大学英语写作基础答案合集20篇

University, a place that people yearn for. There have their own space and time, after school can be the light of heart from care and your love shopping, can boldly go hand in hand to see the teacher also satisfied a smile in the campus, you can sleep in the class is not afraid of being punished teacher, can occasionally to the Internet in the dormitory, so the fairys life can not worth we yearn for it? The university is simply a human being.

I am envious when I hear such a student life, because I also yearn for this kind of life. Happy days came at last, and I jumped into my long - worshipped college life like a rabbit. Unfortunately, I was not there to find happiness, more disappointed and confused about life. A day may be one or two classes, no homework, no sooner or later self study. Twelve years of draconous and stressful life suddenly changed, like a tight rubber band that suddenly loosened. The result of such a sudden relaxation is to get up at night in the daytime, to accept the radiation of the computer and not to ask the teachers star knowledge. This kind of life is free, but how long can it persist? Enter the university are ambitious, in order to find a good job, but now lost to this temptation......

Im just a freshman, I know a lot in this year, and I have learned a lot of things that I dont have in many books. Dont be addicted to the immortal life of the University. University is a good platform for development. Just because everyone is obsessed with this kind of life, students who study hard a little bit will have a good future. The life of the university is not easy, even more pressure than the pressure of high school life. Why do you say that? If universities want to realize their dreams, they cant relax themselves and enhance their self-control ability. When other students go online, they should stay in the study room or study in the library when they go shopping. And the university is also half a society, to have its own interpersonal relationship, and to speak the corresponding responsibility. If what position in the school, but also for the appreciation of their own to do some "small abacus." The parents who go to school are not around, and some things have to learn to take their own ideas. Like a flower growing in a greenhouse, it is now suddenly taken away to go through the baptism of rain and rain.

So, easy and comfortable college life is that those who have no pursuit will say it. I hope all of our college students are in the pursuit of the ideal road not to stand in the sight of the spectacle and forget where they are going.

应用文是人们日常生活中广泛使用的文体。它最突出的特点是它的实际应用性，应用文包括很广，如书信、通知、日记、海报、便条、启事、请柬、电报、合同等。应用文的语言应使用规范语言，重在实用，力求朴实、准确、简洁。

一、书信

书信我们分为两部分：信封和内容。

1、信封的写法。

英语信封正面的左上角，写发信人的姓名和地址。在信封的正面中央偏左一点，写收信人的地址和姓名。

英语信封上的地点名称由小到大，视其长短可占二至五行不等。

寄信人只写姓名，不写头衔。但是，收信人一般都在名字前加上头衔，以示礼貌和尊敬。对于没有官衔和学衔的人士，通常在姓名前写上Mr., Mrs.,或Ms.。

信封的写法，一般来说，很少出现在中考英语的作文中。

2、内容。

英文信一般可以分为下列几个部分。

1)信端(Heading)即写信人的地址和发信日期。

2)收信人姓名地址

3)称呼

4)信的正文

5)结束语

6)签名

有的时候，出题者会让考生写e-mail。e-mail的写法和书信的写法基本一致。只不过少了书信在信封上的繁琐。

二、发言稿

发言稿要注意以下三点：

1、发言的地点

2、发言的对象

3、发言的内容。

三、通知

通知的正文一般都是写在"Notice"以词之下，一般来说不必写称呼语和结束语。出同时的单位名称可以写在notice之上，也可以写在正文的右下角。

正文一般采用文章式，有时为了醒目，也可采用广告式。广告式要力求简明扼要，一个句子可分几行。每行第一个字母一般要大写。

四、启事

启事是一种公告式的应用文。团体或个人如有什么事情要向大家公开说明或对公众有什么要求，可将要说的话写成启事，张贴在布告栏上或登在报刊上。启事一般无固定格式，要求简明扼要即可。

五、海报

海报是一种带有装饰性的宣传广告。有时配以绘画图案。内容以影讯、展览、演出信息、友谊赛等为主。为了尽可能使更多的人知道，海报往往贴在醒目之处。

Everyone has dreams. Some want to be doctors. Some want to be scientists. Some want to be engineers. I want to be a teacher when I grow up. Because I’m good at talking to people. And I like the job. I would be nice to all my students. I would encourage them to be creative. I wouldn’t give them too much homework on weekends.Maybe I will be a manager. I would run a business and lead a team. I would work hard and make the company bigger and stronger. My teacher often says to us . “No matter what you will be ,you must work hard today”. The main thing is to know yourself and to choose the right path for you. Rich or poor, it doesn’t matter. Our biggest goal is to be happy. I think if we work hard ,our dreans will come true. We will have a good future.

写作是考研英语的第二大重头戏，仅次于阅读。但是这部分又经常被考生忽略，考前不动手，依赖临考模板，很难写出高分作文。那么，如何准备2018考研英语写作呢?一起来看下。

对于考研英语写作，最基本的要求是考前必须动笔写出35篇文章，其中十篇应用文，二十五篇图画作文。注意：动笔写的文章最好是有范文的题目。写作应分为五步：

NO.1 写作

写作写作，第一步首先是写!一定要动手写，你看多少，背多少，都没有动手写来得实在，建议同学们拿考题多加练习。

NO.2 仔细对比

第二个就是仔细对比，写完后对照范文从三个方面去研究：第一个是内容，也就是构思和原文有何区别;第二个是语言，也就是用词、用句和原文有何区别?第三个是结构，就是你的行文思路和原文有什么区别?这是第二个步骤，写作的区别其实就是写作的弱点。

NO.3 背诵

第三步骤就是背诵：也就是可以去背诵一些范文。有的同学说了，范文我背过了，但是写作的时候还是不会写。有两个原因，第一个原因是你背得不熟，背得结结巴巴，还不如不背;第二个原因是没有练过，只是死记硬背。

所以为什么背了还不会用，有两个原因，第一背不熟，第二没有练过。背到什么程度，有12个字“滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善。”要背到不需要去想，不需要去动脑子!如果背一篇文章还需要去想，那就证明还背得不熟。大家上考场，如果能想起平时的70%，那已经是相当不错了。所以一定要背熟，这就是第三个步骤。

NO.4 默写

第四个步骤就是默写：背熟后把书合上，把这篇文章默写下来。默写后，做一个工作：仔细对比原文发现写作弱点，你会发现你默写的文章和原文会有一些出入，包括拼写、语法、标点等，这种错误就是你写作的弱点，最好能够把这些错误用红笔标出来。大家为什么写作拿不到高分，根源只有一个——错误太多。很多错误自己都不知道。

NO.5 仿写

第五个步骤就是仿写：什么叫仿写?就是模仿你背过的文章再写出一篇新文章。在背完一篇文章后，要想想这篇文章有什么精彩的词组、词汇和句型可以使用。然后换一个话题，把这篇作文用一下，用里面词汇、词组和句型去构思另一篇文章。

写作的注意点和技巧：写作首要的是，一、不跑题;二、字数达到要求;三、字迹整洁工整;四、少有语病。

这些是很基本的要求，考试的时候就要好好落实。比如，拿到作文题目后要审题。在写的过程中注意字数的限制，不要写太多，会扣分的，字数不够也会扣分。所以实在不行就写完一段话，停下来数一数字数。字迹工整可能短期内提高不了。只要你比平时稍慢一点写字母，就会写得比较整洁。要知道老师的印象分是很重要的。病句的避免技巧就是，凡是你想的过程中感觉别扭的句子，多半就是病句。干脆不要写出来，换一种形式去表达。不要追求好词，要追求准确性。

在考前，小作文的提高是非常快的。方法就是分析小作文的类型。应用文写作部分(小作文)考查内容包括投诉信、咨询信、道歉信、求职信等信函类应用文，而且涵盖报告、通知、海报等告示类应用文。不同类型的作文，要自己总结模版。小作文是完全可以准备模版的，其作用也是常明显。一定要注意：总结出自己的模板。

一、充分准备，打好基础。

为了提高初一英语作文写作水平，平时应加强阅读，多背诵一些句形、段落甚至短文。俗话说：读书破万卷，下笔如有神，只有多读，多记，多背诵，才能出口成章，下笔成文。此外，写好初一英语作文还要掌握一些应用文体的写作方法，如书信、日记、通知等，它们大多有固定的格式。

二、认真审题，明确要求

在写初一英语作文的时候仔细看清写作要求和提示，分清材料的主次，接着确定体裁、格式和人物、地点等要素；最后确定时态，同时考虑相关的语态搭配用法。 三、遣词造句、表达规范

初一英语作文用词要恰当，不可逐句把提示翻译成英语。写作时，应尽量选用你最熟悉、最有把握的词和句型来表达思想。如果有些单词不会些，有些句型不会表达，可以设法绕开，用熟悉的同义词、同义短语或同义句来代替。要学会善于运用适当的关联词，如and, or, but, so，because, since等，以使初一英语作文行文逻辑紧密，自然流畅。 四、认真撰写，卷面整洁

初一英语考试中也会有初一英语作文题，如果时间允许，书面表达一定要先写草稿。在抄写入答题卷前，要先进行检查修改。首先检查所写内容是否切题；之后检查主题是否明确，表达方式是否恰当；最后检查所用时态、语态、人称是否符合要求，前后是否一致。 中考复习研讨会指导课件，极具价值。 关联词

1.表示并列或递进: and, as well as, both&and, not only&but also, neither&nor;2.表示选择: or, either∨3.表示转折: but, however, although, though, after all, 4.表示因果: because, so, therefore5.表示条件: if , unless6.表示对比: instead, not&but, on the one hand&on the other hand;7.表示解释: for example, for instance, such as, that is to say, in other words;8.表示顺序: to begin with, firstly, first (of all), second(ly), next, later, since then, from then on, finally, in the end;9.表示强调: also, besides, what’s more, actually, in fact, 10.表示结论: all in all, altogether, in a word, generally speaking,

1、参考历年真题，总结规律。一般来说，高考英语作文体裁相对稳定，考生可参考当地最近五年的高考作文题目，从中分析规律，得出大的命题方向。如陕西对高考英语作文这一板块的考察，从新课改后重点突出的是学生对日常文体的应用，从09年至11年分别以电子邮件或写回信的方式让学生表达出对老师的真挚友谊、与家长沟通学习压力、或解决一些基本的学习难点等。因此我们不难看出，高考对学生作文的考察，会从学生的生活、学习、交友、家庭、社会活动等高中生较熟悉的层面，结合应用文的常见考察点：申请类、投诉类、感谢类、祝贺类等进行综合考察。

2、把对语言基础的应用作为考前强化重点。近年来的高考作文都非常注重考查学生的语言综合运用能力，根据《普通高中英语课程标准》对写作技能目标的要求，英语作文写作须“能根据所读文章进行转述或写摘要;能根据用文字及图表提供的信息写短文或报告;能写出语意连贯且结构完整的短文，叙述事情或表达观点和态度;能在写作中做到问题规范、语句通顺。”2012年高考英语作文的命题趋势，仍将会把学生对语言基础的应用作为首要考察点。

3、关注热点话题。纵观近几年的高考作文，可以发现，题材始终贴近社会、贴近现代生活，是中学生所熟知的热点话题。

除了把握好命题原则，掌握高考英语作文写作技巧更不可少：

1、审题：审题是做到切题的第一步。所谓审题就是要看清题意，确定文章的中心思想、主题，并围绕中心思想组织材料。

2、进行构思，列出简单的提纲，打造文章之骨架：审好题、立好意后，就要写提纲，打造文章的骨架。文章布局要做好几件事：安排好层次段落，铺设好过渡，处理好开头和结尾。

3、扩展成文：根据字数多少扩展成篇。扩展的内容一定要紧扣主题，千万不要写那些与主题不相关的内容。展开的方式包括：顺序法、举例法、比较法、对比法、说明法、因果法、推导法、归纳法和下定义等。可以根据需要任选一种或几种方式。

一、新闻定义

什么是新闻?不同的文化背景，不同的意识形态，就有不同的回答。

在美国，麦尔文·曼切尔著的《新闻报道与写作》一书，引述了过去和现在新闻学家对新闻 的一些解释。例如：

达纳在1869年至1897年主管过《纽约太阳报》，他说，新闻是“社会上大多数人感 兴趣，而且在此以前从未对它注意过的那些事情。”

达纳的一个编辑提出了一个经典性的新闻概念：“狗咬人，不是新闻;人咬狗，才是新闻。 ”(注：这是达纳1882年办《纽约太阳报》时，他属下的采访主任约翰·B·博 加特对一个青年记者说的。)

另外一个新闻的典型概念是斯坦利·瓦利克尔提出来的。他是本世纪三十年代初期《纽约先 驱论坛报》的采编主任。他说，新闻是建立在三个“W”的基础上：“妇女(Women)、金 钱(Wampun)和坏事(Wrongdoing)”。

其实，以上表述并非科学意义的下定义，但他们的观点却集中地代表了西方新闻学的基本立 场，即一切反常的、有刺激性的、人们好奇的事才是新闻。这种观点当然有其深厚的人文背 景及经济基础，虽然他们对新闻定义的认识已侧重在“读者兴趣”上，但其实质仍不能脱离 “利润”的操纵。

在中国，“新闻”这个词最早出现在《新唐书》。《新唐书》记载：初唐神龙年间(公无7 05年前后)，有一个叫孙处玄的文人曾说过：“恨天下无书以广新闻”。孙处玄曾投书当 时执政的大臣恒彦范，评论时政得失，未被采纳，他就挂冠而去，可见他是个很关心时事政 治的人。这样的人对没有书刊传播新闻(当时印刷术尚未应用于书籍)表示不满，是理所当 然的事。孙处玄这句议论竟被载入《新唐书》，说明尽管唐代还未完全具备传播新闻的条件 ，但人们已意识到需要报道这类新闻的传播工具。“新闻”一词在这里是指“最近消息”。

《现代汉语词典》释“新闻”为：①报纸或广播电台等报道的国内外消息：新闻广播/采访 新闻。②指社会上最近发生的新事情。

《辞海》对新闻的解释是：①报社、通讯社、广播电台、电视台等新闻机构对当前政治事件 或社会事件所作的报道。要求迅速、及时，真实，言简意明，以事实说话。形式有消息、通 讯、特写、记者通信、调查报告、新闻图片、电视新闻等。②指被人当作谈助的新奇事情。 如《红楼梦》第一回：“众人当作一件新闻传说。”

1943年9月陆定一提出：“新闻就是新近发生的事实的报道。”

1981年8月中宣部在京召开全国18大城市的报纸工作座谈会，其会议纪要对新闻定义作了 新 的诠释：

“新闻反映新发生的、重要的、有意义的、能引起广泛兴趣的事实，具有迅速、明了、简短 的特点，是一种最有效的宣传形式。”

定语修饰的限制显然是考虑了“读者兴趣”，同时也顾及到了“社会效果”，这些是对陆定 一定义的有效补充，然而其偏颇也是显而易见的。综合上述种种看法，我们不妨把新闻定义 小结为：

“新闻是对新近发生或发现的有社会意义的能引起广泛兴趣的事实的传播。”

明确了新闻定义，我们再来区别广义的新闻与狭义的新闻。广义的新闻包括消息、通讯、特 写、调查报告、新闻评论等，是报纸、广播、电视等媒体中常见的报道体裁。狭义的新闻专 指消息。

二、新闻价值

对新闻定义的不同见解，尤其是社会主义新闻学与西方新闻学对新闻定义的根本分歧， 归根到底是由于对新闻价值的不同认识所决定的。

西方新闻界认为测定某一事件和某种思想所具有的新闻价值的因素有以下六个方面：(一)时 间性：报道最近发生或正在发生的事实，时间愈近，价值愈高;(二)显著性：报道对象要有 声望或出名，人、地、物等愈出名，价值愈高;(三)接近性：事实与读者在空间、关系等方 面愈接近便愈能引起兴趣;(四)新奇性：冲突、异常、冒险、变动等能满足读者的猎奇心理 ;(五)重要性：能引起震动，影响很多人的事件;(六)人情味：悲欢离合、幽默、悬念等带 有人情味的生活事件。在这诸多的因素中，“读者兴趣”是衡量新闻价值的唯一标准。我们 在借鉴其合理性的一面时，也不能忽视这种“新闻价值观”导致的负面影响。

社会主义新闻学认为，新闻价值就是选择和衡量事实是否报道及如何报道的标准。它包含两 层意思：一是事实本身所具有的价值，即事实本身的重要性、影响力和新鲜程度等;二是读 者接受新闻后的受益程度，即新闻所引起的社会效果。前者是先决条件，但没有后者前者也 失去了意义。概括起来社会主义新闻学认为判定事实所具有的新闻价值的因素主要有以下几 个方面：(一)指导性与思想性：坚持社会主义方向，宣传党的方针政策，以正确的舆论引导 人;(二)重要性与显著性：内容重要，社会影响大;(三)普遍性与迫切性：反映群众呼声， 关注社会热点;(四)知识性与趣味性：传播高尚的、健康的、大众的知识与情趣;(五)时效 性与真实性：坚持新闻的“真”，突出新闻的“新”。

三、写作原则

(一)坚持四项基本原则，自觉执行党的宣传纪律;

(二)实事求是，用事实说话;

(三)迅速及时，讲求时效;

(四)在写作技巧上遵守以下10条写作规则：

1、在你没有理解事件本身之前，不要动笔去写。

2、在你不知道你要说些什么之前不要动笔去写。

3、要表现，不要陈述。

4、把精彩的引语放在消息的前头。

5、把精彩的实例或轶事放在消息的前头。

6、运用具体名词和富于动作色彩的动词。

7、尽量少用形容词，不要在动词上再加用副词。

8、尽量避免自己去作判断和推理，让事实说话。

9、在消息中不要提那些你回答不了的问题。

10、写作要朴实、简洁、诚实、迅速。

总之，新闻写作要做到四个字：真、新、快、活。

以下几段话应成为我们写作新闻的座右铭：

△我们应当说真话，因为这是我们的力量所在!(《列宁全集》第9卷第283页)? △用生活中的生动的具体事例来教育群众“是报刊在从资本主义到社会主义的过渡时期的主 要任务。”(《列宁全集》第28卷第83页)

△我们党所办的报纸，我们党所进行的一切宣传工作，都应当是生动的，鲜明的，尖锐的， 毫不吞吞吐吐。这是我们革命无产阶级应有的战斗风格。(《毛泽东选集》第1217页)

△为报道真实新闻而奋斗!(周恩来给《新闻日报》增刊的题词)

△在新的历史时期，新闻工作坚持为社会主义服务，为人民服务，就要坚定地全面准确地宣 传党的基本路线，宣传建设有中国特色的社会主义的理论和决策，宣传全国各族人民在现代 化建设和改革开放中的业绩和经验。(江泽民《关于党的新闻工作的几个问题》)

△坚持正面宣传为主的方针并不否认新闻的特点。新闻的特点，人们可以作多种概括，但照 我看，除了前面谈到的党性以外，还要注意真实性、时效性和可读性。(李瑞环《坚持正面 宣传为主的方针》)

小作文测试并不新鲜，从上世纪80年代到现在，小作文已经多少见诸于高考试卷，比如1990年要求描写进入玫瑰园的一对孪生小姑娘的肖像，表现她们的同和异;1991年要求把“圆”想象成除一轮满月之外的另一个“圆”的物体，描写有陪衬物但以圆形物体为主的画面和场景;1993年要求写一段关于圆规的功能、构造和使用方法的说明性文字;1997年上海卷要求考生推荐一部电影(电视剧或戏剧作品);1998年要求根据给出的开头和结尾补写《妈妈只洗了一只鞋》相关内容，综合考查学生对心理、动作、语言等描述能力以及想象能力;2005年重庆卷要求考生以“筷子”为对象写一篇说明文。

微写作字数不是太多，也就二三百字，可以是应用文也可以是说明性、议论性的文段。

纵观高考曾出现的小作文，无论是事理说明文、情境记叙文，还是事物评论文，都有文体的要求，有写作对象(即具体内容)的要求，有表达方式的要求，有表现手法的要求，字数一般是200至350，但都属于“规定动作”，而非“自选动作”，这是高考的公平性所决定的，是考试性质的难度、信度、效度及区分度所决定的，在同一个尺度下，检测考生语文学习的综合能力与素质。

从本质上看来，小作文，其实就是一种语言综合运用题。语言运用题往往又是语基题方面的各种新题型的试验基地，是最值得广大考生关注和训练的。

研究已出现过的小作文，其命题特点是非常明确的，就是字数限定在200字左右，注重单项训练，比如说明训练、描写训练、对话训练、想象训练……具体说来，高考小作文的种类大概有如下一些：

一是说明类：就是要求考生能写简短的

说明文，能够采用说明的表达方式对事物进行简单说明和介绍。具体又可以包括：介绍日常实用物品、介绍一部影视作品、介绍说明漫画的画面内容、介绍一处场所或一种建筑、介绍时令特征等等。介绍日常实用物品，如1993年要求写一段关于圆规的功能、构造和使用方法的说明性文字;2005年重庆卷要求以“筷子”为对象写一篇说明文。介绍一部影视作品，如1997年上海卷要求考生推荐一部电影(电视剧或戏剧作品)。介绍说明漫画的画面内容，如1983年为漫画《这下面没有水》写一段说明性文字，向没有看过这幅画的人介绍画面内容;1996年介绍《给六指做整形手术》和《截错了》两幅漫画的内容。介绍一处场所或一种建筑，如1994年上海卷要求介绍一家街头(或乡间)小店。介绍时令特征，如1996年上海卷要求考生从三个方面介绍初夏的时令特征。

二是描写类。

就是要求考生能够进行各种各样的描写、描述、描绘、描摹等等，能够进行各种各样的想象，和对想象作出描绘等等。具体又可以包括：心理描写、肖像描写、动作描写、语言对话描写、想象联想描写、场景画面描写和综合性的描写等等。心理描写，如1999年上海卷要求以“开考时刻”为题，描写当年高考开考时的心情。肖像描写，如1990年描写进入玫瑰园的一对孪生小姑娘的肖像，要求符合人物的年龄和性格，显示出她们的同和异。动作或行动描写，如1997年描写小新背双腿瘫痪的同学小牧上学的情景，要求以行动描写为重点。语言对话描写，如1995年描写两种小鸟的对话，要求想象合理，必须以对话的方式写。

场景画面描写，如1991年要求把圆想象成除一轮满月之外的另一个物体，然后加上陪衬物，再用文字描述出以圆形物体为主的画面、场景、镜头;1991年“三南”(湖南、云南、海南)卷描述漫画《我从小就知道》的两幅画面的内容，要求内容具体，描写生动;2000年上海卷以“节日小景”为题写一篇短文，要求考生主要采用描写的表达方式来展示节日的一个小场景。综合性描写，如1998年要求根据给出的开头和结尾补写《妈妈只洗了一只鞋》的有关内容，综合考查对肖像、语言(包括对话语气)、神态、心理、动作、细节、景物等的描述能力、想象能力等等。

三是赏析评价类。

就是要求考生能够对某一事物、某种现象、某篇文章等发表评论或加以赏析。具体又可以包括：诗文漫画等赏析、思想评价、事物名称评价、某种活动评价等等。诗文漫画等赏析，如2005年湖南卷将小作文变成了现代文阅读的赏析题目：“从下列题目中任选一个，写一篇300字左右的赏析短文。思想评价，如1992年要求选择所提供材料中的一个或几个人物(包括”我”)的思想行为，进行分析，展开议论，写一篇小议论文。事物名称评价，如1988年上海卷列出几个拟用的文学社名——“新潮”、“阿波罗”、“丑小鸭”、“浅草”，要求写出喜欢其中一个的理由。某种活动评价，如1989年上海卷要求考生就中学生各式各样的竞赛发表自己的看法等等。

四是应用类：就是要求考生们熟悉各种各样的

应用文体，能够拟写各种各样的应用文，如请柬、书信、短信、通讯、消息、广告、通知、摘要、聘书、海报、解说词、

申请书、讲话稿、留言条、欢迎辞、欢送辞、广播稿等等，如1987年要求根据提供的材料写一篇通讯，1990年上海卷要求考生写出在班级举行的一位老教师光荣退休欢送会上自己的欢送辞，1995年上海卷要求就学校里最近举行过的一次活动(运动会、艺术节或主题班会)写一则简短的消息等等。

五是扩缩改写类。

就是要求考生们能够对一些文字或文段进行扩展或压缩，或改写成其他形式的短文等等，如1998年上海卷的小作文是，将冰心的小诗《春水》“墙角的花!你孤芳自赏时，天地便小了”改写成短文，要求根据这首诗的诗意，展开想象，从周围环境、花的性格、全诗寓意等方面，去进行改写。

今后的小作文，会如何命题，命题的走势如何呢?我们的判断是，有继承，也有创新。一方面，将继承以往的形式和内容，具体地说就是，以上所列举的五大类的小作文命题形式，仍然会继承，这是毫无疑问的;另一方面，也会在继承的基础上进行一些创新，比如，创拟哲理笑话、写趣味小品文、写微型小小说、提供情景、氛围等，要求转述;根据中间，补写首尾;把记叙文、散文等转换成诗歌，或把诗歌转换记叙文、散文……

此外，在小作文的备考中，一定要加强各种表达方式的训练。如说明方式，要弄清对象是具体事物、抽象事理，还是事物的形成过程;顺序是以空间、时间为序，还是以逻辑事理为序;语言是平实性说明，还是文艺性说明。如描写方式，要懂得按照对象分为，写景、写人、状物;按手法又可分为，工笔细描和粗笔勾勒;按顺序可，由远到近、由高到低、由大到小、由静到动、由整体到局部等。单就写人而言，要会运用语言描写、肖像描写、神态描写、心理描写、动作描写、细节描写等;单就写景而言，要能充分调动人的感觉器官，从人的听觉、视觉、味觉、嗅觉等方面表现景物的特点，要能充分运用拟人、比喻、对比、夸张、通感等修辞方法，要善于使用对比烘托、动静结合、虚实相生、情景交融等写作技巧。记叙、议论、抒情这几种表达方式，也都应做到分门别类，了如指掌才行。

散文是指以文字为创作、审美对象的文学艺术体裁，是文学中的一种体裁形式。小编收集了散文写作基础，欢迎阅读。

一、精于立意

“凡文以意为主”。散文的“意”是存在于深厚的生活土壤和浩瀚的生活海洋中的。要获得它，必须依靠我们对生活的深入观察、感受、理解。因此，散文立意只要从生活实际出发，凭着鲜明的感受，锋锐的观察能力，同人民同时代共同跳动的脉博，深厚的感情，丰富的想象，深沉的思索，就会感到我们生活中洋溢着的诗意。这诗意，就是使我们心灵受到触动的东西，使我们眼睛豁然开朗的东西，思想突然升华的东西，感情更为纯洁的东西，它就诗的灵感。我们要为自己的散文立意就要赶紧捕捉住它。因为这里面有心灵的颤动，思想的闪光。刘白羽说：“哪怕是微弱的闪耀也比没有闪耀要好，这才不是一般的照相，这才是文 学。”(《早晨的太阳》序)

譬如，一个作家去看茶花，品种繁多，美不胜收的茶花引起了他的思索：“茶花是美啊。凡是生活中美的事物都是劳动创造的。是谁白天黑夜、积年累月，拿自己的汗水浇着花，象抚育自己儿女一样抚育着花秧，终于培养出这样绝色的好花?应该感谢那为我们美化生活的人。”这就是思想的闪耀，作家十分宝贵它，就及时把这个意思记下来。后来，他听一位花匠介绍一种茶花说：“这叫童子面，花期迟，刚打开骨朵，开起来颜色深红，倒是最好看的。” 并没有引起思索，但他是记住这种茶花的名称的。过了一会，恰巧一群小孩也来看茶花，这事引起了作家的注意，他看见孩子们一个个仰着鲜红的小脸，甜蜜蜜地笑着，唧唧喳喳叫个不休，心灵猛然一颤，不禁脱口说出：“童子面茶花开了。”而花匠听了这话省悟后说：“真的呢，再没有比这种童子面更好看的茶花了。”这话使得一个念头突然跳出他的脑海，他说：“我得到一幅画的构思。如果用最浓最艳的朱红画一大朵含露乍开的童子面茶花，岂不正可以象征着祖国的面貌?”于是，作家就把看茶花引起的感受、思索写成一篇文情并茂的散文《茶花赋》。这个作家就杨朔。而读者、评论者通过阅读就可以悟出作家写此文的立意：歌 颂如花的祖国，歌颂美化祖国的劳动人民。

二、善于构思

构思是写作者对生活素材进行去粗取精、去伪存真、由此及彼、由表及里的加工、提炼的过程。写作者要在构思中为散文的思想内容寻找尽量完美的艺术形式，使思想性与艺术性达到和谐的统一。因此，构思要解决立意、选材、创造意境、确定体裁、基本手法、布局谋篇等问题。这里着重讲讲确定体裁、寻找线索、创造意境三个问题。

第一、确定体裁。散文的体裁灵活多样。我们有了一个好的意思(思想)，并且选取了表现这一意思(思想)的材料，那么就要考虑：是写成书信体，还是写成日记体?是写成随笔，还是写成偶感?是写成游记，还是写成回忆录?是写成序或跋，还是写成读后感?确定具体体裁的原则是内容决定形式，形式为内容服务。譬如到苏州旅游之后，你感到要向父母报告一下自己的游踪和观感，你就可以写成书信;你在游玩中遇到一些使你感动的人或事，你就可以写随笔、漫录;你在游玩虎丘、狮子林、寒山寺、西园、留园等地之后，觉得寒山寺的钟特别吸引人，并引起你的遐思，你就可以写成如《社稷坛抒情》那样诗意浓郁的抒情文;你如果是旧地重游，吃到苏州某种土特产而忆起往事，则可以偏重于回忆，写成《小米的回忆》那样的回忆式的散文……总之，要根据立意内容来确定表现形式——具体的体裁。

第二、寻找线索。散文的材料应该是很“散”的，每一个材料都是一颗珍珠，但这些珍珠互相之间有内在的联系，我们写作者要寻找一根线，用笔作针，将这些散乱的珍珠穿起来，成为一串光彩夺目的珠圈、项链。那末，有哪些东西可以作为线索呢?一是感情线索。我们的感情在生活中发生变化，如由厌恶到喜爱，或从喜欢到厌恶，就可以用这条感情的线索把一些似乎没有关联的材料联结起来。如杨朔写《荔枝蜜》就是利用感情线索，才把儿时记忆、从化疗养、荔枝树林、苏轼诗词、喜尝蜂蜜、参观蜂场、赞扬蜜 蜂、农民劳动和夜晚梦蜂等事串连起来的。

二是事物线索。如曹靖华在日常生活中感受到：今天仍然需要发扬延安时期“小米加步枪”的艰苦奋斗精神，就搜罗记忆中有关小米的往事，用小米把发生在不同地点、不同时间、不同情况下的事件组合在一起。许多托物咏志的散文也是以物为线索的，如冰心的《樱花赞》。

三是人物线索。如写某一个人物在不同时间、不同地点的活动，可以用这个人物作为线索串连起来，也可以用另一个人物把不同时间、不同地点、不同人物、不同内容的事物串连起来。这个人物还可以是写作者本人——“我”。

四是思绪线索。如面对某一事物、景物沉思遐想，“鹜趋八极，心游万仞”，“观古今于须臾，抚四海于一瞬”，“笼天地于形内，挫万物于笔端”。就能通过联想与想象，把有关的材料组织在一起，表达原定的主题思想。如秦牧的《土地》、杨朔的《海市》、贾平凹的《丑 石》等。

五是景物线索。“一切景语皆情语也”。通过景物描写，在写景中融进写作者的思想感情。

如《天山景物记》、《西湖即景》。

六是行动线索。如游记以游程行踪为线索。刘白羽写《长江三日》就以游程为主线来写，当然，全文还有一条哲理性的思绪线索：“战斗——航进——穿过黑夜走向黎明”。

“文无定法”，散文的线索很多，以上六种线索是较为人们常用的。

第三、创造意境。散文的意境是情和景的交融，是意和境的统一，是作者浸透了时代精神的主观感情、意志与自然环境和社会环境的统一。意是灵魂，境是血肉。意高则境深，意低则境浅。散文的这种意境应是诗的意境，即所谓“诗情画意”。它是可以捉摸的，可以感受的，是物质的，形象的，但它又是动人心弦的，震颤魂魄的，是精神的，性灵的。如朱自清写《荷塘月色》，全篇着力于“淡淡的情趣”，顺着沿路走来、伫立凝想的线索，通过描绘使小路、荷塘、花姿、月色、树影、雾气、灯光……色彩斑烂，可见可感，而叶香、蛙鸣、蝉声，又可味可闻。更加上心情的抒写，巧妙的譬喻，创造出一种淡雅、闲静、情景交融的意境。这种优美的意境，正是散文写作者要努力追求、刻意创造的。

构思方法可以向前人借鉴，更需自己创新。过去就有一个青年作者发明出一种“散文快速构思法”，为《青春》、《采石》等刊物的编辑所重视。

三、巧于布局散文一般篇幅短小，布局有方便的地方，但要布局得好，却因篇幅短小而有其难处。这犹如一座大山上有小堆的乱石，常常无损大山的壮观。但是一个小园中有一堆乱石，就很容易破坏园林之美。因此，散文的布局——结构十分重要。参观苏州园林，从它精巧的建筑布局上，我们可以得到启示，可以借鉴它的园林建筑布局来考虑散文的布局。叶圣陶在《苏州园林》中写道，苏州园林建筑的设计者和匠师们“讲究亭台轩榭的布局，讲究假山池沼的配合，讲究花草树木的映衬，讲究近景远景的层次。总之，一切都要为构成完美的图画而存在，决不容许有欠美伤美的败笔。”作为散文的写作来说，也要这样讲究材料的布局、配合、映衬、层次。苏州园林不讲究对称，但散文布局有时则需讲究对称，或对比。叶圣陶又说：“苏州园林在每一个角度都注意图画美。”那么，散文的整体布局要讲究艺术性，它的局部的布 局不是同样要讲究艺术性吗?至于布局的具体方法是很多的，前面讲的线索问题也与布局有关。这里可以着重提一下的是：不少散文的布局都要巧设“文眼”，开头往往似谈家常，结尾则加以深化，画龙点睛， “卒章显其志”，并且首尾呼应，通体一贯，有机结合。初学散文写作，不妨学习这种布局 的方法。

四、明于断续散文要“散”得起来，除了选材要有技巧之外，就是在叙写上要注意断续的技巧。明于断续，才能使散文的行文上挥洒自如。贾平凹说：“记住：越是你知道多的地方，越要不写或者写得很少;空白，这正是你要写的地方呢。”他认为，“讲究了‘空白’处理，一是散文可以散起来，断续之，续断之，文能‘飞起’，神妙便显也。二是散文可以含蓄起来，古人也讲过：意在笔先，故得举止闲暇，看似胡乱说，骨子里却有分数。”(《怎样写好散文》)我们要多阅读古人优秀的散文作品，学习他人的断续技巧，在写作实践中多次运用之后就必然 熟能生巧。

My name is liu * *, for the sake of the name, I used to call themselves the Internet the queen of the "star". Do not think I am too mad, because the stars themselves both ordinary and flash, so I like them. One of the numerous stars, of course, also want to be. If one day, you met online a girl named "star dance", it must be me - 11 years old, monkey, virgo to choose a suitable text book

Of course, I have like stars very ordinary appearance: small eyes - but very bright. Neither tall nor short nose; Not big not too small mouth. Fair skin, a long or a short horsetail plait, stuck high in my brain, flash flash, very naughty to choose a suitable text book, but I have my hair cut short now, mother to)

My hobby is widespread, such as: music, microcomputer, aoshu, choose a suitable text book of English ha ha, there is a you sure cant think of! To tell you the truth, that is, space exploration, such as: Stonehenge, crop circles, alien to choose a suitable text book in a word, I like all of the unknown things. I like music, especially since 6 years old I began to play the piano, less than nine years old, I was out of the piano level 6. Whenever I bounce

Mendelssohns "boat song of Venice, I as if place oneself in a ripple on the boat on the water, the surrounding silence, moonlight, like mercury, scattered on the surface of the flash, good beautiful, choose a suitable text book

I also love the guitar, just learned two lessons, I began to play the chords. Now I have learned many years ago, "walk" "red river valley" "childhood", etc.

A lot of beautiful sounds of music to choose a suitable text book

You have to ask why I love this music, in fact, I dont know. But, when I am in the rhythm of the music, I felt a great deal of enjoyment.

I also like the Olympic math, because it can develop my intelligence, makes me on the head turn, turn. Difficult as past castle, although it is difficult to overcome, but as long as I use your head, you can feel the joy of success. Of course, there must be less than America and China, my shortcomings is very sloppy, every day to find things at home, watch on today, tomorrow to find, everything all over the place. Alas! The family and I cant, dont look at me in the life is very careless, but I dont careless, to solve the problem. I can check each question carefully. , however, and the occasional careless like that I do, because not serious topic, papers clearly demand reduction ratio, I have made for ratio! Worse, dizzy, abbreviation! Just because of this, the teacher gave me a buckle 4 points. After this lesson several times, I must be in the future to correct this bad habit, sloppy bull is not blown oh! Believe me!

Paint bottom like me? In the future there will be three years of time to test and verify. I really really want to do the north star - the brightest the star sky, of course, this need me to pay a huge effort.

The above is my personal introduction, hope in the next three years, the teacher and the students get along well, and the teacher the students were rushed through the difficulties!

[大学新生入学英语自我介绍

“Father and son” is a very famous comic book, I know about it from one of my neighbor by accident. At first I laught at the ugly images of the characters, but I am surprised by the contents at last. The book talks about lots of funny scenes and the daily life between a father and his son. The son is quite naughty and always makes some a little trouble for his dad. But sometimes the boy is lovely and does some moving things. It shows us the amusing stories and the love between the father and son at the same time. However the most impressed thing is that the author who finished these funny and soothing pictures, lived in German’s wartime. Knowing of that special social background, I realize the optimistic spirit from this book. It became one of my collecting, I would never been losing interest with it and I even read it times by times for encouraging myself when I am in sadness.

《父与子》是一本十分有名的漫画故事书，我偶然间从邻居那里看到这本书。起初我觉得书中丑丑的人物十分好笑，可最后它的内容给我个惊喜。这本书展示的是关于一对父子之间日常生活的有趣的情景画面，书中的男孩十分的调皮，总是给父亲找点小麻烦做些小恶作剧，然而有时儿子又十分的可爱，也会做些令人感动的事。这本书在讲述有趣的故事的同时也让我们看到了这对父子之间温馨的爱意。然而最令我影响深刻的是完成这部幽默又抚慰人心的作品的作者竟然生活在战争时期的德国。在了解这本作品完成的特殊社会背景后，我才体会到书中作者透露出的乐观精神。现在这本书成为我收藏书籍之一，书中的故事永远不会让我觉得无趣，甚至在我遇上伤心事时候，我常常拿出来看看鼓励自己。

each examiner:

i call, come from shandong province.this year is 21 years old, , is astudent who will soon graduate.

passes the foundation knowledge that the teachers guidance controled acalculator with personal effort firmly in the school.mainly studied c languageat the software aspect. c#. java etc. plait the distance language, the datastructure, vf. access etc. database is applied, calculator operatesystem.studied the dreamweaver web page manufacture and the asp network to weavea distance also.studied the calculator network at the hardware aspect, thecalculator construction with bine many times to attend to pack machine, set thefulfillment of the net operation lesson, make me control the work principle ofthe calculator and the set of the calculator network net process.

in addition, i attend various activities of the school organization to cometo the oneself of 锻炼 actively and do various part-time to increase socialexperience.the teacher is divided into the group to us in the experiment andpractice of the lesson remaining to complete mission, make we the deepcomprehension arrive the importance of the team.the and the rise time acquiresthe school scholarship during the period of school, three staffs.

however necessarily limited at the knowledge that the school learn,therefore i would ready to take advice study in the later work, the backlogworking experience, the exaltation work ability.hope your company to give me a

displays an own opportunity!

this with the result thatsalute

My past university

I want to talk about my past university—Shan Xi Da Tong University. It not only provided me learning environment, but also provided me social practice platform. That is to say, I am not only acquired basic knowledge but also learnt how to get along well with others in four years’ university life .I missed these places mostly, library, student union and my dormitory. I used to study in library because it’s learning environment is very good and it has many kinds of books, but seats are limited; I took part in the student union when I was a freshman. I made more friends and actived in many extracurricular activities in union, but it often took a lot of time; I like my dormitory best. I shared my happiness and sorrows with my room-mates and I relaxed myself sufficiently in it. But the condition of my dormitory is poor. Above all, University is my unforgettable place. I spent most of my extra-study time in library. Generally speaking, It is a good study place. Firstly, the atmosphere of study is strong, but sometimes someone would receive and make calls, which would impact others’ study. If it can provide a few of fountains, the library would be perfect. Secondly, it has abundant of professional books, thus I can access to needed information timely when I encountered problems in study.

Besides, there are also all kinds of magazine, so I can relax myself and expand my vision when I was tired of studying. But the limited time of borrowed books is short. Last but not least, the seats are limited, which disturbed me very much. I had to go to the library line up very early just for seat. But the desks and chairs are big enough, which gave me much space to think and study and reduced the impact between students. The desks and chairs are tidy and comfortable. All in all, I like our library very much.

I took part in the student union when I was a freshman. I made many friends in union. I exchanged my idea with others. I enhanced my ability to communicate with others, but I fed up with some students in union because I don’t like their character; I took part in many activities in union, which enhanced my practice skills and accumulated a lot of social experience, but it occasionally made me embarrassed in activities; It took me a lot of time in union, which influenced my study. But at the same time, I eiched my college life and made full use of my spare time. All in all, I think it is worthy to join in the union.

I missed my dormitory and my room-mates. The reasons as follows: Firstly, I shared my happinesses and sorrows with my room-mates.in dormitory we talked and sung loudly and we made on decision on something by absorbing everyone’s advice; but we inevitably had little contradictions sometimes. Secondly, I relaxed myself sufficiently. I shout

big sleep when I was tired of one day’ study to alleviated fatigue and I freely vented myself. But thanks to personal habits are different, we didn’t reach on agreement on something. Lastly, the most regrettable is that the condition of my dormitory is poor. The room is small and there is not bathroom; but I feel very warmly because it’s my another family. I missed my dormitory very much especially my room-mates.

Generally speaking, my college life is interesting and rewarding. I was not only learnt basic professional knowledge but also made many friends and enhanced my practical skills. The library provided me a good learning environment. The union gave me practice platform. The dormitory made me become a happiness girl. I missed my past university very much. Now, I am in a new university and I think I will spend a more meaningfull postgraduate life in there .

With the end of another college entrance examination, many students are going to enter the colleges after the summer holiday. There are some suggestions for them to make some preparation for their college lives.

随着又一年高考的结束，许多大学生暑假之后就将要进入大学校门了。这里有一些为他们准备大学生活的建议。

First, the most important thing they should learn is to learn to think independently.The ability of think independently is quite important in college life because no one will tell them what to do and how to do at all time in college. Therefore, to own a meaningful college time, students need to practice their ability of think independently so that they can deal with various matters by their own.

首先，他们应该学会的最重要的就是学会独立思考。独立思考能力在大学生活中是非常重要的，因为在大学里没有人会时刻告诉他们要做什么，该怎么做。因此，想要拥有一段有意义的大学时光，学生们需要锻炼他们独立思考的能力，这样他们才能独立处理各种事情。

Second, another thing they should learn is to be independent. In addition to learn to think independently, they also need to be independent in their ordinary lives. They should develop an awareness of independence. They should aware the differences between high school life and college life. In life, they should try to cope with their own matters by themselves; in study, they need to make their arrangements and supervise themselves. In a word, they need to practice their ability of solving problems by themselves instead of asking others for help at first.

其次，另外他们要学会的是独立。除了学会独立思考之外，他们还需要在日常生活中学会独立。他们应该培养自己的独立意识，应该清楚高中生活与大学生活的不同。在生活上，他们需要独自处理自己的事;学习上，他们需要自己做安排，自己监督自己。总之，他们需要锻炼独立处理问题的能力而不是第一时间向他人求助。

Finally, to avoid some difficulties in college life, students need to make some concrete preparations before their entering college. They need to know the basic information of the college where they are going to enter, such as the traffic and the routine around it. They also need to know the concrete requirement of their majors and even begin to learn the basic knowledge of their majors so that they will not feel confused at the beginning. Another point need to be mentioned is that learning English should not be stopped even though in holiday.

最后，为了避免一些困难，在进入大学之前还需要做一些具体的准备。他们需要了解他们即将进入的大学的基本概况，比如周边的交通和路线。他们还要了解专业的具体要求，甚至要开始学习专业的基本知识，这样他们才不至于在开始时感到迷茫。另外需要提醒的一点是，即使是在假期，英语学习也不应该停止。

Therefore, to have a meaningful and wonderful life in college, students need to begin to make preparations before entering it.

因此，想要拥有有意义的，精彩的大学生活，学生们需要在进入大学之前就要开始做准备。

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良好的开端等于成功的一半，下面是小编整理的高考英语写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

一. 开头用语：

良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。

1.议论文：

A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.

B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.

C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...

D. Opinions are divided on(关于) the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.

E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.

F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.

2. 书信：

A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.

B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...

C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.

D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.

E. How nice to hear from you again!

3. 口头通知或介绍情况：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.

(词典例子：Can I have your attention please?请注意听我讲话好吗?)

B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.

C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.

4. 演讲稿：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balanced Diet and Health.

(词典解释：be/feel honoured to do sth=feel proud and happy做某事感到荣幸

例子：I was honoured to have been mentioned in his speech. 他在讲话中提到了我，真是荣幸。)

B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.

(词典解释：extend=to offer or give sth to sb 提供;给予

例子：I’m sure you will join me in extending a very warm welcome to our visitors. 我肯定你们会同我一起向来访者表示热烈的欢迎。)

(词典解释：allow me=used to offer help politely (礼貌地表示主动帮忙)让我来

二.并列用语：

as well as, not only…but (also), including,

A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.

B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.

C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.

D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.

三.对比用语：

on the one hand---, on the other hand---, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing, for another; nevertheless

A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.

B. It is hard work; I enjoy it, though.

C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.

(词典：contray to sth 与之相异的，相对的，相反的

Contrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk. 与普通的想法相反，许多猫并不喜欢牛奶。)

四. 递进用语：

even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse

A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.

一个句子必须按照一定的模式来组织，这个模式称为句式。下面是语文迷为大家提供的高考英语写作优秀句式，供大家参考。

1) on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored.

2) due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.

3) since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.

4) furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.

5) from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.

6) there is much discussion over science and technology. one of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.

7) According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

8) The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

9) No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

10) People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

11) An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

12) When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

13) Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

14) Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

15) An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

16) Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

17) There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

18) An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

19) A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

20) Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

21) Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

22) In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

23) The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

24) It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

25) Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

26) No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

27) People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

28) In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

29) In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

30) We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

31) People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

32) The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

33) Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

34) This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

35) For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

36) Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

37) This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

38) Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

39) Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

40) In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

41) Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

42) Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

43) Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

44) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

45) There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

46) This issue has caused wide public concern.

47) It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

48) A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

49) As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

50) It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

51) Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

52) It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

53) For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

54) There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

55) This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

56) Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

57) In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

58) Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

59) In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

60) It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

61) Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

62) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

63) Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

64) There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

65) Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

66) However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

67) Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

68) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

69) Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

70) Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

71) But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

72) Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

73) Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

74) From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

75) Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

76) There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

77) An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

78) It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

79) Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

80) Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

81) Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

82) An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

83) For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

84) For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

85) There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

86) By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

87) Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

88) Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

89) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

90) These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

下面是小编整理的小学生作文写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

一、什么是作文?为什么要写作文?文章有什么作用?作文是我们通常说得写文章，作文就是写文章，也就是用文字的形式把自己所看到的、听到的、想到的记录下来。文章可以长久地保存，可以广泛地流传。文章不会随着时间的流逝而消失。虽然近代以来电报、电话、电视、电影、网络都可以保留和交流信息，但文字保留仍然是一种主要的传递人类文明成果的主要形式之一。

二、文章的构成。一篇文章是一个整体，好比一个人由头、手、脚、躯干组成。那么文章呢?文章是由字、词、句、标点、段、篇组成的。大家知道，身体任何一个部分出现毛病，人体就不健康，同样的，一篇文章中字、词、句、标点、段、篇任何一个部分出现毛病，都不是好文章。所以写好文章要正确地运用每一个字、词、句、标点，并分好段，组成篇才是一篇好文章。

三、小学阶段文章的分类及各类文章的写作要求。通常我们小学阶段小学生所写的文章以记述文为主及简单的应用文。小学生作文的基本文体通常分成六大类：写人、写事、状物、想象、应用文。

1、写人：写人要写“真实”，讲“真话”，育“真人”。可以自由选材与立意，写人要写出人物的个性与特点，写得人物要神气活现。

2、写事：写事要交代清楚时间、地点、人物、事件经过与结果。写清楚社会环境与自然环境，按事情发生过程写清楚。

3、写景：写景文章要写清对象的主要特征、形状、颜色、声音、动态、静态等特征。写景一定要表达感情，要注意描写对象顺序、层次、重点、景物间关系。

4、状物：状物分为动物、植物、静物三类。状物文章要注意观察，观察要细致，状物文章必须按一定顺序、层次写清楚。

5、想象：想象作文关键就在于要充分发挥想象力，可以根据事物之间的联系，从这件事物想象到另一件事物，从事物某一点想到事物其他方面，联想事物的过去与未来。

6、应用文：应用文与生活、社会联系紧密，格式、行为习惯更有规定。格式包括：书写要求、行款式样、结构、习惯用语、称谓和签署、简明得体、规范。同时要注意环境、时间、地点、场合、对象及表达方式。

四、小学生作文文字量问题。小学作文通常要求写一定篇幅，要求写一定字数，其实是要求学生的作文尽量写长，写长了才会多想，多想了才能写长，命题者限字数是根据学生的水平，促使学生多想，把文章写成一定长度。我认为文章的长短实际要由感而发，有话则长，无话则短，从文字使用量来说，要做到“惜墨如金”与“泼墨如水”相结合，“惜墨如金”就是要文笔精练，“泼墨如水”就是要写具体与形象。

应用文是人类在长期社会实践活动中形成的一种文体，下面是小编整理的应用写作基础知识，希望对你有帮助。

一、应掌握的应用文写作基础知识

（一）公文格式

1、行政公文的格式的概念：行政公文的格式就是指行政公文的文面格式、用纸规范和印制规范的总和。

2、行政公文的格式的内容：2001年1月1日施行的《国家行政机关公文处理办法》第三章第十条对行政公文的格式做出了规范性的规定：“公文一般由秘密等级和保密期限、紧急程度、发文机关标识、发文字号、签发人、标题、主送机关、正文、附件说明、成文日期、印章、附注、附件、主题词、抄送机关、印发机关和印发日期等部分组成。”现行的行政公文[除命令(令)、公告、通告、会议纪要等以外)的格式一般由文面格式、用纸格式和印装格式三部分组成。

行政公文的书面格式划分为眉首、主体、版记三部分。置于公文首页红色反线(又称“间隔横线”)以上的各要素统称眉首；置于红色反线(不含红色反线)以下的各要素统称主体；置于主题词(包含主题词)以下的各要素统称版记。

（1）眉首：眉首又称文件头，位于公文首页上部，用套红印刷，占首页的三分之一或五分之二；一般由秘密等级和保密期限、紧急程度、发文机关标识、发文字号、签发人、红色反线等部分组成。

秘密等级和保密期限。为了有效保证公文在传递、处理过程中的国家秘密的安全，涉及国家秘密的公文应标明密级和保密期限。秘密公文分为绝密、机密、秘密三级，其中“绝密”、“机密”级公文还应标明份数序号。

紧急程度。紧急公文应当根据紧急程度分别标明“特急”、“急件”。如需同时标识秘密等级，则紧急程度在下，秘密等级在上。

发文机关标识。发文机关又称版头，用红色标识居文件头部分正中，一般有两种形式：一种是由发文机关名称和“文件’’二部分组成，如“北京市人民政府文件”；另一种是只标明发文机关名称(适用于信函式格式)，如“x x省人民政府”。发文机关名称要用全称或规范化简称，如果是几个单位联合行文，主办机关排列在前。

发文字号。由发文机关代字、年份和序号三部分组成。联合行文一般只标明主办机关的发文字号。

签发人。签发人是指代表发文机关核准、制发该公文的负责人，是公文生效的具体责任者。上行文(包括上报的“请示”“意见”“报告”)应当在首页注明签发人、会签人姓名。

红色反线(又称“间隔横线”)。红色反线是一条较粗的通栏红线，位于“发文字号”与文件主体部分的“标题”之间，把文件头部分和正文部分分开。一般政府机关公文用一条通栏红线，党的机关文件在通栏红线正中加一颗红五星做标志。

(2)主体：是文件的主要部分，包括标题、主送机关、正文、附件说明、成文日期、印章、附注、附件八个部分。

标题。公文标题的三要素：完整的公文标题由发文机关、事由、文种三部分组成。如《国务院办公厅关于表彰奖励中国女子足球队的通报》(国办发[1999]61号)，发文机关是“国务院办公厅”，事由是“表彰奖励中国女子足球队”，文种是“通报”。

公文标题的核心要素：“文种”是公文标题的核心要素，同时也是不能省略的要素。

公文标题除了采用三要素齐备的完整式标题形式外，还可以采用省略式标题形式。省略式标题包括以下三种情况：一是省略发文机关的标题，如《关于严厉打击传销和变相传销等非法经营活动的意见》，通常有文件版头的公文（主要指上行文），标题不必再重复发文机关；二是省略事由只由发文机关和文种组成的标题，如《中华人民共和国主席令》、《中国人民银行通告》等；三是省略发文机关和事由，只有“文种”一个要素的标题，如《通告》、《公告》，这类标题一般适用于内容较单一的公布性、知照性公文。

注意：公文标题中除法规、规章名称加书名号外，一般不用标点符号。对于转发文，除批转法规性文件加书名号外，均不对原标题加书名号。

转发上级机关的文件，如果标题过长，可以自拟事由摘要转发；如果是层层转发的文件，可以只转发首发机关的名称。

例题：

1、国家税务总局转发了国务院题为“关于做好税制改革工作的通知”这一文件，自治区地税局再转发给各盟市地税局，盟市地税局再进行转发时，写成了《通辽市地方税务局关于转发内蒙古自治区地方税务局关于转发国家税务总局关于转发国务院关于做好税制改革工作的通知的通知的通知》，如何修改。

2、标题过长或中间需停顿的，可用空格或换行的方式表述。如：国务院关于依靠科技振兴农业加强农业科技成果推广工作的决定

主送机关：是指负责办理和答复该份公文的主要受理机关，应当使用全称或者规范化简称、统称。

下级向上级机关发出的请示或报告，一般只写一个主送机关，受双重领导的下级机关向上级请示时，也要确定一个主送机关，其他用抄送形式，不能多头主送，避免出现责任不明，误时误事的现象；上级对下级机关的发文，主送机关应按法定或约定俗成的惯例排序，如通辽市人民政府下发的普发性文件，主送机关可以是“各旗、县、市、区人民政府，市政府各委、办、局”；凡是直接向社会或群众公布的公文及法规章程等，一般不写主送机关。如通告、公告等。

正文：是行政公文的核心部分，是用来表达具体的思想内容的。正文应根据文种和写作意图选择恰当的表达方式和结构，在公文格式规范、行文关系正确的前提下，一篇公文的水平与效果关键取决于正文的拟定。

正文中的人名、地名、数字、引文应当准确。引用公文应当先引标题，后引发文字号；引用外文应当标明其中文含义。正文写作的要求：

第一，符合国家法律、法规，符合党和政府的方针、政策以及上级机关的有关规定。

第二，要有针对性，即以事实为根据，分析问题，做到有的放矢。

第三，一般应一文一事，事由要集中、明确、重点突出。

第四，行文逻辑缜密，层次清晰，条理清楚。

第五，具体措施或意见要符合实际，明确具体，可操作性强。

第六，语言要准确、简洁、规范。

公文中的数字：公文中的数字，除成文日期、部分结构层次数和在词、词组、成语、惯用语、缩略语、具有修辞色彩语句中作为词素的数字必须使用汉字外，应当使用阿拉伯数字

正文层次标识方法：

第一层用“一、”“二、”“三、”……

第二层用“(一)”“(二)”“(三)”……

第三层用“1．”“2．”“3．”……

第四层用“(1)”“(2)”“(3)”．．．．．．

附件说明：公文如有附件，应在正文之后注明附件说明。

附件说明写在正文下空一行，左空二字用3号仿宋体字标识“附件”，后标冒号，然后说明附件顺序和名称。附件序号用阿拉伯数码，附件名称后不加标点符号。

成文日期：是指公文完成并定稿的时间，是公文生效的标志。成文日期以负责人签发的日期为准，联合行文以最后签发机关负责人的签发日期为准。决定、会议纪要等会议讨论通过的公文，以通过日期为准。电报以发出日期为准。

成文日期标注在正文右下方，右空四字，用汉字将年、月、日标全，“零”写为“O”，如“二OO二年十月一日”。

印章：是公文合法生效的标志之一。公文除会议纪要和以电报形式发出的以外，应当加盖印章。联合上报的公文，由主办机关加盖印章；联合下发的公文，发文机关都应当加盖印章。单一机关制发的公文在落款处不署发文机关名称，只标识成文日期，加盖印章应上距正文一行之内，下压日期，端正，印章用红色；联合行文并需加盖两个印章时，应将成文日期拉开，左右各空七个字格，主办机关印章在前，两个印章均压成文日期，不相交或相切；联合行文并需加盖三个以上印章时，应将各发文机关名称(可用简称)按加盖印章顺序排列则在相应位置，并使印章加盖其上。

当公文排版所剩空白不能空下印章位置时，应采取调整行距、字距的措施加以解决，务必使印章与正文在同一版面，不得采用标识“此页无正文”的方式解决。

附注：指需要说明的其他事项，包括说明传达范围(如“此件发至县团级”)、使用方法(如“此件可以翻印”)、正文中出现的名词术语的解释等，或在使用请示文种时注明联系人的姓名和电话。

附注标识在成文日期下一行，居左空二字，应当加圆括号标注。

附件：是附在正文之后用于补充、说明正文的文字材料或图表材料，是公文的重要组成部分。有的公文因内容需要，又不便于写入正文的材料才用附件的形式表达，并不是每份公文都有附件。

常见的附件有两种：一是随文所颁布、批转(转发)、报送的文字材料，实际是公文的主要内容，而主件只起批准颁布、批转转发、报送或按语作用，这类附件与公文正件具有同等效力。二是补充、说明、解释正文内容的材料，如代表名单、数字报表、图文资料等，其作用是为正确理解和执行公文正件提供参考。

附件应与公文正文一起装订，并在附件左上角第一行顶格标识“附件”，有序号时标识序号；如不能一起装订，应在附件左上角第一行顶格标识公文的发文字号并在其后标识附件(或带序号)。

(3)版记：版记也称文尾，位于公文末页最下部，包括主题词、抄送机关、印发机关和印发日期三个要素。版记的最后一个要素置于最后一行。

主题词。主题词是确切表达公文主题和归属类别的规范化名词或名词性词组，是文件信息输入计算机的一种信息符号。因为按照区局文件精神，从今年开始系统内部行文不再标注主题词，因为全区办公自动化系统都已开通，标注主题词已没有必要。但向系统外行文仍然要标注。注意：一份文件的标引，一般不超过6个主题词。

抄送机关：指除主送机关外需要执行或知晓公文的机关。抄送上级机关的用“抄报”；抄送平级和下级机关的用“抄送”。

抄送机关应使用全称或者规范化简称、统称，位置在主题词下一行，左空一字标识“抄送”，后加冒号；抄送机关间用顿号隔开，回行时与冒号后的抄送机关对齐；在最后一个抄送机关后标句号。

印发机关和印发日期。印发机关多数不以行文机关名称出现，而只用该机关办公室(厅)名称。印发机关位于抄送机关之下，占一行位置。印发机关左空一字，印发日期右空一字。印发日期以公文付印的日期为准，用阿拉伯数码标识。

（二）行政公文的行文规则

一个机关的文件，按照行文关系、文件的去向，可以分为上行文、平行文、下行文和泛行文。

基本行文规则：

(1)根据机关隶属关系和职责范围行文的原则。

(2)公文不直接报领导者个人的原则。

(3)非特殊情况不越级行文原则。

(4)同级机关可以联合行文的原则。

(5)部门会签未经协调一致不得各自单独行文的原则。

受双重领导的机关向上级机关行文，应当写明主送机关和抄送机关。上级机关向受双重领导的下级机关行文，必要时应当抄送其另一上级机关。

以下两种情况不宜用抄送：

1．请示不得在主送上级机关的同时向其下级机关抄送；

2．凡与办理公文无关的机关一律不予抄送。

请示应一事一请示，不要一文多事。如确有几件事需要请示上级，可分别写成几份请示上呈。

报告不得夹带请示事项的规则。

部门内设机构除办公厅（室）外不得对外正式行文。

公文的语言特点：庄重、准确、朴实、精炼、严谨、规范。庄重是指语言端庄、格调郑重严肃；准确是指在表情达意时，语言真实确切，无虚假无错漏，褒贬得当，语意明确界限清楚，符合实际，真切表达欲表达的内容；朴实是指语言平直自然、是非清楚、明白晓畅、恰如其分、通俗易懂，无浮华夸饰、无渲染、无形象描绘、无矫揉造作，忌堆砌华丽辞藻，忌滥用辞格，讲求于平淡之中见神奇；精炼是指语言简明扼要，精当不凡，去浮辞，忌冗长空泛，同时，又不苟简，即服从行文目的和表现主题的需要，当祥则祥，当略则略；严谨是指语言含义确切、文句严谨、细致周密、分寸得当，忌模糊含混、语意多歧；规范是指语言单位构成及组合不仅应符合现代汉语的语法规则和一般逻辑规则，而且应合乎公务活动所提出的特殊规范性要求。

二、12种应用文体的写作

（一）计划与方案

计划与方案其实就是工作的打算和安排，进行书面化、条理化、具体化以后就是通常所说的“工作安排”、“工作要点”、“工作规划”、“工作方案”，我们经常用到的就是“工作要点”或者叫“工作安排”。不经常用到的如书中提到的“中长期规划”、“项目方案”、“综合方案”等大家可以看看书了解一下不作为重点掌握。但要清楚计划或要点是把想要做的工作具体化，而方案则是把计划进一步明细化，有完成计划的具体方法和步骤，具有可直接操作的特点。

重点学习一下工作要点的结构和写作特点。工作要点是一级机关或一个职能部门针对未来一个时期工作的简明扼要安排，多由于领导机关或部门对下属单位布置工作和交待任务。如通辽市地税局2006年工作要点、2006年纪检监察工作要点等，要点的要求明确，指导性强，便于执行，也有利于事后检查。

工作要点有标题、正文、署名和成文日期四部分组成，

工作要点的特点是具有指导性、预见性、可行性和约束

性。

（二）总结

总结就是单位或个人对过去一定阶段所做的工作或开展的活动进行全面系统的分析、研究和评价，从中找出成绩、问题、经验和教训，揭示规律的书面报告材料。总结是一种比较灵活的应用文体，经常用的有三大类：单位总结、个人总结、专题总结。重点掌握个人总结的结构要素和写作要求，一般了解单位总结和专题总结的写作要求与技巧。

个人总结要抓住主要问题，突出经验、教训和个人思想上的收获体会，不可停留在工作过程的回顾或一般优缺点的检查上。

个人总结行文结构一般由标题、正文、落款三部分组成。

标题：单位名称＋期限＋内容＋文种

正文：1、前言：交代与中心内容有关的情况；

2、全面总结一般包括成绩收获、经验体会、问题教训三个部分；

3、总结经验教训，提出努力方向。

落款：写作者姓名、日期

说一下年终自我小结的写法，一般地说，除标题外，可分为三部分：

第一部分：工作成绩。可先写工作，后写成绩，也可把工作和成绩结合起来写。开头不宜多说。如：“一年来我做了以下几项工作：”或“我在2005年中做了以下工作：”。

第二部分：存在的问题及原因。

第三部分：努力方向。

（三）简报

简报是反映所在单位或系统完成工作任务的情况和经验，实际工作中出现的新情况、新问题及值得注意的新思路，或某项调查研究的成果和有价值的统计数字的内容简要的内部资料，起着上情下达、下情上达、左右沟通、交流经验的作用。

按照内容简报可分为思想动态简报、工作简报和会议简报。我们在工作中应重点掌握工作简报、会议简报的写作格式、写作要求和写作技巧。

工作简报的版式由版头、正文、版尾等要素组成。

简报的写作要求：

1、新：反映新情况、新问题、新经验；

2、准：材料真实确切、问题切中要害、政策把握准确；

3、简：篇幅短小精悍，语言简洁明了；

4、快：迅速及时，快编快发；

5、全：要素齐全，格式规范。

这里强调一下，我们在写信息简报时，首先要制作好标题，“题好文一半，眉清目传神”，所谓“看人先看脸、看报先看题、看书先看皮”，标题是信息的“脸面”。如：《通辽市地税部门推行电子纳税受欢迎》，让人一看事实清楚，一目了然。

（四）调查报告

调查报告是为了工作需要和特定目的，对某一事物、问题或事件进行调查研究后，通过分析、加工，利用调查材料和研究结论整理撰写出来的书面报告。

调查报告也称为考察报告。其主要特点，一是针对性强—针对人们普遍关心的事情或者亟待解决的问题而写；二是用事实说话—报告的内容真实准确，建立在深入细致的调查研究基础之上；三是揭示规律性—通过对事实的分析研究，得出规律性的认识。调查报告按照调查范围和内容，可分为综合调查报告、专题调查报告；按照作用，则可分为基本情况的调查报告、典型经验的调查报告、新生事物的调查报告、揭露问题的调查报告、澄清事实真相的调查报告等五类。

调查报告一般由标题、正文、落款等三部分构成。

（1）公文式标题。由调查对象和内容加“调查报告”、“调查”、“考察”、“调查与思考”组成。

（2）通讯式标题。①单式标题，用一句话或一两个短语概括调查报告的主题或要回答的问题。②复式标题，由主题和副题组成。由主题概括调查报告的主旨或要回答的问题，用副题标明调查对象及其内容和文体。

（3）正文。由前言、主体、结尾组成。

①前言。根据具体情况和要求，选择说明以下内容：调查对象的基本情况，调查的方法，调查报告的主题和主要内容，调查报告要回答的问题等。前言的作用在于读者对调查内容获得总体认识，并为主体部分展开做准备。

②主体。总体要求，不仅反映已调查清楚的具体情况，更要反映从实际情况中总结出来的规律性认识，即成功的经验、有效的措施或做法，问题产生的原因、教训和解决问题的办法等。要做到有理有据，先后成序，详略分明，主题突出。

③结尾。或总结全文，或表达意见和建议，或提出发人深省的问题，或展望前景。形式多样，灵活掌握。但须简洁凝练，不拖泥带水。有些调查报告的前言和正文已说清楚，就不必再写结尾。

（3）落款。内部使用的调查报告，正文之后应署调查者（单位、调查组或个人）的名称或名字，并标明调查    报告的成文日期；公开发表的调查报告，大多将调查者署在标题之下，正文之后不写成文日期。

（五）汇报提纲

汇报提纲是下级机关向上级机关汇报工作时所撰写的汇报内容提要。按照汇报内容分为综合工作汇报提纲和  专题工作汇报提纲。

汇报提纲在内容上具有特定的针对性，结构上具有逻辑条理性，语言上要求朴实简练。

汇报提纲一般分为标题、正文、落款三个部分。

标题：公文写法，如《关于税收工作情况的汇报提纲》；直接写法，如《关于公务用车改革进展情况的汇报提纲》。

正文：分两层，一是前言，二是主体。

落款：汇报单位名称可在标题下面，也可放在文尾，与时间并行。

（六）会议记录

会议记录是在开会过程中，由专门人员把会议的组织情况和具体内容如实记录下来的文字材料。

会议记录一般由记录头、记录主体、审阅签名三部分组成。

1、记录头：会议名称、会议时间、会议地点、会议主持人、会议出席列席和缺席情况、会议记录人员签名等。

2、记录主体：会议中心议题、会议讨论焦点及主要意见、主要领导权威人士或代表人物的言论、定调性言论和总结性言论、会议决议或议而未决事项。

会议记录两条最基本的写作原则：真实性、完整性。

（七）会议纪要

会议纪要是一种常用公文，是在会议记录的基础上整理加工而成的、记载传达会议决定事项和主要精神，要求与会单位共同遵守、执行的，具有纪实性和指导性的公文。

会议纪要一般分为办公会议纪要和专题会议纪要。

会议纪要一般分为标题、日期、签发人、正文、落款五个部分。

1、标题：多由“会议名称+文种”组成，与常用的简报报头非常相似，因此又叫简报式会议纪要。目前常见的构成形式有四种：

（1）会议名称加文种，如《全国水利建设现场经验交流会议纪要》、《高等院校后勤管理体制改革会议纪要》。

（2）发文机关、会议名称加文种构成，如《财政部中专学校校长会议纪要》。

（3）与会单位加会议内容加文种，如《坏渤海地区商讨对外开放工作会议纪要》。

（4）由主标题和副标题构成，主标题提示会议的主旨，副标题标明会议名称和文种，如《以“三个代表”为指针，进行教育改革——济南市部分教育工作者学习“三个代表”的座谈会纪要》。

2、编号：一般加括号写于标题下方正中位置。

3、日期：会议纪要的成文时间即会议通过的时间或领导人签发的时间。

4、签发：由会议召集人签名。

5、正文：会议纪要的正文分为前言、主体、结尾三部分。前言，简要介绍会议的基本情况，会议召开的目的，会议的起止时间、地点、参加人员，会议的基本议程、主要活动和会议结果；主体，具体阐述会议讨论的问题和意见、结论和决定，以及对今后工作提出的要求；结尾，一般不单独写。

6、落款：会议纪要不加盖印章。在正文后分别注明主持人、出席人和发送单位。

（八）通知

通知适用于批转下级机关公文、转发上级机关和不相隶属机关的公文、发布规范性公文、传达事项、任免人员等。

通知是公文中使用频率最高、适用范围最广的一个文种，是上级向下级传达、告知事项的一种下行文。通知具有使用范围的广泛性、受文单位的专指性和较强的时间性，同时还具有行文简便、写法灵活、种类多样的特点。

通知一般可分为批示性（批转性）通知、指示性通知、事务性通知、知照性通知等。如：国务院批转财政部、国家计委关于进一步加强外国政府贷款管理若干意见的通知（批示性）、国务院关于进一步精简会议和文件的通知（指示性）、国务院关于发布《国家行政机关公文处理办法》的通知（发布性）、通辽市地方税务局关于作好五一长假期间值班值宿的通知（事务性）

通知一般由标题、主送机关、正文、落款和日期几部分组成。

1、标题：标题一般由发文机关、事由及文种三部分组成。除发布的规章应用书名号，其余均不使用书名号和标点符号。要具体处理好“关于”引起的介词结构和文种表述，杜绝重复出现“关于”和“的通知”字样。

2、主送机关：指通知的对象，一般应写全称或规范化简称、统称。主送机关较多时注意排列的规范性。同级机关用“、”，不同级别、类别的机关用“，”分开。

3、正文：包括通知的依据和目的、通知事项、通知结语三部分。

4、落款和日期：在公文右下方写明发文时间，并加盖公章。

（九）报告

适用于向上级机关汇报工作，反映情况，答复上级机关的询问。

报告是下级机关向上级机关汇报工作、反映情况、提出意见或者建议、答复询问与要求、报送资料使用的一种陈述性公文，是典型的上行文。

报告按内容可分为工作报告、情况报告、答复报告等。

报告中不得夹带请示事项或要求上级机关答复的事项。报告一般有标题、主送机关、正文、成文日期组成。

1、标题：报告是上行文，可采省略发文机关名称的两项式标题结构形式，即“事由+文种”。如《关于2003年上半年工作情况的报告》。

2、主送机关：只有一个，即有隶属关系的上级机关。

3、正文：把握以下几点：

（1）前言。概述，并用“现将……报告如下”。

（2）工作情况和成绩。

（3）工作经验。体会。

（4）存在问题。一分为二。

（5）今后打算。改进措施。

4、成文日期

（十）请示

适用于向上级机关请求指示、批准。请示具有隶属性，只有本部门和本系统的下级机关方可向上级机关请示。请示按其内容分有税政业务请示和行政事务请示两类。

下级机关向上级机关请示必须做到：凡属职权范围内的一般问题不随意请示；请示必须一文一事，且主送机关只有一个；请示必须在事前；上级机关收到请示后应认真研究，及时予以批复。请示属上行文，文末必须有请示语。

1、标题：请示标题通常由事由和文种两部分组成。

2、主送机关：应是发文机关的直属上级机关，不得多头请示。如是受双重领导的机关向上级机关请示，应写明主送机关和抄送机关，由主送机关负责答复。应根据隶属关系逐级请示，不得越级请示，因特殊情况必须越级行文时，应同时抄送被超过的上级机关。

3、正文：请示正文一般由请示起因、请示事项和请示尾语三部分构成。请示起因一般先说明行文的目的、依据，强调请示的必要性，为请示事项的提出作好必要铺垫；请示事项是请示的核心内容，要求明确、具体地指出，并做到既符合政策、法规，又具有建设性、可行性；请示尾语一般有“特此请示，望于批复”，“以上请示请批准”等惯用语。

4、落款：正文结束，在右下方署名署时并盖公章。

（十一）批复

批复是上级机关用来答复下级机关请示事项的下行公文。批复具有上级机关答复下级机关请示事项的专指性，下级有请示，上级才有批复。而且针对性极强，下级机关请示什么上级机关就答复什么。

批复由标题、主送机关、正文、成文日期组成。

标题：一般由“发文机关名称+事由+文种”构成。

主送机关：发出请示的下级机关。

正文：一般由批复依据、批复事项、执行要求三部分组成。

成文日期：

（十二）函

函适用于不相隶属机关之间商洽工作，询问和答复问题，请求批准和答复审批事项。内容上可分为申请函、商洽函、询问函、答复函、告知函。从行文方向上，“函”有来函和复函之分。函作为公文中唯一的一种平行文种，其适用的范围相当广泛。在行文方向上比较灵活，不仅可以在平行机关、不相隶属的机关之间行文，而且还可以向上级机关或者下级机关之间行文。有隶属关系的上下级机关之间不得使用函，上级机关的内设机构可以向下级机关的相关业务部门行便函，便函属于非正式文。

1、标题：函的标题一般由发文机关、事由和文种三部门组成。发文机关视具体情况一般可省略。属答复性质的函，文种均须标明“复函”。

2、主送机关：顶格写机关全称或规范化简称，后标冒号。复函的主送机关即来函单位。

3、正文：一般由缘由、事项、希望与请求和结语几部分组成。复函的开头应引述来函的日期、文号或标题等。尾语一般用“专此函告”，“敬请函复”等作结；复函多用“此复”、“特此函复”等为结尾。

4、落款：正文右下方署名署时并盖公章。

三、几种辨别关系

（一）请示与报告的异同点

相同点：①两者都属上行文。②为督促各级领导干部认真履行职责，对行文负全责，上报的报告、请示首页须注明签发人。③通常情况下，报告和请示的标题可省略发文机关。

相异点：①性质和行文目的不同，报告属陈述性公文，其行文目的在于汇报工作、反映情况、提出意见和建议、答复询问等，故不要求上级机关回复；请示属呈请性公文，其行文目的 在于请求指示或审核批准，需要上级机关给予答复。②上级机关处理原则不同，对待报告上级机关只在认为有必要时才予批复，而对请示上级机关不管同意与否均应批复。③篇幅容量 不同，对报告虽也提倡一文一事，但像综合报告等显然多为一文数事且篇幅较长；对请示则严格要求一事一请，篇幅相对较短小。④行文时间不同，报告在事前、事中、事后均可行文；而请示必须事前行文。

（二）会议纪要与会议记录的主要区别

1.性质不同。会议纪要是规定性行政公文,而会议记录是记录会议情况和议定事项的事务性文书.

2.内容的繁简程度不同。会议纪要的内容是对会议记录进行整理提炼而形成的会议内容的要点,重点体现会议的宗旨;而会议记录是对会议情况的原始、详尽的记录,重点体现会议的过程性和具体性.

3.形式有所不同。会议纪要具有一段公文的规范格式,而会议记录的形式则比较灵活自由。会议纪要通常采用总分式结构，而会议记录则采用顺时结构。

4.处置方式和作用不同。会议纪要一般可以文件的形式发布或在报刊上公开发表，用来“传达会议情况和议定事项”;而会议记录只作为内部资料,以备查考。

1.I hate hiking and Im not into classical music.

2.I surf the Internet all the time and I like playing computer games.

3.Rock music is OK, and so is skiing.

4.Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.

5.One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.

6.He realizes that he hasn’t been a very good friend because he has always been thinking about himself.

7.Chuck learns that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow, and that it is important to have someone to care about.

8.When he makes friends with Wilson, he understand that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.

9.The lesson we can learn from Chuck and all the others who have unusual friends is that friends are teachers.

10.I found the bathroom, but I didn’t find what I was looking for.

11.Don’t forget to buy me some ketchup on your way back.

12.There are more than 42 countries where the majority of the people speak English.

13.In total, for more than 375 million people English is their mother tongue.

14.In China students learn English at school as a foreign language, except for those in Hong Kong, where many people speak English as a first or a second language.

15.In only fifty years, English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in the world.

16.With so many people communicating in English every day ,it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.

17.For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed.

18.In the same way Americans still use the expression “I guess “(meaning “I think”),just as the British did 300 years ago.

19.At the same time, British English and American English started borrowing words from other languages ,ending up with different words.

20.Except for these differences in spelling, written English is more or less the same in both British and American English.

21.However,most of the time people from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other.

22.Many people travel because they want to see other countries and visit places that are famous, interesting or beautiful.

23.Many of today’s travelers are looking for an unusual experience and adventure travel is becoming more and more popular.

24.Instead of spending your vacation on a bus, in a hotel or sitting on the beach, you may want to try hiking.

25.Hiking is fun and exciting, but you shouldn’t forget safety.

26.A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams.

27.If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few fallen trees or rocks.

28.The name “whitewater “comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.

29.As with hiking ,you should always think about your safety and wear good clothes.

30.Jane and Betty are going on separate holidays in a few days’ time.

31.When are you off to Guangzhou?

32.My plane leaves at seven, so I think we’ll take a taxi.

33.See you when I get back.

34.The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden.

35.Now ,the water, which was cold as ice and flowed faster than a river, was above her knees.

36.Jeff and Flora looked into each other’s face with a look of fright.

37.Flora,whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.

38.Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.

39.The garden that was once so beautiful was completely destroyed, swept away by the wild water.

40.I found some photos of interesting places which were not too far away from Chengdu.

41.He told me that I could go on a two-day trip to Leshan and Emei, which wasn’t too expensive.

42.First,we went to Leshan, where we climbed all the way up the mountain to see the Buddha.

43.Looking up at the large head and down at the large feet makes you feel so small.

44.Wei Bin took photos of us standing in front of the Buddha.

45.Steven Spielberg, whose mother was a music teacher, was born in 1946 in a small town in America.

46.In 1959 Spielberg won a prize for a film which he made when he was thirteen years old.

47.The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low.

48.Here he worked on a short film, which won him a job as the youngest film director in the world.

49.This was the moment when Spieberg’s career really took off.

50.It is about a big white shark that attacks swimmers who are spending their holidays in a small village by the sea.

As we know, many people favor the idea that the college life is free and

comfortable, but I’d like to say it’s not true. As a matter of fact, my life in

university is so busy that I wonder if my energy is enough. As to my college

life, I divide it into four parts, including study, student activities, library

and the others.

Firstly, I want to talk about the study. In my opinion, study is the

priority in college. When I received the letter of admission in summer, I knew

clearly that what I should do. So I make up my mind to study hard and pursue

learning as much as possible. I’m greatly convinced that knowledge can change my

life. Therefore, I often go to the quiet study room where many people study

there. By working so hard, I get good grades in the exams.

Secondly, student activities play an important role in our college life. To

be honest, the student Union is a good place where one can develop social

skills, get his abilities trained. I take part in many student activities. For

example, I’ m a volunteer, teaching the kids to learn to dance and write. I

think it’s meaningful for everyone to give a hand to others. I can also do some

jobs in the Student Union, including receiving and sending fast mail, selling

papers and magazines. I think they’re unforgettable and worthwhile experiences

for me.

Thirdly, I also visit the library constantly. It’s said that “shelves of

books, oceans of knowledge”, so I read books that I’m interested in. In this

way, I can share stories with my new friends and it also changes my horizons

.When I’m sad, lost or in trouble, staying the library makes me quiet and

comfortable. After all, every life has bad moments as well as good ones, and the

library for me is a support in bad moments. So it’s wise choice for me to stay

in the library.

Finally, I often do other things in my spare time. In order to alleviate

parents’ burden, I often do some part-time jobs and write some articles to earn

money. It helps me to be independent and improve my social skills.

In short, my life in university is busy but valuable. You can see that

study brings me knowledge, student activities improve myself, library changes my

horizons, the others things make me independent. They get all my abilities

trained. And I see that the chance will come only if you have a prepared mind,

so I’m sure that I can achieve my dreams in college life.

掌握应用文写作语言的特点，即语言的信实性、针对性、规范化和专门化，小编收集了应用文的写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

一、语言的特点

掌握应用文写作语言的特点，即语言的信实性、针对性、规范化和专门化

作者运用语言的能力，主要体现在对各种文体语言的敏感和自觉把握、开拓上。应用文因其要交流业务、传递信息、宣传政策、一探讨问题，甚至需录存凭证的实用要求，其语言必然具有一些自身的特点：

1、信实性

要使各种信息得到读者的信任，其语言就应信实可靠，去伪存真，弃浮留实，不言过其实，在真实中获得自己的生命。要做到语言的信实必须做到以下几点：

(1)要掌握表述的分寸。在当用与不当用、偏高与偏低、偏大与偏小之间加以区分;事物的范围、性质要描述和归纳得恰如其分。要求表述的含义清楚，词语的内涵、外延明确，一切会导致歧义、多义和似是而非的象征、隐喻等等都应在排除之列，以免引起误解而致误导。如"成绩"与"成就"之分，"错误"与"缺点"之分，"大多数"与"绝大多数"的不同，"部分"与"大部分"的界限。

(2)表现要诚达。"诚"，就是要求有实实在在的内容，不能空话连篇，言之无物;不能装腔作势，哗众取宠;"达"，就是要求语言能原原本本地把内容表达清楚，忌浮言、假话。如介绍商品，性质、功能、售后服务、价格等都须实事求是，不吹嘘、不护短，才能在感情上取得顾客的信任。那些"王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸"的花言巧语，那种动辄"领导世界新潮流"、"誉满全球"的陈词滥调只会失信于读者，最终削弱商品的竞争力。

(3)数字要精确，字词运用要恰当。借助极富科学性和说服力的数字，发现问题、分析问题、解决问题。但应慎重，不能混用。如数字发生变化时表达要清楚，"增加了多少"与"增加到多少"并不一样;有关数字的词语要概念明确，比如"以上"、"以下"、"不足"、"超过"、"小于"、"大于"的用法不应给读者造成疑窦，如不要在"100公斤以上的"、"100公斤以下的"之后给读者留下"100公斤的"该怎么办的问号。

2、针对性

即看对象说话。许多应用文的语言，受客观环境和政策法规的制约，都应看准表述对象，因人、因事、因时、因地而异，不可千篇一律。给领导看的，要求语言庄重，文字简约;给群众看的，则要求深入浅出，语言通俗;介绍一件商品，要注意具体的对象、环境、内容和要求，做到随机应变，以获得最佳的传播效果。针对性强，就能使文章有的放矢，有助于解决问题。

3、规范化和专门化

应用写作的语言不同于其他写作，以书面语言为主。尤其在某些文种中，如命令等，只能用书面语言而不能掺杂其他语体，并大量使用规范化、专门化的词语。体现出以下特点：

(1)具有词语的稳定性与选择性的统一。所谓词语的稳定性，是指某些固定的词语相对稳定地使用于某些应用文。如介绍信的开头总以"兹有"开启下文，许多公文的结尾都以"特此"收束全文。所谓词语的选择性大多数的应用文都有一套比较固定的规范性习惯用语，供人们在写作时选用。这些习惯用语多用于应用文的标题、开头、引文、过渡与结尾处。例如：开头用语中的鉴于、为、为了、由于、遵照、按照、根据、随着、兹有、奉、近来等;结尾用语中的本、为荷、为要、为盼、此令、此复、希即遵照执行、希酌情办理、现予公布。特此函达、以上报告，请审核、当否，请批示、以上妥否，请指示等。

(2)具有句法的稳定性和灵活性的统一。所谓句法的稳定性，是指某些类型的句子在应用文中占有很大的分量。如总结中要汇报情况，请示时要阐述原因，求职信中要作自我介绍等，主要使用陈述句。应用文在有所陈述的基础上，往往要提要求，无论是上级对下级，还是下级对上级。如"以上通知，请遵照执行"，"以上请求，望领导批准为荷"等等。所谓句法的灵活性，是指在稳定性的基础上，适当地求新、求变。灵活恰当地选用句式，可使行文变化多姿，从而增强文章语言的表达效果，增强文章的外在美。例如，对事物下定义时宜用长单句、判断句;叙述事物时宜用短句;发号施令时宜用短句、单句、主动句。总之，选用什么样的句式，要根据表述内容灵活掌握。

(3)力求简洁，具有庄重感。应用文中，经常使用一些文言词语，如常用的有"经、业经、业已、兹、兹有、兹将、特、者、荷、取、于、而、则、为、为此、与之、依、逾、至、其、亦、以、尚、须、未、予、示、之……"，可增强文章的庄重感。

(4)用图式替代语言文字。图式包括图、画、符号、照片、表格、公式等。在应用文特别是科技应用文中大量使用，成为一种常见的辅助书面语言，从而形成应用文语言的又一大特色。

二、语言运用的要求

掌握语言运用的基本要求，即：语言要准确清晰、简洁明了、平实自然、得体妥帖、生动具体

1、准确清晰

准确，即用最恰当的词语和句子如实反映客观事物，表达作者思想。清晰，是指表达时要条理清楚，意思明白。具体应做到：

(1)用词造句要准确。用词准确是指能把握词语遣用的分寸感和合适度。应精选中心词，用准修饰语。能仔细辨析同义词、近义词的用法，对词义轻重。范围宽窄、程度深浅、感情褒贬、语体雅俗、词性差别等都能烂熟于心、姻熟于手。如："分散"和"涣散"都有"不集中"的意思，"涣散"是具有贬义性质的形容词;"分散"是具有中间性质的动词。"士气涣散"就准确，"士气分散"就不准确。另外，应用文常用数字说明问题，揭示事物之间的数量关系，所以数字运用要准确无误。

(2)用词造句要通顺。指合乎语法，合乎逻辑。通顺也是实现语言准确的保证。

(3)要注意语意鲜明。有时由于特殊需要，还必须使用一些模糊语言，即用一些在外延上不确定、表意比较含糊，以及在运用上具有弹性的词语，如"近年来"、"各地"、"时有"、"大多数"。"有关部门"、"条件许可时"等。该类词语使用恰当，不仅能增加行文的灵活性，而且有助于准确地表达意思，但应谨慎使用。

2、简洁明了

(1)简洁。所谓简洁，就是用较少的文字清楚表达较多、较丰富的内容。要抓住问题的关键，把话说到点子上。主要应做好以下四点：

一要善于观察事物，深刻理解事物，明确认识写作对象，把握住问题的关键。

二要反复锤炼，提高概括能力，杜绝堆砌修饰语现象;适当使用缩略语，如"五讲四美"等。

三要删除一切套话、空话、意思重复的话，向繁冗开刀。克服繁琐冗长的毛病是语言简洁的前提。

四要适当地采用文言词语及短语。文言词语(包括成语、典故)行文简练，富有表现力，写作时适当采用，言简意赅。然而，"简"要得当，"简"得让人不明白或产生歧义也不行。绝不能为简而生造词语。乱缩略、滥用文言以及一概排斥某些行文必需的程式化语句。(2)明了。所谓明了，就是指明明白白、清清楚楚，一是一，二是二。要做到明了，一是要考虑周到，言尽意止;二是要注意用词通俗，不用生僻晦涩的字句;三是在运用数字的时候，只须写出计算的结果，而不须表述具体的计算过程。

3、平实自然

应用文用语应平易通俗，浅显流畅。说明事实、讲清道理即可。不搞"曲笔"，不作夸饰，不堆砌辞藻，不追求华丽，不矫揉造作，不用生僻词语，以明白、实在、自然为上。

4、得体妥帖

(1)得体。应用文实用性强，讲究得体。主要应做到以下三点：

一是要适合特定的文体。按文体要求遣词造句，用词、语气、语体风格应符合特定的要求。保持该文体的语言特色和语言风格。如公文宜庄重，调查报告须平实，学术论文应严谨，祝谢哀问需较浓的感情色彩，广告就常用模糊的语言，使用说明书则需具体实在，商业交际文书语言要委婉，合同书的语言则要精确，颁布政策法令应庄重严肃，报喜祝捷要热烈欢快，提出申请该委婉平和，分析问题须有理有据。

二是语言适用于所写的应用文体的需要，做到需要文雅时，决不粗俗;需要委婉时，决不直露;需要明确时，决不含糊;需要模糊时，决不精确。

三是要考虑作者自己的身份，阅读的对象，约稿的单位，写作的目的，甚至还要考虑到与客观环境的和谐一致、恰到好处。比如需要登报或张贴的，语言要通俗易懂;需要宣读或广播的，语言应简明流畅，便于朗读;书信的写作，要根据远近亲疏、尊卑长幼的关系使用相应的语言;公文的写作要根据不同的文种和行文关系而使用相应的语言，否则就不得体。(2)妥贴。语言的妥帖则是指语言要合乎语法的一般规范。

5、生动具体

生动，即言词形象、逼真、有活力，能吸引人。应用文中有些文种的语言也是要求生动的，如讲话稿、调查报告、总结等。选择词语(尤其是动词的运用)时要精心，恰当、传神地运用一些修辞手法，如引用、比喻、拟人、排比等。如某篇调查报告中写当今择偶观时说："婚姻的含金量增大了。"就十分传神。语言具体，可使文章内容有血有肉，说理深刻有力。其关键在于对事物的仔细观察和深入了解。