英语考场写作有什么方法技巧【通用20篇】

不少中学生作文时都没有写提纲的习惯。有的不懂得写提纲的重要性，怕耽误时间，会写而不写；更多的是不会写或不会写合要求的、有用的提纲。作文前应该写好提纲，这是保证作文成功的一项重要举措。老舍先生说：有了提纲心里就有了底，写起来就顺理成章；先麻烦点，后来可省事。由此可见，学会写提纲，养成作文前写提纲的习惯，应该是中学生写作学习的重要任务，是有效提高写作水平的好方法。

提纲犹如工程的蓝图、作战的计划，要力求写得符合要求。有些同学常写1．事情的开始；2．事情的经过；3事情的结果一类的提纲．这太空洞，对作文没有什么用处，不成其为提纲。也有同学把提纲写成文章的内容提要，这又太繁琐，也不好。还有的同学把提纲写得呆板、生硬，缺少变化，缺少特色，这样的提纲当然也不算好提纲，也会严重影响作文的质量。

应该如何写提纲才合要求呢？

一、提纲要切题。例如，有同学写《说功夫不负有心人》的提纲是这样写的：1．有心就是有明确的目的；2．有心就是有正确的方法；3有心就是有认真的态度和创造精神。认真审一下题便可知道，这一种提纲就比较切题。

二、提纲要体现体裁特点。假如要以《门》为题分别写议论文、说明文、记叙文，则其提纲，应该分别体现出不同的体裁特点。

联想、想像、象征（托物言志）、比较、对比、衬托、反衬、烘托、以小见大、借景抒情（情景交融）、伏笔和铺垫、前后照应（呼应）、直接（间接）描写、扬抑（欲扬先抑、欲抑先扬）。作用分别如下：

1、象征（托物言志）：通过咏物来抒情，常常借助于某些具体植物、动物、物品等的一些特性，委婉曲折地将作者的感情表达出来。

作用：首先是它把抽象的事理表现为具体的可感知的形象。其次是可以使文章更含蓄些，运用眼前之物，寄托深远之意。

2、衬托：以他体从正面、反面两个角度陪衬本体。作用：突出本体的××特征。

3、对比：把两种相反的事物或一种事物相对立的两个方面作比较。

作用：鲜明的突出了主要事物或事物的主要方面的××特征。

4、借景抒情：通过描写具体生动的自然景象或生活场景，表达作者某种真挚的思想感情。 作用：做到情景交融，使文章充满诗情画意。

5、先抑后扬：先否定或贬低事物形象，尔后深入挖掘事物特点及内在意义，再对事物予以肯定、褒扬。作用：突出强调了事物（人物）的特征。

6、侧面（间接）描写：侧面烘托出该人物的××性格、品行和技能，使得文章结构更加集中紧凑，表达更为简洁精练。

直接和间接描写方法结合运用，可以使被描写的人物或景物的特点更加鲜明、突出。

7、伏笔和铺垫：作用：内容前后照应，情节严丝合缝。

8、照应：记叙文：使文章浑然一体，整体感强，突出主题。

议论文：强化××论点。 散文：反复地抒发××情感，增加情感的深度。

9、联想：由一事物想到另一事物的心理过程。

作用：丰富文章内容，使人物形象更丰满，性格更鲜明突出，情节更生动感人。

10、想像：在原有的感性形象的基础上，创造新形象的心理过程。

作用：为塑造形象、表现主题服务。使读者接受美的陶冶。

写作手法指写一首诗，使它好的所有的手法，它可以有很多方面，修辞方面，表达方式方面，表现手法方面等。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

英语写作是中考中检测学生语言应用能力的最重要部分。

提高中考写作水平，需要有效的训练。正确无误的造句能力和各种文体的写作技巧，两者缺一不可。

正确无误的造句能力

这得从初中一开始就抓起，首先可以从替换单词、扩词造句训练，做到有效积累，扩大视野，灵活运用。

如：如何修饰一个最简单、最常用的“说”？我们就可以写出许多：say some thing gladly（merrily excitedly sadly kindly worriedly loudly sweetl ytimidly bravely confidently）

还可说say some thing in a friendly way.替换了一个副词，生动地表达了说话时的不同心情。

扩词有：play football——play foot ball in the play ground——play football in the play ground with my friends——play football in the play ground with my friends after school.对其中的动词我们还可替换成playgames，play the piano…等，后面的状语都可以有相应的更换。

又如：a friend——my friend——my close friend——my close friend named Mary.以此类推，我们可以模仿着进行扩句训练。The students love life.——The studentsof Class One love enjoyable school life verymuch.为了避免句型的重复，我们还可以转换不同的句型，来表达同一内容。如：The dictionary is so big that it doesn’t fit in tomy pocket.——The dic ti on ary is too big to fit into my pocket.——The dictionary is not small enough to fit into my pocket.

这样训练写句的方法，可以帮助学生克服心里先想好中文，然后逐字翻译的不良习惯，从而造的句子符合英语表达的习惯。

在平时的学习中，我们可以试着用课文中所学的句型和词汇，设计一些中译英句子，虽然对初中学生有一定的难度，但长此以往可以有效地掌握正确的句子结构，巩固所学词汇，做到活学活用，为中考作文作好铺垫。

在《牛津》7B开始，我们针对所学的句型和学生日常学习生活的真实情景，设计了许多中译英，如：

1.尽管我的爷爷奶奶已80多岁了，他们还能每天早上坚持锻炼。(although…)

2.你与其他同学不同，你总是喜欢独自一人呆在家里。(be different from)

3.去天目山参观是一件很开心的事。(It’sfun…)

4.我有个建议，把我们旧的书报杂志送给班级阅览角，这样同学们就会有更多的书可以分享。(suggestion)

5.在暴风雨中，我们最好不放风筝，因为它可能让我们触电。(because,get a electric shock)

6.新的隧道将把上海和崇明岛连接起来。(linkup…with)

7.这位驾驶员从这次事故中吸取了教训。(learn a lesson)

8.我们赢了这场比赛，他们看上去很失望。(win，look)

9.你们校运会准备工作进展如何？(get on with…)

10.我们盼望着2008年的北京奥运会.(look forward to)有了扎实的组词、造句能力，要写好一篇中考作文，就如同裁缝做服装准备好了上等的面料，如果学生对中考中可能出现的各种文体的格式，一般行文规律能了解掌握，那么中考作文定能获得满意的成绩。

为什么要记读书笔记？

首先，它可以帮助记忆。知识越丰富越好。知识的丰富是由积累而形成的；读了就忘，知识是丰富不起来的。必须记住，读书笔记便是帮助记忆、积累知识的最好途径之一。俗话说："好记忆不如烂笔头。"就说明记笔记能帮助记忆。

其次，记笔记也是积累知识的一种好方式。古人说：就是说，阅读时必须记笔记，才能积累知识。北宋沈括的《梦溪笔谈》就是一部读书笔记式的作品。

第三，记读书笔记还能帮助提高阅读能力。分析能力，综合归纳的能力以及文字表达能力，是一种手脑并用、阅读和写作结合的综合训练。

从以上三点看，都应重视写读书笔记。

操作指导

读书笔记怎么写呢？

首先，应了解读书笔记的类型。读书笔记一般有批注、摘录、提纲、心得等几种。写读书笔记时，可根据写笔记的目的、书的类型及自己的习惯，确定写什么样的读书笔记。

1、批注笔记。即边读边把自己的看法、疑问等或在书上划出表示重点、次重点、疑问等等的符号，或在书的天头、地脑作些评语和注释。这种读书笔记简单易行，但首先得书是自己的，别人的书，不能乱画；即使是自己的书，下批注时也应先多想想：自己的看法对不对？怎么表述才简明，然后才写。因书上的空白处不多，想到就写，写了又感到不合适，那就会把书划得乱七八糟了。

2、摘录笔记。就是将书中的精彩观点、新颖材料及名言警句等摘抄下来，以备将来选用。（是最简单的一种做读书笔记的方法，即"摘抄法"。所谓摘抄就是读一本书、一篇文章，把其中的一些好的句子和段落摘下来，抄在本子上或卡片上。摘抄的内容要根据自己的需要来定。）这种读书笔记是大量的。做摘抄笔记时，最好让每段摘录自成一段。后面还应写上摘自什么书，多少页，该书的作者是谁，出版者是谁，哪一年出版的，都应写在摘抄的后面，以备将来查验、核对。两段摘录之间留下较大空白，这样做一是使摘录的眉目清楚，二是留下空白便于将来翻阅、运用时可以作批记。

3、提纲笔记。就是将读过的书的中心思想、段落大意、内容要点及写作方法等等，以提纲挈领的方式写出来。

4、心得笔记。就是阅读后，将自己的心得、体会、感想等写出来。也叫读后感。

5、仿写笔记。即模仿摘录的精彩句子、段落进行仿写，达到学会运用、学以致用。

6、评论笔记。主要是对读物中的人物、事件加以评论，以肯定其思想艺术价值如何。可分为书名、主要内容、评论意见。

7、简缩笔记。为了记住故事梗概，读了一篇较长文章后，抓住主要内容，把它缩写成短文。

不同的读书笔记有不同的作用，可根据实际选择、确定。

其次，不论写什么样的读书笔记，有几点是共同的，也是应注意的。

①必须认真地读懂原作。这是写好读书笔记的前提。提纲笔记、心得笔记要以读懂原作为基础。就是摘抄笔记，也应细读原文。否则，你的摘抄就可能断章取义，就可能抄破了句。

②态度要严肃、认真、细致。严肃是尊重原作，不要有意歪曲原作的意思，更不要为了达到个人目的，故意断章取义；认真，指应该认真阅读，认真分析，力求抓住原作的要点、重点、精彩的地方，不能马虎从事；细致，指摘抄原文后一字一句校对，不能有误差，连原书作者、出版者、出版时间等也要记得详细，不要怕麻烦。因为这时的任何粗心，都会在以后付出更大的代价。如多少年后，你想引用这段名言，却因没记原作者名字，你想查出名言的出处，那时恐怕连书也找不到了，想用也不好用。如果摘抄时记得细致，就不会有这种麻烦了。

举例说明

感悟型读书笔记--读后感的写法：

分为三步：

一、引。

先写自己读了什么（包括书名、作者、内容梗概），并用简洁的语言写出自己的感受。如：我今天读了《--》这篇文章，心情久久不能平静，我深深了解了什么是幸运，什么是不幸。

二、议。

这是读书笔记的重点所在。分两部分：第一部分，引述原文重点地，或让你感动的句子，加以分析理解。第二部分，联系自己的生活等方面的实际谈感想。第二部分是读后的"神"，极为重要。

三、结。

总结全文。可写出自己的决心、理想、感想等。

后话

读书笔记是人们在读书时为帮助记忆而写的一种应用文体。古人有条著名的读书治学经验，叫做读书要做到：眼到、口到、心到、手到。这"手到"就是读书笔记。自古以来，我国的文人、学者都很重视做读书笔记。做读书笔记既是消化书本知识的有效手段，又可以积累有用的材料，训练思维的逻辑性和条理性，提高分析问题和解决问题的能力。

做读书笔记，不重在看你写了多少篇，而重在看教师读书笔记的内容，所表现出来的读书反思、读书方法、读书经验和读书目标等。

一、审题的“精确性”

在上篇中，笔者已经介绍了部分考题中的“绝对性”的应对措施，而根据专家对于过去2年独立写作考题的分析，发现有90%以上的题目属于“支持/反对”型：

2011.01.30

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Because the change of the society is so rapidly, people are less happy or less satisfied with their life than people did in the past time.

而剩下的则是由“对比论述型”构成的：

2011.03.13

Some people think children should spend most of their time in studying and playing while others think they should help their parents with the household chores. What’s your opinion?

在审题时，考生必须首先把题目通读1-3遍，彻底把握题目主旨后，方可进行段落布局。在这里，笔者结合自己的经验给考生们一些建议：首先，判断题目是否包含“绝对”含义的词，若有，则按照上篇讲过的建议布局，若没有，则对于同意或者反对的理由进行快速的brain storming, 然后根据分论点的数量及论点的可延展性来敲定立场：

Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Disagree:

1) Endangered animals are valuable because of their limited quantities

2) Environment balance

3) Endangered animals sometimes stand for the country, so they are more valuable than farmlands

Agree:

1) life quality is the top priority

2) endangered animals can be raised in the zoos

经过一番考量，假如考生得出了上述的一些分论点及想法，这时候，主体段的布局基本就可以敲定大方向了。第一种就是完全反对题目的说法，采用五段式结构布局，每个主体段论证上述三个分论点中的一个;第二种也是反对题目的说法，采用五段式结构布局，但是前2个主体段从三个分论点中选二个去论证，而第三个主体段从“同意”的二个分论点里去选一个，最后的结论还是倾向于反对的。第三种是采用四段式结构布局，即第一个主体段从三个反对意见中选择二到三个分论点去写，而第二个主体段则从赞同的分论点里去选择，数量上比前一段少一个即可，最后结论还是倾向于反对多一点。这样说是不是有些同学看了会有点“晕”呢?那下面笔者就再举个简单点的例子吧：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. Use specific reasons and details to explain your opinion.

Disagree:

1) Most people are common, so they want to know something about famous ones

2) Famous people stand for some fashion

3) Constrain the public figures

4) Celebrities can improve the national cohesion and unity

又经过了几分钟思考，我们得出了上述的四个分论点，但是一时半会赞同的理由实在是想不出。若考试的时候遇到这种情况，千万别犹豫不决，马上从已经想好的观点里面进行挑选。于是，这个题目我们就采用完全反对的立场，以五段式结构布局全文，主体段的分论点从上述四点中挑选三个展开论述即可。这样一来，大家是不是明白一点了呢?

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their older (15 to 18 year-old) teenage children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Agree: Parents make decision for children.

1) Parents have more experience

2) 15-18 years old children are not adults, so they cant take responsibility

还有一种情况就是我们只能想出两个分论点，这时候考生应该果断采用四段式布局，而这一次，两个主体段都分别论述一个同意的理由，而在结尾时，可以顺便提一些反对的理由，这样也不失为一种灵活的方法，希望考生们可以借鉴。

二、分论点的排列原则

专家提醒考生们，在布局的时候我们不是随意编排分论点的先后顺序，而是需要有一定的逻辑性和合理性。一般说来，五段式的三个主体段，若都是同意或者都是反对的理由的话，一般这些分论点有两种逻辑顺序，即第一种按照“重要性”来排，将你认为最主要的理由放在第一个主体段中详细论证;第二种是按照“小到大”的原则，即个人方面的理由先写，然后再是家庭，公司，最后再是社会，国家等。倘若所有的论点都是在一个范围内的，比如都是属于个人的论点，则这个时候要看这些分论点后续的论证内容的多少，比如某一个分论点你既举得出例子，又可以进行对比或者因果论述的话那肯定应该先写这个分论点，若某一个分论点后续能够阐述的理由只有一句话的时候那就应该果断地将其排在后面写。若文章是四段式的结构，则在一个主体段中的排列顺序和前面讲的原则是一致的。

感谢信是重要的礼仪文书，是向帮助、关心和支持过自己的集体（党政机关、企事业单位、社会团体等）或个人表示感谢的专业书信，有感谢和表扬双重意思。一方受惠于另一方，应及时地表达谢忱，使对方在付出劳动和贡献后得到心理上和精神上的收益，它是一种不可少的公关手段。

感谢信是得到某人或某单位的帮助、支持或关心后答谢别人的书信。感谢信对于弘扬正气、树立良好的社会风尚，促进社会主义精神文明建设有着重要意义。根据寄送对象不同，感谢信可以分为三种：一种是直接寄送给感谢对象，一种是寄送对方所在单位有关部门或在其单位公开张贴，还有一种是寄送给广播电台、电视台、报社、杂志社等媒体公开播发。

【格式写法】

感谢信的结构一般由标题、称谓、正文、结语、署名与日期五部分构成。

1．标题。可只写“感谢信”三字；也可加上感谢对象，如“致张子鸣同学的感谢信”、“致平安物业公司的感谢信”；还可再加上感谢者，如“赵明康全家致××社区居委会的感谢信”；

2．称谓。写感谢对象的单位名称或个人姓名。如“××交警大队”、“刘自立同志”。

3．正文。主要写两层意思，一是写感谢对方的理由，即“为什么感谢？”二是直接表达感谢之意。

（1）感谢理由。首先准确、具体、生动地叙述对方的帮助，交代清楚人物、时间、地点、事迹、过程、结果等基本情况；然后在叙事基础上对对方的帮助作恰贴、诚恳的评价，以揭示其精神实质、肯定对方的行为。在叙述和评价的字里行间要自然渗透感激之情。

（2）表达谢意。在叙事和评论的基础上直接对对方表达感谢之意，根据情况也可在表达谢意之后表示以实际行动向对方学习的态度。

4．结语。一般用“此致敬礼”或“再次表示诚挚的感谢”之类的话，也可自然结束正文，不写结语。

5．署名与日期。写感谢者的单位名称或个人姓名和写信的时间。

【基本要求】

1、感谢的事由概括叙述感谢的理由，表达谢意。

3、写清对方的事迹：具体叙述对方的先进事迹，叙述时务必交待清楚人物、事件、时间、地点、原因和结果，尤其重点叙述关键时刻对方给予的关心和支持。

3、揭示意义：在叙述事实的基础上指出对方的支持和帮助对整个事情成功的重要性以及体现出的可贵精神。同时表示向对方学习的态度和决心。

4、结语：写感谢信收束时表示敬意的话、感谢的话。

5、落款：感谢信的落款署上写信的单位名称或个人姓名，并且署上成文日期。前者在上，后者在下。

【注意事项】

内容要真实

评誉要恰当感谢信的内容必须真实，确有其事，不可夸大溢美。感谢信以感谢为主，兼有表扬，所以表达谢意时要真诚，说到做到。评誉对方时要恰当，不能过于拔高，以免给人一种失真的印象。

用语要适度

叙事要精练感谢信的内容以主要事迹为主，详略得当，篇幅不能太长，所谓话不在多，点到为止。感谢信的用语要求是精炼、简洁，遣词造句要把握好一个度，不可过分雕饰，否则会给人一种不真实、虚伪的感觉。

【感谢信与表扬信的区别】

两者都是对别人的某种行为的肯定与表扬。但侧重点不一样。表扬信是侧重表扬某人，表扬某人做了什么好事，可以不是当事人自己写；而感谢信则是表达对某人帮助的感谢，是当事自己写的。

【感谢信范文】

尊敬的ｘｘｘ领导：

我是ｘｘｘ驾驶员，20ｘｘ年10月24日下午，我在北海路与北宫东街路口附近办事时，不慎将随身携带的手包丢失，里面放有身份证、驾驶证、现金、银行卡以及部分重要资料，过了半小时发现后，再到原处去找，包早就不见了。正在我万分着急，并且对找回包不报什么希望的时候，驻地交警大队给我打来电话，告诉我包被一位女士捡到，并交到了交警部门，交警部门又根据包内信息联系到了我。领回我的包后，经过多方打听，才知道这位拾金不昧的女士是ｘｘｘ，事后，我想单独拿出现金表达谢意，但ｘｘｘｘ坚决不接受，并且一再表示这是自己应该做的。

今天，我怀着万分感激的心情，写这封信，不但是为了表达对ｘｘｘ的感谢，对她拾金不昧高尚行为的敬佩，也是为了表达对贵院领导的感激之情，ｘｘｘ之所以能这么做，正是得益于贵院领导的正确领导和大力倡导，得益于贵院有充满正能量的院风院纪和积极向上的医院文化。在此，向贵院领导和翟女士表示衷心的感谢和崇高的敬意，祝愿贵院的医疗事业蒸蒸日上、蓬勃发展，祝愿各位身体健康，事业顺利！

张X

20ｘｘ年10月27日

1、紧贴学生生活生活中处处有作文。引导学生在参与生活中学作文，在审视自已的生活中写作文，在品味自己的生活感悟中写作文，符合现代教育观，符合学生习作的心理，有利于学生创新能力的培养。我注重丰富学生的校园生活，开放图书室，让学生自由地大量读写。在班里办手抄小报，语文课向课外延伸。多彩的校园生活，提供了丰富的写作养料。我还注意营造学生参与社会活动的良好环境，引导学生参加各种社会实践活动，在各种活动中自主地搜集素材，记录体验，写感想、心得。学生作文一律从学生经历的活动中感受最深的事件中选题，这样，儿童由“无话”到“有话”，由“怕写到“乐写”,由“瞎编乱造”到“真情涌现”。

2、引导儿童交际小学作文教学是言语交际中最基本的表达训练，从社会言语交际的实际需要出发，为社会言语交际的实际需要服务是作文教学的指导思想。要让学生明白：写文章就是向人家介绍一件事情或一位人物，表达自己一定的情感。要强化学生的“作者”意识，在写前要站在作者的立场上思考：我的文章写给谁看？怎样写才能把事物说明白，进而能打动人，使读者身临其境。站在这样的预防交际的角度上构思写作，文章便容易倾注作者的情感。写完后我让儿童把习作读给别人听，或征求别人意见，或与听者一道分享美词佳句的快乐。让同学们修改自己的习作，也倾听别人的习作，对同学的习作进行评价，提出修改意见。每一次写作的过程都是一次语言交际的过程，使学生感到写作文不仅是提高自己运用语言能力的需要，也是社会生活、人际交往的需要，从而乐写不疲。

3、开放写作时空这样的作文教学大纲司空见惯：老师命题《我的++》，学生“遵命服从”，全班学生搜肠刮肚，胡编乱写，凭空塑造一位“伟大的母亲”、“可敬的老师”。学生心里明白老师要求的是文章技巧如何，并不管你是否真有其人，确有其事；老师要求的是你快速作文、当堂完成，以训练写作上的应试能力。这种指导思想，这种写作的时空条件，不管学生有无经历、体验、积累，只要编得圆满即可。如何让学生写出真情实感呢?据报载：一位美国教师让学生写《我的爸爸》，给学生两周的时间，让学生去采访父母、亲戚、邻居，观察爸爸上班的情形，以深刻地了解自己的爸爸。这样，为自己的写作积累了大量的素材，自然有话可说，自然情深意切。我们不妨开放学生的写作时空，让学生在自由的时空里捕捉作文的生命活力。

4、鼓励文体各异当今，普高语文教材及成人复习教材的目录中，都悄悄地将“记叙文”、“议论文”、“说明文”等所谓的文体取消了。“淡化文体”正成为语文界的热门话题。成人如此，何况初学习作的小学生?文章本无体，古人作文是不讲文体的：如王安石的《游褒禅山记》、苏东坡的《石钟山记》都属“文体难辨”的文章。文是用来抒发心曲的，本应是满腔热情、满腔思想的自然流淌和外泄。作文指导，无疑要指导学生说真话、说实话，说自己想说的话。记叙文在小学生习作中占重要地位，如教师一味地指导学生围绕这个圈子转，势必会阻碍他们思维的发展，思路的拓宽。以至于一抬笔，文体的约束就占据了大脑，唯恐不合规范。这样写哪有激情和灵感。小学生要表达的东西也有深沉的、羞涩的、神秘的，他们有自己的听众，自己的读者，要用适合自己的方式表达心声。如写一个人物，书信体、日记体、议论说明体皆可用之，甚至比起记叙文抒发起感情来有过之而无不及。每个学生都有自己的个性，自己的思想，教学作文，文体无需千篇一律，而要因人而异，因文而异。

5、放手自拟文题统一规定文题同样不利于学生思维的开拓，更使部分学生易犯“无病呻吟”的坏毛病。在此方面也应为学生营造相应宽松的空间。“开放式”文题。即在主题确定以后，完全放手让学生自拟题目，减少文题对学生思想的束缚。如写一位老师，以《我的老师》为题，可能多数学生会写现在的尤其是语文老师，无疑内容的来源的文章的思路都是很窄的；若放手让学生自拟，那么诸如《我最喜欢的一位老师》、《我最难忘的一位老师》、《我的启蒙老师》，《我心目中的好老师》……将如雨后春笋般涌现。文题丰富了，内容自然不会枯燥管，形式自然不会单一，感情也自然真挚感人。“补充式”文题。即提供文题的形式，让生自补文题内容。如《我最难忘的……》，同学们有了自己的生活阅历，总有自己最难忘的东西。这此东西可能是人、事或物。于是，诸如《我最难忘的一个人》、《我最难忘的一件事》、《我最难忘的一次旅行》等都可能出现。让他们自己填补文题空白，选择自己想写的内容，从而有效地避免了学生说空话、说假话，语言雷同，形式单一的弊端。

6、改革评价机制传统的作文评价总是教师一人专制，一语定千金定优劣，极少给予学生参与评价的机会。这样，学生总处于被动接受的地位，无法主动客观地发现自己的优点和不足。作文评价，除教师评价外，应留给学生一定的自我评价的空间。学生参评。可将某个学生的习作作为范文请小读者在课堂上朗读，指导全班学生各抒已见，直抒胸臆，谈谈自己的观点和看法。意见虽多，甚至有时会针锋相对，这对于小作者、小读者双方都是受益无穷的。指导自评。教师可适当地写些启发性、思考性的评语，做些批注，然后指导小学生多读、多看、多思，根据教师的评价总结一下写得精彩的地方好在哪里，不足之处原因何在。将师评与自评有机地结合起来，使学生更加客观地认识自己作文的价值和水平。少批评多激励。对于小学生作文无需过多地指出缺点和不足，甚至针对细微之处吹毛求疵，从而打击学生自信心。教师应更多地针对其优点，给予表扬的鼓励，使其相信自己的能力和水平，相信自己倍受老师欣赏，在心里得到满足的同时也大大提高习作的水平的质量。总之，作文教学应为学生提供宽松的环境，留给学生充分施展自己的空间，使其能够真正地展现和发展自己，这便达到了作文教学的真正目的。

导语：有很多人都想知道关于小学作文写作方法有哪些，以下是小编整理的资料，欢迎阅读参考。

一、小学写人作文方法：

1.开始选择熟悉或仔细观察过的人。写明外貌，着重写明人物的特点。

2.中间通过一、两件事情说明要写的人物是怎样的人。

3.写人技能有（外貌描写、动作描写、语言描写、心理描写）。

4.结尾说明人物的品质、精神及思想。

二、小学叙事作文写作方法：

1.开始明确、围绕中心选择材料（选择自己高兴、难过、感动、激动、愧疚，经历过的、看到过的事，先要使自己动情）。

2.利用名人名言等道理承上启下、首尾相应引出故事情节。

3.中间交代事情经过，要详细、具体，语言动作的描写要拿捏精准，写明六要素（时间、地点、人物、起因、经过、结果）。

4.写清对事情的分析，发表自己的看法以及心理活动。

5.结尾通过此事所说明的道理。

三、小学写景作文写作方法：

1.开始写明景物的（不同季节、不同时间、不同地区景物的生长环境、形状、色彩、气味、数量、大

小、神韵、动态变化；善于通过五官观察体会）。

2.中间按照一定顺序，抓住特点、选择重点描写景物。（远近、方位、整体与局部关系）。

3.不管些什么景物都要有真情实感，所谓（由情生景，有情有景；由景生情，有景有情）。

4.最后写明自己的心里感受、感情的表达。

四、小学描写动物作文写作方法：

1.开始写动物的外形特点（大小、皮毛、颜色、性格、突出特点）。

2.中间描写动物对人类的作用，对自己的影响。

3.最后写明喜欢动物的原因。

五、小学读后感作文写作方法：

1.开始简要写明所读的内容。（前提是要通读原文、读熟、读懂、领会文章内容）。

2.理解人物、材料所要表达的思想情感及暗示的事情。

3.中间针对原文材料写出使你最感动的内容或思想，写明自己的感想、感受和体会，把你的感想说深、说透。（选好“感”的触发点，由感而发）

4.最后联系实际、透过文章有针对性的说明对自己的影响，由表及里，增强表达效果。

不少青年教师向我吐苦水：想写论文却不知写什么、怎么写，情急之下只能东拼西凑应付了事。我发现这是一个很普遍的现象。

说一说我的经历吧。由于工作需要，学校安排我由上数学课改为上历史课，算是一个不小的改变。为了适应新工作，我集中全部精力钻研教学，真有点“两耳不闻窗外事，一心只想教学研”，阅读了大量名师、大师的中学历史教学参考资料，为的是能把历史课上得够权威。

可一段时间后，效果并不如我的预期，课堂沉闷、学生没劲、授课吃力成了我最大的困惑。静心反思，我顿悟，一味依赖教材、参考资料，缺少鲜活的素材，导致学生缺乏学习兴趣，正是我课堂的软肋所在。我觉得这是一个很好的课题，便对“学习兴趣与历史课教学的关系”作了深入研究。

另外，我还将竞争机制引入课堂教学，如上复习课，不是简单地重复讲解，而是采用“知识抢答赛”的形式，激发学生动手、动脑、动口，使课堂气氛格外活跃，让学生产生酣战后的痛快淋漓之感，在兴奋的状态下掌握知识。

后来，我把这两个案例从不同侧面整理进了我的教学论文《利用历史教学渗透德育之我见》《怎样提高历史课堂的教学效率》。

我在总结中这样写到：只有在备课中具备强烈的教育教学研究意识，才能进入较深的思维状态，授课才更有科学性和创造性，从而也为撰写论文打下基础。

毋庸置疑，写好教育教学论文，最重要的一环就是认真做好教育教学的研究工作。研究的方面有很多，如教法、学法、基础知识、智力开发、非智力因素等。要把研究与讲课、听课、评课、试卷分析、作业讲评有机结合起来。除了研究，还要注重实践，从实践中来，上升为理论，再回到实践中去，既指导实践，又接受实践的检验。这样多次往复循环，再得出结论，就是不断研究教育教学的过程。夯实了一定的研究基础，又掌握了必要的论文写作知识，这样才能写出有真知灼见的教学论文来。

一、四好战略是前提

1.一个好的标题

题目是文章的眼睛。一个亮丽的题目，往往给人赏心悦目的感觉。简洁、清晰、生动、新颖是题目亮丽的要素。一个醒目鲜活的文题，往往是内容的高度概括。它可以总领全文，不但会照亮整篇作文，还会照亮阅卷者的心灵。而拟题的技巧多种多样，有修辞法、公式法、字母符号法等。而修辞法则是最能使题目异彩飞扬的一种。如《在我指头跳跃的阳光》、《人生若只如初见》、《流泪的紫水晶》、《海棠依旧?绿肥红瘦?》等，看到这样的文题。阅卷老师的眼睛怎不会为之一亮?心灵怎不会为之一震?

2.一个好的开头

一般来说，文章开头力求做到一简二美三有哲理。简，就是开篇语言简洁，直奔主题。使读者一目了然;美，就是开头的语言能给人以美感，或文采斐然，或意境深远，或情趣盎然，使读者心灵产生共振。哲理，是一种深度，一种高度，如果都做到了，那效果肯定错不了。开头的方法有很多如：趣事，引人人胜;引用名句，起点高远;排比句，气势磅礴;设问句，发人深思。高考作文，由于受时间字数的限制，最好是“开门见山”，直奔主题。

3.一个好的结尾

古人云，结句当如撞钟，清音有余，结尾是文章结构的有机组成部分，是文章的收笔处和落脚点，是全文的归宿。任何虎头蛇尾的文章，都很难引起读者的审美情感，很难获取高分。结尾的方法也很多：培训搜培训网px.wangxiao.so提示您:总结全文，以揭示主旨;展示未来，以鼓舞斗志;抒发情怀，以增强文章感染力，当然，最好要首尾呼应，整合一体。

4.一手好字

见字如见人，一手好字能给人一种很直观的美感，就算文章写的不错，主题鲜明，文字优美，意境深远，但是很难让人有读下去的欲望。要记得，书写是文章的服饰，标点是文章的呼吸，丑陋是永远打不赢的“官司”。我们要尽最大的努力展示出自己的书写水平：一要端正，二要清楚。中小学辅导网wangxiao.so/提示您:三要美观。标点也是文章准确表情达意的工具。不要只是“一点到底”。不要只会单纯地使用逗号、句号，一篇文章，应该能够准确、灵活、生动地使用六七种标点符号。书写美观了，“感情分”也就上去了!

二、新鲜的素材，完善的知识储备是关键

同学们都想做到作文见解新颖，材料新鲜，给读者以耳目一新的冲击力和震憾力。这就要求同学们不断感知和体验。有意识地在生活实践和课外阅读中仔细观察自然、观察社会，尤其是多观察各种各样的人，深入细致地体验生活、体验“喜怒哀乐忧”等各种情感，并把自己拥有的新鲜材料激活。

从阅读和生活中尽可能开阔视野，拓展知识、增加积累、提高自身的素养和知识面的深度，深入体验，才可能做到临场发挥“左右逢源”、“为我所用”。作文，追求和表现自己的个性，有了新鲜的材料，还要下功夫联系自己思想实际和生活实际来立意，做到这一点，写出自己的真情实感和真知灼见就很容易了。

三、反复锤炼语言是关键

语言是为内容服务的，但是，运用的语言鲜活而富有个性风格，就会使文章大放异彩。写作训练中要学会反复锤炼，努力做到词语生动、句式灵活，修辞方法恰当。概念化的、抽象的、生涩的词语尽可能少用，多用富有色彩、动感和情绪体验，能诉诸人的感官，调动人的形象思维，撞击人的情感世界的词语，学会用近义词和反义词来体现事物细微的差异和鲜明的对比。学会灵活得体地交替使用长句和短句、主动句和被动句等。

锤炼语言，要学着恰当引用诗词佳句来增添文章的文字情趣，增添新意。可妙引经典句式，以此来优化文章语言，增强语言的表达效果。如“不必说 也不必说 单是 就 ”、“没有 就没有 更没有 ”等经典句式。还可以妙引流行词句，增添语言情趣。如广告词“没有最好的，只有更好的”、“快乐，你懂得”等。学着巧用修辞。多用排比、拟人、比喻等修辞方法，使句子生动形象，耐人咀嚼。如此一来，整篇文章也就有了生命力了!

“腹有诗书气自华”、“熟读唐诗三百首，不会写来也会吟”，有了丰富的文化底蕴，再加上写作上的技巧，何愁不能“妙笔生花”脱颖而出?

要学好写英语短文，就必须经常练习写作。记日记是提高书面表达能力的有效方法之一。日记是每日生活的记载，是一种记事文体。

一、日记的格式

英文日记通常由书端和正文两个部分组成。日记常以第一人称记下当天生活中的所见、所闻、所做或所想的事情。中、英文的日记三格式大致一样。英语日记的书端 是专门写日记的日期、星期和天气的。左上角是日期(年、月、日)、星期。右上角写上当天的天气情况， 如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Windy，Snowy，Cloudy等。

1、日期表达有多种形式。年、月、日都写时，通常以月、日、年为顺序，月份可以缩写，日和年用逗号隔开。例如：

A)September 1，2004或September 1st，2004也可省略写成Sept. 1，2004或Sept. 1st，2004;the 1st of September in 2004(月份不可以缩写)

B)只有月、日：September 1或September 1st(月份可以缩写)

C)只有年、月：September 2004或the September of 2004(月份不可以缩写)

以上的1或1st都应读作the first.

2、星期也可以省略不写，可将其放在日期前或后，星期和日期之间不用标点，但要空一格，星期也可缩写。如：

Saturday，October 22nd，2004;October 22nd，2004 Saturday

3.天气情况必不可少。天气一般用一个形容词如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Snowy 等表示。写在日期之后，用逗号隔开，位于日记的右上角。如：

Saturday，March 4，2004，Windy;1st January，2004，Fine

二、日记的要求

日记的正文是日记的主要部分，写在星期和日期的正下方，可以顶格写，也可以内缩3至5个字母的空间。由于记载的内容通常已经发生，谓语动词多用一般过去 时。但也可根据具体情况，用其它时态。如：记叙天气、描写景色，为了描写生动，可以使用现在时，以表现当时的情景。再如文后发表感想或评论可用现在时态或 将来时态。记日记力求简单明了，有连贯性。若有文字提示，则应重视提示，把握要点。在句式上尽量使用简单句，以防繁杂，造成语法、句型错误。

三、日记的类型和训练

日记分为记事型、议论型、描写型和抒情型。建议大家在学习写日记的过程中，可按以下步骤进行：

①将一天所经历的主要事情和过程依次简要地记下来，不附加任何感情色彩，这是最简单的记日记的方法;

②阅读别人的日记，并利用所学过的句型来表达个人在一天中观察到的或感受到的事情。

「范文与点评」

March 12th，2003，Tuesday Sunny (Fine)

Today is Tree Planting Day. At 7∶30 in the morning，all the students in our class met at the school gate. We walked to the park. Miss Gao and other teachers went and worked with us. All the students worked very hard，and we planted about 200 trees. Though we were dirty and tired，we still felt very happy.

这是一篇记叙型的日记。结构严谨，中心突出，有选择地记录当天的见闻(人或事)，并加以分析和评论。

提高小朋友的写作技巧，这好象是一个老大难问题，一直以来都困扰着众多的同学、老师和家长。大家都觉得，要提高写作的能力是一件很不容易的事。

国外的小朋友一样有这方面的困扰，不少小朋友也苦于不会写作。针对这个问题，教育专家詹妮弗-李提出了一些建议供大家参考。

给小朋友准备一个恬静、亲切的环境，作为写作的专用区域。当然这里面要具备一些必要的设备：书桌、字典、笔、一些纸，假如可能的话还可以准备一台电脑。这些准备不只是必要的，同时还可以由此告诉你的小朋友，你认为写作是一件有意义的、特别的活动。

小朋友需要机会去尝试写各种各样类型的文章，而不是只盯着一种文体来练习。

你可以让小朋友给他的好朋友写一封友好的信，给玩具公司写一封信提出自身的一点要求，或写一封邀请亲戚来吃饭的信。这样小朋友可以看到自身写作真的取得了效果，就会对写作发生好感。

另外一个鼓励小朋友写作的好方法，就是让他写日记。这种方法可以协助小朋友形成写作的个人风格。但你和小朋友要约定好，别的家庭成员是否可以读他的日记。假如你答应小朋友不看他的日记，那么就一定要维护他的隐私。

还有一个可以协助提高小朋友写作技巧的方法——电脑软件。现在有很多出色的软件，里面提供故事的开头、想象画以和段落结构的建议等内容，这些都可以激发小朋友自身写作的愿望和灵感。

许多小朋友都经历过写作的瓶颈状态——即脑子里一片空白，不知道写什么好的情况。比方小朋友被要求写一个有发明性的故事，但他不能想出有什么有趣的东西可写。这时家长就可以协助小朋友了。可以给小朋友一本笔记本，记下平时突然发生的奇特想法，家人开的玩笑，或者是描述一幅以前的具有纪念价值的相片。也可以让小朋友从杂志中获得有用的点子。

一旦小朋友决定了一个文章的主题，就应该让小朋友先写一下草稿或是打一下腹稿。这样可以保证所有要写的重要细节都包括到文章里去了，并且可以调整文章的结构，你还可以就草稿跟小朋友一起谈论，寻找最好的写法。在学校里，老师也用各种方法，协助小朋友在开始写文章之前，先组织好要写的内容。

家长还可以和小朋友一起朗读不同文体的好作品，比方诗歌、小说、新闻故事甚至是一封有趣的信，只要是小朋友会感兴趣的东西都可以。无论是大人还是小朋友，在阅读了大量的好的作品之后，都会在写作上学到很多东西。

通过阅读，家长可以问小朋友：“你喜欢什么样的作品？不喜欢什么样的作品？”“文章的作者能抓住读者的注意力吗？”“你觉得这个题目有意思吗？”这样可以提高小朋友的兴趣。鼓励小朋友认识到写作是一个不时发展的过程，写作水平也不是一成不变的，而是可以通过努力不时提高的。告诉小朋友可以从对已有作品的改写、缩写、扩写中，开始自身的写作。

小朋友需要在完成自身文章之后的一、两天，甚至更长时间以后，再回头看看。这样做可以让小朋友用一种全新的眼光来看待自身的作品，发现其中的错误和被遗漏的细节。

一个作家在写作时要考虑，自身写的内容是否切题？所有的细节都包括进去了吗？描写太多会不会显得罗嗦？小朋友虽然不是专业作家，但这些问题也需要想一想。

让小朋友把自身完成的文章大声地读一遍，假如他自身不能发现其中的明显错误，那么就需要有人为他再读一遍，好让他自身意识到错在哪里。还要注意小朋友在文章中有没有错别字。

爸爸妈妈还要为坚持小朋友的写作积极性做一些努力。比方在小朋友犯错误的时候给他一些口头上的批评，但注意重点在为小朋友指出错误，而不是教训他。还可以把小朋友的好作品贴在墙上，让每一个来家里的人都能看见，这对小朋友是一种奖励。这样小朋友很快就可以体会到写作的重要和乐趣了。那么他的写作水平就自然会提高。

作文，是小学语文教学的一个极其重要的内容。《九年义务教育全日制小学语文教学大纲》中明确规定了小学作文教学应达到的目标，那就是：作文要有具体内容，有真情实感，有中心，注意选词用语等等。可见，提高小学作文水平，使之作文真实、具体、生动，是实现大纲要求的必要前提。

然而，情况未可乐观。由于小学生认识、经历的相对狭窄，部分学生对作文无兴趣，写出的文章内容空洞，词汇枯燥，叙述不具体，更有甚者，文章大段抄写，雷同文多。这种状况显然不符合大纲要求，更不利于作文能力的培养。

为什么会出现上述情况?我认为，除了学生综合能力的欠缺之外，学生们缺乏对事物细致的观察能力，对作文兴趣不浓，不能不说是作文能力不高的一个重要原因。

在现实生活中有许多美好的新事物、新人物、新景象，为孩子们在写作上提供了无比丰富的素材。那么如何培养学生将丰富多彩的生活内容展现于笔端，使其写出的东西富于韵味、具体、生动、充满活力?我认为应从培养学生作文兴趣、开展适时活动、锻炼思考想象力等方面着手。

1.兴趣培养

少年儿童对周围世界充满好奇，许多爱好就是在他们的生活中逐渐培养并得以发展的，作文兴趣的培养也是一样。我在每次上作文课开始，先给学生们讲一个有关作文知识的趣味小故事。一次上单幅图看图作文课上，我先讲《转“笔”成趣》的小故事，讲的是：清朝文学家纪昀在给朋友的母亲祝寿时，即兴说了一首诗。第一句是“这个婆娘不是人”，话刚落，所有祝寿人都目瞪口呆，认为纪昀“疯”了。可纪昀转口说出第二句：“天上王母下凡尘”，大家一听，笑了起来。可纪昀紧接着说：“儿孙个个都是贼”，大家又惊讶不已。纪昀则不紧不慢地说出最后一句：“偷得蟠桃寿母亲”，所有人都点头佩服纪昀。听了这个故事，使学生明白了作文不能平铺直叙，要有起有伏，要吸引读者。

另外多引导学生开展些生动有趣的活动，根据学生的爱好组织活动，以此激发学生的作文兴趣。诸如举办“故事会”“观察日记展览会”“新闻发布会”“三分钟演讲”“一分钟名言荟萃比赛”以及各种形式的手抄报等。还可以将班级或年级或学校的优秀文章集中起来，让学生阅读评论自己身边的佳作，均能激发学生兴趣，增加相互竞争的劲头。“你办报的内容好，文字工整，明天我办的更丰富多彩。”无形中你追我赶，主动收集整理素材，为写作积累了丰富的素材，以此对提高学生写作水平肯定有益。

组织学生爱好的活动是增强兴趣，培养观察能力的有效方法。有一篇习作“春天来了”便是有针对性地通过上述活动来安排的。作文前，举行一次“春色词语集锦会”，让学生搜集有关描写春天的词语。会上同学们争先恐后说出100多个有关描写春天的词语。然后，我带大家去春游，让同学们仔细观察，随时等待提问，诸如春天大地该怎样描述;春天的风怎样形容;描写春天的溪水应该用哪些词语;春天的树有哪些变化，用什么词语表达才能恰如其分;春天南来的鸟儿是什么心情……均能启发学生思维兴趣，有了浓厚的兴趣，便为写作提供了良好的前提。

2.观察和分析周围事物

《大纲》指出：“教师要引导学生接触自然，接触社会，指导学生用心观察和分析周围的事物，养成观察和思考的习惯。”有了观察和思考的习惯，作文就有了素材，写出的文章内容就充实。所以教师要善于引导学生观察分析事物，进而增强观察的焦点，写出有深度、内容丰富、生动的佳作。例如：让学生以《可爱的沈阳》为题来作文，很多学生不知如何下笔。教师要求学生仔细观察，找到体现沈阳独特风光的景物。在学生观察取景的过程中，指导学生观察的顺序，如何从远及近、从上到下、由表及里去描写，再启发学生开拓思路，抓住结构特点、抓住时间前后的变化。并提醒学生观察要“钻”进去，不能走马观花。要善于发现事物的特性及其表象，通过各种角度的细致观察，抓住细小特点，回头再行笔写作时，笔下的内容自然生动、充实，与原来大不一样。《美好的南运河》《登电视塔观夜》《可爱的秋锦园》等一些反映沈阳风光的作文产生了。这举一例，《可爱的秋锦园》的片断：“只见这里绿草如茵，像有一层翠绿色的地毯覆盖着地面，各种色彩斑斓的花遍布园内，前面的运河像一条长龙卧伏在那……清清的河水缓缓而流，它不像大海那样汹涌可怕，不像小溪那样活泼可爱，相比之下，它显得格外温文尔雅……偶尔几只小鸟儿在河上忽高忽低地飞着，有时还用翅膀或尾翼轻轻点一下水面，骤然间平静的水面出现一道连一道的涟漪，好看极了。”如此细致入微的描写，读来使人如临其境、如闻其声、如见其景，给人以美的享受。若没有仔细观察的功夫，恐怕难有这种上乘之作。该文被收编到《小学生优秀作文选》中。

3.思考与联想

敏锐的观察力，是兴趣培养的有效手段。然而仅仅停留在观察的水平上，写出的东西未必生动。要使文章充满活力，还要求学生在观察的基础上认真思考，展开丰富的联想。这样才使文章充满生机。联想是灵感的翅膀，丰富的联想，促使灵感得以升华。培养学生辐射性的联想，必然会使学生的灵感得以多方位的启发，从而达到升华提高的目的。作文教学实践中，教师在组织学生观察景物的同时，有意识地启发学生认真思考，展开丰富的联想，并联系课本中的名言佳句去理解，诸如四季的变化，人物动静态表情，动植物的体态形状，风、雪、云、雨的起降过程，及其变化，便能使学生在观察中能抓住事物的关键，掌握要点，并由此及彼，写出富有新意的生动的文章来。一般说来，丰富的联想来源于认真的思考，思考得深且远，联想便越丰富。学生对事物、对生活的观察往往很零星、很表象化。要使他们全面深刻地认识事物、理解生活，写出生动、深刻的文章，就要引导培养学生多思考、多联想。事实上，善于思考和联想，写出的文章与没有经过思考和联想写出的东西相比.味道自是不同a此处仅举两例：一个学生写《雪》一文中描写道：“我很喜欢下雪，是因为有两个重要原因。第一，因为冬天一下雪就可以打雪仗、堆雪人。那快乐的歌声可以把树上的雪震落下来，真有趣!另一个原因是我妈妈有灰尘过敏的哮喘症病，一犯病很痛苦，冬天下雪就把灰尘压住了，妈妈犯病的痛苦便减少了……”文中既写了下雪快乐的一面，又写出减少妈妈痛苦的一面。表现了女儿盼望母亲健康的孝心。联想得贴切，写出的文章便亲切生动多了。

又如，同是写《小金桔》一文，经过联想便引以写出金桔的两方面：一则金桔清香酸甜，一则却也有不足——核多。正反两面的联想，辩证地写出了客观事物的两方面：好与坏。

由此可见，培养学生的思考、联想的习惯是作文训练中必经之环节。

总而言之，提高学生写作能力的方法很多通过兴趣的培养，观察力的提高，辅以思考联想的训练-虽不能说是唯一途径，但可以视为行之有效的一种途径。只要持之以恒，严格训练，就会提高小学生的写作水平。

1、生长变化法

【特点】

植物总是要生长的，一般要经过发芽、生枝、长叶、开花、结果等阶段。如果把植物生长的不同阶段的形状、颜色的特点和生长的情况与下来，就好像给这棵植物拍了一部小电影。读者可以在很短的时间内，通过阅读，了解植物生长的全过程。采用生长变化法描写植物，首先要注意把植物生长过程中最突出的变化写下来;其次要交代植物发生变化的原因、前后情况和过程;此外要注意按时间的先后顺序有条不紊地写下来。

2、展开联想法

【特点】

我们看到一棵植物，往往联想到其它事物，这些事物往往与这棵植物有共同之处。例如我们看到棉桃，联想到洁白的雪花，这是因为雪花和棉花的颜色相同;我们看到大西瓜，联想到篮球，这是因为西瓜和篮球的形状相似;我们看到冰在雪地中郁郁葱葱的松树，想起那些在敌人面前不怕严刑拷打，决不屈膝的英雄，那是松树与英雄的品质上有相似之处。采用联想的方法描写植物，要注意抓住植物的主要特点，展开丰富的想象。要提高自己的联想能力，首先要认真读书，了解生活，使自己的头脑储备丰富的知识。其次是勤思勤想，经常训练，使自己有丰富的想象能力。

3、突出重点法

【特点】

植物总是由根、茎、枝、叶、花、果组成。我们在描写植物的时候，可以对植物的根、茎、枝、叶、花、果的各个部分进行描述，也可以只对植物的某一部分进行描述。采用重点突出法描写植物时，首先要找出这棵植物与众不同的地方。其次要对最能体现这棵植物特点的部分从颜色、形状、气味等多方面进行具体描写。此外还可以恰当地运用拟人、比喻等方法。

4、移步换形法

【特点】

采用移步换形的方法描写建筑物，可以不断地变换立足点和观察点，对建筑物进行多方面的观察描写。同一个建筑物，从不同的角度去看，得到的印象是不一样的。因此采用移步换形法描写建筑物首先要把观察点和立足点交代清楚，使读者明白你所描述的建筑物形象是从哪一个角度看到的。否则，容易把读者搞糊涂了。其次，采用移步换形法描写建筑物时，一定要抓住建筑物的最主要的特征来写。如果采用面面俱到的方法来描写，文章容易变成一本流水账。

5、说明介绍法

【特点】

采用说明介绍法描写建筑物时，首先要注意紧扣文章确定的中心进行必要的说明介绍，切忌不着边际的东拉西扯。在说明介绍的过程中要简明扼要，切忌拖泥带水。采用说明介绍法描写建筑物时，还要注意整体的连贯性，也就是说在说明介绍完毕以后，文章要返回到描写建筑物上来，并与前文衔接。文章从描写建筑物转到介绍说明，或从介绍说明回到描写建筑物要有过渡词或过渡句。

6、环境衬托法

【特点】

周围都是绿色，中间的一点红色就特别鲜艳夺目，所以说“万绿丛中一点红”。对建筑物周围的景色进行适当描写，建筑物就显得突出。描写建筑物周围景色的目的是为了突出建筑物，因此描写景色时要能衬托建筑物的特点，切忌离开建筑物而大写特写景色。造成喧宾夺主。在描写建筑物周围的景色时，要把观察点和立足点交代清楚，便于读者了解建筑物的位置。

7、彩笔描绘法

【特点】

植物总是由根、茎、叶、花、果组成的。运用彩笔描绘法时，要把根、茎、叶、花、果各个部位的最主要特点写出来，要写出它们的形状，写出它们的颜色。采用这种方法描写植物，要仔细观察。要分辨出植物各个部位的颜色，同样是红色，要分出是火红的，还是粉红的;同样是黄色，要分出是桔黄的，还是金黄的;同样是绿色，要分出是碧绿的，还是嫩绿的……要仔细区分各个部位的形状特点，同样是花，花骨朵与盛开的花就不一样。观察得仔细，描写得具体，读者就好像看到一张植物的彩色照片。采用这种方法描写植物，还要运用恰当的比喻，要写出自己的情感。

8、远近结合法

【特点】

同一棵植物，远看和近看是不一样的。这同照相一样，放在照相机的前面和远离照相机，摄下来的照片是大小不相同的。采用远近结合法描写植物，可以从不同的角度反映出植物的形状和颜色的特点，给读者以完美的印象。采用这种方法描写植物要把观察点交代清楚，也就是要说清楚是远看的还是近看的。其次要注意叙述的顺序，或由远及近，或由近及远，这样文章才能条理分明。

9、时序变换法

【特点】

植物各个部位的形态和颜色是随着季节的变化而变化。如果我们把植物在不同季节的特点写出来，同时把前后有关的情况交代清楚，就等于在不同的时间给植物拍了彩色照片。看了这一组彩色照片，读者对它就有了一个较为全面的了解。采用时序变换法描写植物，首先要注意在平时积累资料。要有计划地在不同季节对同一植物进行仔细观察，并记下观察日记，这样，写作时才能对积累的材料进行取舍，写出一篇好文章。其次要注意观察的连续性。

10、对照比较法

【特点】

俗话说：“不见高山，不知平地。”事物的特点往往在比较中得到显现。我们描写植物时，往往通过对照比较的方法来突出植物的特点。对照比较的方法有两种。一种是把这种植物与另一种植物进行比较;一种是把植物本身两种截然不同的特点放在一起比较。采用对照比较法要注意抓住所要描写的植物最显著的特点与其他植物作比较。这样才能给读者以深刻的印象和启示。采用对照比较法还要注意表达作者自己的思想感情和倾向性。这样才能使文章感人。抓住同一植物不同部位进行比较时，要注意找出矛盾点，这样才能引起读者的注意。

写身边的人和事，发挥语文工具性的功能解决生活实际问题，让语文切实与生活紧密联系起来，是微写作设题的初衷。由于长期以来学生在写作上形成的思维惰性及程式化的特点，导致现今作文(包括微写作)呈现的多是假大空的缺少体温的文字。一些老师在指导学生时由于过多重视立意的高远，使得部分同学一到写作时就习惯性地想着要表现什么宏大的主题，就想着报刊上现在流行什么主题的范文，然后就去套，去模仿，而忽视了与日常生活、平实生活的贴近，从习作内容反映出来的就是生活简化了，情感荒芜了，思想变形了，远离了常态生活和常态情感。

写好身边的人和事究竟应该注意什么?观察身边的人和事应注意捕捉现实生活中的典型细节，并加强人物描写方面的训练，从生活中选取写作素材并加以提炼，塑造出典型的人物形象，克服脱离实际、闭门造车的弊端。在写作过程中，可以叙述现实生活中人物平凡而伟大的事迹，可以描绘自己心目中的偶像，也可以真实刻画出其不尽如人意的一面。写作角度力求多样化、个性化，切忌脱离具体事例空发议论或一味送高帽、唱高调。另一方面，教师在出题的时候也要力求接地气，多引导学生观察日常生活，品议生活现象，这样微写作才可能接收到地气，学生才可能写出有生命温度的文章。

文化散文是应时代发展而生的新鲜事物。它没有文体与题材上的严格界限，但只要我们掌握了写作的一些基本要领和技巧，就能写出一手底蕴深厚、神韵灵动的好文章来。下面是小编为你带来的高考作文之散文写作技巧2017，欢迎阅读。

一、选取熟悉的题材，做个性化的分析。

文化散文最大的特征就是抒写文化名人、自然与社会风物或是从历史掌故中进行独到深刻的分析。它需要写作者支撑起较为广阔的时空背景，突出作品的文化意味和文化氛围。如果我们对所写内容不够熟悉，缺少较为独特的感悟，那么就很难写出新鲜的、富含生命气息的文化散文。

请看北京高考优秀作文《老舍与北京》的开头部分：“我看见祥子手里拨弄着现洋，心中盘算着买车，嘴里念叨着自己的小九九，身旁老北京洋车黑漆漆的车身、亮晶晶的瓦圈，闪着光;我看见王顺发忙着擦桌子码茶碗招呼客人，手里拎着老北京的大茶壶，壶嘴徐徐吐着水雾;我看见祁家正房的清水脊子旁石榴正红，天井的八仙桌上老北京的兔儿爷昂首挺胸，老太爷微笑点头;我看见沙子龙直视徒众一言不发，心中暗道：‘不传!不传!’，堂前老北京那只镖局长枪，静静倚立墙角，与主人遥相呼应……”从这个写作片断来看，作者对老舍先生的作品非常熟悉，因而，在谈及老舍与北京的关系时，作者是如鱼得水，事例信手拈来，分析独到深刻，巧妙地把这些早已植根于北京人脑海的形象和那段苦难的历史联系起来，情理交融，个性独具，是极富北京韵味的奇文佳作。

二、写历史，要富含时代气息。

文化散文通常以历史事件或与历史有关的风情事物为载体。但写历史如果仅仅停留于感怀和低沉的抒情层面，未免就使文章的主旨立意缺少高度。写历史，一定要把现实意蕴透露出来，做到以史写实，以事传情，用缥缈虚幻的情境抒写现实情感。

如高考山东某考生《梦想在现实中起舞》中的片断：“阮籍目睹世间的浑噩不堪和好友的身首异处，借醉酒逃避现实。他的一生一直在逃避、逃避、逃避，却终因一篇《为郑冲对晋王笺》被人唾弃。嵇康则完全生活在现实之中，不肯向生活做出任何妥协，最终一曲《广陵散》成为绝响。其实人生由阮籍的醉酒向前一步便是嵇康的《广陵散》，人生由嵇康的《广陵散》向后退一步便是阮籍的醉酒，殊途同归的境遇竟是如此迥异。若是两人各向中间迈出一步，将幻想与现实稍加中和，也许就不会落得生者隐入迷幻，死者融入苍穹，只留给后人无尽的怅惘。”文章最后的议论很能调和历史与现实的关系，最终使自己要表达的观点得到深刻的印证，将梦想与现实的取与舍说得含蓄又透彻，充分展示了写作者敏锐的观察和分析能力。

三、用细节表现全貌，现不尽之意于言外。

文化散文不应只是对古迹的凭吊，对有关历史事实的简单复述。它需要写作者精细的审美情趣与文化载体的巧妙融合。借助细节来抒写文化自身的魅力，或是通过想象的细节还原所写文化名人的生活真实，必能增加文章的厚重韵味，增添文化散文的真实性、可感性。

余秋雨的文化散文《道士塔》中有一段关于王道士生活起居的描写：“王道士每天起得很早，喜欢到洞窟里转转，就像一个老农，看看他的宅院。”接下去，作者用浓重的笔墨详细地描写了王道士对敦煌文物的毁坏。这样的细节描绘，未必是历史上真实的一幕。但我们都愿意倾向于相信它的真实，因为它写出了一个柔弱民族在那个痛苦年代里特有的愚昧与黑暗，正是这块遍地呻吟的老大帝国的疆土，才造就了这样一个时代的畸形儿——王道士。它勾起了我们对王道士的轻蔑和鄙视，更让我们的心底翻起滔滔不绝的仇恨的怒涛。没有细节的想象和描写，这种艺术效果是难以收到的。

第一部分写明你要申请的职位和你是如何得知该职位的招聘信息的。

第二部分说明你如何满足公司的要求，陈述个人技能和个性特征。

第三部分表明你希望迅速得到回音，并标明与你联系的最佳方式。

第四部分感谢对方阅读并考虑你的应聘。每封求职信应以针对适合雇主而精心设计，以此表明你明白该公司的需要。

求职信还应包括与你所取得的成果及解决的问题的事例，这些事例与你所申请的工作类型相关。

求职信应是寄给有职位的某一特定的人，使用高档纸书写，仔细校对，避免打字或语法方面的错误，要自存副本档案。

导语：中考考场，能得一分是一分，下面我们来看看中考考试考场作文技巧。

一、作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

这一点，所有的同学们一定要掌握明白了。任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

二、考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个段落为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行，写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。如果有必要，死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

三、开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看，一个开头就占太多的空间，阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

四、动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生，应该采取特别措施了。考生家长或考生，可以根据题材，提前准备几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

五、作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法，合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法，解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。

希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，到时候就用得上。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

六、动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧，其实在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。

列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细写，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，如果时间紧张，提纲就要简练些。

七、想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。

但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了，我写的是什么文体，就按相应文体的写法来写。

八、适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。其中的一些散文，结构是很好的，可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。

到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言，可以分别背个三五句，到时候直接抄上去就行了，这不算抄袭。关于国家大事，时事政治和要闻什么的，也要注意搜集一下。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

九、篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，小学高年级作文要求在400-600字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字，建议考生，争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右，留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多，肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练，作文打分就趋高不趋低。

要写好英语作文，还要带着敏锐的目光细心地观察，注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。小编收集了中考英语作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、要善于模仿

对大多数学习英语的同学来说，英语的词汇量、句式的积累还极其有限，远不能达到用英文流畅表达，挥洒自如的境地。在这一阶段进行创作是不合时宜的，如果非要创造，只能写出“long time no see”这样的文字来。因此，模仿是这一阶段的必经途径。

谈到模仿，一些同学的办法就是背一堆范文，然后再到考场上进行一个“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作，效果可想而知。这不是真正意义上的模仿，充其量算是默写课文。如何模仿呢?

首先，模仿的目标要明确。模仿的重点永远要放在一定的句式结构上，而非个别的词汇。道理很简单：一个词，随着文章内容的变换，可能就不能用了;而句式结构是放置四海而皆准的东西，适用的范围广，学来对写作的帮助也就明显。

其次，模仿的材料要地道。像新概念英语这样的教材就提供了很多原汁原味的英语表达法。盲目选择文章学习，记一些不中不洋的句子，以讹传讹，浪费时间。

最后，模仿要体现在实际动笔上。比如说，新概念第三册有一个句式说：“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么，用在大学英语考试中，我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行，表达为：“the bicycle is very popular in china for the simple reason that…”。然而，很多同学经常背了这些句式不用，一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”，等等。

二、要灵活变通

在批改英语作文的过程中，经常能发现一些将中文生硬地翻译成英文的表达法。由于中英文之间的差异和词汇量、表达法积累的不足，出现难于表达的情况是十分正常的。关键问题在于如何处理。有一句话叫做“立志如山，行道如水”，套用在这个问题上就很合适。写英文作文，一定要有决心把它写好，有信心把意思表达清楚，这是“立志如山”;但关键是遇到问题时要有个灵活的态度，能像流水一样变通解决问题。

有个翻译界的故事说：在某大型国际会议的招待会上，一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译：“what is it made of?”本来是非常简单的一个问题，结果翻译太紧张，忘了“egg”这个词，但是他急中生智，回答：“it is made of miss hen’s son.”这里，就是一个灵活变通的范例。绕道表达，是写作中应该常常运用的一种方法。

三、要细心观察

要写好英语作文，还要带着敏锐的目光细心地观察，注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。

比如说，在正式文体的写作中，很少用 “it isn"t”这样的略缩形式，而往往是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理，在正式文体中的日期一般不缩写，阿拉伯数字一般会用英文表达(特别长的数字除外)。

再比如说，翻翻新概念第三册所有的课文，会发现凡是一段文章的段首句出现转折时，转折词however都放在句子结构中的第二部分，以插入语的形式出现。分析原因，是因为段落一开始就用转折词，会时转折显得较生硬、突兀。

最后，许多同学在写作文时，习惯于把 “since” “because” “for”这样的词放在句首引导原因状语从句。事实上，在我们见到的英语报刊杂志文章中，这样的从句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外, “and”也常常被误放在一句话的开头，表示两个句子之间的并列或递进关系。其实，经常留心地道的英语文章能发现，如果是并列关系，完全可以不用连词;如果是递进关系，用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为普遍。

四、要心有全局

英文写作十分强调形式上的严谨性，特别是全局的丝丝入扣。如果写作时结构意识良好，应试写作就简化成为一个填空的过程了。框架万变不离其宗，适当地填如观点、素材，文章就自然而然地立起来了。

掌握了这些英文写作中的练习技巧，会使提高英文写作水平的努力有更大的收益。

下面智康教育跟大家分享写作的“五项基本原则” ：

1、 长短句原则

工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：

as a creature, i eat; as a man, i read. although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.

如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!

强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

2、 主题句原则

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!

to begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

3、 一二三原则

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐，原因：俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，原因：俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐，原因：俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐，原因：俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

4、 短语优先原则

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如：

i cannot bear it.

可以用短语表达：i cannot put up with it.

i want it.

可以用短语表达：i am looking forward to it.

这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

5、 多变句式原则

1)加法(串联)

都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：

i enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.

如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：

not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.

其它的短语可以用：

besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)

批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。

the car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.

the coat was thin, but it was warm.

更多的短语：

despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3)因果(so, so, so)

昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!

the snow began to fall, so we went home.

更多短语：

then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)

有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。

举例：this is what i can do.

whether he can go with us or not is not sure.

同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：

when to go, why he goes away…

5)附加(多此一举)

如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他;或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。

the man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.

i don’t enjoy that book you are reading.

mr liu, our oral english teacher, is easy-going.

其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

【文题设计】

阅读下面的材料．根据要求作文：

I．一次，爱迪生i．kVh手测量一只灯泡的体积。这位擅长数学的助手左量右测，在纸上列出了一堆繁琐的计算公式。爱迪生见此，拿过灯泡，用水灌满后l例入量杯，轻而易举便测出了灯泡的体积。、l2．《伊索寓言》讲了这样一则故事：农夫和他的I妻子有一只母鸡．每天要下一只金蛋。他们想，母鸡的肚子里一定装满了金子吧。农夫就将母鸡杀了，结果发现，这只母鸡与其他母鸡毫无不同之处。肚子里一点金子也没有。

现实生活中，确实存有一些“捷径”。帮助我们更好地解决问题，达到目的。然而，像农夫这样的思维方式，在我们的生活中也并不少见。对此，你有相关的见闻、体验、经历或认识吗？

请以“捷径”为话题，写一篇作文。所写内容必须在这个话题范围之内。

注意：

①立意自定；

②文体自选；

③题目自拟：

④不少于800字。

【写前指导】

所谓捷径，是指走路时的近路，常用来比喻能较快地达到目的的巧妙手段或方法。

捷径，往往是由前人通过无数次不厌其烦的实践。加上长期积累的经验．才找到的一种解决方法的简便形式。

学习的捷径就是讲究方法；引进先进的技术手段是发展生产力的捷径；强化体制是提高效率的捷径。

捷径往往被人误解，被人利用。有人把投机取巧当作捷径；有人把制似售似当作生财捷径；有人把不做实事，做表面文章，虚报成绩．送红包等当作升官的捷径……这样的捷径只能让人走上歪路，斜路，最终害了自己。