如何写英语作文基础小学【热门20篇】

There is always a pile of smelly rubbish in front of the building we live. Everyone has to cover his nose with his hand while he passes by. One day, our teacher told us in class some good deeds done by Uncle Lei Feng. I was moved deeply by that. So after school, I started to clear the rubbish away. Now my neighbors dont have to cover their noses.

我们家住的楼前总是有一堆垃圾，天长日久都发出了恶臭。人们经过时都得捂着鼻子。有一次课堂上，老师给我们讲了雷锋叔叔助人为乐的故事，我被深深地感动了。于是我放学回家后就开始清扫那堆垃圾。现在我的邻居们就不必捂着鼻子进家门了。

12 May 2006

Dear Mary,

I am sorry to trouble you, but nobody would come into my mind to help me except you.

You know, I had planned this holiday for several years. A t last, my dream came true. You could imagine how excited I was. My mind was completely occupied with the holiday. I forgot to collect my laundry. I dont know if you can help me collect my laundry. I sent the laundry to the Johns. It is the one down the corner on St. Peters Street. You cant miss it, because the house is painted green-a big green house. I have got two pairs of trousers, three shirts, one T-shirt and a blanket. Call a taxi to send you home. I will pay you back when I am home.

My first stop is London. It is raining. The streets are very clean. How I wish I could have the chance to see the famous London fog. But someone told me that was already the history. One can only read things like that about London in books.

My best wishes to you.

Yours sincerely, Peter Chen

考试就要开始了，对还有什么不了解的呢？为考生们提供各种面试、学习、择校等技巧及经验，希望可以帮助大家考得好成绩。在这里先网预祝大家考出理想成绩。

1.表文章结构顺序：

Firstofall,Firstly/First,Secondly/Second…

Andthen,Finally,Intheend,Atlast

2.表并列补充关系的：

Whatismore,Besides,Moreover,

3.表转折对比关系的：

However,Onthecontrary,but

Ononehand…Ontheotherhand…Some…，whileothers…

4.表因果关系的：

Because,As、So,Therefore,Asaresult

5.表换一种方式表达：

Inotherwords

6.表进行举例说明：

Forexample,句子;Forinstance,句子;suchas+n/doing

7.表陈述事实：Infact

8.表达自己观点：

AsfarasIknow,Inmyopinion

9.表总结：

Inshort,Inaword.

文中正确使用两三个好的句型，如：感叹句、宾语从句、动名词做主语等。

宾语从句举例：

IbelieveTianjinwillbemorebeautifulandprosperous.

感叹句举例：

HowIwanttostudyinthebestmiddleschoolinGuangzhou!

动名词做主语举例：

Readingbooksandswimmingaremyhobbies.

常用状语从句句型：

1)时间：

when,not…until(直到…才…)，assoonas(一…就…)

2)目的：

sothat+clause;(为了)

3)结果：

so…that…(如此…以至于…)，too…todo(太……以至于……)

4)条件：

if,unless(除非)，aslongas(只要)

5)比较：

as…as…(与…一样)，notso…as…，than

以上即是网为大家整理的英语作文写作技巧，大家还满意吗?希望对大家有所帮助!

导语：每个人都有自己的小秘密，你的小秘密是什么呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

I have a little secret, that is I have saved some money for myself. My parents don’t know, they still give me the pocket money in time, I save the pocket money for a long time. I want to use the money to buy what I want, I plan to give my parents some surprise when I save the enough money, this is my little secret.

【原文翻译】

我有一个秘密，那就是我已经存了一些钱。我的父母并不知道，他们仍然定时给我一些零花钱，我把这些钱省下来已经有一段时间了。我想要用这些钱来买我想要的，我计划着存了足够钱的时候，给我的父母一些惊喜，这是我的小秘密。

Cannot see the wood for the trees.一叶障目，不见泰山。

Care and diligence bring luck.谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。

Caution is the parent of safety.小心驶得万年船。

Children are what the mothers are.耳濡目染，身教言传。

Choose an author as you choose a friend.择书如择友。

Come what may, heaven won‘t fall.做你的吧，天塌不下来。

Complacency is the enemy of study.学习的敌人是自己的满足。

Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.

自信是走向成功的第一步。Content is better than riches.知足者常乐

Constant dripping wears away a stone.水滴石穿，绳锯木断。

Count one‘s chickens before they are hatched.蛋未孵先数雏。

Courtesy on one side only lasts not long.来而不往非礼也。

Creep before you walk.循序渐进。 Cry for the moon.海底捞月。

Custom is a second nature.习惯是后天养成的。

Custom makes all things easy.有个好习惯，事事皆不难。

Diamond cuts diamond.强中自有强中手。Do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。

Do as you would be done by.己所不欲，勿施于人。

Doing is better than saying.与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。

Do it now.机不可失，时不再来Do nothing by halves.凡事不可半途废。

Don‘t claim to know what you don‘t know.不要不懂装懂。

Don‘t have too many irons in the fire.不要揽事过多。

Don‘t make a mountain out of a molehill.不要小题大做。

Don‘t put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事，今日毕。

Don‘t put the cart before the horse.不要本末倒置。

Don‘t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.不要自找麻烦。

Don‘t try to teach your grandmother to suck eggs.不要班门弄斧。

Do well and have well.善有善报。

Bad news has wings.好事不出门，坏事传千里。

Barking dogs seldom bite.吠犬不咬人。

Beauty lies in the love‘s eyes.情人眼里出西施。

Be swift to hear, slow to speak.听宜敏捷，言宜缓行。

Better late than never.不怕慢，单怕站。

Better to ask the way than go astray.问路总比迷路好。

Between friends all is common.朋友之间不分彼此。

Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分。

Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。Blood will have blood.血债血偿。

Books and friends should be few but good.读书如交友，应求少而精。

Business is business.公事公办。Cheats never prosper.骗人发不了财。

Business is the salt of life.事业是人生的第一需要。

By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it.

读书使人充实，交谈使人精明。

There are three people in my family. Theyre father, mother and I。My mother is a Chinese teacher. She is not tall, nor short, just right. She is fat. She likes to eat noodles and vegetables. Her favorite colors are brown and red. She doesnt like animals. She lets me to learn playing piano. I love her because she is nice and hard-working. She cares for me a lot. She is take cares of grandparents. Sometime my father and my mother fight each other。

My father is a manger. He is thirty-six years old. He is fat and tall. He is good at maths and physics. He cares for me much. Sometimes he buys me stationary. I like my dad。

Now its my turn. My name is Tina. Im eleven years old. Im not thin, nor fat, just right. Im tall. I go to Simon English School. Im in grade four class one. I like to eat french-fries and some friends but I dont like meat. I can paint. My best friends are Lily and Helen. My favorite colors are black, white, yellow and blue。

Sometime in my family everything is very nice。

一、单项选择题

(1)先易后难：一些考题的答案比较容易选定，可以先从这些考题入手。平时练习时，应以基础为主，主要精力不应放在偏题、怪题上。

(2)分析考查意图、运用相关知识：应学会分析出题者考查的意图，明确相关题的测试点是什么，然后运用所学知识，进行分析、判断，再进行选择。

(3)利用暗示进行选择：注意考题涉及的语境范围。平时应注重对习惯用语表达、惯用法和中英文化差别等方面知识的积累。

(4)运用排除法：可采取语言排除、逻辑排除、语法排除或选择排除等方法。先排除较容易、较明显的错误选项，缩小范围，而后对剩余的选项进行比较分析，最后确定答案。

二、完形填空题

1、搭配判断法。

根据对以往试题的分析，搭配型考题在完形填空题中占的比例最高。搭配型问题主要测试常见搭配的熟练程度，比如说哪些词要搭配不定式、动名词或某种从句，哪些词必须与某个介词搭配。我们在复习时要特别注意短语动词和介词的固定搭配。

2、结构判断法。

结构型问题主要包括句型、句式、连接词的选择等，解题时要运用句法知识，把握关键词，从而做出迅速正确的判断。完形填空题中有很多是利用语法的正确性与逻辑的排斥性间的矛盾来设计的。因此考生应结合上下文的合理性及意义关系的逻辑性选择最佳答案。完形填空中常考的逻辑关系主要有：

(1)转折、让步关系：这种关系表明后一种观点或事实与前一种观点或事实相比有些出乎意料。

常见的表示转折、让步的词或词组有：but，still，yet，however，though，although，no matter，in spite of，anyway，even if等。

(2)因果关系：

表示原因的连词或词组有：because (of )，due to，owing to，thanks to，since，for，as等。

表示结果的词或词组有：so，therefore，then，as a result，in consequence，consequently，thus等。

(3)递进、补充关系：这种关系表示对前一事实或观点做进一步阐述。

常用的词、词组有：moreover，likewise，besides，in addition，also，too，not only…but also，apart from，what‘s more 等。

(4)对比、比较关系：对比观点或事物间的差异性，比较观点或事物间的同一性。

表示对比的词或词组有：in contrast，by contrast，on the contrary，conversely，unlike，oppositely 等。表示比较的词或词组有：like，in comparison，compare…with，as，just as等。

3、词义判断法。

词汇型问题也是完形填空的一个考点，主要测试考生在段落语篇中把握语义连贯性的能力，提供选择的词可能是近义词、近形词也可能是随意拼凑的四个选项，遇到这类题，既要联系上下文，又要具有扎实的词汇基础，有时还须根据自己的文化背景知识做出判断、选择答案。

三、阅读理解

在做阅读理解题时，除了掌握前面介绍的基本题型、基本法则外，还要进行有意识的阅读训练。提高阅读能力的训练主要可以从下面几个方面入手：词汇、方法、侧重点。

1、词汇：猜词的技巧。

在阅读过程中，不可避免地会碰到不认识的单词，考试中又不允许查词典，有些不认识的单词对文章的理解影响不大，可以忽略。但有些不认识的单词则会影响阅读者对文章理解的正确性。在这种情况下，必需猜测词的含义，这就需要利用猜词的技巧了。

最基本的猜词技巧有两种：一是根据构词法的规则猜，构词法的规则在前面的章节中已有介绍，这里就不重复了;另一种猜词的技巧是根据上下文的描述、解释、列举、比较等，运用已有的知识，分析、推断该词的含义。常用的猜词技巧可归纳为以下几种：

(1)利用词根、词缀构词法推测词义。通过构词法推测词义是最常用的方法之一。

(2)分析文中对该词的直接定义推测词义。

作者在行文中有时不得不使用某些难词、偏词，为使读者理解，作者常常会在文章中直接解释该词语。作者或通过同位语，或使用定语从句加以阐明，或用冒号、破折号、括号给出，或用语篇标志词引出，这类语篇标志词有：that is (to say); e.g.;oor，in other words;to put it in another way等。如：

She is bilingual.In other words，she speaks English and French equally well.(bilingual：会说两种语言的)。

(3)分析文中对该词的近义复述推测词义。

同一短文中前后两个句子、短语或单词通常有互释作用，可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词或短语相关的信息以猜测词义。如：

It is difficult t

o list all of my fathe‘s attributes because he has so many different talents and abilities.(attribute：特质;才能)

(4)分析文中对该词的对比和并列表述推测词义。

利用上下文中的对比或并列表述猜测词义是最常用、最可靠的方法。有不少句子会在上下文中给出某个生词(尤其是偏词、难词)的同义词或反义词，运用对比或并列表达对这些生词加以推测。通过了解词与词之间的连接关系，特别是一些语篇标志词，如：however;on the other hand;nevertheless等，我们不难推断这些生词的词义。如：

If you agree，write “yes”;if you dissent，write “no”。(dissent：不同意）

每个季节都有不同的风景，下面是语文迷网整理的关于季节的英语作文，希望对你有帮助。

小学生写季节英语作文一

Spring is the first season of a year . There are there months in spring : Morch , April and May , The weather is warm and windy . It rains a lot . The trees turn green and all the flowers are coming ont . In spring, I can wear my shirts . I often plant trees and go hiking . So I like spring very much . Of course , I like the Spring Festival , too.

小学生写季节英语作文二

There are four seasons in a year.My favorite season is summer .Because when the summer is coming .I can change the beautiful skirt and I can go swimming .I like the swimming pool very much.In summer ,all things are bright.I can go to a lot of places that I like.In summer holiday,I also can spend my holiday with my parents and we can go to the Forbidden City.How interesting !

What is your favorite season?

小学生写季节英语作文三

I like summer best!In summer,the weather is sunny and hot.I can eat my favourite food-ice creams!Im very happy!I like swimming in the pool with my friends.In summer,the flowers are beautiful,the grss is very green.I can have a picnic with my parents.And we have fun!

I like summer best!Do you like it,too?

小学生写季节英语作文四

Fall is the third season of a year .There are three months in fall :July ,August and september .The weather in fall is cool ,Sometimes its windy .I can wear my jackets and jeans .

I often fly kites and go hiking with my good friends.And there are many fruits.

In fall ,Just like :apples ,bananas ,oranges… And the Mid Autuain Festival is in fall , too .So I like fall very much .

对于英语科目的准备，学生要根据自己的情况，做不同的准备。”对于英语基础比较薄弱的学生来说，这个暑假与其进行先修，不如利用这点时间把小学的英语知识再巩固、复习一遍。很多新升入初一的学生，在用词方面有很多不规范的现象，比如单复数，人称、时态的变化，短语的固定搭配等，总是出现错误。这些问题都与基础掌握不牢有关系，有些学生觉得这都是小毛病，不注意，等到了写作文的时候，这些都是扣分的地方，他们可能因为这些问题最后作文只能得几分。

要克服这些问题，学生可以在这个暑假把小学的课本再从头学一遍，要做到学过的单词都会默写，固定搭配的用法掌握准确，对名词的词性掌握清楚。在这个过程中，家长可以督促孩子，每天出几道题考考他(她)，家长在检查时一定要保证孩子写的单词完全正确，不能说差不多就行了。”

对于英语基础比较好的学生，这个暑假可以在词汇准备方面多下点功夫，达到熟练掌握的程度，“初中知识难度系数增加，而且词汇量也加大，提前掌握好初中的词汇，对于今后的学习会有很大帮助。”

I have a few cute little white rabbits, and I love them very much.

They have a pair of long ears, a pair of ruby-like eyes, dropping yo, tail like a small pompon, a white hair, like snow, really beautiful.

Little rabbits courage is very small, as long as a stranger to hide, the body shrink tight, very afraid.

White Rabbit can eat something, it loves radishes and vegetables, but must be washed, if it is not clean vegetables and radish, will be sick. Oh, its hard to be waiting.

Can be a small rabbit to grab the food looks interesting, and whenever I put the food in its pot, they will scrambling to run over, for fear that they can not eat food, the whole head into the basin; Sometimes they become so friendly, a food is divided to eat, one sub-points, after the end, it is the two legs on the food, three mouth a one together, the body Yi Chan Yi Chan, eat Relish!

Little rabbit, how are you naive and lovely!

Today, I had an interesting Christmas. In todays morning song, the teacher told us about the story of Christmas and the legend of Santa Claus, and so on.

The most interesting thing is the afternoon. In the afternoon, the students in our class first made a handmade greeting card and then shared the Pingan fruit, the apple.

Manual is the teachers idea. This card is to be given to mom and dad and to thank them for their hard care for a year. The method is: Handmade cover is a "Merry Christmas", there is a pine tree, pine trees on both sides are some of his paintings about Christmas figures etc.. The back is a letter of gratitude to mom and dad. The handwork seems simple, but its hard to do it. I was anxious to cut the paper, and all the sweat was crying. After cutting the paper, the framed frame is cut. After cutting the box, draw the pine tree first, then fold it along both sides of the pine tree, and finally decorate it with the edge, so that the card is almost ready. The cover read "Merry Christmas" and write a letter of thanks to mom and Dad, will be accomplished.

After the card for mom and Dad, we started to divide the apples. Every student is rushing to the forefront. The class is bustling with excitement. Everyone is happy to eat apples. They are chattering Like a bird flying away.

This is an interesting Christmas, a meaningful Christmas, a happy day!

The classmates, teacher wang, hello!

My name is ungho, 9 years old this year, height 1.36 meters, weight 30 kg and in grade three.

I am a lively and cheerful boy, I like sports, running, high jump, long jump, play a ball game are my strengths, and I also took part in the taekwondo training, is now red stripe, coach often praised me very well, Im very proud.

I also like to learn, not only book knowledge to master the good, and often read some books, fairy tales, classic, social science, celebrity stories, historical stories. I especially like weapon books, aircraft, tanks, guns I like it very much. Im going to good good study, invented a super plane in the future, to defend the motherland.

I also like painting, music, sachs is well.

I was industrious child, at home to help my mother do housework, I also recently learned Fried eggs.

I also love to play with classmates, all together, I am very happy, who have difficulty I are willing to help. Everybody praised me is a sensible boy.

同学们、王老师，你们好!

我的名字是成浩，今年9岁，身高1.36米，体重30公斤，上三年级了。

我是一个活泼开朗的男孩，我喜欢运动，跑步，跳高，跳远，打球都是我的长项，而且我还参加了跆拳道培训，现在已经红带了，教练经常夸我打的好，我自己也很骄傲。

我也喜欢学习，不仅书本知识掌握的好，而且经常看一些课外书，童话故事，古典名著，社会科学，名人故事，历史故事。我特别喜欢兵器方面的书，飞机，坦克，冲锋枪我都非常喜欢。我准备好好学习，将来发明一架超级飞机，来保卫祖国。

我还喜欢画画，音乐，萨克斯也吹得不错。

我还是勤劳的孩子，在家里帮妈妈做家务，我最近还学会了煎鸡蛋。

我还特别喜欢和同学们一起玩，大家在一起，我特别开心，谁有困难我都愿意帮助。大家都夸我是一个懂事的好孩子。

Birthday

My birthday is on Sunday. My parents are going to have a birthday party at home. I invite my friends to come to the party.

At the party. They give me many small presents. Such as cards， picture books， pens.

They sing Happy Birthday to me. My mother makes a big cake for me. I cut the cake into small pieces and give them out.

We sing and dance.We have a good time at the party.

My birthday party

Today is fools day and its also my birthday. My name is Sam. Im 11 years old. In my birthday party, Mother usually buys some interesting books for me and my father usually buys a pair of beautiful shoes for me. I love my gifts.

My friends are coming. The boys and girls are enjoying my birthday party. Theyre laughing and playing games. Now, Theyre eating sandwiches, cakes and fish. Theyre drinking apple juice and orange juice too. My birthday cake is very big. There are 11 candles on it. They say: happy birthday to Sam! Hip, Hip, Hurry! Hip, Hip, hurry!

Oh, what a nice birthday party!

The Spring Festival is the most solemn and most grand festival of the year. The Spring Festival, the streets and lanes, men and women, young and old face with a smile, enjoy the happiness of the festival.

The new year is to eat dumplings, I helped my mother wash the coins, then Zhaomaohuahu also together to wrap dumplings. All kinds of dumplings are like a treasure, carrying peoples longing for a good life. Steaming dumplings on the table at the end, the father ate the first, I didnt think the first coin, and then my brother, mom, the most fortunate, of course, I am! Our family is happy and laughable, tasting delicious food and talking about the happiest things of the day. Of course, my brother and I are most happy, of course, is "congratulations on getting rich, the red envelopes are coming". This year I also learned an interesting event, listen to my grandma said, send kitchen is celebrated on the twenty-four day of the twelfth lunar month, the day God banished to the emperor to report the things of the earth. People want God to speak, so this day people will prepare such a tribute special worship god. This new years Eve and day was the old man back in the day, of course also cannot neglect. I help grandma for fruit and snacks, on the three minute reverent and respectful, pray our family happiness, health, happiness in the coming year.

We have been playing late at night, the sound of the outside, the sound of laughter in the house! I like the Chinese new year, because I can eat dumplings in the new year, see the Spring Festival evening, and the most important thing to enjoy the fireworks is to share happiness with you. Its a good feeling for the New Year!

A week ago， my best friend gave me a lovely cat. I love it very much. It is special. Its fur is black not yellow. So I call it little black. It has the same taste with me. We all like eating fish. So， after it comes to my home， nearly every meal will appear fish. I like playing with it. It always makes me laugh. Every morning， it will wake me up. It brings much happiness for me.

国庆节到了，我们国家成立六十七周年了，机关、学校、工厂、社区、各单位门前挂着红布，上面写着“庆祝国庆”四个大字。

为了庆祝这一天，我们国家放七天长假，让大家高高兴兴的休息。有的人带着孩子去旅游，有的带着孩子去秋游，还有的带着孩子去超市、逛大街、进公园，大家都玩的特别开心。回家时大家都提着大包小包，有吃的，有穿的，有用的，还有学习用品和书籍。爸爸妈妈告诉我，现在生活真幸福，好像芝麻开花节节高，这应该感谢党的改革开放政策好。

国庆节的夜晚更加美丽，街上有各种各样的宫灯，五彩缤纷，还有人行道上火树银花星星点点，闪闪发光，使人看后流连忘返。

National Day to the sixty-seventh anniversary of our country, organs, schools, factories, communities, units in front of a red cloth, which says "to celebrate the National Day" four characters.

In order to celebrate this day, our country put seven days of holiday, so that everyone happy to rest. Some people take their children to travel, and some children with the autumn tour, and some children with the supermarket, shopping street, into the park, we all play very happy. When we are home, we are carrying a large bag, eat, have to wear, useful, and school supplies and books. Mom and Dad told me that life is now really happy, as if sesame seeds flowering high, it should be grateful to the partys reform and opening up policy is good.

National Day of the night more beautiful, the streets have a variety of palace lanterns, colorful, as well as sidewalks on the fire tree Yinhua little stars, sparkling, people see after lunch.

一、形成性评价的概念

形成性评价(Formative Assessment)是美国评价学专家斯克里芬在1967年在其所著的《评论方法论》里提出来的。所谓的形成性评价是相对于传统的终结性评价(Summative Assessment)而言的，指的是对学生日常学习过程中的表现、所取得的成绩及所反映出来的情感、态度和策略方面的发展做出的评价，这种评价是通过对学生学习的整个过程持续观察、记录和反思之后得出来的。

形成性评价的目的是为了激励学生学习，帮助学生调控自己的学习过程。让学生获得成就感，增强其自信心和团结合作精神，让学生从被动接受评价变成一个评价的主体和积极参与者。形成性评价能够帮助教师了解学生的学习情况，从而制定下一步的教学计划。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价不只以考试成绩来衡量学生的学习情况，它更加灵活方便，也更加科学有效。形成性评价注重对学生学习行为和表现的评估，能够有效发挥学生的主动性和创造性，有利于培养学生的学习兴趣，也能够有效提高学生的自信心。

在英语口语教学中运用形成性评价，能够让学生在课堂中互相评价，增强学生参与课堂教学的积极性，在提高英语口语能力的同时体会到成功的快乐，形成一个教师与学生、学生与学生之间良好互动的课堂。形成性评价注重开发学生的创新能力和思考能力，而要培养这些能力就必须依靠坚持不懈的学习和运用来完成。

二、形成性评价的方法与工具

首先，一般而言，形成性评价的方法大致分为：自我评价、同伴互评和教师评价。

自我评价是指学生在学习的过程中就自己学习进程中的某个阶段性成果的总结和评价。自我评价是形成性评价中尤为重要的评价方法，只有通过自我评价才能尽力发挥其的主观能动性，积极主动地参与课堂教学活动。只有主观积极地参与课堂，就自己不同阶段的水平，才能更好地定位自己进一步的目标，并在课程初期、中期及末期分别给予自己相对客观中肯的评价，以促进下一阶段的学习。

同伴互评是指在课堂活动中，就某一活动进行同学之间的评价，评价包括学习态度、学习能力及学习方法的评价。在同伴互评的过程中，学生们可以相互探讨学习方法、交流学习心得、提出改进的建议和意见。同伴之间相互比较、竞争，相互取长补短，既增强了合作精神又促进了学习能力和学习效率的提升。同伴互评作为形成性评价重要的方法之一，其评价形式既增强了课堂的趣味性又增强了学生的学习自信心和学习热情。

课堂学习的主体是学生，但是学习评价的主体却是教师。形成性评价侧重过程教育，在教学过程中，根据需要调整教学计划和内容，该评价尤其重视学生与教师在课堂的共同参与度，而非教师“一言堂”。首先，教师在教学过程中设定好学生自我评价与同伴评价的量化标准，列好学生自我评价和同伴评价的核查表；其次，学生根据核查表才可有的放矢，对照核查表所列的内容一一检查，每节课后，客观公正地给予自己和他人中肯的评价；最后，结合学生自我评价和同伴评价的反馈结果，教师针对学生课堂上的表现，纵向对比某一特定学生评价前后的差异，或者横向比较某一特定组别在同一活动中每位学生各项指标的完成情况，同时，以多种形式反馈给学生并提出整改意见。因而，在教学的不同阶段，根据学生的能力发展状况，教师可适时调整评价方式，不断改进教学方法和教学手段。

只有将自我评价、同伴评价与教师评价结合在一起评价方式才能保证较好的教学效果，才能促进教育改革的进一步深化，真正达到以素质教育培养复合型人才的终极目标。

其次，形成性评价的行为评估工具有课堂观察、学生档案、座谈、问卷调查、访谈和对话周记等。如何运用以及怎样运用这些评价工具要根据所授课程、课程目标和授课对象等诸多因素做适当调整。

课堂观察是教学行为和技巧的基本方式。根据Genesee and Upshur(2001:79)的观点，教师在观察的基础上，可以评估学生已掌握和未掌握的内容。换言之，教师应该评估促进或阻碍学生学习的策略。与此同时，教师还可评估一些特定的教学策略的有效性，确定学生们欣赏哪些课堂活动和形式。课堂观察有助于教师更好地了解课程设计和学生需求的契合度。通过正式或非正式的观察，教师可掌握大多数学生对于教学安排的可接受程度，根据学生的需求改进或调整教学安排等，以提升教学效果。

“questionnaires and interviews can all be thought of as conversations between students and teachers”（Genesee and Upshur，2001:136）。如上所述，问卷调查和访谈都可被看作教师和学生间的对话，访谈和问卷调查是相似的，但决定使用访谈或者问卷调查可依据不同的教学目的。无论是哪种方式，都是老师和学生之间相对正式的会谈，这非常有利于老师对他的教学效果进行评估,诊断学生在英语学习遇到的困难，为学生寻找合适的解决问题,获得良好的学习策略和学习得到更多的进步。访谈和问卷调查设计应该根据学生的个人需求并符合教学目标。

对话周记作为教师和学生沟通的另一种方式，深受学生的喜爱。因课程设置和班级规模的不同，课堂观察、问卷调查及访谈都相对比较片面，而对话周记则可以关注到每个学生的不同需求。师生间定期通信，既增加了教师和学生之间的相互了解，增强彼此的信任，又能解决学生的个案问题，做到因材施教；同时，为了促进“教学相长”，学生可及时反馈教师的课堂教学，对于教师的教学提出较好的建议和意见。

学生档案是一个综合各项评估功能于一体的评估工具。它可以记录学生的成长、课堂变化且兼顾多种需要。如今，众多评价工具只把学生作为评价的对象，而评估的责任和任务的则落到了教师身上。但事实上，几乎没有一种评价工具能很好地管理学生活动并对其课堂行为负责。相比之下, 建立学生档案，需要学生亲力亲为；本着自我负责的原则，他们要更好地自我监督和控制，同时，在建档案的过程中，学生可以见证自己的进步与成长，增强学习的自信，提高学习的效果。

三、形成性评价对于英语口语教学的重要性与紧迫性

众所周知,教育评估在大学英语课程改革中扮演着相当重要的角色。英语教学的重点已从传播知识转移到培养能力。多年来，在中国，人们只注重英语写作和阅读的能力的提升，而一直忽视英语口语交际能力。多年来，教学评价已经被狭义理解为量化教学，而后进一步局限于教学测试。考试作为教学的终极目的，期末考试的成绩也就成为教师评价学生的最重要的依据。而对于口语课堂，单一的这种评估方式和依据增加了大多数学生的心理压力和少部分学生侥幸心理。考试成绩给学生很大压力，危害学生的发展，评估过程中，学生一直被动地参与，无法调动其积极性。当课程结束时，教师将得不到及时准确的学生反馈，无法改善评估方法以助于提高学生的英语口语能力。

“形成性评价源于诊断性测试。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价通过教学过程中多方面的评价发现问题，解决问题，强调过程性、目标性和学生学习的主动性。” (魏薇，2005) 鉴于终结性评价在口语测试评分中的片面性和主观性，大学英语口语表达能力的培养还是受到了这种终结性评价的制约。在大学英语口语教学中，形成性评价最重要的任务的是帮助教师监控学生英语口语的学习过程，提高学生的英语口语学习。如能将形成性评价的理论引入大学英语口语课堂教学与测试中，建立大学英语口语课程与形成性评价相结合的评估模式，则会推动大学英语口语教学和测试的改革进程。

鉴于口语课堂的特点，为了克服传统终结性评价对于口语课堂的制约性，形成性评价与大学英语口语教学相结合有其不可忽视的重要性和紧迫性。

首先，由于口语表达能力除了包含最基本的发音、词汇、语法能力还有语用能力、文化知识储备力等多项复杂的技能，而所有的这些技能无法在某一次测试中完全体现出来。因口语学习的最终目的是运用到相关学科、为了更好地促进国际交流。

而形成性评价尤其注重过程教学，这种评价将教学过程分成了诸多阶段，学生可在每个不同的阶段就自己的学习态度、发音、语言运用的准确性、流利程度以及课堂活动参与的积极性进行横向的同学互评和纵向的自我比较。一方面，横向比较可以找到彼此间的差距，互相帮助已达到各方面的提升；另一方面，学生可在整理学习档案的过程中，纵向比较自己前后阶段的学习情况，时刻了解自己在每个阶段的学习状况，在教师和同学的辅助下，运用不同的学习方法和策略，逐项提高自己的口语能力。 另外，教师在学生进行评价的过程中，可真实地参与并记录学生在各方面的真实水平。

其次，口语课堂实际上是教师与学生、学生与学生之间的互动交际。教师需要花费大量的时间设计口语活动、鼓励学生参与活动、监控课堂活动、诊断学生的需求和问题、记录学生的表现等。学生则在各种学习任务和活动中不断地练习、发现问题、纠正偏差。

与传统的终结性评价不同，形成性评价的最显著特征是评价的主体是学生，学生和教师共同参与课堂，缺一不可。根据多数学生的关注点，学生参与确定研究目标、评分标准和英语口语的性能评估。因而，他们了解每一项活动的任务和目标，他们可合理运用各种评价方式和工具，课前认真准备，课堂上积极参与，能与教师积极互动，课堂上客观地评价自己、同伴和教师。这不仅是一种评价过程，更是学生回归自我认同感的方式。学生增加了学习自信，在评价过程中不断积累经验，逐步获得学习成就感。教师亦可在与学生互动的过程中，更好地了解学生的知识掌握和课堂反馈情况，根据反馈适时调整教学方法。如此良性循环，既增强了课堂的趣味性又提高了学生的学习效率。

四、结语

形成性评价，作为正常教学和学习过程的有机部分，可以全面、客观、科学、准确地提供与其学习目标相关的重要信息，它有助于促进学生的个性化发展和外语教学质量的根本性提高。形成性评价其中的一个重要作用是培养学生良好的英语学习习惯。将英语形成性评价与口语教学紧密地结合在一起，能提高学生学习的兴趣并及时、准确、客观地反映学生的真实水平，使学生的英语口语能力稳步提高。通过采用具体的形成性评价方式，发展学生的自我评价与学生间相互评价的能力，以促进学生的自我反思与自我管理能力。从而提高学生自主学习意识与自主学习能力，并为他们养成终身学习的意识与习惯打下基础。

My school is Tailan primary school, Thats a good place,this is a beautiful school.

There are many flowers, many classrooms,many leaves, many offices, a large hall, a playground in our school, in the playground we can run and play.also there is a garden in my school, many flowers and trees in it, we often walk in the garden after lunch.

I like my school very much! Do you like my school?

22 March 2006

Dear Mr. Wang,

Thank you for a rapid response to our invitation. Enclosed you will find an outline of events to take place during International Week here at the University of Montana. I will also list a number of possible speaking engagements so that you can choose those things in which you are most interested. As far as topics are concerned, the topics for classroom visits are generally determined by the professor, but most professors are very flexible. We have approximately thirty-five faculty members that teach courses in Asian Studies, ranging from language and culture to history and economics.

Here is a tentative schedule:

Sunday, April 8th

10 am - Cultural Exhibition opens

12 am - International Festival begins with a speech by the university president and an introduction of visiting dignitaries

1-5 pm - Opportunity to visit festival, interact with student performers, taste foods

6 pm - Dinner with Director of Mansfield Center Phil West, Ambassador Mark Johnson, and staff of Mansfield Center

As you can see, there is tremendous interest in China here at the University of Montana. Please let me know if this outline suits your purpose, and if not, please dont hesitate to offer any suggestions for changes. We can arrange as many or as few speaking engagements as you have time for.

Thank you for your attention and enthusiasm.

Yours sincerely,

Lily Ma

Your enthusiasm, your both hands, can help others ; Your sincerity, your smile, can move others ; Your compliment, your blessing, can reciprocate others ……This, are all what you should do . Because you are accepting others help all the time , you should reciprocate them. No matter the friend or enemy, no matter the one that is familiar w-ith or strange one, whether he is a rich man or beggar. Help to be not to choose the target , choose time , choose the place. Go , make others warm with heart of you , g-o , help others with hand of you , go , persuade someone else with your action. This is what you should do . You should learn to pay , learns help, learn to present . So long as everybody can do so both, this world will be a cradle that is full of loving , the earth is that one is full of warm collectives!