一致"的原则来叙述，使小说里的事件在前后顺序上同阅读的顺序大致一样。二是用缩短 或概述时间的办法去叙述，在故事的开端或结局之间略去若干年月。这样，读者的阅读时间 和小说人物的行动时间是不一致的。三是用时序颠倒的方法 进行叙述，阅读时间和行动时间有时一致又有时不一致。

(五)叙述时间的距离：时间在小说里除了起着"导演"的作用之外，又起着引起"悬念" 的作用。"在一本我们称为严肃的小说中，我们同样也感到，或者应该感到时钟一小时又一 小时地在轰响，日历一页又一页地掀过去。此外，时间还把读者牢牢地系在宏大的现在 --如果你愿意的话，叫它场景也未尝不可--，而这些现在是由一些中间性的情节连 系起来的。我们可以在时间上前后移动，但是现在这一时刻必须牢牢地抓住我们。"

我校九年级学生，有80%完全不会写作文，即除了“My name is XXX.”“I will. do，” 一个正确的句子都写不出来，剩下的5%也在以下方面存在一些常见的错误：

1、没有理解英语的基本句子成分是“主语”+“谓语”

学生经常出现主语跟谓语不一致，包括句子的谓语用得不恰当，谓语用词跟主语不搭配，一个句子没有主语，或多个句子杂在一起。

比如：学生想说“我母亲总是不让我看电视”，写出来的是“my mother always not be allowed I watch TV.”根本就是直接从汉语逐字翻译成英文的。

出现这样的问题，显然是由于句子的基本结构没有弄清楚。看来在今后教学中还要继续强调，并配合造例句练习。

2、动词短语搭配不准确

比如：“I’m not allowed watch TV.”正确的短语“被允许做某事”应该是“be allowed to do…”。

3、丛句语序和连接词问题

很不理解，为什么强调了那么多次，学生在写作文时，丛句语序还会写错？后者连接词和引导词也老师出错。对于连接词，我在讲的时候也感觉到学生没有理解。我讲解的方法就是把课文里面的丛句拿出来分析其语序和联系词，然后再讲相关语法点，最后举例子让学生造句。语序问题，我还会在将来碰到一次强调一次，相信会有效果。但是联系词我就不知道该怎么让孩子听懂了。

比如：“I don’t know that what should I do”“Could you please tell me should I do?”正确的句子应该是“I don’t know what I should do.”“ Could you please tell me what I should do?”.

以上这些问题让我对如何增强学生作文表达能力有了一个不全面的思考。我觉得，提高学生作文能力必须从七年级入手（小学重点在听说，只需知道what 和 how,不需求甚解；到中学阶段就必须知道why了）。

4、句子使用的句型单一

例如；在一次模拟考试当中英语的考试题目就是如果我当选了班长我会怎么做，做哪些事情，九年级五班的英语课代表张雅就一直用一个句型来写“I will do”，虽然全文当中没有一个错误，但因为句型单一所以值得8分，因此在老师教课的过程中还要不断的给学生讲 作文序加以变换句型且需对语句加以润色。

针对以上问题我以后在讲课文和精读篇阅读理解试题时，要注意以下两点：

1、利用课文逐句帮助学生分析理解英文句子的基本结构，即“主语+谓语”；

2、要求学生把有用的动词短语、名词短语以及插入语记牢记清楚。

3、每单元的语言目标，一定要理解并记忆。

4、是学生学会句子的变换使用，有必要时做些句型转换练习。

下面是语文迷网为大家整理提供的中考英语写作经常用到的句子，希望对你有帮助。

1. According to a recent survey， four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However， this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents， who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和**.

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus， which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem： the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact， it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government， which is blind to this point， may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays， many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately， for most young people， it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem， effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills， which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held， this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades， advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact， we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now， it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death——a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part， I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons：

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion， I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that， along with the rapidly economic development， the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation， environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle， it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously， they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me， Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation， for the following reasons：

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。 45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology， and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people， reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style， it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes： it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，校园里进行着广泛的争论。

52. By taking a major-related part-job， students can not only improve their academic studies， but gain much experience， experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。

53. Although people‘s lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades， it must be admitted that， shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day.

近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必须承认，由于学费和书费日益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。

54. Consequently， the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

因此，业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。

55. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job， which will benefit students and their family， even the society as a whole.

通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。

56. These days， people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that， along with the development of modern society， it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

现在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。

57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society， which make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious.

人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。

58. At the same time， along with the benefits of such machines， employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.

同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。

59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

60. In the second place， there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.

第二方面，失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。

61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.

成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

62. According to a recent survey， a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.

根据最近的一项调查，越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。

63. From what has been discussed above， I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society， it is not necessary a bad thing.

通过以上讨论，我完全相信，随着现代社会的进步，幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。

64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.

近些年，国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。

65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.

许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。

66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.

但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。

67. As for me， Im firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited， for the following reasons：

就我而言，我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制，理由如下：

68. In addition， in order to attract tourists， a lot of artificial facilities have been built， which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.

另外，为了吸引旅游者，大量人工设施被修建，这对环境是不利的。

69. For lack of distinct culture， some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently， the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

由于缺乏独特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。

70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

近些年，父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。

71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。

72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies， they maintain， their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge， which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。

73. In the first place， extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that， it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。

74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。

75. In the second place， from psychological aspect， the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。

76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

当别的孩子在玩耍的时候，很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。

77. Moreover， children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies， consequently， it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。

78. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that， although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages， its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管额外学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。

79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与玩耍的平衡，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

现在，父亲或母亲留在家里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。

81. Parents are firmly convinced that， to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。

82. However， this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts， who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

然而，这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑，他们指出，孩子总是呆在家里，和父母在一起，是不健康的。

83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children， it must be admitted that， parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children， when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力，但是必须承认，与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比，他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。

84. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw a conclusion that， although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable， its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出如下结论：尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的，但是这样做的缺点远大于优点。

85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools， which will bring about profound impacts on children and families， and even the society as a whole.

应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园，这将对孩子，家庭，甚至整个社会产生深远的影响。

86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks， the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing， they maintain， is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

只要一提起艺术和文化项目，一些政府领导就会兴奋不已，他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园，城市中心漂亮的雕塑，还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中，没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。

87. But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact， basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

这是真的吗?这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首位。

88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists， which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。

89. Unfortunately， there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects， such as supplies of electricity and water.

然而，很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。

90. From what has been discussed above， it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

通过以上讨论，我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面，基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。

91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price， which they cannot afford it.

那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点，将会付出他们无法承受的代价。

92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势，这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。

93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。

94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

必须指出，农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加，并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。

95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities， they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献，然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响。

96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场，他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。

97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences， information and knowledge with peasants， which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.

建议政府应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平;应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验，知识和信息，这些将有助于发展农村经济。

98. In conclusion， we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.

总之，我们应理智考虑这一问题，重视农民的生活。任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life， parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people， including teachers and experts in education， should pay considerable attention to this problem.

尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分，然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人们应该认真对待这一问题。

100. As for me， it is essential to know， at first， what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.

我认为，首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

自省问题把握

1. 对所要申请的学校和专业是否有深入细致的了解，能做到在写自述时紧扣学校和专业的要求及特点，突出自己的申请优势？

2. 我的人生经历中有什么独特的、非同寻常的地方？在家庭生活和社会生活中有哪些人或事件影响了我的人生观和事业追求？这些影响有什么与众不同的地方？

3. 我最初是如何对目前所选专业感兴趣的？在其后的岁月中又是如何加深了对这一学科领域的认识？在这一领域已经取得了什么样的成绩？是什么因素使我自信，能够在这一领域有所建树？

4. 在上学期间我从事了哪些助教、助研、社会实践、暑期工作？通过这些活动在什么方面（比如科研能力、组织能力和领导能力等）得到了提高？在步入社会后的工作中完成过什么项目，取得了哪些成就，表现出何等才干？

5. 我最终的事业目标是什么？

6. 在我多年来的考试成绩上有没有需要解释的地方？比方说我大学成绩一直很优异但GRE成绩却不怎么理想；我高年级的成绩是否比低年级的成绩有显著的提高？

7. 在自我奋斗的过程中是否需要克服超常的困难，如家庭生活贫困、身体残疾，等等？

8.我是否具备杰出的品格，比如诚实、可靠、善良、刻苦等，而我能否提供真凭实据来加以证明？我是否具备值得一提的很好特别的工作习惯和态度，以及禀性上的优势。

9.我具备什么样的特殊才能，如分析能力、领导才能和交流才能？我为什么比别的申请者更具有在事业上成功的把握？

注意个人陈述写作技巧

写个人陈述的最大忌讳就是写得毫无特色、枯燥乏味。要努力发掘你的优秀之处，醒目且引起关注。

精彩的开头给人留下不可磨灭的印象，那就达到了最佳效果。获得独特性更重要的有两个方法：一是寻找独特的思想方法或者说审视自己的独特角度，二是在陈述过程采用故事手法。

所谓“故事”就是要有一点生动的情节。除了思想角度外，生动的情节是表现个性和独特性的又一法宝。许许多多的人可以有类似的经历和背景，但他们生命中的具体经历一定具有独特的场景。恰当地描绘一下这样的场景，就会使全文散发出生动而新鲜的气息。

美国留学个人陈述应注意以下问题：

1.千万不要遗漏掉那些有用的和中肯的成就、经验等事实。

2.不要把高中甚至更早的成就也不厌其烦地列在自述上。因为中国学生申请的学位最低的也是硕士研究生，大学时期的成绩或是随后工作上的成就更为贴切，也应该足以用作素材了。

3.最好不提的还有政治观点、宗教信仰和其他一切容易引起争议的不同寻常的话题。

4.写自述时没有必要对自己的事业和生活道路上的挫折讳莫如深。只是在描述或提到经历的苦难、挫折或失败时，切记不要流露出乞求怜悯恩赐，或气愤怀恨的情绪。

5.写自述绝对不能一蹴而就，写好后需反复修改，清除啰唆多余部分，针对申请学校和专业增加相对应的内容，密切注意句与句之间，段落之间，及整篇文章意思的逻辑联系。可多方听听他人的意见。

6.务必做到文章中不存在任何方法、语法或拼写上的错误。

1.1词汇方面

如果把写英语作文比作建楼房的话，英语词汇在英语写作中起着砖、瓦的作用，是句子的最基本的组成部分，所以词汇是我们高中英语教学中的重点，单词听写是课堂教学必不可少的一个环节，但学生的词汇量毕竟有限，遇到问题时，便会用汉语词汇去补充英语词汇的空缺。

例如：交通十分繁忙。误：The traffic is busy. 正：The traffic is heavy.

她和一位教授结婚了。误：She married with a professor.

正：She married a professor.

英语词语的词义往往比较复杂，并和汉语有着一定区别。这种不同就会会导致学生仅把写作当作一词一句的翻译来做，结果是事倍功半。

1.2语法方面

英语中难点就是时态，语态的掌握。英语中常用时态共十六种，语态分为主动语态与被动语态，语气有陈述语气与虚拟语气之分。不同的时态有它特有的句法结构。如现在进行时态使用be＋v－ing形式来表示。现在完成时则用have／has ＋p．p来表示。一般将来时则用shall／will／be going to＋v来表示。英语中时间意义的表达是通过动词的时和体来加以反映，而汉语中不存在时、体等，汉语则依靠表示时间的副词（如“曾经”、“正在”、“已经”、“将要”）作状语，或利用虚词“了”、“着”、“过”等作补语这一语法手段来体现，动词本身无任何变化。在英语中，“already”和“ever”常常用在完成时态之中，不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。学生常常把上述句子错译成“Yesterday I have been to the park．”“Five years ago，they have known each other．”又如在英语中，我们常常用否定前置来

Since the financial crisis swept the world, the global economy has sunk into a severe recession. It’s hard to get through a day without hearing or reading news about the devastating effects of the crisis: A world of companies go bankrupt, millions of employees are laid off, high-return investment bubbles burst, and huge sums of loans can never be retrieved. Its impact on our daily life can be felt in all walks of life。

College students inevitably fall victim to this pervasive slump as well. On top of that, internships and job vacancies are reduced to the minimum as companies keep shrinking. New graduates find themselves hard to get a job, not to speak of a satisfactory one. What comes next? Poor students will be hard-pressed if they find student loans unavailable any more. As a result, some even cannot afford to continue their studies. Lastly, more students are probably out there anxiously looking for part-time jobs now that they have to help cover their expenses in this gloomy economy. Their innocence and eagerness might be taken advantage of by some malicious businesspeople, or even criminal gang。

In response to these threats, we students must act promptly and wisely. Since we definitely will be facing a competitive job market, it’s crucial that we submit high quality resumes. Therefore, we must commit more to our professional studies. Even do better, master more relevant job skills as a double security. Furthermore, apply for scholarships and grants, as these are still available and we don’t have to pay them back. As for the safety issues, trust our instinct – there’s no free lunch in this world. Anything that promises quick returns without much work is a sure trap. Stay alert and protect ourselves。

人生就是一个上上下下喜喜悲悲的过程，这样的人生才叫丰富与多姿。下面是小编给大家整理的四六级考试祝福语的内容，欢迎大家查看。

1.十年寒窗，百日风雨，行遍书山，航终树海，千磨百炼，铁杵成针，浪淘水洗，沙尽金见。祝愿高考金榜题名。

2.十年攻书寒苦，今宵征冲天路;回眸从前付出，泼墨卷袖书;恭祝，恭祝，此战青云平步。祝高考金榜题名。

3.人有时是要勉强自己的。我们需要一种来自自身的强有力的能量推动自己闯出一个新的境界来。

4.人生终有许多选择。每一步都要慎重。但是一次选择不能决定一切。不要犹豫，作出选择就不要后悔。只要我们能不屈不挠地奋斗，胜利就在前方。

5.人生之旅短暂而漫长，让我们都能发出理解之光。

6.人生能有几次搏?莫到白发还未博。

7.人生就是一个上上下下喜喜悲悲的过程，这样的人生才叫丰富与多姿，失败一次并不可怕，只要我们能从中找到成功的奥秘和努力的勇气。

8.人都是在跌倒与爬起之间学会坚强，都是在风雨与阳光之间走过成长的路。失败所能带给你的只应是一些教训，一些冷静的思考，而不该有绝望、颓废、不知所措。

9.热爱可以创造奇迹。如果我们热爱登山，我们可以不顾旅途的危险与劳顿，勇往直前;如果我们热爱文学，我们可以废寝忘食，夜灯长明;如果我们热爱高考呢?那么，一切都将变得简单而和谐!

10.努力的苦读，就为这一刻啰!把你的实力全部发挥，所有关着你的人，都会为你祝福、祈祷，相信你会考出满意的成绩，榜上有名喔!

11.你笔下拥有一个色彩绚丽的世界：愿你，也相信你，拥有另一个笔下灿烂的图景。

12.明天考试啦，以后不用6点起床啦，以后可以天天游泳啦，明天是新生活的开始，一定不能愁眉苦脸，今晚做个好梦!

13.明天就要考试，出门还得趁早。付出就有回报，赶紧睡个好觉。毕竟熬过十年，参加就可骄傲。别想分数高低，放松最为重要。老妈最近很累，别忘对她笑笑，老爸场场接送，给他一个拥抱。穿得漂漂亮亮，誓把监考迷倒。最后提醒一遍，检查铅笔小刀!

14.面对目标，信心百倍，人生能有几次搏?面对成绩，心胸豁达，条条大陆通罗马。

15.每个人一生中都要经历大大小小的考试，小考、中考、高考……祝福语网在此汇总了大量的考试祝福语，帮助大家为即将考试的他们送去一份祝福。

16.没有了旋律，就没有了诗歌，没有了色彩，那是怎么样的生活?愿春天赋于你绚丽是色彩...

17.六月艳阳天，高考即在前，十年寒窗苦，朝暮读圣贤;学非单行道，之外路千条，心态摆平稳，从容去应考。榜上有名固可喜，名落孙山亦莫恼!祝高考大捷!

18.六月：7、8、9日3天，是金色的日子，是成功的开始，因为我问心无愧，胸有成竹。

19.快到考试的日子了，希望你干自愿事，吃顺口饭，听轻松话，睡安心觉。使自己保持良好平静的心态，不要太紧张，相信你的梦想会实现的!

20.考试在即，送你一个笑脸⌒_⌒希望你在考试前、考试中、考试后都能保持微笑。相信自己一定能行!

中考英语试卷写作的分数各个省市有所不同，一般在15-20分之间。下面从阅卷老师的角度分析一下中考英语作文的得分点和扣分点。2.字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。

中考英语试卷写作的分数各个省市有所不同，一般在15-20分之间。下面从阅卷老师的角度分析一下中考英语作文的得分点和扣分点。

中考英语作文对考生的要求有四点：1、内容要完整。 2、语句流畅。3、没有语法错误。4、书写规范。能达到上述要求的作文，都会得到相应的高分。

一：先看一下扣分点：

1.内容方面：要点缺失，可酌情扣分。比如中考作文“I want to do something for my school”，若没有写一件具体的事情，是要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻，没有实际内容，也会扣1-2分。

2.字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。

中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。但是60字的作文能不能得高分?从我们拿到的实例作文来看，16分以上的作文，没有少于75字的，甚至少于80字的也少之又少。当然，也极少有超过100字的，因为中考试卷的短线格一共80个，在格子下面大约还有2行的空间，可以加20字左右，再多阅卷人就很难看清了，也会影响卷面的美观。所以，同学们如果想让作文得到高分，最好是让字数在75-100字之间。

3. 语法和拼写错误：每个扣0.5，重复错误不计;

4. 标点错误：每4个扣0.5.

二：加分点

除了这些扣分点，还有一些得分点：比如说作文的组织结构分，就是根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。

只要文章中有1个亮点，基本就可以争取到1分(3分的文采分是很难全部拿到的)。而这1分的亮点，是可以提前准备的。例如，有一些“万金油”式的复杂句型，例如强调句型、only相关的倒装句等，只要同学们多操练几次，几乎是一定能用到作文当中，从而为自己争取到这1分。

其次就是卷面分

很多家长[微博]和同学，尤其是部分书法并不是十分整洁的同学，都会关心是否真的有“卷面分”的存在。虽然在阅卷标准里面并没有卷面分这一项，但是这个分数却真切地反映在了同学们的分数里面。

据阅卷老师的经验，在阅卷的时候并不是按这3个部分逐项打分的，而是在第一遍读完全文之后，心里已经形成了一个“印象分”，然后再细读第二、三遍，把印象分分配到各个打分部分。因此，这个“印象分”就非常重要，而同学们的书法，也正是在这个环节，影响到了自己的分数。所以初三的考生，如果书法不好，一定要注意。所谓的书法并不需要写的很漂亮，符合3个简单的标准即可：没有斜体、没有连笔、涂改较少。

导语：近日，又开启了英语四六级成绩查询，你知道多少分算过吗?下面是yjbys作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望对您有所帮助。

全国英语四六级改革之后，报道成绩满分为710分，凡考试成绩在220分以上的考生，由国家教育部高教司委托“全国大学英语四六级考试委员会”发给成绩单，不设及格线。因为现在英语四六级只发成绩单，没有证书，招聘单位是看个人的成绩单的，成绩单分数越高，自然更受青睐。一般来说，作为社会默认的标准和各学校自行规定的合格线往年都是425分。而对于想要参加口试的考生来说，参加考试的条件如下。

参加2005年06月至2013年12月全国大学英语四、六级考试，且四级成绩为550分以上(含550分)或六级成绩为520分以上(含520分);

参加2008年12月至2013年06月全国大学英语四级考试(网考)成绩为550分以上(含550分)。

参加2005年1月(含)以前全国大学英语四、六级考试并已获得四、六级证书的在校学生，且四级成绩为80分以上(含80分)或六级成绩为75分以上(含75分)。

注：由于各方面情况的不断调整与变化，所提供的所有考试信息仅供参考，敬请考生以权威部门公布的正式信息为准。

总之，得到的总结就是：英语四级没有分数线之说，220分就给发成绩单，425分以上者可报名参加六级考试(故可认为此为及格分数线)，550分以上者可报名参加口语考试。有的学校也规定英语四级过425分之后才能颁发毕业证。但现在有的学校已取消了四级成绩与学位证挂钩。

附注：

题型分布

听力理解

1、听力对话(15%)

(1)短对话(多项选择)

(2)长对话(多项选择)

2、听力短文(20%)

(1)多项选择

(2)复合式听二、阅读理解(35%)

阅读理解

1、仔细阅读理解(25%)

(1)多项选择

(2)选词填空或简答

2、快速阅读理解(10%，选择+句子填空或其他三、改错或完形填空(10%)

错误辨认并改正或多项选择

写作和翻译

1、写作(15%，短文写作)

2、翻译(5%，汉译英)

考试时间

英语六级笔试在每年6月和12月各一次，口试在笔试前进行，每年5月和11月各一次.

笔试时间一般为每年6月和12月的第三个周六(请以教育部考试中心通知为准)。时间安排如下：

14：50--15：00试音寻台时间

15：00--15：10播放考场指令，发放作文考卷

15：10取下耳机，开始作文考试

15：35发放含有快速阅读的试题册(但15：40才允许开始做)

15：40--15：55做快速阅读部分

15：55--16：00收答题卡一(即作文和快速阅读)

15：55--16：00重新戴上耳机，试音寻台，准备听力考试

16：00开始听力考试，电台开始放音

听力结束后完成剩余考项。

17：20全部考试结束

China has often been criticized for the rampant practice of software piracy. Take a look around. We operate on pirated Windows systems, defend PC security with pirated Kaspersky anti-virus programmes, process files with pirated Microsoft Office, draft 3D designs with pirated AutoCAD, refine pictures with pirated Adobe Photoshop, and study English with pirated Kingsoft’s electronic dictionaries and translators. It’s no exaggeration that pirated software is everywhere。

The logic behind the phenomenon is simple and clear: if a pirated copy is available for just a tiny fraction of the normal price, not to speak of many of the free downloads online, who would pay for an authentic copy? Cheaper prices aside, easy access is another important factor. With such a large gathering of pirated upgrades around, who would bother to spend time and money searching the stores for an authorized yet outdated version?

Despite these apparent benefits, the practice of software piracy should be banned, because it represents unfair competition and by nature it’s a no-win situation. But how? Two approaches are to be taken at the same time: Technically, software developers should enhance their antipiracy engineering, so that cracking the software should be virtually impossible. And legally, the government should also tighten its antipiracy laws and toughen up the penalties, so that violations should be costly。

My Mother

when i sat at the desk, trying to write the essay, i found it hard to set pen to paper. staring at the topic i deliberately chose for myself my mother, i felt the memory of 20 years with my mother suddenly turned into a haze, blurring my eyes to discern the past, with nothing towering, nothing flaring, nothing impressive or special enough as a landmark. the haze gradually cleared away, revealing the image of an amicable woman. i recalled a line from the famous movie sleepless in seattle. the radio column hostess asked sam, whats so special about your wife? he answered, thats millions of small things. right,trivial and commonplace, like obscure beans, yet woven into the most spectacular necklace by the power of love. my mother is ordinary, but in my eyes she is special.

my mother gave birth to me with eceptionally difficult labor. father received an emergency notice and was faced with a choice between the adult and the infant. of course,the adult. so my coming into this world was an unepected fortune at the price of mothers painful insistence. thus my 20 years began like this my mother eerted every effort to give me love, but i returned her with a deep scar that was to stay with her all through my growth.

my mother is a senior high school english teacher. under standably, she wanted her daughter to pick up english early to give her an edge to later study, which i did not understand at the age of eight. i was so obsessed with fun and games that i hated to stay peacefully with all those strange phonetic symbols and odd words. i wondered what pleasure mother seemed to have found in teaching me a,b, c. wasnt teaching at school tire some enough for her? i went on strike, refusing to spell a single word no matter how tender or severe mother tried to be with me. for the first time in my life, mother beat me, imprinting on my mind. the physical pain was gone long, long ago. but i have finally come to understand how it pained my mother to beat me for my obstinacy and disobedience, and i ache at her pain.

mother never gave up evoking in me an interest in knowledge. she placed the most emphasis on my education and took the most pleasure in my gradual formation of self-discipline in preparing myself for future development. thanks to her effort and influence, i have been doing well, not only in english, but also in my positive attitudes and conviction towards life.

now i am so grateful to my mother for everything she has taught me, but at that time it was far beyond my comprehension. as a little girl, i thought of my mother as meticulous and my father as a best playmate. i still remember i wrote in my elementary school a composition dedicated to my father about how he cared for me. naturally mother felt she was ignored, so i wrote another one for mother, intending to tell her she was so good a teacher that she sometimes had only students on mind and neglected her daughter. unepectedly, mother was gloomed and her eyes went wet. i am so sorry now for that affected composition. i am mothers daughter, and i am mothers student. i could never be neglected by mother, because i am the forever scar on her body, the forever pain on her mind, yet the forever bliss in her life.

i did not write much in the past about mothers love for me. today, this essay is for her, and for her only. i wish to let her know my regret and gratitude. i wish she could hear, i love you, mother.

简 评

古往今来，人们都说，母爱是世界上最伟大的爱。作者通过回忆历历往事，用她深情的笔调，为我们谱写了又一首歌颂母亲的赞歌，刻画了一位平凡而伟大的母亲的生动形象，让我们又一次领略到母亲无私奉献的崇高精神。

该散文文笔优美，语言纯正，声情并茂，感人肺腑，愿天下所有的儿女都能像作者一样真正感受到舐犊情深，并回报这份浓厚、纯洁的母爱。

当然，本文在事例具体、内容充实方面还有进一步改进的余地。母亲的形象也似乎略欠丰满。

议论文是对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是:观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义，恰当地综合运用各种表达方式;论据基本要是:真实可靠，充分典型;论证的基本要求是:推理必须符合逻辑。

写议论文要考虑论点，考虑用什么作论据来证明它，怎样来论证，然后得出结论。它可以是先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论;也可以先引述一个故事，一段对话，或描写一个场面，再一层一层地从事实分析出道理，归纳引申出一个新的结论。这种写法叫总分式，是中学生经常采用的一种作文方式。也可以在文章开头先提出一个人们关心的疑问，然后一一作答，逐层深入，这是答难式的写法。还要以是作者有意把两个不同事物以对立的方式提出来加以比较、对照，然后得出结论，这是对比式写法。

议论文是用逻辑、推理和证明，阐述作者的立场和观点的一种文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解、主张，或是驳斥别人的错误观点。新闻报刊中的评论、杂文或日常生活中的感想等，都属于议论文的范畴。

议论文又叫说理文，它是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非，以确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。

一、 议论文的要素:

详细说明议论文三要素:论点、论据、论证

论点:是作者对所论述问题的见解和主张，是议论文的灵魂。

1.议论文一般只有一个中心论点，有的议论文还围绕中心论点提出几个分论点，分论点是用来补充或证明中心论点的，只要研究这些论点的关系，就可以分出主从。

2.如何找中心论点。论点应该是明确的判断，是作者看法的完整陈述，在形式上应该是完整的句子。位置可分:文章标题、文章开头、文章结尾、文章中间，有的则需要读者概括。

论据: 证明论点成立的材料。

1.事实论据:事实在议论文中论据作用十分明显，分析事实，看出道理，检验它与文章点在逻辑上是否一致。

2.道理论据:作为论据的道理总是读者比较熟悉的，或者是为社会普遍承认的，它们是对大量事实抽象，概括的结果。

论证: 议论文中的论点和论据是通过论证组织起来的。论证是运用论据来证明论点的过程和方法，是论点和论据之间的罗辑关系纽带。论点是解决“需要证明什么，”论据是解决“用什么来证明”，论证是解决“怎样证明”。

论证方法有以下几种:

1.举例论证:列举确凿、充分，有代表性的事例证明论点;

2.道理论证:用马列主义经典著作中的精辟见解，古今中外名人的名言警句以及人们公认的定理公式等来证明论点;

3.对比论证:拿正反两方面的论点或论据作对比，在对比中证明论点;

4.比喻论证:用人们熟知的事物作比喻来证明论点。此外，在驳论中，往往还采用“以尔之矛，攻尔之盾”的批驳方法和“归谬法”。在多数议论文中往往是综合运用的。

二、议论文结构

1.基本结构是提出问题(引论)分析问题(本论)解决问题(结论)。

2.可分两大类

a.纵式:逐层深入的论述结构

例1.“层层深入”式，先提出论点后，先从消极方面论证，然后进一步从积极方面论述.

例2.“起录转合”式:开头破题，引出论述问题;接着承接开头，阐述所论述的问题;“转”是从各个角度证明论点;最后归结，就是“合”。

b.横式:并列展开的论述结构

例如:

有“总论--分论--总论”式，先提出论点，而后从几个方面阐述，最后总结归纳;

有“总论--分论”式，先提出论点，然后从几个方面论证。

有“分论--总论”式，对所要论述的总是分几个方面剖析，然后综合归纳出结论。

总之，分析议论文的结构，先要弄明白中段落层次间的内在联系，还要注意文章中起着承上启下作用的过渡段，过渡句以及过渡词语。

考场如何写好议论文

1.写好字

一篇内质不错的文章，字迹可憎，其分值往往不理想。为何?其一，字和卷面差，按评分要求要扣分，其二，试卷的“面目”在一定程度上控制着阅卷者打分的情绪。美观整洁的书写是文章最好的“外衣”，它对阅卷者评分印象的形成是直接有效的:首先，笔划要清楚。字迹笔划清楚，字体端正，就能给阅卷者留下好印象。相反，龙飞凤舞，一路狂草，但难以辨认，就算文章写得好，也难以让人欣赏。其次，字体要适中。字体过大，卷面有拥挤繁乱之感，观之不雅。字体过小，阅读起来如觉蚁行，极其费神。再次，尽量少涂改。要涂改也须规范地涂改，切忌乱涂乱画，在卷面留下醒目的墨点，造成凌乱之感。

2.拟好题

题目是文章的眼睛，是文章传递显要信息的重要部分。由于它位居文章结构之首，所以文章题目的优劣也会直接影响阅卷者对文章的第一印象。议论文拟题的基本要求是:在准确的基础上力求醒目、舒畅。具体而言，可鲜明，可形象，可简洁，可别致，可整齐，不一而足。总之，以能激发阅卷者阅读兴趣或使之有耳目一新之感为最佳。

议论文的题目要求符合文体特征，要求鲜明，使人见其题而知其旨。观点鲜明的文章最受阅卷者的欢迎，因为它具有清澈感和透明感，能够传达出文章内容之大概，便于阅卷者准确而快速地把握整篇文章的基本内容。

3.开好头

高尔基说过:“(开头)好像音乐里定调一样，全曲的音调都是它给予的，也是作者花功夫的所在。”议论文的开头要讲究“短、快、靓”。短，即要简捷，最好三两句成段，引入本论。开头短，可避免冗长之赘，而且短句成段，在空间上突出其内容的重要性。快，即入题要快，最好三言两语就点明文章的基本观点或议论的话题。因为评分标准中有“中心明确”的细则。开篇确定中心，有利于阅卷者按等计分，也有利于作者展开论述，不致出现主旨不清、中途转换论题等作文大忌。靓，即要精彩。这也是传统文论中所说的“凤头”。精彩的开头，最突出的效果是吸引阅卷者，给阅卷者留下好的印象。文章开头要精彩，多用比喻、类比、排比等修辞引入论点，还可引述名言，讲述寓言故事导入话题。

4.中间段写好首句和末句

议论文的结构是否严谨，条理是否清楚，论证是否严密，论据是否典型，关键在中间段的写作。而结构、条理、论证和论据等是议论文评分的重要细则，因此，写作议论文要尽量符合这些标准。

常见的论述模式是:首句为小论点或承上启下的过渡词句;中间围绕小论点，运用恰当的事实、理论论据，或针对现实生活中的某些现象，分析说理;最后结合论述内容写一两句小结的话语。其中首句和末句的写作最重要，它能直接勾勒文章的脉络，显示全文的论述思路。另外，文章的整体论证结构常用正反对比式。许多道理只要从正反两面说了，就基本上可做到论述严密。在考场中熟练地运用这种作文模式，可迅速地展开写作，减少失误，节省时间。同时，它可使阅卷者能便捷地依据评分标准，在中档以上分项计分，避免不利于考生的个人评分因素出现。

5.典型而鲜活的论据

论点是议论文的灵魂，分论点是支撑起这个灵魂的骨架，而论据是议论文的血肉。一个人要丰满多彩，光有灵魂和骨架，没有血肉是不可想象的。同样一篇议论文只有中心论点和分论点是不能称为文章的，它还必须有典型而鲜活的论据。

典型的论据是指能充分反映事物本质，具有代表性的事例与名言。它首先要求真实，切合题旨。其次，选用的论据要弃旧用新，要厚今薄古。有些同学作文，记住几个经典论据，如司马迁、居里夫人、张海迪，变换着角度使用，把它们当做万花油。其实，这些论据就算典型，也不能引人注目。相反，选取人无我有、人有我新的论据说理，使阅卷者在阅读时产生新鲜感，效果会更好。另外，有些同学习惯用古代事例阐述事理，整篇文章未能联系实际，无时代的活水，也不能达到充分说理的目的。最好能引述时尚言论和当前媒体普遍关注的事例辅助说理，加强说理的针对性、时代感，使文章更具说服力。

6.结好尾

结尾是全文内容发展的必然结果，是文章结构的重要组成部分。现代著名作家师陀曾说:“写文章不管长短，首先要考虑好结尾。有了结尾，如何开头，中间如何安排，便迎刃而解了。”好的结尾当如豹尾，响亮有力，令人警醒，催人奋进。如鲁迅的《论雷锋塔的倒掉》，结尾只有两个字:“活该!”短短两字，可谓简洁之至，力透纸背。

其实，文章的结尾有时比开头还重要。由于阅卷者看完结尾后即开始打分，因此，它的好坏还直接影响到阅卷者的评分心理。李渔曾说:“篇际之终当以媚语摄魂，使之执卷流连，若难遽别。”结尾如有此种效果，整篇文章将增色不少。议论文结尾的写作，要收束全文，突出中心论点;要体现全文结构的紧凑、完整，不能草率收兵，也不能画蛇添足;语言要干脆有力、清音留响，富有启发性和鼓舞性。

7.语言形象畅达

语言项是作文评分的重要标准。议论文的语言，要准确鲜明，生动形象。有些同学写议论文，常摆出说大道理的架式，将哲学原理和辩证法的术语一股脑搬出来，以求说理的充分、透彻，但效果适得其反。

一个道理有一千种说法，要尽量选用形象生动的说法。要显形象生动之效，除了采用比喻、类比、事例等论证方法外，形象畅达乃至华美的语言必不可少.修饰议论文的语言，注意运用比喻、排比、对偶和反复等修辞，使文章形成华美流畅感;注意运用假设句、反问句或整句，使文章增强不可辩驳之势。修饰语言之功，虽不是一朝一夕可成，但只要积久成习，自然会有长进.