大学英语写作基础答案（最新20篇）

在考研英语的小作文部分，历年考试大纲中都会列出多种应用文类型，投诉信、建议信、申请信、求职信、辞职信、求助信、感谢信、号召信、邀请信、道歉信等等，但是考生们回到具体的实践写作中，翻阅近几年考研英语真题试卷，常常发现这些归为一大类，终究是书信形式。既然书信写作如此重要，下面就为各位考生带来书信写作的攻克大招，让写作变得无比简单。

一、书信写作总体概述

1.首段

1)问候收信人

例：Dear Sir/Madam

2)解释来信原因

例：I’m writing for ……

2.中间段落

1)阅读题干要求，从中寻找名词或动词

例：Write a letter of application according to the following situation. You saw an advertisement in this morning’s newspaper .A company need’s a secretary and you are interested. Write an application letter to that company.

2)注意题目文字暗示，把名词具体化，把动词近义词化。

例：I am pleased to discover from Beijing Youth that your company is calling for a secretary……

3.结尾段落

例：I would appreciate your assistance in this matter. If you have any question , please don’t hesitate to contact me. I can be reached at...Look forward to your reply.

4.署名

在文章右下角署名，一般格式为：Yours sincerely……

二、书信写作分类讲解(写作脉络)

1.投诉信

投诉信通常包括：说明投诉原因并表示遗憾，实事求是阐述问题发生的经过，指出问题引起的后果，提出批评及处理意见，督促对方采取措施，提出所希望的赔偿及补救方式。

2.建议信

建议信即写给某个组织或机构，就改进其服务质量提出建议忠告;或写给个人，就某一重大事件提出自己的看法、建议及观点。

3.道歉信

投诉信通常包括：表示歉意、阐明表示歉意的具体原因，提出补救办法，再次表示致歉，并希望得到谅解，提供合适的补救办法。(要注意语言的诚挚)

4.感谢信

感谢信中通常带有浓厚的感情色彩，是所有书信中最带有“人情味”的，该书信内容通常包括：表达感谢之情并说明原因--提及自己曾受到对方的帮助--再次感谢并表达回报愿望。

在2018考研的战场上，一分意味着上线与下线，一分意味着录取与非录取，所以，拼尽全力才有可能取得最终的胜利。预祝大家金榜题名，取得理想佳绩!

[考研英语书信写作方法

一、要明白什么是作文?为什么要写作文?文章有什么作用?写作是我们通常说得写文章，写作就是写文章，也就是用文字的形式把自己所看到的、听到的、想到的记录下来。文章可以长久地保存，可以广泛地流传。文章不会随着时间的流逝而消失。虽然近代以来电报、电话、电视、电影、网络都可以保留和交流信息，但文字保留仍然是一种主要的传递人类文明成果的主要形式之一。

二、文章的构成。一篇文章是一个整体，好比一个人由头、手、脚、躯干组成。那么文章呢?文章是由字、词、句、标点、段、篇组成的。大家知道，身体任何一个部分出现毛病，人体就不健康，同样的，一篇文章中字、词、句、标点、段、篇任何一个部分出现毛病，都不是好文章。所以写好文章要正确地运用每一个字、词、句、标点，并分好段，组成篇才是一篇好文章。

三、小学阶段文章的分类及各类文章的写作要求。通常我们小学阶段小学生所写的文章以记述文为主及简单的应用文。小学生作文的基本文体通常分成六大类：写人、写事、状物、想象、应用文。

1、写人：写人要写“真实”，讲“真话”，育“真人”。可以自由选材与立意，写人要写出人物的个性与特点，写得人物要神气活现。

2、写事：写事要交代清楚时间、地点、人物、事件经过与结果。写清楚社会环境与自然环境，按事情发生过程写清楚。

3、写景：写景文章要写清对象的主要特征、形状、颜色、声音、动态、静态等特征。写景一定要表达感情，要注意描写对象顺序、层次、重点、景物间关系。

4、状物：状物分为动物、植物、静物三类。状物文章要注意观察，观察要细致，状物文章必须按一定顺序、层次写清楚。

5、想象：想象作文关键就在于要充分发挥想象力，可以根据事物之间的联系，从这件事物想象到另一件事物，从事物某一点想到事物其他方面，联想事物的过去与未来。

6、应用文：应用文与生活、社会联系紧密，格式、行为习惯更有规定。格式包括：书写要求、行款式样、结构、习惯用语、称谓和签署、简明得体、规范。同时要注意环境、时间、地点、场合、对象及表达方式。

四、小学生写作文字量问题。小学写作作文通常要求写一定篇幅，要求写一定字数，其实是要求学生的作文尽量写长，写长了才会多想，多想了才能写长，命题者限字数是根据学生的水平，促使学生多想，把文章写成一定长度。我认为文章的长短实际要由感而发，有话则长，无话则短，从文字使用量来说，要做到“惜墨如金”与“泼墨如水”相结合，“惜墨如金”就是要文笔精练，“泼墨如水”就是要写具体与形象。

中考即"初中毕业和高中阶段招生考试"，是选拔考试，但又是建立在义务教育基础上的选拔;中考要考虑初中学生升入高中后继续学习的潜在能力，但高中教育还是基础教育的范畴。yuwenmi小编提供一些中考英语写作必备句子给大家，欢迎借鉴!

1.People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer .

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

2. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

3. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

4. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

5. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

6. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

7. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

8. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

9. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

我同意后者，有如下理由：

10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

11.There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem :the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12.An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13.A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time .In fact ,it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study .As an old saying goes :All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话:只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14.Any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

16.When it comes to education ,the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

17.The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills ,which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18.It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to fact the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冬的痛苦生活。

19.Although this view is widely held ,this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点任何年龄进行。

20.No one can deny the fact that a person’s education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否人这一事实:教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21.According to a recent survey ,four-million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟相关的疾病。

22.The latest surveys show that Quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

23.No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明象互联网同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

24.People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

25.Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

26.Nowadays ,many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately ,for most young people ,it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

27.In view of the seriousness of this problem ,effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

28.Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

29.An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city .However ,this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents ,who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，象犯罪和卖淫。

30.Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus ,which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

导语：活动类作文属于叙事作文，在写作过程中重点表现活动的重点。下面是活动类作文写作基础，欢迎参考!

一、写学习和文体活动的作文类型

1.写一次学习或文体活动，反映校园生活的丰富多彩;

2.写一次学习或文体活动，表现同学们有着广泛的兴趣和爱好;

3.写一次学习或文体活动，表现全班同学的精神风貌和合作态度。

二、写学习和文体活动的参考题目

1.《记一次兴趣小组的活动》

2.《记一次学习的争论》

3.《记一次智力竞赛》

4.《记一次游戏活动》

5.《记一次_______比赛》

6.《一次快乐的周末联欢会》

7.《记一次升旗仪式》

8.《记一次入队仪式》

三、写学习和文体活动的参考开头

1.《记一次兴趣小组活动》的两种开头

第一种开头：下午第二节一下课，我们就一起来到了生物活动室，参加“红蜻蜒生物活动小组”。

第二种开头：“今天的红蜻蜒生物活动小组不知道活动什么内容?”下午第二节课下课的铃声一响，我们就议论开了。

2.《记一次智力竞赛》的两种开头

第一种开头：星期三下午，我们五年级举行了一场别开生面的学习竞赛：语文知识智力竞赛。

第二种开头：“善耕小学五年级语文智力竞赛，现在开始!”随着年级主任王老师的一声宣布，别开生面的竞赛活动开始了!

3.《记一次升旗仪式》的两种开头

第一种开头：星期一的早晨，天，格外地蓝;风，格外地柔，这一天，我们五(2)中队就要举行隆重的升旗仪式。

第二种开头：绿绿的草坪，高高的旗杆，一队队少先队员精神振奋，他们正等待着庄严的升旗仪式的到来。

四、写学习和文体活动的参考词句

书声琅琅/有条不紊/心不在焉/欢声笑语/静悄悄/掩卷沉思/频频点头/聚精会神/跳了起来/笑眯眯/有高有低/比唱歌还要好听/瞥见了/华丽/思路开阔/老高老高/乱蹦乱跳/冷不防/左瞧右看/仔细欣赏/轻轻飘浮/郁郁葱葱/变幻无穷/广阔无垠/心里痒痒的/端端正正/难分难解/一马当先/鼓起勇气/动作灵巧/不负众望/以守为攻/一鼓作气

1.队员们的脸上泛起了笑容，惊奇的目光变成了赞叹。

2.这时，全场静寂得连摄影师拨弄快门的声音都听得见。3.最吸引人的是五年级同学表演的“红领巾考察团”的节目。

4.我一出台，就在小白兔屋外的篱笆边探头探脑地张望着，台下的观众一下子哄笑起来。

5.“我”把嘴张得大大的，爪子伸得长长的，黑鼻子狂嗅着，活像一只真的大灰狼。

6.二十秒，不分胜负!三十秒，不分胜负!啊，五十秒，还不分胜负……

7.比赛开始了，投掷区内垒球、手榴弹像天上的流星一样飞落在很远的地方。

8.“砰”的一声，一颗红色的信号弹腾空而起，场上身穿各色衣衫的运动员，“刷”地从起跑线上飞出去，像一片彩云。

9.守门员敏捷灵巧的动作，博得全场热烈的掌声。

10.比赛场上响起一阵轰雷似的掌声，我们终于赢了!

五、写学习和文体活动的参考段落

1.去年夏天，我第一次到龙潭湖采集标本。那天天很热，我拿起捉蝴蝶和蜻蜓的网子，背着标本采集箱，在草丛中来回巡视着。忽然，不远的一棵小树上，一只蝉在鸣叫。我走到树下，抬头望去，只见一只螳螂从蝉的下面沿着树干爬了上去。渐渐近了，蝉没有发觉，还在叫着。螳螂又爬了几步，来到了蝉的后面，举起“大刀”，一下子把蝉按在下面，蝉不叫了，它受到了这突然的袭击，有些慌乱，它挣扎着想逃走。可绿色卫士似的螳螂哪里肯放过，它把蝉翻过来，让蝉肚皮朝天，然后挥动着“大刀”，一下刺进了蝉的肚子里。蝉疼得乱动乱叫，可螳螂不慌不忙，一口一口，把蝉吃下肚去。我看着看着有些吃惊，因为我从来没见过螳螂吃蝉。这一次真是让我大开眼界。

(采集标本活动让我增长了不少知识，见到了很多没有见过的精彩场面。)

2.同学们心情大概也和我一样，大家伸长了脖子，睁大了眼睛，盯着李老师的每一个动作。李老师从一个小瓶子里倒出一点深褐色的粉末，又在粉末上滴了几滴液体。几秒钟过去了，不见动静。教室里鸦雀无声，大家将信将疑地等待着。又过了几秒钟，只见石棉板上出现了一丝青烟，袅袅上升。不一会儿，烟越来越浓，还听见噼噼啪啪的炸裂声。啊，要烧起来了。果然，一下子腾起了蓝色的火苗，火越烧越旺。教室里一下子像开了锅似的，欢呼声，鼓掌声，议论声响成一片。

(小作者写声音的变化很有本事，你看他先是“鸦雀无声”，到“一丝青烟”，再到“噼噼啪啪”的炸裂声，最后是“像开了锅似的”，多么生动，多么有味!)

3.我俩摆开阵势扭打开了。我光凭着自己劲大，加之求胜心切，想一下子把他拉倒。可是越急，越乱了脚步。张忠对我的扭拉只是躲闪招架。忽然他看准我的一个破绽，脚下一使绊，使了个“拐把”，把我摔了个狗吃屎。第二次交手，我使出浑身解数，拿出平生力气，死扭硬拉，可他像一尊铁塔，任我怎么折腾他也摔不倒。突然，他一只手抓起我的脚，一只手在我胸前稍微往后一推，我又仰面倒在地上。周围又是一片叫好声。

(虽然很想赢，但是因为技不如人，也只好认输了。)

4.观众们一个个瞪大了眼睛看布条往哪儿走。正在这时，红布条慢慢向三(3)班方向移动了。周围的观众都喊：“三(3)班加油!三(3)班加油!”我们听到了喊声，都鼓起了勇气，脸涨得通红，眼睛睁得大大的，身子拼命往后倾斜，差点快碰到地上了。红布条又慢慢向我们班级移动。“哗……”比赛场上响起了一阵轰雷似的掌声，我们赢了。

(抓住了红布条来写，是很正确的。因为红布条是胜利的象征。)

5.轮到我们钉了。我迫不及待地把线浸了唾沫捻了捻。可是我这一捻，把那几个小毛头捻成又细又长的了，穿针的时候，我穿来穿去就是穿不进。我把毛头拽下来以后才穿了进去。接着，我在线的末端打结。由于线上有唾沫，打结的时候，老是粘在手指上打不起来，好不容易把结打好了。开始钉钮扣了，我用右手拿着针从布底下穿上来，可是没穿到钮扣眼里，倒戳在钮扣上。我觉得针前面硬硬的，还以为布是硬的呢，于是我就使劲地戳。哪知道针戳不穿钮扣，反而歪过来，正戳在我手上。这时我才感觉到钉钮扣不简单啊!一颗钮扣钉好了，该打结了，这一项我干得很顺利，一会儿就打好了。

(能把穿针引线的事情写得这样详细，不容易!的确，在写作之中，有的地方是要像穿针引线一样仔仔细细，认认真真。)

6.游戏一开始，同学们就高高兴兴地排好了队，有的同学认为画鼻子很简单，显出很不在意的样子;有的同学却皱着眉头在想画的办法。排在最前面的李红高兴得手舞足蹈，她刚把红领巾蒙到眼睛上，就迫不及待地向前大步走去。她事先也没看好目标，就走了过去，结果她越走方向越歪，旁边有个同学小声地说：“太往左了，往右!”她愣了一下，站住了，马上向偏右的方向走去，又太歪了。到了黑板前，她也不想想黑板的位置，就随便一画，结果把鼻子画到了头顶上，引得同学们哄堂大笑。

(写活动时，周围人的态度和言行是很重要的，不可缺少。这能起到渲染气氛和突出人物的效果。)

7.第四场比赛就轮到我们四年级同学了，我们全班同学按座号坐下后，只听得监考老师一声令下，比赛开始了。同学们连忙打开桌上发的试卷，迅速地算了起来。这时，赛场上一片寂静，我耳朵里只听到沙沙的写字声。“快做!”催促着自己，不断地挥动手中的铅笔。“八九七十二、八八六十四……”我默读着乘法口诀，还运用我自己的“加减速算法”，作出了一道又一道算术题。时间一秒一秒地过去了，我忘记了一切。嘿，快做完了，就剩下最后一道四则运算题了，我高兴得差点叫了起来。可就在这一瞬间，“收卷时间到!”随着监考老师的一声，比赛结束了。我不得不放下手中的笔。我拍着自己的脑袋，恨我自己做得太慢了，为什么不能按时完成呢?我低着头难过地离开了考场。

(有面的描写——赛场上一片寂静;也有点的描写，就是写我在赛场上的表现。点面结合，就立体化了，给人的印象就比较深。)

8.一声哨响，第三局比赛开始了。我的心怦怦直跳。我屏住了呼吸，用足力气，两只手像两把小钳子一样牢牢握紧绳子。在我前面的小胖鼓着腮，把牙咬得格格响，脸涨得通红。平时很文静的小芳也变得非常严肃，只见她的眼睛瞪得大大的，紧锁双眉，拼命地用力。尽管我们使足了劲，可绳子中央的红领巾并不听话，正偷偷向五(1)班那边移去。“加油!加油!”场外的小观众为我们急得直跺脚。“不要急，要沉着，劲往一处使，一定能胜利!”我们的班主任老师带领着啦啦队也在为我们鼓劲。

(写活动，要注意把“点”写好，所谓的“点”，实际上就是一个个人的情况，而不是一群人的情况。比如在这段文章里，作者写的是一场拔河比赛，当然有很多的人参加。在描写时，适当地描写一下个人的情况，能够把这场比赛介绍得更加详细。你看，这一段文字就写了“我、小胖和小芳”的比赛情况，使人能够更具体地了解当时比赛的过程。你觉得是不是这样?)

9.楼上的一排教室灯火通明。陈强那个班的教室在最后一间。他依次从宽敞的窗户望进去，嗬，教室全都变了样：五色纸链织成的一道道彩虹在灯光下交相辉映，课桌都拼成了一张张长条桌，桌上铺上红格或蓝格的桌布，一瓶鲜花放在桌子中间的生日蛋糕圆盒旁。长桌的数目与小队的数目一致，讲台上也铺着桌布，放着鲜花。陈强觉得，那生日蛋糕在商店里给人的感觉只不过是一种精美的食品，可今晚放在教室里就有了另一种含义，不由得令人肃然起敬。

(写活动时，需要进行周围环境的描写，因为活动的地点需要介绍呀，是不是?所以，在描写活动前，应该先把活动的场地介绍一下。一般来说，活动前，总要先把环境布置布置。美一点，才能开开心心地搞活动呀!)

10.有趣的斗蛋比赛在热烈的气氛中结束了。斗蛋手们，有的高兴，有的难过，你瞧：胜利者正在津津有味地吃着蛋，他们一定觉得手中的蛋格外香吧!那些“败将”们呢，愁眉苦脸地看着那不争气的蛋，吃也吃不下，扔又舍不得扔。不过到了最后，他们还是偷偷地把蛋吃掉了。他们一定一边吃，一边安慰自己：蛋破了更好，还省得自己敲碎呢!

(写活动结束后的情景，这一段写得较好。特别是写那些比赛失败的选手们的心情，写得很有特色。作者不是净写他们的愁眉苦脸，还写了他们对自己的安慰，而且还的确有点道理。这种很有幽默感的句子，可以看出小作者的水平的确高人一筹。不过，大家有没有注意到，这些句子，作者全都是用一种猜测的语气写出来的，为什么要这样处理呢?)

11.我走进二楼的比赛室，看见许多选手已经在写了，就赶紧走到自己的座位上，拿出了文房四宝。我一边折纸，一边自己叮嘱自己：“千万不要紧张，要发挥出自己的最佳水平来。”我看了看边上的几位选手写的字，真不错，便更加感到自己肩负的责任重大。我暗暗下了决心：一定要战胜他们!我定定了神，就拿起毛笔，蘸足了墨水，开始写字。

(文中有两处心理描写。看起来，如果要表现自己的一种精神，就可以用这种手法。写的时候，可以用文中“叮嘱自己”和“暗暗地下定了决心”这样的句式，后面跟上冒号就可以了。)

12.中秋节的晚上，月儿格外地明，我和妈妈来到学校。不一会儿，老师宣布晚会开始。第一个项目就是竞选中队长。我和竞选对手——周玉，同时坐到了主席台上。我的心怦怦地跳着，再看看一旁的周玉，他也是那样地紧张。我想：如果竞选失败，那多难为情……

(竞选中队长，这种场面的确是够让人紧张的。作者通过写景，写竞选对手周玉和自己的内心活动，把这种紧张一层一层地写出来了。)

13.哗哗哗……一阵阵热烈的掌声;哈哈哈……一阵阵朗朗的笑声。这里出了什么稀罕的事?啊，原来是我班女同学正在进行梳辫子比赛。前几天，同学们就得到了这个消息。今天上午第三节课，比赛正式开始了。一个个女同学站到了讲台前。我们男同学不时地在后面挤眉弄眼，悄悄议论着，谁能取胜。

(写活动，开头很容易写得一般化，或是简单地交待时间，或是简单地交待地点，等等。这里的一段文字就显得与众不同。你看它的开头，又是拟声词，又是排比句，非常地新颖，很能吸引读者。)

14.夜幕降临了，操场上燃起了熊熊的火焰，营火晚会开始了，全场欢腾起来，大家手拉手跳起了优美的集体舞。同学们的表演更是精彩。瞧，张刚和李强的相声多么有趣，逗得大家合不拢嘴;夏艺同学的电子琴独奏，让人暗暗称赞;田珂同学的魔术表演，让同学们琢磨不透，联想翩翩……

(用一两句话简单地介绍当时活动的情况，这很有必要。如果全是详细的描写和叙述，没有简略的介绍，这就像没有绿叶的红花一样，是不够完美的。当然，反过来也一样。)

15.班里联欢会进行击鼓传花游戏。鼓停时，拿着花的同学就要表演节目。顽皮的刘平又开始捣鬼，他一直抓住花，咚咚咚——鼓点刚落，他眼疾手快，猛地把花丢给旁边的沈晴。花在沈晴的怀里打了个转，落到了地上，沈晴傻乎乎地把花捡在手里，这才知道上了当。她犹豫了半天，还是被推到场中。她挠挠头皮，又使劲咽了一下口水。“来来，唱一个!来来，唱一个!……”经不住同学们再三欢迎，她只得放开嗓子唱了起来。

(写那朵花在沈晴怀里的情景，写得很不错，细致而又生动。)

六、写学习和文体活动的参考题材

1.举行各种学习竞赛，让同学们在充满趣味和竞争的学习气氛中得到知识，丰富课外生活;

2.老师让同学们学做小老师，一帮一，一对红，大家很欢迎这种学习的形式;

3.我们的课外活动很是丰富，我们搞了写字比赛、漫画比赛、普通话比赛、诗歌比赛、小品比赛、童年回忆录写作比赛等等;

4.我们的学习活动不仅在课堂里，而且有时还安排在工厂里，田野里和大街上，老师们是让我们认识到社会就是一个大课堂，知识的学习并不局限在教室里;

(以上可以作为写学习活动的题材。)

5.班级举行文娱活动，活跃同学们的课外生活，同时也是在锻炼大家的各种能力;

6.班级举行自炊活动，同学们自带米、菜和煤炉，在教室里做了一桌饭菜;

7.班级里举行小奥运会，与国际奥运会的项目基本相同，大家感到很有兴趣;

8.班级举行**比赛，大家经过几轮赛事，最后比出了冠亚军;

9.班级里掀起了学下国际象棋的活动，两周以后，大家还举行了国际象棋的比赛。

(以上可以作为写文娱和体育活动的题材。)

看图作文是以图画或图表来提供目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等情景，要求作者借助图画，通过联想将一组画面的直观内容转换成传神达意的文字形式，用于反映图中所表现的思想内容。

从写作体裁上看，可说明介绍，可叙事记人、可写景状物，也可以发表议论。

1.仔细审题、弄清题目要求

看图作文主要考查考生的观察能力、分析能力、想象能力、创造能力和语言表达能力。

想写好看图作文，必须遵循以下步骤：

首先，必须通读试题中的每一个字，认真观察所给的每一幅图画，正确理解提示所提出的各种要求，从而明确作文的中心思想，判断文章的类型、特点，了解文章的重点内容，力求切中题意。

2.审好图，确定要素

认真观察图中的故事发生于何时?何地?图中的人物为何人?他们做了什么事情?结果如何?

3.考虑用恰当的词语、句型和时态

弄懂了图上的大意后，在内心构思一个基本的框架，考虑用什么样的句型、词语、时态来充分表达文章的内容，尽可能用你熟悉的词语或句型，力求语言准确、意思明了。

4.列出要点，组织语言

在认真审题、弄清题意的基础上，我们应逐个完整无误地把内容要点列出来，我们可以在每幅图画的旁边用简单的词语标出其所表达的要点，这样，既可以提醒自己不要漏写了要点，又能防止过分发挥。接着就可以将内容要点译成英文词语或句子，以便下一步组织语言，形成短文。要注意使用适当的连接词或过渡性语句，以使上下文更为连贯，过渡自然。

5.详细得当

对一些细节方面的内容，如果是文章必不可少的细节，在写作时不可将这些细节忽略;如果是可有可无的细节，则可视具体情况进行增删。因此，我们在审图时，一定要注意各图中的一些细节内容，看其是否影响文章的内容。

6.仔细检查、修改

文章写完后，应进行必要的检查、修改，力求全文内容表达准确、完整，并最大限度减少错误。

具体从如下做起：

(1)核对图中要点是否有遗漏;

(2)时态、语态是否正确;

(3)文章句、段、篇是否连贯;

(4)用词是否得当、词数是否符合要求;

(5)单词大小写、拼写、标点是否准确无误。

最后提醒大家：一篇好的作文不但要内容写得好，字迹也要美观、工整、漂亮。

导语：英语在小升初入学考试中的作用越来越大，小六的学生英语水平差距不大，如何才能在小升初英语考试中脱颖而出，小升初英语写作成为关键，下面是小编收集的如何写出高分英语作文方法，欢迎大家阅读!

书面表达是考查学生英语综合水平的一个重要途径，很多孩子英语口语好，却无法写好英语作文。而现实情况却是从初一甚至从小学开始就已经有了对书面表达的考查，所以练习英语写作也是我们学而思小升初课程的重要环节，帮孩子们打好基础。

1、语法：这是现在孩子们在英语写作中丢分最多的一项。

(1)写完作文后要记得检查：语法知识需要靠我们平时一步步积累，但是孩子们要注意在写完作文之后一定要细心检查自己的作文，一些学过的语法点不要再错了。

(2)避免使用自己拿不准的句子：很多孩子喜欢用长句、复合句等。可是又对这些句子掌握得不是很牢固，所以很容易出错。一切拿不准的词和句子，都应该使用自己会的简单句和简单词，这样才能给考官留下好印象。

2、格式：拿到作文题，一定要把握好题目的要求，看清是哪种类型的题目，确定好相应的格式。

常考的题如日记，日记的格式就是需要在第一行左方顶格写上日期和星期，右方写上天气，然后再开始写正文。需要提醒大家的是，日记基本上都是描写已经发生过的事情，所以孩子们注意一定要用一般过去时哦!

还有一类常考的作文题型就是书信，书信的格式更需要大家注意：

3rd April 2008

Dear Mr. I

How are you these days? I will go to shanghai for my holiday.

Yours truly，

Nancy

3、词汇：如果在文章中能够正确使用一些高级词汇和词组，而不再是简单词汇，这会让老

师耳目一新。例如：如果要孩子们来写holiday。很多孩子们一开始就会写I went to …… last year. 用went就很大众化了，但是如果用take a trip这个词组就会显得你的英语水平跟其他人不一样了!对于词汇这个点，我向孩子们提两点建议：

(1)词汇需要平时积累，但是大家积累的时候一定要注意灵活使用学过的词。大家已经学过很多词组和单词了，可是大家都不会拿出来用，原因就是在于大家学的时候只记得了它的意思，没有认识该怎么使用，该在什么情况下使用。所以大家以后学习词汇的时候一定要翻翻词典学习例句，自己也拿来造个句子，要知道自己以后该怎么用。

(2)学习语言并不是纸上谈兵，练习写作也应该要多加练习。熟能生巧，练得多了，自然也就会知道什么时候用什么词，该怎么写作文了。

4、书写：这一点看似不重要，却最影响老师对你作文的整体评价。我们不要求要做到美观，但那是一定要整洁、认真。这样老师也能很快读懂你的文章，更能对你作文产生好的印象。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

1、紧扣主题，短文必须包括提纲中的全部要点;与主题无关或关系不大的字句必须一律删去。

2、文章通顺，前后贯通，语言流畅。

3、句子开头多样化，句型多样化。

4、无句型结构错误，无语法错误和用语造句等方面的错误。

5、短文字数不得少于150个字。

对考研英语短文的策略：

1.分配好短文各部分篇幅比例

根据在40分钟内写150词的《大纲》要求，合理分配各部分篇幅比例显得非常重要。篇幅比例安排大致如下：

(1)开头：可控制在4句话之内，以2——3句较为适宜。该部分约占全文篇幅的10%——15%。

(2)主体：约占全篇短文的70%——80%。

(3)结尾：这部分应控制在2——3句话之内，约占全文篇幅10——15%。

2.合理分配时间

应该切记短文写作时间仅为40分钟，在这较短的时间内考生需完成120——150词的短文。这就要求考生做到有条不紊、忙而不乱，充分发挥自己应有的水平。从而稳操胜券，驾轻就熟，从容应对。建议考生在动笔之前，用5分钟的时间写个提纲理清思路，然后再动笔。此外，要留出5——6分钟来修改抄写。以避免不必要的笔误，给评卷老师留下良好的印象。

3.审题——紧扣主题的关键

所谓审题，就是正确理解题意，所写短文要紧扣题目要求。从每年的英文短文考题可看出，除了题目外，还有开头第一句话和一个写作提纲。这个写作提纲就是短文的写作具体范围。考生必须以指定的句子开头，按写作提纲规定的要点和顺序(通常是3个要点)往下写。

通常3个要点就是写三段话，每段开头(除第一段已给了外)第一句话必须把该段写作提纲中的主要的词或主要意思包括进去，这就是段落中心句。每段其他句子必须紧扣该段的段落中心句，与段落中心句无关的句子或关系不大的句子必须坚决删去。由于写作提纲中所给的3个要点(即关键词)已包括在每段开头的段落中心句(即每段开头的第一句)中，而每段的其他句子又紧扣段落中心句，这就使每段的内容紧扣主题，而不至离开主题去谈别的问题，这就是抓住主题的关键。

【论文摘要】在高考英语试题中，写作是有效提高学生整体成绩的重要手段，写作是目的也是为了测试学生直接运用英语表达的能力而设置的，因此通常都会放在试卷的最后面作为压轴题出现。在高考英语写作要求中，明确提出要让考生运用所学知识进行书写，能组词成句、组句成文，语句符合英语语法和习惯。在写出的书面材料中，要求达到：切中题意，文理通顺，语言准确，得当。那么，怎样才能在高考英语写作中出类拔萃呢？这正是本文要探讨的内容。

一、有的放矢，了解高考英语写作要点

要对高考英语写作的题型及内容有所了解，才能把握好高考英语写作的考点，在此基础上才能找到行之有效的对策及方法。纵观近几年各省高考英语试题中，写作测试的命题思路，有一种从指导性写作逐步向半开放式写作过渡的趋势。半开放式写作，具体地说，就是给考生们提供一定的材料(包括图、文或图文结合)然后要求学生根据材料来进行书面表达，这样的考题形式，既限制了考生随心所欲的思维，又给予考生适当的发挥空间。这种命题方式能较好地考查考生的语言组织能力、书面表达能力以及思维能力。而在文体方面，记叙文、议论文、应用文及书信为最常见的写作题材。因此，我们可以做一个形象的比喻，写文章就像工厂里制造一台机器那样，首先要确定机器由几部分组成，然后对这几部分分别细化，形成初步的设计图；再根据要求对初步的设计图进行完善、补充、修改，随之形成最终的设计图；然后我们再按照图纸的设计，使用我们所掌握的零件去制造出机器；同样的道理，学生写作时可参照以下模式：

1．理解话题：学生在动笔前必须对指定的话题进行反复细读，认真思考，理解其真正的含义，了解出题者的意图，这是进行写作的第一步；

2．明确文体，确定人称时态：这一阶段的判断中，主要强调近十年高考最常见的两种文体：(1)说明文：必须按照事物的原貌加以说明、介绍、解释，常采用一般现在时，被动语态也常使用；(2)记叙文：通常采用第一人称，描述本人的经历或耳闻目睹之事；或用第三人称讲述他人的事情，如果是过去的事情，要用过去时。

3．初拟提纲，再理解话题：明确文体的基础上，草拟写作提纲；提纲是文章的骨架，可以是一句活，也可以是一个词组，由于考试时间所限，提纲内容不必面面俱到，但必须体现文章的整体结构和思路；目前绝大部分高中学生在英语写作时，还习惯于使用母语进行构思，然后将构思好的中文内容翻译成英文，这种情况是正常的；关键在于翻译过程中的语言表达必须符合英语语言的表达习惯

4．开始写作：提纲完成后，应根据提纲充实内容，如果说提纲是骨架的话，那么这时你必须将骨架填充血肉；具体的说就是要扩展要点，连词成句，适当地变换句型，组句谋篇成文；注意应简明扼要，层次分明、用词准确、语法概念清楚，使文章更具说服力，然后在写作完成后，还要对文章进行快速的检查，减少单词的拼写错误和句子表达的错误。

二、高考英语写作指导的具体策略

根据以上对历年高考英语写作试题的分析，我们可以从以下三个方面去指导学生进行写作：

1．细读材料，认真审题

仔细阅读书面表达题所给材料的全部内容，准确理解题目要求。需要认真审查的内容有：(1)文章的开头和结尾是否已给出；(2)用第几人称写作，书面表达要求中会明确指出使用第一人称还是第三人称；(3)提供的情景是图画、图表，还是提纲，如果是连环画，要注意故事情节的连贯性，确定合理的情节发展；(4)是否提供参考词汇，如果提供有参考词汇，写作中最好要用到；(5)采用什么文体，如果是议论文，要有论点、论据和结论三部分。如果是应用文，要注意其格式。如果是记叙文，要抓住六个要素：时间、地点、人物、事件、事情起因、事情的发展与结果。

2．恰当选择词语和句式

认真审题后，就可以列提纲了，将重点单词、短语、句型写在提纲里，关于选词切忌使用生僻词语，要求做到用词准确、得体、达意。选择句式时，尽量使用多种句式，如强调句、倒装句、各种名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句和固定句型等，长句和短句视情况交错使用，这样可以提高文章的档次，使文章生辉。

选词大多是在一组同义词或近义词之间进行。例如，我们要表达“好”这个意思，一般来说，大家会马上想起“good”，因为口语中我们经常说agoodfriend、goodluck、agoodpicture等。但是，在不同的短语中，可以选择不同的英语单词使表达更加准确、生动、形象。

3．多背常识性语句，扩大知识面

语言是有规律的，不同体裁的书面表达都有其常识性语句。如果同学们平时有大量的语句积累，在写作时就能把积累的东西调动起来。这些常识性语句既可增加文章的连贯性、逻辑性和可读性，同时还能提供地道的表达方式。写人物介绍时，应着重写人物的姓名、性别、年龄、职业、身高、健康状况、业余爱好、工作态度、与人相处和社会评价等语句。例如：lipingisagoodteacher，whoisthirtyyearsold．heis175centimetrestallandheishealthy．等。

【参考文献】

[1]韩金龙，秦秀白.体裁分析与体裁教学法.[j].外语界2000(1)

[2]韩金龙.英语写作教学:过程体裁教学法.[j].外语界.2001(4)

[3]何星.“过程写作法”较之“结果写作法”在高中英语写作教学中的

有效性研究.[d]华东师大专业硕士学位论文.2007

新闻必须是新近发生和新近发现的事实;新闻所报道的事实必须是有价值的;新闻必须是对事件的“报道”。下面是小编为你带来的 最新新闻写作基础知识 ，欢迎阅读。

把新闻作为一门科学进行研究，从1845年德国学者普尔兹所著《德国新闻事业》算起，迄今不过一百多年。若以美国新闻教育和研究事业的兴起为标志，也仅为一个世纪左右。我国的新闻学研究迟于欧美国家，于二十世纪二十年代开始进行。由于该学科作为一门专门的研究对象起步较晚，所以，我们在学习新闻的过程中，有时会发现一些著作的提法或者分类并不统一，但它们的基本要求和基本原理都是相通的。我国的新闻理论主要借鉴了西方国家的新闻学理论，但又有所不同。

(一)新闻的定义

新闻有很多定义，在不同的国家，不同的研究者对它有不同的定义。比如，在西方，对新闻的严肃定义有：“新闻就是变迁的记录”——英国《泰晤时报》，“新闻就是新鲜报道”——英国《牛津字典》等等，在国外对新闻的幽默定义也有许多，比如:“狗咬人不是新闻，人咬狗才是新闻”——美国《纽约太阳报》博加特等。

我国学者对新闻也有一些定义，比如：“新闻就是广大群众欲知、应知而未知的很重要事实”——范长江;“新闻的定义，就是新近发生的事实的报道”——陆定一。

我们一般指的新闻，可以理解为：新闻是对新近已经发生和正在发生、或者早已发生却是新近发现的有价值的事实的及时报道。

这一定义体现了三个要点：新闻必须是新近发生和新近发现的事实;新闻所报道的事实必须是有价值的;新闻必须是对事件的“报道”。

新闻都是以事实为依据，真实性是新闻的生命，也是第一要素。

凡是新闻文体，不论消息报道，还是通讯、特写，在写作上都应当做到新、快、短、活。

(二)新闻的分类

新闻按体裁分类，大致可以分为：消息、通讯、新闻特写、以及新闻边缘体裁。新闻边缘体裁主要包括：报告文学、调查报告、采访札记、工作研究、来信等。

新闻分广义的新闻与狭义的新闻，上段的分类是按广义的新闻进行分类的，它们是报纸、广播、电视等媒体中常见的报道体裁。狭义的新闻专指消息，又称电讯(通过电报、电传、电子计算机传输的消息)。它是报纸上最经常、最大量运用的一种新闻报道体裁，也是最直接、最简练、最迅速地向读者传播新闻信息的报道方式。

(三)新闻的六要素

新闻要素，是指新闻构成的主要因素。交待新闻要素，是把事实报道清楚的起码条件。一般来讲，在传统的新闻学讲义中，我们常提到的是五要素，所谓五个W(When，Where，Who，What，Why——何时，何地、何人、何事、何故)。在西方新闻学有一个观点，认为新闻学除了五个W外，还应增加一个H(How——怎么样，何果)，也称新闻六要素。新闻六要素近年来在国内一些教材中得到认可。

(四)新闻语言

在写新闻时，有的作者常用写散文或者写评论的方式写新闻，其实，它们之间的语言要求是不一样的。文学语言是艺术的语言，评论语言是说理性语言，新闻语言则是表述事实的语言。

新闻语言作为一种独立的书面语体，它服务于事实的报道，具有质朴、实用的语言形态，明快而富有表现力的语言风格，讲求信息的运载量，使之适宜于社会的广泛传播。

新闻语言的特色可以概括为：客观、确切、简练、朴实和通俗。

1、客观。新闻语言的主要功能用于表达客观事实，而主观认识和感情的强烈外露，势必干扰读者(听众、观众)对事情原貌的了解和把握。比如说，我们讲某某员工工作认真，某某领导身先士卒，则不如用一些事情把它反映出来，让读者去品味，而不一味去下结论。

新闻语言的客观性，通常表现为：

1)中性词多于褒贬词，即客观地描述，而不随便下结论，或者评论;新闻中一般不使用评议性的语言，即使是评述性消息，作者的评述语言也极少，多讲究分析对比，然后自然将极其精练的评述语言自然落笔。

2)修饰语的限制性多于形容性，举例：昨日气温已开始回暖，最高温度已达15℃，这是用数字进行限制;如果写成：昨日气温已开始回暖，大家感到比前些日暖和很多，这就成了形容词性，不宜用作写新闻。

3)句子的陈述口气多于感叹口气。把一些事件或者现象以第三者身份客观描述出来，而不是以第一人称或第二人称去下结论或发表感叹。

2、确切。确切，就是准确，贴切。在新闻语言的使用上，要求精确性较高，力除消除语言的含混性，但并不完全排斥语言的模糊性。新闻的模糊语言不是语言含混不清，而是相对于精确语言来说，其精确度较低，但又不失之确切。比如，“近200吨”比“几百吨”，“30多厘米”比“几十厘米”要精确。

3、简练。新闻以简练为贵，以烦冗为病。新闻语言应简洁、洗练，干净利落，切忌拖泥带水。正如鲁迅说过，“简洁的文字，有着穿透读者心胸的力量”。写新闻提倡写短句，说短话，强调简捷直叙，少曲迂回，尤其忌语言杂质，不要让复杂的结构和修辞手段、表情语言淹没事实。比如，“在……的大好形势下，在……鼓舞下，在……的基础上”等等繁冗的句子都应避免。

4、朴实。质朴无华，具体实在，这是新闻语言的又一特色。新闻语言讲究朴实，就要“有真意，去粉饰，勿卖弄”。

5、通俗。新闻语言的通俗，要求从读者(听众、观众)的认识水平出发，运用群众熟悉的语言形式，即接近口语的书面语。在写新闻时，用语不以作者的认识标准为准，也不以行业内的认识为标准，而应是最广大的读者认识为标准，对一些特殊用词，或者专有名词，应加必要的注释。

想要写好作文就需要多下功夫，多积累，下面是小编为大家介绍的关于怎么写好作文的方法介绍！

1、审题。审题就是分析文章的题目，弄清题目的意思。审题包括三方面内容(1)找出重点词，有些题目，有一个关键词，也叫“题眼”，题眼就是写作的重点。如《一件难忘的事》中的“难忘”之类。(2)搞清写作的范围和要求，即时间、地点、人称、数量、内容等限制范围。(3)弄明白是写人的，是记事的，还是状物、写景的。

2、确定中心。记叙文总要表达一个思想，说明一个道理或表现某一方面的思想感情，这就是文章的中心。文章的中心要正确，对社会上正确的现象加以歌颂，错误的现象给予批评。中心正确，健康是文章的根本，对此必须首先要注意。中心还要求集中，一篇文章一般只能有一个中心，各方面内容都要紧紧围绕中心写。

3、选择材料。作文的内容就是材料。写作文要紧扣中心选择材料，与中心关系不大的或无关的，要少选或不选。所选的材料还要真实、具体，真实就是不凭空编造，不夸大也不缩小。同时，还要注意材料的新颖、典型，不落俗套，要能够清楚地反映人或事的特点。

4、安排结构。所谓安排文章的结构，指的是文章的材料的组织安排。如先写什么，再写什么，最后写什么，以及怎样开头，结尾，过渡等。文章的材料，常用以下这些方法安排：(1)按事情发展的顺序；(2)按时间顺序；(3)按空间的顺序；(4)按事物的几个方面。

5、列提纲。提纲，是结文章的总体设计，具体包括：(1)文章的题目；(2)中心思想；(3)写作的顺序；(4)详写，略写的提示。提纲不能太详细，也不能太简单。

6、文章的开头和结尾、过渡和照应。常见的开头有：(1)开门见山，直入正题；(2)概括全文，揭示中心；(3)提出问题，引起注意；(4)环境描写，渲染气氛；(5)说明情况，介绍背景；(6)先说结果，倒叙开头。结尾的方法有：(1)自然方式结尾；(2)总结式结尾；(3)含蓄式结尾；(4)启发式结尾。文章的过渡，应力求自然。照应，指的是文章中前后内容的关照呼应。最常见的是文章的首尾照应。

写事的文章要注意以下几点：

1、要把事情发生的时间、地点、人物，事情的起因、经过、结果交代清楚；

2、一般可以按事情的发展顺序写，写清楚事情的来龙去脉，前因后果；

3、要突出重点，不要平铺直叙，重点的场面或过程要详写，写具体；

4、环境描写对反映文章的中心很有作用，所以在叙事时，有时也要注意写清楚环境。

写人文章应请注意以下几点：

1、要抓住人物的特点写，并把人物所做的事具体地写出来，用最能反映人物精神风貌的典型事例去刻画人物；

2、注意写好人物的外貌(包括容貌、衣着、神情等)，语言，动作，特别是能反映人物特点的语言和行动，更要准确、细致的描写；

3、心理活动是指一个人的思想活动。恰当的心理、活动，可以更好地表现人物的思想品质，突出中心思想；

4、如果是通过几件事写人的，可以采用详写一件事，略写另几件事的写法，几件事需并列写的，则可按时间先后顺序来写。

写景、状物的文章要注意以下几点：

1、要抓住景和物的特征写。所谓特征就是同其他物体有区别的地方，抓住特征描写，才能给读者留下深刻的印象；

2、写景、状物要言之有序，如从上到下，从左到右，从外到内，从中间到两边等。不能一下子说这，一下子说那，东拉西扯，没有顺序；

3、写景、状物过程中要进行合理的联想，抒发自己的真情实感，还要恰当运用比喻、拟人等修辞手法，把描写的景物写生动，写形象；

4、状物要描写物体的大小，形状，颜色，质地，做到写什么，像什么。

写活动的文章要注意以下几点：

写活动一般是命题作文。

1、可以按活动的过程写，但也可先写结果，再写活动过程，总之要有顺序；

2、要突出重点，有详有略，特别要注意把活动的过程写清楚；

3、注意写好活动中人物的感受。

英语写作说难也不难，下面是语文迷为大家整理的一些英语写作方法指导，供大家参考选择。

2014年6月的3套题的考查形式是这样的：write an essay explaining “why it is unwise to jump to conclusion upon seeing or hearing something”, “why it is unwise to put all your eggs in one basket”, “why it is unwise to judge a person by their appearance”;

2014年12月的3套题的出题形式是这样的：write an essay based on the picture below, you should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then discuss “whether technology is indispensable in education”, “whether there is a shortcut to learning”, “what qualities an employer should look for in job applicants”;

2015年6月的3套题的出题形式是这样的：write an essay commenting on the saying “knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it”, “if you can’t do great things, do small things in great way”, commenting on Albert Einstein’s remark “I have no special talents, but I am only passionately curious”。

但是，透过这些变化的考查形式，我们也可以发现不变的考查方向，不论是2014年6月的谚语或名言原因阐述型，还是2014年12月的漫画或图片描述型，亦或是2015年6月的俗语或名言评论型，在写作体裁上都是一样的，都是在要求考生写出一篇夹叙夹议，以议论为主的议论文。

六级写作方法指导

议论文写作是六级考试的重点，考生既要注意旗帜鲜明地说出自己的观点，围绕观点展开深层次的论述，更要注意综合运用一些高端词汇和句型来表达自己的观点，尽量避免套用一些常见模板，从而给阅卷老师留下耳目一新的感觉，取得高分。

具体而言，六级议论文通常都可以采用“三段式”的结构。

第一段开门见山，直接提出观点;

第二段对观点展开论述，先陈述理论，在列举事例;

最后一段再次回应论点，也可提出措施，再次强调论点。

对于谚语或名言类文章，首先，要注意充分理解和深刻挖掘其中的道理，不能仅从字面去理解，更多的是要结合实际理解其深刻的寓意，其次，要选择有典型性更有说服性的事例展开论述，把道理讲透并让人信服。谚语类题型近年来出现频率越来越高，所以，考生要注意加强日常的积累，多积累多思考，只有这样，才能在考试时不慌不忙、有理有据地写好谚语类作文。图画类作文是议论文的一种，区别在于该类作文要求考生首先要理解图画内容并在首段将其清晰的描述出来。第二、三段的写作与其他议论文是一样的。

今天，工作和生活中处处需要写作，各行各业都要学习写作。美国社会预测学家约翰?奈斯比特指出：当代社会应该记住最重要的大事有五件，其中之一是“在这个文字密集社会里，我们比以往更需要具备基本的读写技巧。”(约赖?奈斯比特：《大趋势》第18页，梅艳译,中国社会科学出版社1984年第1版)不仅信息传递、思想交流需要写作，而且学习也需要写作。因为写作的过程，同时也是巩固和深入学习的过程。

写作可分为两大类：一是文学创作，又称艺术协作，是指语言艺术中的诗歌、散文、小说、剧本等文学作品的创作;二是实用写作，又称应用文写作，指党政机关、社会团体、各行各业、企事业单位和人民群众在处理公务和日常生活、交往中产生的社会性认识和书写实践活动。

一、应用文产生发展

应用文有它产生、发展的过程。应用文在我国已有3000多年的历史，我国最早的文字甲骨文，就其内容和形式来看，是原始应用文的雏形。随着社会经济的发展和国家的产生，除了民间的应用文日益丰富外，国家机关等适应公务需要的应用文发展更快。例如，周代的《尚书》文告，秦代的制诏谕奏，汉代的表疏律令，魏晋的简牍署书，唐宋的图籍表册，明清的史册文翰都是应用文。此外，书信、书契、碑碣志铭、法律条例等也是应用文。在我国应用文发展的历史上，在长期的写作实践中，曾经产生了不少优秀作品，如李斯的《谏逐客书》、司马迁的《报任少卿书》、贾谊的《论积贮疏》、诸葛亮的《出师表》、魏征的《谏太宗十思疏》、王安石的《答司马谏议书》等，都是千古名篇。对于应用文的研究，我们也有传统，刘勰的《文心雕龙》文体论部分20篇。其中12篇谈到应用文。1911年辛亥革命后，南京临时政府颁布了一个公文程式条例，专门规定了公文名称和使用范围，废除了几千年封建王朝使用的制、诏、诰、刺、题、奏、表、笺等名目，表现了革命党人反对封建专制的思想，也是公文制度上的一次重大改革。1928年国民党中央政府对公文程式又作了一些新规定，其中比较重要的一点是规定公文的写作要用白话文，使用新式标点符号。中国共产党成立后，从建立自己的机关开始，就相应地有了自己的公文。1942年，陕甘宁边区政府颁布了《陕甘宁边区新公文程式》，为以后文书工作的健全和发展奠定了基础。中华人民共和国成立后，中国共产党和中央人民政府对公文工作十分重视，进行了一系列改革和健全工作，1951年中央人民政府政务院颁布了《公文处理暂行办法》，1995年中共中央批准了《中国共产党中央和省(市)级机关文书处理工作和档案工作暂行条例》，1957年国务院印发了《关于公文名称和体式问题的几点意见(稿)》，1981年国务院办公厅发布了《国家行政机关公文处理暂行办法》，1987年国务院办公厅又发布了《国家行政机关公文处理办法》，1993年11月21日国务院办公厅对这个办法作了修订，重新发布，自1994年1月1日起施行。这些对于提高机关公文质量和公文管理水平起了重要作用。随着我国经济的发展和对外交往的日益频繁，应用文的种类也越来越多，新的文种不断涌现。

二、应用文写作的作用

1、公关交际的作用

在当前的社会活动中，任何人、任何单位都免不了与外界接触、打交道。比如开业，要向工商管理局申请执照;双方合作，需要签订协议合同;销售产品，要策划广告，发函等等，都需要用应用文联系，以此来促进业务的开展，协调各方的联系。应用文表达清晰、准确，无疑会给企业树立良好的形象，促进企业的发展。

2、宣传教育作用

党和政府通过应用文下达各种文件、法规、制度，向全国宣传党和国家的方针政策，各地区、各部门、各企业也通过应用文推广先进经验，表扬先进人物，批评揭露不良现象，丑陋行为，制裁不法分子，以此来提高人们的思想政治觉悟，规范人们的行为，保障社会的安定，推动各项事业的健康发展。

3、沟通联系的作用

应用文是加强上下级联系的纽带，也是与各有关方面联系的有效工具。比如上下级之间的上情下达，下情上报;各单位之间的信息交流、经验交流，以此取人之长，补己之短，互相促进，共同提高，推动社会主义现代化的建设等。

4、凭证资料作用

在社会生活中，应用文也是开展工作，解决、处理问题的依据和凭证。向上级下达的文件、党和政府颁布的法规、有关方面的规章制度，都可作为开展工作和检查工作的依据;而一些条据、合同文本、公证材料等，也是业务中的凭证，一旦出现问题、纠纷，依靠这些凭证，可通过法律追究对方责任，维护自身利益。另外，一些重要的应用文也是历史档案资料，要了解某一时期的政治、经济情况，或某一方面的生产经营情况，只要查阅当时存档的应用文，就可以知道。有些冤假错案在事后也能凭借这些档案的应用文得以澄清事实，还其本来面目。

三、应用文写作的特点

应用文作为一种文体与其他文学作品的写法相比较，除具有一定的共性外，还有其独特的个性。一般来说，从小学到中学，学生写的大都是记叙文、议论文等文体，讲究语言的生动形象、情节起伏，采用多种描写手法，进行多样的抒情等。但这些作文的写法，不能套用到应用文的写作中去。一个学生平时作文写得很好，应用文不一定能写好，这就需要了解掌握应用文写作的特点，才能写好应用文。应用文写作的特点主要有以下几种：

1、实用性

应用文最大的特点在于“实用”，“实用”是应用文与其他文学作品的主要区别之一。一般文学作平的创作是“有感而发”，诗歌、散文、小说等文学作品主要是表达人们的喜怒哀乐、抒发理想、反映现实。而应用文的写作主要是为了解决实际问题，是“有事而发”，无事不发。比如要和远方的朋友联系，就要写信;要借款，就得立字据;向上级汇报工作、反映情况，要写报告;推销产品，要写广告等，都是为了解决实际问题而写的，所以应用文往往被人称为实用文，是“为实用而作之文”.

2、针对性

应用文的写作都有明确、直接的对象。比如信写给谁?字据里给谁?报告打给谁?都有对象，即使是一些广告、启事也是针对有关消费者、知情者的，只不过对象的范围大一些。而文学作平的阅读对象往往是不明确，没有严格的针对性，像一首诗、一篇小说、一部电影剧本，谁多可以看，谁多可以不看，老少不分，雅俗共赏。

3、时效性

由于应用文是为了解决实际问题而写的，所以它的时间性很强。一旦出现问题，就必须及时反映，否则拖延时间就会给生活、工作、生产带来影响。尤其是当今社会，市场竞争激烈，信息传递慢，企业随时有被淘汰的危险。而信息反映及时，就会给企业带来效益。相对而言，文学作品的写作时间性不强，像《红楼梦》写了十年之久，欧阳修的《醉翁亭记》写好后又搁置了很长时间才发表。

4、真实性

应用文写作必须讲究真实、各观，实事求是地反映问题，反映情况，不允许向文学创作那样，可以虚构，进行艺术再加工，“杂取种种、合成一个”，追求艺术的阵;也不能发挥主观想象、夸大其辞，否则就会歪曲事实真相，蒙骗对方，误导消费者，给社会带来不良影响。

5、程式性

指应用文的写作有其特定、惯用的格式，这些格式，有的是长期以来约定俗成、相沿成习的，有的是由国家、有关部门统一制定的。如书信有书信的格式，公文有公文的格式，经济合同有经济合同的格式等，每一种应用文包括哪些内容，那些在前，那些在后，分几部分，都应严格遵守，不得随意标新立异，也不能像有些文学创作那样，随意编排，自由联想，打破时空观，讲究情节情节的曲折变化等。应用文的格式也不是一成不变的，随着社会的发展，人们生活习惯的变化，观念的变化，应用文写作格式也会变化，使它更加方便人们表情达意的需要，更加顺应社会发展的需要

6、平实性

由于应用文注重实用，所以它的语言也讲究务实，就是语言要简洁、朴实、明白、准确、规范，便于理解执行。不能像文学创作那样讲究生动、形象、含蓄、朦胧，或以取悦打动读者。平实是应用文写作的基本风格。

四、应用文写作的基础知识

(一)材料

材料是构成文章的要素之一，是大家在日常生活中按收集到的，以准备写作用的有意义、有价值的资料。材料是形成主题的基础，又是表现主题的支柱。一篇文章的内容如何，首先取决于作者掌握材料的多少和好坏。常言道：“巧妇难为无米之炊”，就说明了这个道理。所以，写作前必须大量地积累材料。

1、积累材料

(1)认真观察生活

生活中存在着大量材料，能否被你所用，关键在于你能否自觉地认真地进行观察，将材料日积月累起来。观察和做一切事情一样，必须注意方法。总的说来，观察要确立观察点，要有顺序，要抓住事物特征。要具备分析、综合能力。此外，观察要善于思考才能发现问题，提出问题，抓住事物的主要特征，从而对事物进行科学的判断。

(2)深入调查采访

为了反映社会建设中新事物、新经验、新问题，就必须有目的、有计划地进行调查采访，广泛收集材料。这也是写作前的重要准备工作。常用的调查方法有：有条件的话开调查会，个别采访，实地考察，问卷考察，参加有关会议，阅读有关文件等。

(3)围绕业务进行收集

围绕本单位和本人的业务工作，有意识的收集资料，可以为我们写作提供丰富的材料。一般说来，必须收集的材料有：党和国家各个时期的经济方针、政策和财经纪律、制度;本单位的基本情况，有关业务资料，像会计核算、统计与计划指标以及完成情况所提供的有关数字资料、经济活动分析缝隙材料等;有关同类单位的对比资料;其他有关情况。

(4)建立材料仓库

为了把占有的材料很好地贮存起来，避免遗忘，每个写作者都必须建立起自己的材料仓库。主要方法有：坚持写笔记，这笔记可根据材料的特点采用不同的形式，如事态速写，把生活中突然发生的有意义的事情粗线条地记下来;一事一议，针对所见所闻的某一事情，写自己的感想认识;读书摘要，摘抄书报、文件中各种事例或文笔精华;提要缩写，根据文章内容的主次，采用概括和综合的方法记下主题、要点;编列索引，把每一份原始材料的题目，按一定的类别，按一定顺序记下来;做资料卡，一张卡片记一件事、一个例子、一个人或一个问题，写上编号，注明出处。

2、选择材料

选择材料从根本上说就是根据表现主题的需要来决定对材料的取舍。所以选择材料的总原则是，什么样的主题就选用什么样的材料。

那么，选择材料有什么具体要求呢?

一要“真”。选择那些真实的，足以令人信服的材料。因为，伪饰虚假的材料最终将导致读者对文章甚至作者的厌恶，真实的材料合情合理合乎逻辑，文章使用这样的材料才会有力量。

二要“精”。选择那些质地精美，能以一当十的材料。因为，只有这些能深刻地揭示事物本质具有广泛代表性的材料，能以少胜多，以小显大，文章使用这样的材料，就很精当。

三要“新”。选择那些有新鲜感，具有吸引力的材料。因为，这种清新的材料，具有时代的气息，能引起读者的兴趣——抓住读者的心。

3、使用材料

选择材料之后，还有个如何使用的问题，使用得好，就可以有力地表现主题，使用不好，也会相应地削弱主题。材料的使用要掌握一个原则，即集中、强烈。材料的使用重在一个“活”字，材料吃得透，运用就灵活，笔下功夫深，材料就活脱。

如何具体使用材料?

一调动，指的是材料先后顺序的确定，使材料之间依次排列，形成一定的逻辑关系。二平衡，指材料的详略、轻重的处理，一般行文的详略是从全文着眼，求得内容整体与各个局部之间文字量上的统一和协调。三匀称，材料文字量的相对齐整，在文章形式上能给读者一种对称、均匀的美感。

(二)主 题

主题是文章的灵魂，写文章都是为了表达一定的主题。

不论是谁，他只要动笔写作，总会有个“意图”、“宗旨”、“目的”的。或者是为了宣传某一种思想，或是为了表彰某一个人物，或是为了介绍某一桩事情，或是为了传播某一项经验……总之，他要说明点什么意思，表达点什么想法，反映点什么意见，灌输点什么主张。而这“意思”、“想法”、“意见”、“主张”等等，就表示着作者对生活的理解，对事物的认识。表示着作者赞成什么，反对什么的鲜明倾向。这些，就是文章的“主题”了。

因此，主题就是作者在说明问题，发表主张或反映生活现象时，通过全部文章内容所表达来的基本的意见或中心思想。

1、主题的提炼

提炼文章的主题，要求做到正确、鲜明、深刻、新颖。所说的正确，就是内容要反映客观实际，符合党和国家的路线、方针、政策。所谓鲜明，就是赞扬什么，反对什么，旗帜鲜明。

2、主题的表现

正确、鲜明、深刻、新颖的主题，如果表现得好，可以增色;如果表现不力，也是要逊色的。

如果说提炼主题不易的话，那么表现好主题就更难。它需要我们掌握适宜的表现手法。

应用性文章是为办理事情、解决问题而写的，贵在务实，利于行动。作者必须针对工作或生活中的实际问题，在文章中表明自己对某件事的态度或解决某个问题的意见等，因此，应用文的观点是由作者直接表达出来显露在文章中，就这一点，应用文与论说文有相似之处。

(三)结 构

结构即文章的内部构造，是如何运用材料以表现主题的组织安排。它是作者的思路在文章中的反映，实质是一个如何认识和反映客观事物的问题。如果把主题比作文章的灵魂，材料比作文章的血肉，那么结构就是文章的骨架。

文章的结构，包括两个方面：表现为思维形式的叫做逻辑结构，表现为语言形式的叫篇章结构。写作者一般先形成逻辑结构，再形成篇章结构;阅读者一般先了解篇章结构，然后理清逻辑结构。多写多看文章以后，两者也可同时形成或理解。

常见的结构形式：

第一，按照事物产生、发展、变化的过程或时间先后顺序去写，即纵式结构。这种写法，能形象地再现事物的原貌，可读性较强。第二，根据内容的特点和矛盾的不同性质，也就是按事物的逻辑关系进行分类归纳，把主体分成几个部分(或几个方面)，然后把材料横着排列起来，逐个进行阐述，最后从总的方面集中说明一个中心思想，即横式结构，这种写法，便于抓住要害，突出主要矛盾，文章的观点鲜明，为应用文所广泛使用。

(四)语 言

语言是人类用来表达意思、交流思想的工具。

在文章的写作中，一方面，语言是文章思想内容的具体表现，构成文章最基本的材料就是语言，没有语言就没有任何文章;另一方面，文章以语言作为表情达意的工具，没有好的语言，任何好思想、好材料、好结构都无法表现，要把语言运用好，必须做到准确无误，意明笔畅，简洁精练，朴素通俗。

(五)表 达

写作的表达方式是多种多样的，主要有叙述、描写、抒情、说明、议论。这五种表达方式各具特点。它们在写作中，有的单独使用，有的交互使用，更多的是交互混合使用。

应用文写作中常用的表达方式，主要是叙述、说明、议论。

1、叙述

应用文的叙述，要求写作者有一个立足点和观察点。要么从自我出发，要么就是从与叙述对象的平行地位出发，所以叙述时要确定人称。

应用文的叙述，也与一般文章相同，分为顺叙、倒叙、插叙、补叙。

2、说明

说明是对事物、事理和人物所作的具体或概括的介绍或解说。

常用的说明方式有：定义、诠释说明，用概括、精确的语言表述事物的本质属性，使它与别的事物相区别，这就叫下定义又称立界说。下定义比较困难，有时就只说明对象的某些特点，这叫诠释释或解释，使用较自由灵活。

概貌说明，是对说明对象从外观上进行概括的介绍。这种说明注重事物的完整性，给人一个总体的印象。

程序说明，是对说明的对象从制作过程或工艺流程乃至施工进度的解说。这种说明要注意程序之间的衔接和贯通。

局部说明，是对完整事物的划段解说，这种说明需要划段准确，各阶段解说的事理要具有一致性。

举例说明，是一种通过举例的方法解说事物的写法。这种说明应注意所举实例与解说对象的相似点。

比较说明，是把两种(或多种)事物、同一事物的不同阶段进行比较，借以说明对象的性质、特点和变化。这种说明要注意两者的可比性。

数据与图表说明，这是利用有关数据或图片表格，向人们说明的一种直观说明方式，这种说明要注意数据的准确，图表的鲜明。

说明的文字，必须言简意赅，只要能把事物形状、性质、特征、关系、功用等解说清楚，或把人物的经历、特点、成就等表达明白，就是好的说明。

3、议论

议论就是作者通过事实材料及逻辑推理阐明道理，表明自己的见解、主张以及驳斥别人观点的一种表达方式。

议论有三个要素：论点、论据、论证。所谓论点，是作者对所论问题提出的看法、主张。它可分为中心论点和分论点。中心论点可在文章开头提出，也可在篇末归纳提出，常以一个判断性语句出现在文章中的明显位置上。分论点是从中心论点分化出来的，它为中心论点服务，常是文章每一部分开始提出的小论点。所谓论据是证明论点的理论和事实依据。所谓论证，是用论据证明论点的过程，一般包括论点提出的原因及对论点的基本解说，证明论点的正确(或错误).归纳论证的结果等几个部分。

议论分为两大类，立论和驳论。立论，是正面阐述自己的观点，驳论是反驳他人的论点。在一篇文章中，有的是典型的立论或驳论，有的则交叉使用，破立结合。

论证的方法很多，常用的有：

归纳法。它以事实为论据，从许多“个别”事例中归纳出一个“一般”性的结论。

演绎法。它以推理的方式，从“一般”性结论，演绎出一个“个别”的论断。

举例法。它以事实为论据，用典型事例证明论点是正确的。

引典法。它以名人、经典著作中的言论或公理、常理为论据，证明论点的正确。

比较法。它把不同情况或事物摆出来加以比较，在比较中明辨是非，阐明事理。

类比法。它通过讲故事、举实例，用比喻来证明两个相比事物之间具有某种共同的特点。

驳论法。一是直接反驳，即用确凿的事实或常理，直接批驳错误论点。一种是间接反驳，这种反驳法又可分为归谬法、反证法。归谬法又称为“引申法”，就是对错误观点做“顺水推舟”式的发挥，以充分显示其荒谬;反证法是首先用充分的论据证明与此相对立的观点的正确，借以证明敌对论点是无法成立的。

五、应用文写作的具体要求

1.材料绝对真实

文学作品的题材，可以“上下几千年，纵横数万里”，而应用文写作的取材十分严谨，主要是现实的，与本部门有关的材料。文学作品的题材也要求真实，但那是艺术真实，允许虚构，是社会生活中可能有的，应该有的，但不一定实有其人，实有其事。而应用文，材料必须绝对真实，不允许有一点儿虚构，如时间、顺序、地点以至细技末节方面都不能有所谓“合理想象”，只有保证材料的绝对真实，才有说服力，才有利于问题的解决。

2.主题专一显露

一般地说，应用文要求一文一事，就是较长的文件，也要求只有一个中心思想。这样，可以使重点突出，防止行文关系混乱，提高工作效率，利于问题的解决。写作时，要扣紧主题，围绕中心，不枝不蔓，一气贯通，防止多中心，防止下笔千言，离题万里。应用文还要求开门见山，旗帜鲜明地亮出自己的观点，表明自已的态度。

3.结构完整眉目清楚

结构要完整，简单明了，层次清楚。动笔前先构思，把那些零散材料分析、归纳，根据内容与需要，把它们组织成为一个有机整体。此外要注意划分段落，做到各段既有单一性，又有完整性，即每段只能有一个中心思想、，不能把一些互不相干的意思放在一个段落里，同时，一个意思要在一个段落里说完全，说透彻，不要把一个完整的意思拆散。做到既有“断”，又有“联”，分之为一段，合则为全篇。

4.文字准确简明扼要

正确的思想，要通过准确的语言文字来表达。各种文体对语言文字的要求不尽相同。应用文由于它的特殊作用，在文字表达方面，要求有节制，有分寸，做到准确、鲜明。同时要求不写错字、别字，正确使用标点符号。文面也要求清楚美观，不乱涂乱改，潦草马虎。应用文的务实功能决定了它的篇幅一般较短，要写得简明扼要。用最少的文字，准确、严密地表现最丰富的内容。

5.政策明确风格庄重

应用文是工作中的公务文书，它的政策性很强。因此，在写作前，要认真学习有关方针、政策，领会政策精神，掌握政策界限。在写作中，要处处注意以政策为准绳，根据政策分析问题、解决问题。不同的文体有不同的语体风格。有的含蓄，有的婉转，有的艳丽，有的雄奇，有的幽默风趣，有的自然深沉等等。应用文由于它内容与功能的特点，决定了它庄重，典雅，朴实，自然的风格。崇尚文学笔法的人，以乎实为平庸，鄙薄应用文，以为“不过就是几种格式”，那是片面和肤浅的见识。

I have the same routine from Monday to Friday. I usually get up at five fifty. Then I have breakfast. At six thirty, I go to school. I don’t ride a bike. I go to school on foot. I have five lessons in the morning. I do morning exercises with my classmates after the second lesson. At eleven thirty, I go home for lunch. In the afternoon, I have three lessons. After class, we often have sports in the playground. At five, I go home. After supper, I do my homework. At about ten, I go to bed. I am happy every day.

导语：单词是英语的基础，备考英语四级一定要先把必备的词汇学会。下面是yjbys作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望对您有所帮助。

enough/ i’nΛf/ a.足够的 ad.足够地

enquire/ in’kwai?/ vi.vt. 询问

enquiry/ / n. 询问

ensure/ in’?u?/ vt.保证;保护;赋予

entertain/ ent?’tein/ vt.使欢乐;招待

enthusiasm/ in’θju:zi?z?m/ n.热情，热心，热忱

entitle/ in’taitl/ vt.给…权利(或资格)

entry/ ‘entri/ n.入口处;登记;进入

environment/ in’vai?r?nm?nt/ n.环境，外界;围绕

envy/ ‘envi/ vt.&n.妒忌;羡慕

equal/ ‘i:kw?l/ a.相等的;平等的

equality/ i(:)’kw?liti/ n.等同，平等;相等

equation/ i’kwei??n/ n.方程(式);等式

equip/ i’kwip/ vt.装备，配备

equipment/ i’kwipm?nt/ n.装备，设备，配备

equivalent/ i’kwiv?l?nt/ a.相等的;等量的

era/ ‘i?r?/ n.时代，年代;纪元

erect/ i’rekt/ vt.建造;使竖立

error/ ‘er?/ n.错误，谬误;差错

escape/ is’keip/ vi.逃跑;逸出 n.逃跑

especially/ is’pe??li/ ad.特别，尤其，格外

bear vt.容忍;负担;生育

beard n.胡须，络腮胡子

beast n.兽，野兽;牲畜

beat vt.&vi.打，敲;打败

beautiful a.美的，美丽的

beef n.牛肉;菜牛

beg vt.&vi.乞求;请求

beggar n.乞丐，穷人

behalf n.利益，维护，支持

behave vi.表现，举止;运转

behavior n.行为，举止，态度

being n.存在;生物;生命

belief n.信任，相信;信念

believe vt.相信;认为

bell n.钟，铃，门铃;钟声

belong vi.属于，附属

beloved a.为…的爱的 n.爱人

belt n.带，腰带;皮带;区

bench n.长凳，条凳;工作台

bend vt.使弯曲 vi.弯曲

beneath prep.在…下方

beneficial a.有利的，有益的

benefit n.利益;恩惠;津贴

berry n.浆果(如草莓等)

beside prep.在…旁边

besides ad.而且prep.除…之外

bet vt.&vi.&n.打赌

betray vt.背叛;辜负;泄漏

beyond prep.在…的那边

Bible n.基督教《圣经》

bill n.账单;招贴;票据

billion num.万亿(英)

bind vt.捆绑;包扎;装钉

biology n.生物学;生态学

birthday n.生日，诞生的日期

biscuit n.(英)饼干;(美)软饼

bite vt.咬，叮，螫;剌穿

bitter a.痛苦的;严寒的

bitterly ad.苦苦地;悲痛地

blade n.刀刃，刀片;叶片

blame vt.责备，把…归咎于

blank a.空白的 n.空白

blanket n.毛毯，毯子，羊毛毯

blast n.爆炸，冲击波 vt.炸

blaze n.火;闪光 vi.燃烧

bleed vi.出血，流血;泌脂

blend vt.&vi.&n.混和

bless vt.为…祝福

blind a.瞎的;盲目的

block n.街区 vt.堵塞，拦阻

bloom n.花;开花，开花期

blossom n.花，开花 vi.开花

blow vi.吹，吹动;吹响

boast vi.自夸 vt.吹嘘

bold a.大胆的;冒失的

bolt n.螺栓;插销 vt.闩门

bomb n.BoB!!! vt.轰炸

bond n.联结，联系;公债

bone n.骨，骨骼

boot n.靴子，长统靴

booth n.货摊;公用电话亭

border n.边，边缘;边界

bore vt.使厌烦;钻，挖

born a.天生的;出生的

bosom n.胸，胸部;内心

boss n.老板，上司 vt.指挥

bother vt.烦扰，迷惑 n.麻烦

bough n.树枝

bounce vi.反跳，弹起;跳起

bound a.一定的;有义务的

boundary n.分界线，办界

bow n.弓;蝴蝶结;鞠躬

bowl n.碗，钵;碗状物

box n.箱，盒;包箱;拳击vi.打拳

brain n.脑，脑髓;脑力

brake n.闸，刹车 vi.制动

branch n.树枝;分部;分科

brand n.商品;烙印 vt.铭刻

brandy n.白兰地酒

brass n.黄铜;黄铜器

breadth n.宽度，幅度;幅面

breathe vi.呼吸 vt.呼吸

breed n.品种 vt.使繁殖

breeze n.微风，和风

brick n.砖，砖块;砖状物

brief a.简短的;短暂的

brighten vt.使发光;使快活

brilliant a.光辉的;卓越的

brim n.边，边缘;帽沿

brisk a.活泼的;清新的

bristle n.短而硬的毛;鬃毛

Britain n.不列颠，英国

British a.不列颠的，英联邦的

brittle a.脆的;易损坏的

broadcast n.广播，播音

broken a.被打碎的，骨折的

bronze n.青铜;青铜制品

brood n.同窝幼鸟 vt.孵(蛋)

brook n.小河，溪流

broom n.扫帚

brow n.额;眉，眉毛

brown n.褐色，棕色

bruise n.青肿，伤痕;擦伤

brush n.刷子，毛刷;画笔

Hello,everyone!

I was fortunate to 200 * years in September admitted to the University of  ad specialty XX. From 200 * to 200 *, from East Campus to Dushu Lake Campus. In  the Soviet four years, brought me a lot of heritage and memory. Four years  passed away, when they graduate, should be for the life of four years in the  Ivory Tower to learn to do an interview self-introduction.

In four years, I quite seriously in learning, performance is also better,  every year the school received a scholarship in the class have been able to  maintain in the top five. Particularly in the specialized courses concerned, as  far as possible to learn good use. Actively participate in various advertising  competitions, and won the National College Advertising Art Competition Third  Prize of Jiangsu Division. Both peacetime operations, or papers, or exams, can  seriously hope the best. If you would like to say that four years in learning  what the greatest regret is that English, formerly in high school Ive had a  nice English, but into the university, I slack on the English language, and not  spend too much time to learn , resulting in the test to graduate have not been  6.

In social practice, I think my experience was very abundant. 200 * in the  second half, I have to do internship in an advertising agency planning work,  although the beginning of what will not, very hard, very tired, but when I as a  Fan Meeting planners and executors of the stage and flowers after child  communication band, when I write advertising effectiveness measurement companies  Ina ceramic gain customer acceptance of the report, when I see their planned  ceremony, opening ceremony of the successful implementation of the time, when I  designed the LOGO when used by businesses When I work independently in the scene  when the road show, I was happy. With my own efforts to complete a task.  Internship in advertising, I learned a lot of things can not go to school books,  contact with clients across industries, while also working in the printing  industry, media, service organizations and other rituals have a certain  understanding for the future able to adapt quickly to lay the foundation for  work.

Prior to this, McDonalds, I also worked part-time, bitter, tired, but that  time has given me a lot of fun. Learn a lot. I begun to taste the hardships of  life and make money easily. McDonalds as a world-class enterprises, it has a  strict standard of staff training system and working mechanism. Work at  McDonalds, on the one hand I learned such a big company product promotion,  teamwork, customer service, quality assurance and so should learn the rules and  regulations and successful experiences, on the other hand, deal with all kinds  of customers, but also enhance the my ability to communicate with others, in  addition, work has worked hard my hard-working spirit.

In addition, in terms of ideology, I also actively move closer to the  party, on the one hand, to strengthen its own ideological and moral  construction, to arm themselves ideologically; on the other hand, in the spirit  of serving the people, adhere to help others, serve the community members of the  strict demands on themselves. Finally the beginning of the glorious junior  joined the Chinese Communist Party, and successfully turned positive after one  year.

Four years in college, I know a lot of friends, they gave me a lot of help,  let me learn a lot, this is college, in addition to expertise outside of an  additional valuable asset.

In short, four years of school life, whether professional or social  knowledge about, or people skills, have learned a lot I can say that four years  of my life the most significant period of time, my ideal life and the pursuit of  life during this period to determine their own career planning for a new life  also have a new goal. I will continue to work closer to success!

Thank you!

The summer holiday is going to the end. I am happy in the holiday, because

I do a lot of things. Now, the new term is coming, so I must make a plan for it.

In the new term, I must work harder. I did not do very well in the last term.

Therefore, I want to make progress in the new term. Besides, I want to do some

more readings. Books are the best resources to get knowledge. So I want to make

good use of books to improve myself. Finally, do exercise regularly. A healthy

body is the basic of other things. I must take part in exercise to keep healthy.

And doing exercise makes me relaxed and happy. I hope all my plans can come true

in the new term.

记叙文是以叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。它是写作训练中最普遍、最基本的一种文体。记叙文以写实为主，但也可以虚拟。如人物传记、历史故事或新闻报导这类非虚拟的故事是记叙文，神话故事、寓言、幽默故事等也属记叙文。记叙文通常分为三类：

1. 以记人为主的记叙文。即以人物为中心组织材料，围绕这个人物来写一、两件事。

2. 以事件为主的记叙文。即以事件为中心组织材料，围绕中心事件，可以写一个人或几个人。

3. 以写景状物为主的记叙文。但应注意的是，在一篇记叙文中，写人、写景、写事往往是交织在一起的，不可截然分开，但各有侧重。

【写作注意】

写作中应遵循以下几点：

1. 交待要素，即人、时、地、事。

2. 按事件发生的先后顺序叙述, 完整、具体。

3. 要重点突出，目的明确。记叙文所记的都是过去发生的事，原则上通常用过去时态写。

【写作实例】

假如你是武汉大学附中高三(1)的李华，今年即将高中毕业。请根据以下要点给某英文报写一篇英语短文，谈谈你对高三生活的看法。

(1)对获得的帮助表示感谢;

(2)消除与 同学之间的误会;

(3)努力学习，实现人生梦想;

(4)对学弟、学妹的建议。

注意：

(1)可适当加入细节，以使行文连贯;

(2)词数：100左右(开头已给出，不计入总词数) 。

High school is regarded as the best time in a persons life. As a senior 3 student, it wont take lon g before I graduate._____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

【猜题理由】本篇书面表达能比较真实地反映学生的生活实际，话题内容关注学生的社交生活和树立健康的人生观，具有考查的现实意义和指导意义;在语言表达上，能够让学生充分运用所学知识，毫无词汇障碍地表达自己的思想;此外，在语言表达的设置上也有一定的伸展性，能有效地激发学生个 性观点的创建。

【构思点拨】本篇书面表达是常见 的提纲类型的写作，要点明确清楚，便于学生组织文章，理清脉络。行文时要注意处理好语言表达的控制性和伸展性之间的关系。

【参考范文】

High school is regarded as the best time in a persons life. As a senior three student, it wont take long before I graduate. Now, I have much to share with my fellow students.

Firstly, I would like to show my appreciation to those standing by me all the way, teachers, pare nts and friends included. Without their help and advice, my life would be different. Secondly, its high time to say sorry to classmates whom I hurt or misunderstood. Communication and smiles act as bridges to friendship. Above all, Ive made up my mind to make every effo rt to study, for I believe hard work is the key to success. Just as the old saying goes, "no pains, no gains."

Finally I hope that all the younger fellows can make full use of time, because time and tide wait for no men.

最近几年的中考英语当中，很多省市已经摆脱了单一作文模式，采用一大一小两个作文相结合的模式。例如，去年辽宁沈阳中考英语作文就是一个小作文，应用文-写假条，加上一个大作文，汉语提示作文构成。今年，北京中考英语作文也将是两个，一个看图作文在加上一个提示作文构成。这一讲，我们先来学习一下看图作文的写法。

看图作文要求考生按照所给图画，通过合理的联想将一组画面的内容正确地表达出来。看图作文与其他类型作文的不同之处在于，它除了要求考生有英语语言表达能力，还要求考生有观察能力、分析能力和想象能力。

写好看图作文应注意的事项1、结合文字提示，正确理解图意。一般情况下，看图作文在提供图画的同时也附带有简要的文字提示，我们可以利用文字提示去正确地理解图意，得到要点。切忌孤立地看图而忽视文字提示。

写作从图画的细节出发。所谓细节，就是指图画中的人物、事件、地点、环境、时间、动作等。依据图画细节，就可以把图画的内容用英语具体而生动地表达出来了。

(三)例题分析(例题)

同学们，看到下面的四幅图片及相应的报道后，你感到最担忧的是哪两种情形?请简述你担忧的理由并提出建议或希望。

要求：

⒈ 从所给素材中任选两种情形进行阐述，不可多选或少选。

⒉ 条理清楚，意思连贯，语句通顺，标点正确;

⒊ 词数 80 ～ 100。

参考词汇： 建议 suggest v. suggestion n.

气体 gas n. 污染 pollution n.

THE POLLUTIONS

① One third of the worlds people dont have enough clean water.

② More and more diseases are caused by polluted air.

③ People are disturbed quite often by kinds of noises.

④ Every person in our city makes about 1.8 kilos of rubbish every day.

这道看图作文题，主题和图片连接得不是很紧密。从考查的形式上来说，虽是看图，实质上却属于提示性的作文。这个作文应该结合个人的观点，选择的余地还是很大的。做这个题应该注意几个方面：

1、认真读题。注意，题目虽然给了四幅图，但是却只要求写其中的两个就行。

2、题意要求的是阐述个人的观点-最担忧的两种情形。而不是对图片进行描述。

3、结合所给的提示。提示中，对每种污染都进行了阐述，考生可以这些描述进行写作。

4、注意字数，语法，拼写等，避免错误。

下面是两个例文，大家可以参考一下。

One possible version:

The environment is becoming worse and worse. There are many kinds of pollution I worry about. The most serious two are water pollution and air pollution, because people cant live healthily with dirty water and polluted air, nor can animals. More and more diseases are caused by polluted air.

I think factories should not pour dirty water into the river directly or produce more waste gas. Wed better go on foot or by like instead of by car, because more cars mean more waste gas. We should make our world more and more beautiful.

Another possible version:

The first fact I worry about is noise pollution. People cant sleep well if there is too much noise. Thats why so many people prefer to live in the countryside rather than live in the noisy city. I suggest all the factories and cars shouldnt make terrible noises. If they make terrible noise that isnt allowed, they will be fined, and we can also produce the cars which cant make terrible noise.

The other pollution is rubbish pollution. If everyone makes so much rubbish, one day we may live in a world filled with rubbish. Some people throw the waste paper about. I suggest rubbish should be put into different kinds of dustbins or paper bags.

下面，我们来看看这道题的评分标准。一般来说，各地的评分标准都和下面的这个标准差不多。这个最高的标准，实际上也就是我们写作的目标。

评分标准：

1. 内容完整，语句流畅，无语法错误，书写规范，给9-10分;

2. 内容较完整，语句较流畅，基本无语法错误，书写较规范，给6-8分;

3. 内容不完整，语句欠流畅，语法错误较多，书写较规范，给3-5分;

4. 只写出个别要点，语法错误较多，书写欠规范，只有个别句子可读或不知所云，给0-2分。

看图作文不可小视。希望大家掌握答好这种题型的要点，并积累词汇。

议论文写作是几种常见文体中要求较高的一种。下面语文迷网整理了一些写作方法，希望对你有帮助。

一、议论文的文体特点和写作要求

英语议论文同中文议论文一样也是以议论的方式，通过摆事实、讲道理来阐述自己观点的一种文体。高中英语议论文是一种限制性的写作, 其论点、论据、论证都必须十分明确，学生必须结合题目要求来阐述相关观点。

议论文的结构可分为三个部分：1、引言段引出一个令人关注的问题或明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么，支持什么，反对什么。 2、主体段对提出的问题进行分析、推论、并运用归纳法、演绎法和类比法等进行论证，取得以理服人的效果。3、结论段可以用两三句话来结束文章，同时要注意重申论点，与引言段呼应，但不能照搬原话。务必做到论点明确、要点齐全、论证严密、结构严谨、层次分明、首尾呼应。

二、议论文的写作方法与技巧

一)、审好题

人们常说：“磨刀不误砍柴功”。审题是写作的开始，是写好作文的前提条件，“好的开始是成功的一半”，议论文写作也不例外。只有明确题目要求，确立观点，确定论证方法及全文段落安排，才可能成功写出一篇好的议论文。如果写偏了题，再精心的构思、再好的语言表达也是枉然。审题主要包括六个方面：一是判断议论文所属类型。英语议论文根据命题特点，从形式上来看可分为如下类型: ①“一分为二”的观点。如：“轿车大量进入家庭后，对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”。②“两者选一”的观点。如：“乘火车还是乘飞机”。③“我认为……”型，如：“你对课外阅读的看法”。④“怎样……(how to)”型，如：“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”。⑤ 图表作文，通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法(杨家贵，2005)。二是确立该文的论点或作者须持的观点，以及支撑论点的道理和事实。三是确定全文所包括的要点。四是确定段落数及每段适用的连接词、过渡句，使文章连接紧凑、过渡自然、层次分明。五是选择全文主要时态及各段适用的其它时态。六是判断该文的格式，是书信还是短文。审题完毕，随即列出提纲。

二)、注重主题句的设置

主题句又叫中心句(topic sentence)，是段落的论点，限制段落中议论的范围，是整个段落的纲领。主题句必须要正确，要明确表明作者赞成什么，反对什么。主题句在一篇百来字的议论文中好比“画龙点睛”，帮助作者分层次阐述自己的观点，让读者快速了解作者的观点。

1、确定主题句的位置

英语议论文的主题句宜设在段首第一句，这是由以下两个因素决定的。1)、主题句出现的位置有三种情况：①在段首，以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要，这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落;②在段末;③段中(高长梅，2000)。2)、英语民族的思维特点是常采用路标式(直线式)篇章结构，即主题句在段首。

2、写出好的主题句

好的主题句具有以下特点：①有一定的概括性，普遍性而不是罗列具体事实。②句意明确而不是模糊不着边际。③让人有话可写而不是给出无可辩驳的事实。④不以问题的方式出现，也不要同时表达两个以上的观点。笔者要求学生写了以下的主题句：

1)Staying up late is bad for our health.

2)The more cars, the better?

3)There are two reasons why some people are fascinated by Super Girls and two reasons why some dislike them.

4)Beijing is famous for the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Imperial Palace and other places of interest.

5)a. Tom is a middle school student.

b. Tom is a hard-working middle school student.

6)Living in small cities is better than living in big cities.

然后让学生对照主题句的特点，他们一致认为1)、5)b、6)为好的主题句。在实践和对比中，学生学会了如何写好的主题句，并且运用到议论文写作中，收到较好效果，见以下实例(下段黑体部分是主题句)。

Everyone lives by selling something. For example, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to calculate the true value of services which people perform for us. The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.

由此可见，好的主题句能帮助作者阐明观点，起到提纲挈领的作用。作者围绕段落的中心论点，运用多种方法展开论证，达到以理服人的效果。

三)、用好连接词和过渡句

从行文需要出发选用恰当的连接词、过渡句可使整篇文章文句流畅，句意转换自然，同时使表达合乎逻辑，文章结构严谨。倘若一篇议论文的段落里不乏高级词汇和复杂语法结构，但缺少了连接词、过渡句的润色而不能从一个观点自然地过渡到另一个观点，或段落里的各论据(supporting sentence)连接松散，势必削弱论证的效果，就算不上一篇好的议论文。下面分别说明如何有效运用连接词与过渡句。

1、句与句的连接词

连接词通常由连词、副词、介词短语和插入语等充当。如何有效使用连接词，使句意连贯、紧凑，以体现文章良好的严密的论证逻辑?

2.段与段的过渡句

过渡句帮助作者展示文章的条理和层次。恰当运用过渡句能使表达锦上添花。当文章从一个层次转换到另一个层次，或由一段内容转入另一段内容时需要用过渡句。恰当有效的运用过渡句，效果明显(见下文，题目及要求略，黑体部分为过渡句)。

Wearing school uniform every day spreads an order over many schools. Is it good or bad for students? Different people, however, have different opinions on this matter.

Some people say that it has a bad effect on developing students’ personal character. According to them, students are tired of wearing the same clothes every day, which is hard to tell who’s who. Furthermore, the cost of the school uniform is not low as many people think. With the bad quality, it’s not well worth the money.

However, as a popular saying goes: “Every coin has two sides.” Others argue that it is good for students. In their opinion, wearing school uniform will prevent students from wasting so much money on clothes and the time on catching up with the fashion. In addition, it’s easy for the teachers to recognize the students. There is no doubt that wearing school uniform every day is good for students.

In short, I firmly support the view that we should wear school uniform.(康珍，2005)

上文黑体部分综合体现了恰当、有效运用连接词和过渡句的最佳效果。全文行文流畅、衔接自然、条理清楚，浑然不觉作者是在套用各种连接词和过渡句。因此，非常有必要熟记一些常用典型的议论文过渡句，使议论文结构严谨，论点清楚，行文流畅。

1)引言段的常用过渡句

Recently we had a heated discussion on…, Opinions are various among different people.

Different people have different opinions on the question of …

They differ greatly in their attitudes towards …

Different people hold different views/opinions on this matter.

Although most people think… I believe…

此类过渡句能迅速引起读者注意，自然而然地引出全文要讨论的话题，或者开门见山地阐明文章的论点。

2)主体段的常用过渡句

Some may hold the view that… because… But others have a negative attitude. From their point of view…

Some people think that… While others believe…

Some people are for the idea of… because… But some people are against the idea of… because …

本文所指议论文的主体段可以是一段也可以是两段。通过正确使用过渡句，文章思路清晰，结构清楚，显示作者严谨思维，增强表达效果。

3)结论段的常用过渡句

As far as I am concerned, I totally agree with the statement that…

Therefore, it’s easy to draw the conclusion that…

As a consequence/result, I firmly support the view that…

Taking all these factors into consideration, we may reach the conclusion that…

To sum up/in a word/in conclusion/in short/above all/in general/ generally speaking, I still hold the view that…

运用过渡句的提示作用进入结论段，作者或是重申论点，或是强调论点，以便加深读者对全文的了解和深刻认识。

英语议论文范文：

Should Examination Be Abolished (取消)?

The examination system has come to be the main theme (主题)of modern education. One should take an examination andsucceed in passing it before he could be admitted， promoted or graduated. As it plays so important a role in the realm of education (教育的领域) it is under much criticism (评论) as to its validity (有效性) . People who are in favour of it try to develop this system more; those who are against it believe that such a system should be abolished. Should examination be abolished? In my opinion it should be.

Many people think that an examination is the only means to test knowledge， but， in fact， that is not true. A few questions given in an examination could by no means cover the whole field of the subject. Thus those who are able to answer them may be the poorest of the students and yet happen to know just a few points about that subject.

Id like to say that， because of the existence of the examination system， students pay so much attention to gaining high marks， that they often forget the chief purpose of education. The so-called clever students devote (贡献) themselves to the study of textbooks only. They， of course， know nothing but the skeleton (梗概) of knowledge. The end and aim of education， however， is to enable students to learn how to live. To do this， students must get themselves to do all kinds of training， physicalas well as mental. The present examination system has discouraged students from making such an attempt.

Moreover， since the students try so hard to put their lessons into memory in as short a time as possible， psychologically (心理上来看)， they soon forget the whole subject as soon as the examination is over. Surely this is one of the greatest wastes ever made in the history of civilization.

Lastly， in order to get high marks， there is a great temptation (诱惑) for students to cheat (作弊) in an examination. Indeed， such a practice becomes the means to the end. They cheat their teachers， their parents and also themselves. Such a tendency would impair (损害) our moral standards (道德标准) .

Therefore， I am of the opinion， in conclusion， that the examination system should be abolished.

1. According to a recent survey， four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However， this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents， who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus， which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem： the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

12a. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact， it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government， which is blind to this point， may pay a heavy price.任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays， many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately， for most young people， it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。