英语考场写作有什么方法技巧(精选20篇)

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

一篇文章有一个好的开头能影响到一篇文章的好与次，下面是小编分享的小升初作文开头写作方法，一起来看一下吧。

一、开头抒发真情实感

例：母亲，您是一股清澈的甘泉!我是一棵绿油油的禾苗;您是早晨的太阳!我是一株刚冒出嫩芽的小草;您是湛蓝的大海!我是一条小小的鱼儿……妈妈呀!请接受女儿的这份爱!作文的题目是《……笑了》，小作者写自己为妈妈做了一件事情，看到了妈妈欣慰的笑。在开头中使用了排比、比喻的修辞直抒胸臆，赞美了妈妈，也表达了对妈妈的感恩之情。抒发了真情实感，打动读者并引起了下文。

二、开头突出文章中心

例：一直以来，我有一个高远的梦想，就是能挺起胸、昂起头，做一个成功者!然而，殊不知，没有洒下汗水的土地怎能收获丰收的喜悦?没有精心培育的大树怎能长得叶繁枝茂?只有坚持不懈、永不言弃，才可以到达成功的彼岸!

作文的题目是《成功其实离我们很近》，小作者在文章开头就点明了文章的中心，写出了要想取得成功就要“洒下汗水”、就要“精心培育”;只有坚持不懈、永不言弃才能成功。开头直接进入主题，使中心突出，读者读起来也容易抓住要领。

三、紧扣作文题目写开头

例：成功时，我会听到妈妈的声音：“孩子，你是我的骄傲!”失败时，我会听到妈妈的声音：“别灰心，下次一定行!”骄傲时，我会听到妈妈的声音：“你还可以做得更好!”……

作文的题目是《声音》，小作者紧紧围绕“声音”两个字开篇，“声音”一词出现三次，每一次还都直接写出了“声音”的具体内容。让读者感受到成长中的小作者在关键的时候总会得到来自妈妈的赞扬、鼓励、提醒的声音!显示了审题和遣词造句的能力。

例：生命是一段牵挂的行程，即使是一把伞，也是父母对儿女一份暖暖的爱。在人的一生中，有许许多多是可以淡忘的，但是有些东西却无法忘却，譬如这生命中的伞。

这是一篇课外阅读《生命中的伞》的开头，作者紧紧围绕自己的题目中“生命”和“伞”开篇，强调了一把蕴含父母之爱的伞令作者终生难忘，开篇点题，引人深思。

四、开头渲染环境气氛

例：冬季，雪花翩然飘向大地，窗外是一个粉妆玉砌的童话世界，眼前是一片晶莹的白，我的思绪也如同轻灵的雪花，舞动起来。

作文题目是《财富》，小作者写了雪花纷飞的冬季里妈妈关爱自己的一件事，通过这件事感悟到伟大的母爱是一笔最大的财富。开篇描写了特殊的自然环境，渲染了气氛，为后文对人物的描写，事情的记叙做了铺垫。

例：夜好静好静，月光悄悄洒进我的房间，我躺在床上，想着白天的事情，久久不能入睡。

作文题目是《我做的对》，小作者写的是有一定朗诵水平的自己在朗诵比赛的复赛中被淘汰了，心情不好，但当进入决赛的同学需要帮助练习时，自己经过思想斗争，毫无保留地去帮助同学。同学在比赛中胜出，自己在分享别人的快乐的同时也慨叹自己做的对。文章开头只一句话，描写了“静静的夜”，“悄悄洒进房间的月光”，营造了一个恬静的夜晚，一如小作者“做对了”后那颗坦然、满足、平静的心境。

五、结合文章内容写开头

例：小时候，听外婆讲过吃到双黄蛋的人运气好、有福气，偶尔吃到双黄蛋的我总是高兴得不得了。前一段时间尽管我一直很努力，但学习成绩总是不理想，很是郁闷。最近，爸爸为我准备的早餐中总会出现双黄蛋，每次爸爸惊喜地把双黄蛋端给我看时，我就会拥有一份好心情，学习状态也越来越好。在我庆幸双黄蛋带给我好运的时候，我发现了爸爸为我“制作”双黄蛋的秘密……

作文题目是《这就是幸福》，小作者的这篇文章是写父亲为了调整孩子的心情，故意买小鸡蛋制作出“双黄蛋”给孩子吃，孩子发现了“秘密”后被父亲感动，也感悟到自己的幸运、福气与双黄蛋无关，自己的幸福是父亲用爱给搭建的。文章的开头将这件事的内容基本概括了一遍，令读者对文章的内容有所了解。

不管是作文本身，还是开头，都没有固定的写法，就看作者用什么样的方式让各种重要的元素串联起来。有些人习惯在开头设置些悬念，有些人习惯开门见山点题……不管怎么写开头，都要符合文章的中心思想。大家根据小升初作文的具体要求，灵活运用吧，尽量寻找出一条适合自己的开头方式。

关于小说的写作技巧有哪些呢？有什么技巧可以轻松写作的？以下是“分析小说的写作技巧”，希望给大家带来帮助！

可以这么说，超短篇小说具有立意新颖、情节严谨、结局新奇三要素。即在1500字以内，要概括出普通小说应具有的一切。也可以说，微型小说是一种敏 感，从一个点、一个画面、一个对比、一声赞叹、一瞬间之中，捕捉住了小说——一种智慧、一种美、一个耐人寻味的场景，一种新鲜的思想。

微型小说在写作上追求的目标是四个字：微、密、奇、新。

1、微。指的是篇幅微小，不超过一千五百个字。因此，构思和行文时必须注意字句的凝炼，不允许作品中有赘词冗句。如马克·吐温的《丈夫支出帐本中的一页》。全文只有七行字，却具有长篇小说的全部情节。

再如《三封电报》(美·佚名)：

伊莉薇娜的弟弟佛莱特伴着她的丈夫巴布去非洲打猎。不久，她在家里接获弟弟的电报：“巴布猎狮身死。———佛莱特。”

伊莉薇娜悲不自胜，回电给弟弟：“运其尸回家。”三个星期后，从非洲运来了一个大包裹，里面是一个狮尸。她又赶发了一个电报：“狮收到。弟误，请寄回巴布尸。”

很快得到了非洲的回电：“无误，巴布在狮腹内。———佛莱特。”(选自《世界微型小说精选简评集》)

这篇小小说是一家美国杂志以3000美元的悬奖征求“文字最简短，情节最曲折”的故事的获得首奖的作品。单一的情节里，事件完整、有冲突、呈现因果联系，这样，事件所呈现的面貌就不是简单、重复而没有变化了。

2、密。指的是结构严密。微型小说的作者在结构上，应力求时间、场所、人物都尽可能地压缩、集中，使作品结构简练、精巧，如同微雕工艺品那样。因此，特别要在选材、剪裁和布局上下功夫。

3、奇。指的是结尾要新奇巧妙，出人意料。微型小说的特点多半在于一个“奇”字。中外作家的许多优秀作品就常在结尾处使人拍案叫绝。如邵宝健的《永远的门》的结尾就出人意料。

4、新。指的是立意新颖，风格清新。星新一写作一分钟小说，就极力追求“新”。他写道：“有些评论家把我的小说与美国的超短篇小说(Short- Short)混为一谈，这是不妥当的。我是受了美国超短篇小说的影响。但是没有完全依靠，而是发挥了自己独特的风格和技巧。我的小说强调一个‘新’字，给 读者以新题材、新知识，甚至让他们感到惊讶!”(星新一《一分钟小说选》)

为此，他常常借助于童话、寓言、科幻、推理等手法，通过非现实的题材或现实题材的非现实笔法，反映他在现实生活中的独特的感觉，表现清新的主题，如他 的《保修》。当然，微型小说的立意和其它形式的小说作品一样，有时并不是一眼能看出的，有时主题并非一个，是多元化的，这都是可以的。例如美国著名科幻作 家弗里蒂克·布朗写的一篇被称为世界上最短的科学幻想小说：“地球上最后一个人独自坐在房间里，虚这时忽然响起了敲门声……”就写得十分别致而耐人寻味。

不少中学生作文时都没有写提纲的习惯。有的不懂得写提纲的重要性，怕耽误时间，会写而不写；更多的是不会写或不会写合要求的、有用的提纲。作文前应该写好提纲，这是保证作文成功的一项重要举措。老舍先生说：“有了提纲心里就有了底，写起来就顺理成章；先麻烦点，后来可省事。”由此可见，学会写提纲，养成作文前写提纲的习惯，应该是中学生写作学习的重要任务，是有效提高写作水平的好方法。

提纲犹如工程的蓝图、作战的计划，要力求写得符合要求。有些同学常写“1．事情的开始；2．事情的经过；3事情的结果”一类的“提纲”．这太空洞，对作文没有什么用处，不成其为“提纲”。也有同学把提纲写成文章的内容提要，这又太繁琐，也不好。还有的同学把提纲写得呆板、生硬，缺少变化，缺少特色，这样的提纲当然也不算好提纲，也会严重影响作文的质量。

一、提纲要切题。例如，有同学写《说“功夫不负有心人”》的提纲是这样写的：1．“有心”就是有明确的目的；2．“有心”就是有正确的方法；3“有心”就是有认真的态度和创造精神。认真审一下题便可知道，这一种提纲就比较切题。

二、提纲要体现体裁特点。假如要以《门》为题分别写议论文、说明文、记叙文，则其提纲，应该分别体现出不同的体裁特点。

议论文提纲：

总说“门”启迪我们要入好、把好人生的扇扇大门。知识、生活、社会的大门，门门入好：①入好知识门，才能获得知识；②入好生括门，才会懂得生活；③人好社会门，才可能成为社会的好成员。家庭、国家、思想的大门，门门把牢：①把好家门防风雨盗贼；②把好国门防敌人侵犯；③把好思想门防腐蚀变质。4努力入好、把好扇扇人生的大门，让生命的航船扬帆远航。

说明文提纲：

l．门有古老的历史－－与人类向时出现。

2．门有独特的构造－－由门面、门框、门袖等构成。

门的种类多种多样－－按质地分，有金属门、非金属门；按作用分，有多用途门和专用门；按位置的所属物分，有建筑物的门、交通工具的门、其它器具的门。门正向轻巧、牢固、美观、自动化的方向发展。

2005年英语考纲有重大变化，其中之一就是作文考查的变化，如何在短期内提高考研英语作文。新增加一篇小作文，使作文考查由一篇变为两篇，而原来的大作文的字数也由“不少于200字”调整为“150至200字”，满分20分。新增的作文是一篇100字左右的应用性短文，文体包括有信件、便笺、备忘录等，满分10分。既然是新增题型，就不会太难，但不好预测文体，这就要求考生复习时力求面面俱到，掌握写作规律及注意事项，尤其是对常见的应用文体如书信等

大作文的写作一般会给考生写作提纲，或图表，图画，或图文并茂。命题方式虽然多样，但题目涉及面往往是考生比较熟悉的内容，目的是测定考生语言的实际应用能力。要求表达清楚，文字连贯，中心突出，内容丰富，句式多变，句子结构和用词正确。

语言的应用能力不可能一蹴而就，必须厚积薄发，必须经过长期的实践锻炼。在提高英语写作能力方面，我觉得：一是要背大量的优秀范文，整段整篇地背，并转换为自己的语言，写作时自己能随心所欲支配。考试时避免套用以前死记硬背的几个范文，把一些不达意的词堆积在一起，没有统一性，无法很好地表现主题；二是要多动手。包括对背过的文章进行词语替换，句式转换，句子重组等，以及对某一主题展开写作。多动手才能提高笔下功夫，才能保证在考场上顺利写作。可以说背诵范文是培养语感，积累素材，掌握写作方法，动手写作是实践，是最终目的，这两者结合起来，就是“理论联系了实际”。另外，背诵范文应有针对性，写作训练也是一样，在训练中要掌握每一类型作文的写作规律，根据其每一类作文的写作特点——如提纲式作文就要求考生根据提纲提示的思路和规定的要点展开段落——全面训练，但不要带有押题的心理，靠背几篇范文就能应付考试的心态是不可取的。

下面说一下英语写作过程中的注意事项

一、认真审题

作文第一步是仔细审题，考生要仔细阅读试题要求及相关信息，如图表，图画，数字等，准确把握出题者意图。考研作文忌信手掂来，提笔就写，根本不审题，想到哪儿就写到哪儿，或完全凭自己想象编故事，置考试要求于不顾， “下笔千言，离题万里”。比如1998是一幅卡通画，老母鸡申明外加一首打油诗，讽刺一些企业把该尽职之事作为推销产品的承诺。如果考生说老母鸡很可爱，但爱自夸，然后说自己某个同学也爱自夸，这就偏离主题。2000年的作文“A Brief Histiry of World Commercial Fishing ”.它给出了两张图，从1900年的渔船和鱼量之比到1995年的渔船和鱼量之比的变化谈如何保护渔业资源，应从商业性滥捕鱼这一主题展开话题，有的考生却大谈环境污染，其它英语写作《如何在短期内提高考研英语作文》。这就偏离了主题，因为题中自始自终都没有谈到环境污染问题。

有的同学没有审题习惯，或担心时间不够草草审题，最后发现文不对题，草草收场，这就影响了英语成绩，同时也会影响后两门考试的考试心情。

二、列出提纲

考试规定的时间是很有限的，所以不能花太多时间准备一个详细的提纲，但关键词提纲或粗略提纲还是非常有必要的。对原始材料分析归纳后要形成一个基本的框架。文章打算分几段写，每段大概怎样写，自数控制在多少，开头段落是道破主题，点名要旨，引人入胜还是先给出主题一般的背景情况和对主题进行浓缩的陈述呢，中间段落和结尾有怎样写呢。这些都要心中有数。有的考生习惯用汉语构思文章，逐句翻译提纲，当碰到某个词卡住时就翻译不下去，僵在那里。要注意列提纲是为了更好更全面的表达主题。主题的表达可有多种形式，不一定非要寻找一个特定的词或句子。考试时考生要充分调动大脑，灵活运用以前所学知识。

三、开始写作

一篇文章往往由四部分组成，标题(title)，首段(opening paragraph),主体(body paragraph),结尾段( concluding paragraph)。标题要新颖，能引起读者兴趣，首段的内容根据文章的体裁而变化，比如议论文可以从一种现象，一种观点出发引出作者的观点。记叙文往往交代人物和故事背景。主体是文章的主要部分，通过合适的语篇模式表达一定的观点，考生要围绕中心按一定顺序分层次有重点的展开叙述，描写，议论。结尾段是对全文的总结，论点上要与前面的叙述一致和统一。写作时要注意以下几点。

1、要统一，连贯。

选择那些最能体现中心思想最具代表性的材料，这些材料要共同表达一致的信息。选材时切忌胡子眉毛一把抓。词语堆积，不伦不类。前后及段落之间在逻辑关系上要紧密衔接，不能把没有任何逻辑关系的词放在一起。可以用恰当的关联词把思想连贯的表达出来。

2、用词准确，语法正确

考试时要特别注意语法，此语，语气，标点符号等，为了避免太多单词拼写错误，语法错误，不要为了追求词语的华丽而堆积一些自己也没把握的单词，不要刻意追求长句而写一些自己不知对错的有多个从句组成的长句。考试时最好选择自己最有把握的词汇，短语，句式。

3、足够字数，卷面整洁

绝对不能字数不够，即使一句话颠来倒去说也要凑够字数。字数不够，即使写的非常精彩，也不能拿高分。

四、修改

英语写作时考生由于仓促，紧张等原因，很容易犯一些简单的，一眼就能发现的错误。所以考生一定要留出几分钟时间用于修改。不要大幅度进行修改，更不要因为修改破坏卷面整洁，影响阅卷老师心情。修改时可以从以下几点进行

1、语法

包括时态是否一致，主谓是否一致，名词单复数是否对应，被动主动语态是否错用等

2、词汇

包括连接上下句或段落的关联词，习惯用语，固定搭配，词类混淆，误用及物不及物动词等。

3、拼写和标点符号

逆向思维法是指为实现某一创新或解决某一因常规思路难以解决的问题，而采取反向思维寻求解决问题的方法。在做英语书面表达题时，我们亦可借鉴这种方法，从研究高考对书面表达的要求入手，以及阅卷者的感受，去迎合他们的要求，从而做到有的许矢，以求短时期内取得对书面表达的突破。

我们可以从高考作文的评分标准及阅卷的角度来审视一下对写作的要求，看看在他们的眼中优秀作文的共同点有哪些，哪些又是主要的失分点。通过研究高考书面表达卷评分标准，我们可清楚地发现，一篇高分书面表达必须具有以下特点：

内容要点齐全，清楚地表达了自己的观点并进行了充分合理的论证;

准确性高，描述恰当，时态、人称符合文章要求，语法、句法准确无误，结构严谨，标点、格式、大小写亦能正确应用;

连贯性好，衔接语使用恰当，全文结构紧凑;

使用了一些较为复杂的词汇，句式，能体现出较强的语言运用能力;

开头、结尾富有特色不落俗套，给人耳目一新的感觉。

通过对高考评分标准的研究，我们可能发现高分作文有着共同的优点。我们在平时就要严格遵循书面表达的要求，认真训练，积极发现自己的问题并做出有针对性地改进。

游记就是我们一起组织去玩了以后回来老师布置写一篇游记的作文，大部分是这样的，那么我们写游记作文主要抓住哪些关键呢？下面一起来看看！

一、按游览的顺序描写景物。

写作时，要在认真观察和记忆游览的景物的基础上，按照见到景物的次序，来所写看到的景物。这样才能做到条理清楚、自然、明白，不致于杂乱。观察景物，通常有两种方法。一种就是定点观察。如站在公园某一角，对公园进行由远及近的观察。又如我们登上塔顶，从东南西北四个东南西北四个方向对塔下景物进行观察。二就是移动观察，它又叫移步换位法。就是随着脚步的移动变换位置，一处一处地进行观察。选好了观察点，就是确定好了写的顺序。如课文《参观人民大会堂》，按参观的顺序，依次写了五处的景物。先写大会堂正门的国徽和柱子，其次写中央大厅的天花板和地面，接着写大礼堂，然后写宴会厅和会议厅。这样，就有条理有重点地写下了在大会堂所看到的景物。

二、抓住游览重点，详写过程。

一次参观游览活动，看到的景物很多，我们不能记“流水帐”。要把看到的景物中印象较深的写下来，其余地可以写得简略些。我们在一边参观游览，一边要抓住景物的特点，进行仔细观察。比方说，我们要写游览看到的景物为主的记叙文，写作的重点就是把看到的景物重点写下来。对于我们看到的特别好的景物，我们要进行具体地描写，突出重点。对于重点的景物，要注意详细描写出它们的位置、大小、动态、静态、颜色等。如我们写“菊花”，颜色就有“红的如枫叶、白的如冰霜、黄的如麦穗”等等，菊花的形状就有像“小姑娘的卷发，毛茸茸的小鸡，绣球”等等。我们要把过程写详细、具体，做到主次分明，详略得当，写出来的文章才能突出重点，清楚明白，才能写出游览的意义，才有教育意义。

三、略写前后，情、理、景相结合。

我们在写游览记时，应把开头和结尾写得简略些。开头要交待清楚时间、地点和人物。如《游善卷洞》的开头“我的故乡江苏宜兴有一处著名的游览胜地——善卷洞”。结尾应用议论或抒情的方式写下自己的感受。如《天然动物园漫游记》的结尾写道“‘哈哈……’我们在欢笑声中结束了这次愉快的野游。朱库米天然动物园行的乐趣是无穷的，无怪乎世界各地前去游览的人络绎不绝”。这样，写的文章有头有尾，读起来给人一个完整的印象。我们要把感情融化于景物中，写出真意。写作时，我们要倾注自己的思想感情。

还有，我们在写景的同时，或探索人生真谛，或谈论思想问题，治学精神，使读者在领略自然风景的同时，受到启迪和教育。

英语写作说难也不难，下面是语文迷为大家整理的一些英语写作方法指导，供大家参考选择。

2014年6月的3套题的考查形式是这样的：write an essay explaining “why it is unwise to jump to conclusion upon seeing or hearing something”, “why it is unwise to put all your eggs in one basket”, “why it is unwise to judge a person by their appearance”;

2014年12月的3套题的出题形式是这样的：write an essay based on the picture below, you should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then discuss “whether technology is indispensable in education”, “whether there is a shortcut to learning”, “what qualities an employer should look for in job applicants”;

2015年6月的3套题的出题形式是这样的：write an essay commenting on the saying “knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it”, “if you can’t do great things, do small things in great way”, commenting on Albert Einstein’s remark “I have no special talents, but I am only passionately curious”。

但是，透过这些变化的考查形式，我们也可以发现不变的考查方向，不论是2014年6月的谚语或名言原因阐述型，还是2014年12月的漫画或图片描述型，亦或是2015年6月的俗语或名言评论型，在写作体裁上都是一样的，都是在要求考生写出一篇夹叙夹议，以议论为主的议论文。

六级写作方法指导

议论文写作是六级考试的重点，考生既要注意旗帜鲜明地说出自己的观点，围绕观点展开深层次的论述，更要注意综合运用一些高端词汇和句型来表达自己的观点，尽量避免套用一些常见模板，从而给阅卷老师留下耳目一新的感觉，取得高分。

具体而言，六级议论文通常都可以采用“三段式”的结构。

第一段开门见山，直接提出观点;

第二段对观点展开论述，先陈述理论，在列举事例;

最后一段再次回应论点，也可提出措施，再次强调论点。

对于谚语或名言类文章，首先，要注意充分理解和深刻挖掘其中的道理，不能仅从字面去理解，更多的是要结合实际理解其深刻的寓意，其次，要选择有典型性更有说服性的事例展开论述，把道理讲透并让人信服。谚语类题型近年来出现频率越来越高，所以，考生要注意加强日常的积累，多积累多思考，只有这样，才能在考试时不慌不忙、有理有据地写好谚语类作文。图画类作文是议论文的一种，区别在于该类作文要求考生首先要理解图画内容并在首段将其清晰的描述出来。第二、三段的写作与其他议论文是一样的。

近几年，关于话题作文一直是比较人们的写作体裁，以下是小编搜索整理一篇话题作文写作方法，欢迎大家阅读!

一、附加法

就是选取话题中的关键词，在其前后补充成分，使之成为标题。这种方法特别适合于以一个词为话题的作文。

比如以“幸福”为话题：《追求幸福》《追求幸福没有错》《体味幸福》《幸福是一种心情》、《幸福在哪里》《为了幸福而努力》等题目。

二、修辞法

1、比喻式

如《小心这把双刃剑》，把移植人的记忆比喻为“在杀伤别人时也会杀伤自己的双刃剑”，准确而形象;《他们都选择了明月》，把“明月”比做“美好的心灵”作文吧http://wWw.ZuoWen8.Com/。《凤凰的选择》，借凤凰而自喻，表达了自己愿在中考落榜后的艰难历程中涅盘出新我的强烈愿望。又如《灵魂美丑的试金石》《生命如花》《放飞灵感的白鹤》《拾起那一枚贝壳》《我发现女孩也可以做“太阳”》《家，我们成长的避风港》等，这样拟题，更加贴切、形象、新颖。《我渴望老师的“阳光”》，以“阳光”喻暖人的关爱，简洁含蓄。《人生之网》，题目带给人深思。

再如：《别抱怨手上的牌》(“挫折”话题)，《点燃绿色的火焰》(“环保”话题)，《请给老人一轮暖阳》(“孝”话题)，《我爱曲线的生活》(“关注生活”话题)，这些设喻佳题也都富于文学色彩。

2、比拟式

如《诚信“漂流记”》，把“诚信”拟人化，通过诚信巧遇“快乐”“地位”“竞争”的遭遇，得出富有哲理的结论：没有诚信不会长久，地位也是虚伪的，竞争也是会失败的。《出卖诚信》，把诚信当物卖，一斤多少钱，具有强烈的讽刺性。《品味初三》，把初三当做能咀嚼、品味的食物，显得意味深长。《“诚信”喊冤》《天空的诉说》等，使人如闻其声，如临其境。又如《我是网，我怕谁》《你听见冰川的脚步声吗?》《香烟的自白》《我是电》《树的“叹息”》《地球就诊记》，都运用了拟人手法，形象生动，别有韵味。

3、双关式

语义双关，如《灯》《药》，言在此而意在彼。《古井》《种子的力》《挑山工》等课题也采用了双关的修辞手法。又如：《冬日暖阳》《花落春仍在》(话题：温情)《从心做起》(话题：亲情)等。

4、借代式

如《周庄，那一抹绿》，用—抹绿来借指周庄绿的天、绿的水、绿的房屋，显示“中国第一水乡”被一片绿色所笼罩的特点;《黑白债》紧扣母亲乌黑发丝中的白发展开叙写，揭示岁月无情、母爱无价这一真谛，借色彩代本体，寄托深情。又如《倾听自己的心跳》，“心跳”代指某次独特的自身经历;《人生需要掌声》，这一标题借“掌声”代“鼓励”，有创意。

5、引用式

文题中恰当地引用一些名言警句，能达到言简意赅的效果，又使作文增加一定的文化底蕴，如《前事不忘，后事之师》《己所不欲，勿施于人》《淡泊以明志，宁静以致远》《生于忧患，死于安乐》《直挂云帆济沧海》《少年心事当拿云》《知识就是力量》《走自己的路，让别人去说吧》《不幸是一所最好的大学》《做生活的强者》等。

《前不见古人，后不见来者》(“假如记忆可以移植”话题)，表示对移植记忆的困惑，《横看成岭侧成峰》(“答案是丰富多采的”话题)，《救救孩子》(“素质教育”话题)，写生活对人的考验——《让暴风雨来得更猛烈些吧》(“关注生活”话题)，《百年孤独》(“友谊”话题)，《滴滴香浓，意犹未尽》(“亲情”话题)，《潇潇雨歇》写某件发生于雨后的事件。

如引用流行歌词：《一笑而过》(“宽容”话题)，《未来的主人翁》(“素质教育”话题)，《我要的幸福》(“家庭”话题)，《一千零一个愿望》(“心愿”话题)等。

6、设问式

用设问来引起读者的思索，如说明文的题目《地球是圆的吗?》《花儿为什么这样红?》;议论文的题目《老实人总是吃亏吗?》《什么样的青春最美》《“顺境出人才”吗?》等。又如《错?对!》，先问后答，以简驭繁，又穿插标点，构思巧妙。再如《我从日本邮局取回了什么?》(“效率”话题)《我是谁?》(“假如记忆可以移植”话题)等。

7、对偶式

如《朋友最真，友情最贵》《读智慧之书，做有用之才》《一头白发，满山青葱》《梦绕吴山翠，情随湘水流》(“环保”话题)，《高高山顶立，深深海底行》(“人生感悟”话题)，《斩断亲情，昭显正义》(“人与我”话题)等。

8、夸张式

如《那个障碍粉碎了我》(“挫折”话题)等。

9、呼告式

如《别了，漫画书!》(“书”话题)，《给生活加点苦吧!》(“关注生活”话题)，《回来吧，妈妈!》(“亲情”话题)等。

三、反常法(矛盾法)

逆向思维，力求出新：如《感谢你的敌人》《珍惜你的痛苦》《败了，多好》(“竞争”话题)，《往事并不如烟》《以胖为荣》(“关注生活”话题)，《真想做个后进生》《渴望停电》(“素质教育”话题)。又如《近墨者未必黑》《“闲书”不闲》《不知足者常乐》《好人一生平安?》标题给人耳目一新的感觉。而《无情的父亲》、《说谎的老师》用形贬实褒手法，反弹琵琶式的作文标题，反而能比正面选题更吸引人。

四、悬念法

如《让脑袋作360度转动》，脑袋怎能360度转动，让人大生好奇之心，作者有意设置悬念，引起读者的阅读兴趣。

五、符号法

《1+1=?》、《金钱≠幸福》《爸爸+妈妈

六、移用点染法

运用或模仿中外文学名著书(篇)名、名人、名事、名物拟题。如《道德苦旅》(模仿余秋雨的《文化苦旅》)、《诚信无价》(模仿电视剧《情义无价》)，《苏东坡的选择》等。如此机智地移用点染，推陈出新，妙趣横生。

课后笔者让学生以“病”为话题做练习，结果题目丰富多彩，拟出的题目有《为生病而欢呼》《战争》《有病?》《无形的杀手》《心灵被腐蚀》《渴望生病的女孩》《病魔的咒语》《善变的意志》《享受病痛》《颤抖的瞬间》《坚持就是胜利》《思念也是一种病》等。

话题作文的话题解读方法

话题作文确实为学生搭建了一个张扬个性的舞台，解开了学生写作思维定势的桎梏。纵观近几年考生的写作情况，仍有偏题、离题现象。为能有效地解决这种写作困境，考生除具备扎实的写作基础外，读懂话题是关键。那么，怎样才能解读好话题呢?

一、理清话题结构

话题作文的话题从表象上看，一般由引文、话题和提示语组成;从实质上看，它是由写作内容和写作要求组成。理清话题结构的目的是让学生能在话题中找出限制写作的隐含条件，即话题中可以写哪些内容或只能写哪些内容，不能写哪些内容。它能很好地纠正学生的写作误差。

二、破译话题内涵

话题作文中的话题大都是一个词或短语，从语法知识的角度看，词一般是由基本义、比喻义、引申义组成。自然，破译话题时就应充分利用这一知识点，在理解话题基本义的基础上，运用发散思维，深入挖倔话题的比喻义和引申义，这样不仅能帮助学生正确理解话题，而且大大地丰富了话题的内涵。

三、缩小话题范围

话题作文的话题具有抽象性、概括性的特点，学生基本无法直接就话题进行写作，必须先将话题范围缩小，寻找一个理想的切入点：一是将话题的外延缩小，即直接在话题的前面、后面或前后同时加上一个相关的词语;二是将话题中提示语的内涵缩小，即直接把提示语分成若干个小话题，选择其中的一个内容进行解读;三是将话题中提示语的外延扩大，即把提示语按原逻辑顺序扩展成一个新话题进行写作。

当然，决定话题作文成功的因素很多，从客观上讲，除正确解读话题外，拟定标题，确定文体，选择材料，巧妙构思，精心立意也是至关重要的，同学们只有在写作中感悟，在感悟中写作，才能写出既符合话题要求，又具有鲜明个性的优美文章。

The way of learning English

Nowadays, English has become the international standard language. As China is stepping to the internationalization, learning English is more and more important. But many people find it hard to learn English well. According to my own learning experience, I think determination, read English materials and patience are the most significant.

如今，英语已经成为国际标准语言。由于中国正在迈向国际化，学习英语变得越来越重要。但是许多人发现很难学好英语。根据我自己的学习经验，我觉得决心，阅读英语材料和耐心是最重要的。

First of all, doing everything needs determination. Determination is a prerequisite to do something. When facing difficulty, the people who have determination will insist, on contrary, thepeople who don’t have determinatin are easily give up. Thus, if people wants to do something well, the first thing they need to do is to make up their mind. Secondly,reading English materials is a great help for learning English. It can help people raise sense for English language,have interest and confidence in Engilsh. That will help people a lot in the process of learning. Last, patience is necessary in English learning. Most people will feel difficult to learn English at the beginning. The people without patience will often upset towards learning English. As a result, it will increase the difficulties of learning English and vice versa.

首先，做所有的事情都需要决心。决心是做一件事的一个先决条件。面对困难时，有决心的人会坚持下去，相反，那些没有决心的人则很容易放弃。因此，如果有人想完成一件事情，他们要做的第一件事是下定决心。其次，阅读英语材料对学习英语有很大的帮助。它可以帮助人们提高英语语感，对英语有兴趣和信心。这将在学习的过程中对人们的帮助很大。最后，耐心在英语学习中是必须的。刚开始学习英语的时候大多数人都会觉得很难。没有耐心的人对学习英语会经常感到心烦。结果就是增加了学习英语的困难，反之亦然。

In general, determination, reading English materials and patience are the effective ways to learn English. If people recognize those, they will learn it well sooner or later.

总之，决心，阅读英语材料和耐心是学习英语的有效途径。如果人们意识到这些，他们迟早都会学好它的。

[学习英语的方法初中英语作文

有序观察是写好状物类作文的基础。下面小编来给大家介绍小学状物作文的写作方法，希望对大家有帮助!

一、语言要有趣

如习作《蚂蚁》。作者在写蚂蚊的独特功能时，是这样写的：“除了四周的景物能帮助蚂蚁辨别方向外，它们还有一个自身的‘法宝’，这就是在蚂蚁走过的地方都会留下一种特殊的气味，掉队的蚂蚁根据这种气味就能确定方向。倘若用樟脑丸一类的怪气味弥散在蚂蚁走过的路径上，那么后来的蚂蚁就会因找不到那种特殊的气味而迷失方向。”这是作者知识的积累与生活的积累相互融合的结果。

又如，习作《姥姥家的小黑狗》。作者在介绍小黑狗的外形特点时如是说：“(它)一身乌黑发亮的皮毛，就像黑缎子一样油亮光滑;雪白的小爪儿，俨如四朵梅花;那条翘着的小尾巴总是不停地摇摆着;特别是那对黑白分明的小眼睛，总是四处张望，充满着兴奋和好奇。”这里，作者用了生动的比喻，写出了小黑狗皮毛的油亮和爪子的厚实;又用“不停地摇”写出了小黑狗对熟人的媚态;还用“四处张望”来写小黑狗的警觉与好奇。语言富有生活的情趣，突出了小黑狗的漂亮与可爱。

因此，语言的理趣是知识性的体现，情趣是情感性的体现。只有结合为一体，方能显示状物类作文语言的知识性与趣味性。

二、观察要有序

有序观察是写好状物类作文的基础。一要按顺序观察，二要抓住特点进行观察，只有进行有序观察，才能写出条理清晰的文章。

如，苏教版六年级(上册)《麋鹿》。在介绍其外形时这样写道：“它的外形很奇特：角似鹿，面似马，蹄似牛，尾似驴，所以又被称为‘四不像’。”这里的观察顺序是：由上而下，由前而后。作者抓住麋鹿角、面、蹄、尾的特点，寥寥数语，却勾画得栩栩如生。

又如，苏教版五年级(上)“练习册”上有一段对熊猫的描写，形象逼真，凸现熊猫的生活习性。“熊猫睡觉时，腹部朝天。有时，它用前爪轻轻地拍着肚子;有时，它两腿一蹬，便翻了个身。”“它睡醒了就翻身起来，用手揉了揉腥忪的眼睛，好奇地望望人们。然后迈着蹒跚的步子走到栏杆的另一边，坐了下来，好像想清醒一下头脑似的。”这里，作者抓住熊猫嗜睡的特点，写得饶有趣味。

三、结构要有“形”

根据表达的需要，文章有纵式结构与横式结构之别。初学状物类作文，以纵式结构为主，以纵横交错式结构为辅。如“总分”或“总分总”结构。

例，习作《银杏》。可以先介绍它的外形特征，再写出它的价值或用途，诸如营养价值和药有价值等。从总体上看，全文为纵式结构。而在介绍其价值或用途中，又采用横式(并列式)结构。这样，介绍的内容尽管较多，但由于结构清晰，也就显得有条不紊。

又如，习作《猪》。作者从对猪这种动物的偏爱入手，开篇破题：“其实，猪是一种聪明可爱的动物。”接着，文章分别从猪的智力、嗅觉、起居、饮食等方面展现它的聪明可爱。这种“总分式”结构条分缕析，学生容易模仿。有的同学为了进一步突出家养猪的可爱，还简约地将野猪与家养猪作对比。这样，不仅丰富了写作的内容，而且凸现了文章的中心。

四、方法要有变

状物类作文的写作方法也不是一成不变的。仅就叙述的人称而言，就有第一人称与第三人称之异。当然，各有各的妙处。例《钢笔和原珠笔》，叙述时采用第一人称，既显得亲切，又便于介绍。为了行文需要，人称也可以转换。如，《铺路石》。从整体上说，用的是第三人称，“它来自大山之中，它是大山的儿子。为了人类的需要，它离开了母亲的怀抱，来到了繁华的闹市，来到了宁静的村庄……”而在文章的结尾，为了礼赞的需要，转为第二人称。“铺路石，你是山的精灵，你是大山的忠实儿子!你默默无闻，但大地没有忘记你，高山没有忘记你。看，高山顶上的巨石，不正是大地母亲为你树立的丰碑吗?”这种第三人称与第二人称的交替作用，使知识性和情感性得以和谐统一，叙的是“铺路石”，颂的是“劳动者”。

现代写作学认为，写作是一种观念形态的活动，是客观外界事物在头脑中加工制作的过程。从这一意义上来说，状物类作文的指导要以有序观察为基础，情趣表达为载体，有形结构为借鉴，行文有变为方法，经典引路，以读促写。实践证明，这是一条行之有效的写作途径。

导语：你还在为孩子不会写作文而烦恼吗？认真看看这篇文章，然后教给孩子吧。下面是考场作文的写作技巧，欢迎参考！

1、字数三四五

这个技巧说白了就是学习写短句。学了一段时间写作的孩子容易在作文中写长句，而长句写不好就变成病句。家长要提醒孩子注意控制每句话的字数，建议把十几个字几十个字的长句改成只有三四五个字的短句，孩子们会发现这样的作文有语感会舒服很多。

如某学生的原文：“高高的绿绿的草散发着诱人的清香。一根一根都看得那么清楚，很挺拔的样子。”经指导后改成：“草绿了，高了，散发着清香。一根一根，看得清清楚楚，很挺拔的样子。”是不是很有节奏感？

2、一秒钟的事写三百字

还是针对作文写不长的一种技巧训练：用三百字来描写1秒钟内发生的事。如关于破校运会跳高纪录瞬间的描写原本只有几十字：只见某某纵身一跳，一下子飞过横杆，新的校运会纪录诞生了！

怎么变成三百字？可以有条理地加上动作解剖：如何助跑、起跳、翻越、落地；加上联想：往届校运会有人挑战失败，平时如何一次次练习等等；还可以加上细节来充实，起跳前如何与同学们进行眼神交流，成功后同学如何向他祝贺……家长可以找一些1秒钟的素材让孩子进行写作练习，学会了这个技巧还怕考试写不出四五百字吗？

3、遇到“很”和“非常”想一想

对于文章写不长的孩子，可以训练的另一个技巧是：遇到“很”和“非常”想一想。看过无数学生习作，蒋老师发现出现频率最高的字眼包括“很，非常”，请家长提醒孩子，遇到要写这几个字时不要轻易下笔，停下来想一想，是不是非要出现这个字眼？

比如写热，别出现“很热”两个字，学会用其他的描写来体现热：骄阳似火，没有一丝风，树叶低垂毫无生气……文章自然就能写长。

4、环境里面有“真”“情”

到了五六年级孩子都要学习环境描写。如有的孩子会写：“早上天气还挺好的，放学回家时，却哗哗下起雨来。雨珠在下，泪珠在滴，老天也好像在为我哭泣。”

孩子能用环境衬托自己的心情首先要表扬。但是很多孩子只要一写环境，肯定就是小花微笑，小草点头、小鸟歌唱、小雨哭泣，成了套路，难道世界上只有小草、小鸟、小花吗？为什么不能写身边更真实的东西呢？云、雾、桌子，哪怕是电线杆都可以写，这个技巧是提醒孩子不仅要让人活在环境里，还要让人活在真实的环境里。

5、不用成语

作文为什么写不长？都是成语惹的祸！

不是说多用成语才显得有文采吗？其实不然，在“就是不用成语”写作技巧中，蒋老师指出：当作文中只会按照套路使用成语时，文章细节就没了，还不如让孩子老老实实把自己看到的感受都写出来。什么天高云淡、风和日丽、桃红柳绿、炯炯有神、心旷神怡……这些被用滥的成语还是少出现为妙。

比如，写春天别用“风和日丽”，而是这样写：“风儿拂过林梢，原本平静的湖面漾起了圈圈涟漪，湖边的柳树轻摇着身姿，我也忍不住张开双臂，任风抚过我的每一寸肌肤，暖暖的，痒痒的。”想办法用具体的句子替换掉别人用滥的成语，解决孩子作文写不长写不细的难题。

6、写说不单写“说”

让孩子比较以下三句话。

张三说：“……”；

张三无可奈何地说：“……”；

张三摊了摊手，一副无可奈何的样子：“……”

显然，让人物说话有多种方式，写语言可以不用出现“说”而是在语言前面加上动作和神态，通过一定的训练掌握这样的技巧让孩子的写作水平切实得到提升，让他们学会细节描写，不会仅干巴巴的地写“某某说”。

7、一段话里至少出现6个标点

很多孩子不会用标点，习作中常只有逗号句号逗号句号，甚至逗号都没有，把老师读到断气为止。针对这个现象，可以让孩子进行“一段话至少出现6种标点”的技巧训练。比如，。？！……：“”

这些标点你的作文中都有吗？没有的话请尝试用起来。经过几次训练后，你会发现孩子的惊人变化：意味深长的句子会写了、人物语言会加进去了，心理活动结合进去了，还会用反问句了，这些句子加进去后，文章当然生动起来。一位作家就曾用这种方法对自己作文写不好的孩子进行训练，收效明显，进步很快。

8、写外貌不用“有”

作文如何写外貌？孩子的作文里总会看到类似这样的名子：“XX可漂亮了，她有一头卷卷的黄头发，有一双乌黑的葡萄般的大眼睛，有一个高高的鼻子，还有一张樱桃小嘴。”

如果你试着让他们去掉文中的“有”，把文字重新串联一遍，会发现作文顺了很多。写上段文字的同学经蒋老师指导后修改如下：“XX可漂亮啦。一头卷卷的黄头发自然地披在肩上。她的眼睛太吸引人了，乌黑乌黑葡萄一般。高高的鼻子，和樱桃小嘴配合起来，有点混血的味道，同学们可喜欢她啦。”是不是读起来舒服多了？

英语四级考试目的是推动大学英语教学大纲的贯彻执行，对大学生的英语能力进行客观、准确的测量，为提高我国大学英语课程的教学质量服务。下面是小编为大家带来的基础薄弱如何进行英语四级写作训练的知识，欢迎阅读。

英语四级写作备考可分为四大步骤：

一、 背诵：

首先认真研究历年四级写作真题，重点研究2001年6月—2005年12月的11次真题，分析近年来四级写作的出题规律和考试重点，从语言、结构、 内容三大层面，认真研读经典写作真题范文：语言方面学习范文中的精彩词汇、词组、句型；结构方面学习范文的框架结构、内在逻辑、关联词、同义替换和代词替换；内容方面学习范文的论点、论据和论证。同时背诵精彩写作范文，要求滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善，扎扎实实提高自己的写作实力。历年英语四级六级真题 >>

二、默写：

背诵熟练之后默写下来，仔细对照原文，会发现你默写的文章与原文有一些语法、拼写、标点的区别，这些区别就是你的写作弱点，学习关键在于针锋突破，不要全面出击。这些弱点正是你在考试中扣分的原因所在，把这些弱点意义克服，分数自然就会提高。

三、 中译英：

首先将写作真题范文译为中文，或参考范文的正确译文，然后进行中译英的工作，根据自己的理解把中文译为英文，最后对照英文原文，你会发现你的译文与原文存在较大的差别，这些差别正是你写作低分的症结所在。同样的一个中文句子，仔细对比一下你使用了哪些词汇、词组和句型，原文使用了哪些，这样你的写作水平才会逐渐提高。

四、 写作：

进行完上述工作之后，在考前必须进行写作的工作，只有动笔写作，才会发现自己的问题。可以写5—10篇真题或模拟题，模仿自己曾经背诵过的精彩词汇、词组、句型、框架和范文，写出一篇新的文章。最初不要求速度，但考前一定要进行模考，半小时写出一篇120－150词的文章。写完之后仔细修改其中的语言错误，将其改的更加精彩。

英语写作基础不太好的四级考生，必须按照上述步骤严格进行；基础较好的考生学习顺序正好相反，首先写作，直接写作英语四级真题；其次中译英，在研读原文之前，进行中译英的工作，译完对比，找出差距；然后背诵；最后默写。同时可以准备自己的写作框架，应用文和论说文分别形成固定的写法，积累精彩句型。

从每年的考试情况来看，很多同学能完整地按照要求把文章写出来，但得分却较低。实际上，高考英语书面表达是一个分值颇高且易得分的题型，只是很多同学没有掌握得分技巧。下面我们一起看看怎样才能让高考作文“拽”起来。

一、几点重要原则

1.智者利用押题，傻子依赖押题!

2.书面表达整篇背诵绝无必要，可以以看读为主，关键是从中汲取一些常用的词汇和表达，并能得体熟练地运用。考场上应变能力很重要!

3.英文写作模仿很重要。有时也很有效。但不能过于牵强，尤其是对一些长难句的刻意模仿使用。

4.文似看山不喜平，起承转合一定要有!

5.“见微知著，一叶知秋”，几个亮点足矣：有道是：浓妆淡抹总相宜，作文写得简洁到位要比长篇大论更显功力。

6.心不为形役。不要身陷逐字逐句“英汉对号”式的字面翻译，要把表达的主动权始终握在自己手里。

二、善用万能句以不变应万变

历届高考，书面表达考得最多是提示作文，即提供一定的情景内容，要求考生完成100词左右的短文。

从命题方式看，有短文提示、要点提示、图画提示、情景提示以及图表提示等；体裁以应用文为主，记叙文为辅：题材为广大中学生所熟悉的日常生活。从提供要点的情景方面看，历届高考书面表达题均属供料小作文，采用文字供料或文字说明加图画(图表)的方式供料。

备考时，同学们要利用有限的时间把以前背的范文整理一下，从中选出不同体裁、不同题材的范文各一篇(范文以高考真题的高分作文为佳)，把它们重新记忆，一定记牢。这样，高考时不管什么样的文章都可套用背诵好的格式。避免考场上因紧张而无章可循。

最后阶段，还要总结一下写作时常用且能出彩的固定句型、句式，比如强调句型、定语从句、名诃性从句等，牢记英语的五个基本句式，背诵平时老师总结的万能句。以不变应万变。

考场答题前，应仔细审题，研究所提供的文字和图画(图表)材料和作文要求。分析、提炼要点，理顺要点，确立基本的写作思路，不要忽略任何一个词。关键的词更不能遗漏，构思好写几个方面，缺一不可。

写作时，尽量用学过的英语句型和词组。少写长句和复杂句以免弄巧成拙、漏洞百出。但目前高考有关书面表达的评分标准要求作文中应有“较多的语法结构和词汇”，因此同学们在书面表达中不能都写小句、短句和单句，还要正确运用高级词汇和复杂结构。恰当运用过渡词，使写出来的文章含金量更高，更具可读性。

三、高分作文六大特性

1.条理性。指的是合理安排文章结构。首先，在文章思路、组织材料、叙述顺序等方面要有一定的条理性。其次。根据需要，安排好段落，各段之间要层次分明，也要重视每一段的开头和结尾，开头语往往是总起句，结尾语往往是总结句。

2.准确性。指要求写出语法正确的句子，包括时态、语态、用词和句法等，要准确、地道地表达。必须要牢牢掌握一些常用句型或习惯表达，避免中式英语，在实践中不断总结中英用法的差异，养成用英语思维写作的习惯。

3.流畅性。指根据整篇文章思想的需要，有效采用不同的连接手段，使文章层次清楚、行文连贯。

4.简洁多样性。简洁性就是语言简洁，不重复。多样性就是能随情景内容的变化写出句式多样的语句。这也是新课程标准对写作的评价标准。

5.思想性。新标准对写作的要求，增加了情感因素，在准确流畅表达写作要点的同时，适当增加句子的感情色彩，增加一些人情味，使文章读起来更亲切，完全达到与读者进行交流的目的。

6.美观性。指的是卷面书写规范、清楚、干净、整洁。

四、怎样才能有‘拽”的感觉

1.高考写作的实质——变相考查句型与词汇的灵活应用

英语写作不同于语文作文的写作，如果说语文作文是一个自由发挥的舞蹈，那么高考英语写作就是带着枷锁在跳舞。我之所以这样来形容，是因为高考英语写作的内容都已经通过文字、表格、图片这三种形式给定，内容方面，不需要学生进行发挥，大家所需要发挥的就是不要老去给这个不变的内容穿毫无变化的校服(简单句)，而要去穿一些不一样的衣服，让它显得不那么单调，让阅卷老师能看到不同，而那些所谓的衣服也就是多变句型与词汇。

2.写作的评分标准——怎么去迎合评卷老师的胃口

我了解到目前很大一部分学生的作文都处在15分左右，写作满分25分，15分也就是个及格分，那么15分和20多分的作文到底差在哪里?这个问题很容易回答。15分的作文中规中矩，该对的都对，包括内容要点的完整，语法与词形的正确，但是全都是简单句子的堆砌，没有任何亮点。而20多分的作文在句型词汇方面就做了很好的包装，它的句子穿的衣服已经不是校服，而是李宁、耐克，或者是阿迪，所以让人觉得很“拽”，而高考英语写作要的就是这种很“拽”的感觉。

3.写作提分的三要素——句型。连词。高级词汇

句子是我们写作文最大的单位。有了漂亮的句子。用好的连词将其连句成段，再加上一些如星星般亮点词汇的点缀，一篇好的高考英语作文就诞生了。而这三个因素中最容易把握的是句子，最难的是高级词汇，限于大家的词汇还比较有限。一篇文章中出现那么一两个就够了。我们应该把重心放在句型上，因为这个最容易把握。

但是大家又有这样的困惑，学校里老师也给了我们很多的句型啊，动辄成五十上百句的，大家背得挺多，但是面对考试的时候，发现背的那些怎么也用不上。其实不是那些东西没有用，而是它们太干了，就好比一根干骨头，大家嚼起来很没有味。也不知道该把它们往哪里放。

在这里我给大家提供一种比较切实可行、迅速提高的练习方法，在接下来的时间里只要大家按照这个方法来，就一定会有收获。

找出历年真题，一周只需要写两篇。但是要这么来写。

1.把你要写的内容要点用九到十句的汉语表达出来。

2.逐一地进行翻译，不是用简单句。而是要刻意地去想：

(1)可以用什么样的复杂句；

(2)怎样去避开不会的表达，转义。

例如：

这本书是如此的有趣，以至于我读了一遍又一遍。

1.This book was so interest，ing that l read it again and again，

2.This was such an interest，ing book that l read it again andagain，

3.This was s0 jnteresting abook that l read it again and a—gain

4.So interesting was thisbook that l read it again and a—gain

这四句译文当中无疑评卷老师最欣赏的是第四句，因为它用了倒装。

4.如何备考

其实这种思维大家都有。但是没有成为一种思路，让它能在考试中起到作用，那是因为大家练得少。英语写作处在一种很尴尬的境地，一方面大家要分数。但另外一方面大家一个学期里写的作文也就是期中期末的两篇。毫不夸张地说，有的学生上了三年的高中可能只写了六篇作文，所以练习是很重要的，要是现在不练而把高考当练习。那么作文只拿14、15分也合情合理了，到那时你不要骂评卷老师不公平，而应该问问自己备考的时候为什么不多练几篇。时间都是挤出来的，希望大家可以挤出时间来练写作。

布局，也就是文章的结构。它是在作者掌握了材料，明确了主题后，对整个文章的构架作一个整体上的安排。这种安排不是随心所欲的，它必须遵循客观事物固有的逻辑、条理、秩序，也可以通过作者观察、认识和表现客观事物的独特思路而进行合理的调整。所以，文章的布局既有客观的规律性，又有主观的灵活性、多变性的特点。

对于中考作文，以往出现过很多新颖的结构形式，如日记、对话体、剧本、童话，还有高考作文中的处方等等，这些东西有些很不好把握，对初中生来说难度比较大，比如剧本，不是一般的初中生都能写的，虽然初中课本中有过一点训练，但，要达到一个比较优秀的水平是很难的，一旦写得不怎么样，那就很容易给人一种不伦不类的感觉。再者，那些容易掌握的，别人作过了，你再作，新颖度也就不是太大了。当然常规性作文形式的生命性还是要强得多。重要的还是要把内容与形式结合得完美一些，才是真正的作文之道。

1、片断组合式

片断组合式就是选择几个不同的材料内容，对它们进行片断叙写，然后组合在一起，来共同表现一个主题。

片断组合式在形式上几个片断各自独立，可用小标题、序号等形式隔开，前面最好还要有开头语，如题记之类，后面要有一定的结束语或者尾声什么的。

这种形式的注意点是：要找到材料的共同点，要统一于一个中心之下。另外，片断不能选得太多，两三个便好。这种形式的不足之点是对材料的处理只能是简单的，很难挖得深，但如果语言的把握好，还是可以解决这个不足的。

2、诗文组合式

诗文组合式就是在文章前或者后加上行数不要太多的诗歌，行成一种诗与文的完美结合的文章。

这种形式的注意点是：诗的行数不要太多，最好是十行以内的。另外，诗的内容要与文章的内容统一，要为文章表现主题服务。当然，诗，还要写得像诗。如在文章的开头部分引用了一首诗，结尾也可以几句诗来照应开头。

3、精美图画式

精美图画式就是在文章的开头部分用精美的语言描绘出一幅能够打动人吸引的精美图画，然后再依托图画展开文章。

这种形式的好处是能很快地吸引读者或者评卷教师，给人以良好的印象。注意点是：开头的这幅图画要精心打造，后面的发展要自然流畅。如我们初中课文《故乡》中对少年闰土月夜海边刺猹的描写，那就是一幅能给人留下深刻印象的图画。

4、人物对话式

人物对话式就是大量使用人物的语言描写来展开文章的情节。这种在以往的作文中大量存在，并不是一个新鲜的形式。但，如果这种形式运用得好，的确能给人以条理清楚、结构明晰的感觉。

这种形式的注意点是：语言的选择要有精练性和生动性，要统一于一个主题之下。中间也还可以适当的穿插一些其它描写或者记叙性的语言，使文章显得更明确一些、更完整一些。如初中课本中的《曹刿论战》、《变色龙》等。

5、对照烘托式

描写景物，表现独特的自然景观和地域风貌，赞美祖国的壮丽山河和大自然的奇妙，是记叙文的又一个重要类型。下面是小编分享的有关写景作文的写作方法，欢迎大家阅读！

首先，景物有狭义和广义之分。狭义的景物指提供人观赏的风景、建筑等；广义的景物指自然景观和人文景观，即自然环境和身会环境。换句话说，记叙文中的景物描写是指对自然风光、建筑物、动物、植物等事物的描写，所描写的景物在文章里占重要位置，这是写景记叙文与写人记事的记叙文的主要区别写人记事的记叙文中，有对自然环境和人物活动的背景介绍、环境描写，但它们在文章中不是主要内容，是为交代事件发生的时间、地点、环境，为渲染气氛服务的。同理，写景记叙文里也有写人叙事的内容，但都是为写景服务的。

其次，写景记叙文的中心思想是通过对景物的描写和人物感情抒发表达出来的。作者可以在文章中直接抒发感情，即所谓直抒胸臆，也可以通过写景表达出来，即所谓寓请于景；还可以在景物描写中蕴涵自己的主观感受，即所谓情景交融。要注意景物描写必须为人物的思想感情服务，与人物的思想感情相一致，不能孤立地、无目的地写景。

怎样写好写景的记叙文？

（一）要写出有特色的景物

一般来说，景物是各有特色的。同样都是公园，但每个公园都有各自的独特之处。例如，北海公园的白塔、九龙壁、颐和园的香阁、十七孔桥；天坛公园的祈年殿、回音壁；紫竹院公园的竹子；香山公园的红叶等。同样是山，我国的四大名山各领风骚，独具特色。同样是水，长江、黄河源远流长，孕育了中华文明数千载。或烟波浩渺、横无涯际；或奔腾咆哮、气势磅礴。这些景色都以其特有的鲜明的特点闻名于世，只有把它们的独特之处描绘出来，才能给人一种身临其境之感，使人得到美的陶冶和享受。

（二）要学会观察

写景作文和看图作文有相似之处，都是以观察作为写作的前提。观察景物与观察图画不同，观察景物要确定观察点，也就是观察景物的立足点。观察点不同，所看到的景物也就不同。宋代文学家苏轼有《题西林壁》：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。”由于观赏庐山的角度不同，所看到的景象，所获得的感受也就迥然不同了。

（三）要借助想象和联想

写作方法

首先，一接触高考语文试卷，先阅作文题，了解命题特点及具体要求，做到心中有数，胸有成竹，切忌基础题答完后才阅作文题，一旦时间紧张，就会出现思路混乱，甚至头脑一片空白。不宜事先猜测作文题，否则，一旦与自己预想的大相径庭，容易乱了方寸。 第二，字迹一定要端正、清楚。评卷者每天要阅读大量试卷，假如文章字迹潦草、难以辨认，评卷者不可能细细辨认，常会凭印象打分。 第三，所拟题目要新鲜，吸引人。最近十多年的高考作文，大多是供材料作文，需要考生自拟题目。题目好比文章的眼睛。因此要精心设计标题，这对提高作文成绩是有利的。 第四，先打好腹稿，或拟一个简单的提纲，可以借助草稿纸构思，写下三言两语，拟上几个写作思路稍作判断和筛选，确定最切合题意及最适合自己发挥的思路，拟上几个写作思路稍作判断和筛选，确定最切合题意及最适合自己发挥的思路，这样往往文思贯通，一气呵成。 第五，材料作文应简要引用，以确立行文之根本。切忌抛开材料，胡乱发挥，所叙所议与提供的材料毫无关联。应充分重视紧扣材料要点，过渡自然，要言不烦。 第六，开门见山，迅速入题。若写议论文，把观点摆在开头，让评卷老师一看就知道你要说什么。在考场特定环境中，把论点放在开头，有利于文章顺利展开，也有利于自己稳定思路，避免东拉西扯，不着要领。 第七，态度要真诚踏实。像和评卷老师促膝谈心一样。应试作文要敢于讲真话，实话实说，要敢于以心换心。切忌阿谀奉承之辞，自我表功、贬低他人之言。当然，阅读对象是语文老师，应投其所好，避其所恶，所写内容以受语文老师欢迎为宜，切忌对语文及语文老师大肆批评，伤及自尊。 第八，不求花哨，但求平实。应试作文不可能精雕细刻。若写议论文，不妨套用一下常用格式，即开头提出论点，并略加阐述，然后，举几个事例作论据。举例要精当，不宜多而杂，真正典型事例一个就够，在举例中，可一例详说，余则稍作点染。在举例后可联系社会现状和自己的思想，这就是联系实际。最后，要有总结，再次阐明论点来照应开头。去年以来，高考作文出现新的动向，强调发散性思维，因此，要重视作文的创新意识，作文内容要讲究立意新颖，独出心裁，见解独特。 第九，精心制作或引用一两个佳句，穿插文中，对提高作文的等次，效果十分明显。 第十，宜多用短句，词语没把握应赶紧另选一个同义或近义词替换。标点符号也不可随便，多用句号不易出错，评卷者看起来也省力气。写完后，一定要检查一遍，改正笔误和用错的字词。

老师巧妙的画地图方法

我们的老师有一个绝活，她随便把手向黑板上一摆，粉笔对这轻轻的画来画去，不一会儿就有一张中国的地图出现在我们眼前。神了！老师说：“那是要靠不断的练习练习练习，才能这样熟练……”我回家后，跟妈妈说：“妈妈，我们的老师可厉害了，什么都不用就画出了个中国地图。您行吗？”妈妈说：“我老了，眼睛不好，算了，你做完作业去画画吧。”“好啊！”我通常都是这样来“求”出画画的业余时间了。 唰唰，唰唰，唰唰，唰唰。 作业做完了，我兴致勃勃的拿起铅笔，手往上一摆，就“胸有成竹”的画了起来。我闭上眼睛，陶醉的说：“我比老师厉害，我比老师厉害，我比……”我睡着了。 “醒醒，醒醒。小懒。”妈妈叫我那！抬头一看，哎呀，8点了。上学已经迟的不能再迟了。 我也一定要像老师那样，把地图画出来，不用任何工具。现在，我通过不懈的努力，一张在白纸上的歪歪扭扭的中国地图在我手下出现了！我别提多高兴了。

关于黄河治理的方法的资料

我们认为，黄河污染问题是目前我国经济高速发展的必然现状，污染越治越严重的根本原因，主要是近些年黄河中上游地区的经济发展速度太快，而治理污染的投资和速度无法同步跟进。为此建议： 1.将市场机制引入污染防治领域。通过市场作用，从原来“谁污染谁治理”的企业个体行为，引申为市场经济条件下的社会分工和供求关系，形成社会化、专业化的环保企业乃至环保行业，向污染责任方提供商业性环保服务，逐步实现环境治理市场化、社会化、企业化。同时，在企业比较集中的工业园区鼓励多家企业污染处理设施共建共享和治污设施专业化运行，提高治污设施处理效率，降低污染治理费用，逐步解决普遍存在的投入大量资金建成的环保设施，不能充分利用的问题。 2.树立“维持黄河健康生命”的新治河理念。一是划定黄河水功能区，根据黄河水资源量和水流的纳污能力，提出各省（区）允许排入黄河的污染物总量，实行省（区）际断面水质行政首长负责制；二是依法治污，在相关法规中明确相应的水污染超标处罚措施，对于污染超标省（区）要停止审批新的水资源利用项目；三是建立和完善水利、环保联合治污机制，在排污监测和监管处理水污染突发事件上统一行动、团结治污。 3.国家应进一步加大力度推行绿色GDP，把环保工作纳入地方党政一把手的政绩考核。 4.环保体制需要进一步理顺，实行垂直管理，脱离地方的制约。 5.给予环保部门更大的执法权。如处罚力度，关停污染企业等。 6.地方新上项目论证必须有科学的决策程序，有环保部门参与，对新上项目，如果发生大的污染事件，实行事后决策追究制度，以加强地方“一把手”对黄河污染监督管理的自觉性和责任感。 7.应该在具备了有效的监测网络基础上，探索建立排污区域赔偿制度，让过度占有资源者付出应有代价。可以通过“排污收费”的办法，由河流段面水质不达标者，向下游提供补偿，迫使沿黄地区政府加大对本地区污染的治理。

写作方法

首先，一接触高考语文试卷，先阅作文题，了解命题特点及具体要求，做到心中有数，胸有成竹，切忌基础题答完后才阅作文题，一旦时间紧张，就会出现思路混乱，甚至头脑一片空白。不宜事先猜测作文题，否则，一旦与自己预想的大相径庭，容易乱了方寸。 第二，字迹一定要端正、清楚。评卷者每天要阅读大量试卷，假如文章字迹潦草、难以辨认，评卷者不可能细细辨认，常会凭印象打分。 第三，所拟题目要新鲜，吸引人。最近十多年的高考作文，大多是供材料作文，需要考生自拟题目。题目好比文章的眼睛。因此要精心设计标题，这对提高作文成绩是有利的。 第四，先打好腹稿，或拟一个简单的提纲，可以借助草稿纸构思，写下三言两语，拟上几个写作思路稍作判断和筛选，确定最切合题意及最适合自己发挥的思路，拟上几个写作思路稍作判断和筛选，确定最切合题意及最适合自己发挥的思路，这样往往文思贯通，一气呵成。 第五，材料作文应简要引用，以确立行文之根本。切忌抛开材料，胡乱发挥，所叙所议与提供的材料毫无关联。应充分重视紧扣材料要点，过渡自然，要言不烦。 第六，开门见山，迅速入题。若写议论文，把观点摆在开头，让评卷老师一看就知道你要说什么。在考场特定环境中，把论点放在开头，有利于文章顺利展开，也有利于自己稳定思路，避免东拉西扯，不着要领。 第七，态度要真诚踏实。像和评卷老师促膝谈心一样。应试作文要敢于讲真话，实话实说，要敢于以心换心。切忌阿谀奉承之辞，自我表功、贬低他人之言。当然，阅读对象是语文老师，应投其所好，避其所恶，所写内容以受语文老师欢迎为宜，切忌对语文及语文老师大肆批评，伤及自尊。 第八，不求花哨，但求平实。应试作文不可能精雕细刻。若写议论文，不妨套用一下常用格式，即开头提出论点，并略加阐述，然后，举几个事例作论据。举例要精当，不宜多而杂，真正典型事例一个就够，在举例中，可一例详说，余则稍作点染。在举例后可联系社会现状和自己的思想，这就是联系实际。最后，要有总结，再次阐明论点来照应开头。去年以来，高考作文出现新的动向，强调发散性思维，因此，要重视作文的创新意识，作文内容要讲究立意新颖，独出心裁，见解独特。 第九，精心制作或引用一两个佳句，穿插文中，对提高作文的等次，效果十分明显。 第十，宜多用短句，词语没把握应赶紧另选一个同义或近义词替换。标点符号也不可随便，多用句号不易出错，评卷者看起来也省力气。写完后，一定要检查一遍，改正笔误和用错的字词。

我发现了除去污渍的好方法

小时候，我特别调皮，经常搞恶作剧，有一次甚至我把我的一件白衬衫做了美容手术，用毛笔把衬衫弄成了“黑白配”。爸爸见了很生气，说：“小子，如果你今天不把这件衬衫洗干净，你就别想吃饭”。这下我可该怎么办呢？首先，我用洗衣粉洗，接着又用肥皂洗，都无起色。我想没有希望了，于是又开始新的恶作剧，我拿来一大把盐放了在衣服上，这时爸爸来了，我又假装在搓衣服，这样一来想躲过爸爸的责骂，二来期待着新的奇迹发生。我搓了半个多小时，手搓红了，脚也麻了，我拿出衣服一看，嘿！奇迹出现了！墨迹不见了，衬衣又变白了。我拿着衣服去领赏，一桌热气腾腾的饭菜摆在我的面前，我狼吞虎咽的吃着，爸爸却一直在拿着衬衫发呆，他本想教育我学好，谁知我把衣服搓干净了，他的计划全泡汤了。后来，我从书上得知，盐的化学名称叫氯化钠，是一种晶体，它不仅可以做调料，还可以除污渍。氯化钠与水溶和在一起具有漂白作用，能够除去衣服上的污渍。盐还是一种很好的家用灭火剂，食盐在高温火源下，可迅速分解为氧化钠，通过化学作用吸收燃烧中的自由基，抑制燃烧的进行，颗粒盐更是有效的灭火剂，颗粒盐因为颗粒含量较多，在高温下吸热膨胀，破坏了火苗的形态，同时发生吸热发应，稀释燃烧区的氧气浓度，所以能很快地灭火。看来，生活中处处有学问，只要用心观察和学习，就能学到不少东西。

不一样的方法，学习

不一样的方法，学习 在2007年下学期，我考出了我五年来最出色的成绩。这让我很高兴、很兴奋。 而相对于上学期，又是我考的最差的一年，就是因为上学期我学习的反差。我学习的下降，才使我有个信念，加油。我一定要把学习成绩搞好，让爸妈放心，不让爸妈在劳累奔波中还要为我的学习操心。 在下学期，我不在经常看那些心爱的小说，把它们先放在了一边。等我把学习学好以后，我再去光顾我的小说吧！这天，我和奶奶去上街时，路过报刊亭，我的眼睛不停的向报刊亭望去。趁奶奶不注意，我一溜烟的跑进了报刊亭。一进去，一眼就看到了它，它就是对我启发很大，让我受益非浅的优秀作文选之《课堂内外》。它是一本很好的课外读物，书里的内容丰富，有作文指点、数学指南、好书推荐，还有英语超市。就是这一本普通的书让我的学习如火箭般上升，从以前的第25名上升到了现在的第2名。因为有作文指点，让我的语文有了很多收获；因为英语超市，让我不在对英语望而生畏；因为数学指点，让我对数学有了很大的兴趣。 这一本本普通的书，让我从读书中学到快乐，快乐中读书。正如有一句话所说：读书诱发了人的思绪，读书丰富了人的思想，读书开拓了人的精神世界。 1

1、开门见山，提示主题。这种开头是一开讲，就进入正题，直接提示演讲的中心。例 如宋庆龄《在接受加拿大维多利亚大学荣誉法学博士学位仪式上的讲话》的开头：“我为接 受加拿大维多利亚大学荣誉法学博士学位感到荣幸。”运用这种方法，必须先明晰地把握演 讲的中心，把要向听众提示的论点摆出来，使听众一听就知道讲的中心是什么，注意力马上 集中起来。

2、介绍情况，说明根由。这种开头可以迅速缩短与听众的距离，使听众急于了解下文。

例如恩格斯在1881年12月5日发表的《在燕妮·马克思墓前的讲话》的开头：“我们 现在安葬的这位品德崇高的女性，在18xx年生于萨尔茨维德尔。她的父亲冯·威斯特华 伦男爵在特利尔城时和马克思一家很亲近;两家人的孩子在一块长大。当马克思进大学的时 候，他和自己未来的妻子已经知道他们的生命将永远地连接在一起了。”这个开头对发生的 事情、人物对象作出必要的介绍和说明，为进一步向听众提示论题作了铺垫。

3、提出问题，引起关注。这种方法是根据听众的特点和演讲的内容，提出一些激发听 众思考的问题，以引起听众的注意。例如弗雷德里克·道格拉斯1854年7月4日在美国 纽约州罗彻斯特市举行的国庆大会上发表的《谴责奴隶制的演说》，一开讲就能引发听众的 积极思考，把人们带到一个愤怒而深沉的情境中去：“公民们，请恕我问一问，今天为什么 邀我在这儿发言?我，或者我所代表的奴隶们，同你们的国庆节有什么相干?《独立宣言》 中阐明的政治自由和生来平等的原则难道也普降到我们的头上?因而要我来向国家的祭坛奉 献上我们卑微的贡品，承认我们得到并为你们的独立带给我们的恩典而表达虔诚的谢意 么?” 除了以上三种方法，还有释题式、悬念式、警策式、幽默式、双关式、抒情式等。

说起写作技巧，作者倒是有一些可以分享给大家，希望可以对大家有帮助，也希望写作不好的同学们不要放弃，再接再厉。

其实写作并没有什么方法可以去探讨，所谓多读，多写，多想。多读，这就是今天我要告诉大家的一个方法。

所谓多读，无非是读一些书籍，可选书无疑变成了难题，很多人可能会认为读书就要读名著，否则不如不读，这其实一个错误的观点，首先众多的名著在在乎事物的本质，一般的学生会对其提不起太大的兴趣。第二想提高写作说平读名著是万万行不通的。女孩子的话应多读一些有艺术性气息的文学作品，无论是小说还是其他也好对写作水平都会有极大的帮助。因为每一本书都有着我们应学的一些优点，而并非只有名著才是我们该读的。男孩子则喜欢看一些武侠等一些热血小说，那这种书籍对写作水平是有益还是有害呢？答案也是有益的，书中自有黄金屋，既然是书籍就有其独特之处，否则又怎样才能吸引住读者的目光呢？而我们所缺少的，要学习的也是这些。

总之，读呢，要选择自己愿意看的一些书籍，将其精华吸取，成为自己的东西，才能真正的将写作说平提高。

不同学历，不同职位，不同年龄段，其求职信写作技巧也有所不同。那么，大学生应如何写求职信呢？以下这篇文章将让你了解大学生求职信写作方法。

求职信要短，但一定要引人入胜，记住你只有几秒钟吸引你的读者继续看下去。在求职信中要重点突出你的背景材料中与未来雇主最有关系的内容。通常招聘人员对与其企业有关的信息是最敏感的了，所以你要把你与企业和职位之间最重要的信息表达清楚。

言简义赅，切忌面面俱到。求职信的功用只是为你争取一个参加 面试 的机会，你不要以为凭一封求职信就可以找到一份你满意的工作，而且这种错误的心态会使你写的求职信罗罗嗦嗦。招聘人员工作量很大，时间宝贵，求职信过长会使其效度大大降低，1992哈佛人力资源研究所的一份测试报告的数据也证明了这一点，即一封求职信如果内容超过400个 单词 ，则其效度只有25%，即阅读者只会留下对1/4内容的印象。

不宜有文字上的错讹。一份好的求职信不仅能体现你清晰的思路和良好的表达能力，还能考察出你的性格特征和职业化程度。所以一定要注意措辞和语言，写完之后要通读几篇，精雕细琢，切忌有错字、别字、病句及文理欠通顺的现象发生。否则，就可能使求职信"黯然无光"或是带来更为负面的影响。

切忌过分吹嘘。从求职信中看到的不只是一个人的经历，还有品格。

针对性和个性化让你的求职信从数百封的信件中"脱颖而出"。不少人事经理反映，现在求职信中最常见的问题是"千人一面"。的确，网络给求职提供了更多的方便，但面对着互联网上成千上万的职位，有的求职者采用了"天女散花"式发求职信的方式，事实上它的命中率很低，结果不仅是"广种薄收"都达不到，而是多以"广种无收"告终。原因很简单，这种千篇一律、没有任何针对性的求职信，招聘人员看的太多了。此时，针对性已成为求职信奏效与否的"生命线"。另外，个性化也很重要。有的求职信没有任何豪言壮语，也没有使用任何华丽的 词汇 ，却使人读来觉得亲切、自然、实实在在。

在求职信正式发送之前，给身边的人看一下。 这也是求职信撰写中一个重要技巧，目的是避免歧义的产生，让求职信更好的传达出你所要传达的讯息。另外，在求职信后也可附上求职简历，让用人单位加深刻地了解你。

导语：如何写好高中作文，对于学生作文的写作基础也要好好的训练，以下是小编为大家分享的高中话题写作方法与技巧，欢迎借鉴！

摘 要：从生活体验、增加阅读量、思想角度、表达能力和文章结构等方面阐述了如何写好命题作文的方法和技巧。围绕命题作文的趋势和特点，对高中生如何写好命题作文提供了很好的参考方向。

关键词：命题作文；感悟；阅读个性；表达能力

近些年话题作文一直是高考的作文主流，可以说是称霸“考坛”，因此，是平时作文训练的重点。笔者认为，话题作文大大增强了对学生语言表达能力、分析概括能力以及个性思维能力的要求。只有敏锐的洞察力、较高的概括与表达能力以及真正属于自己的思想与体悟，才能较好地具体操作一个话题，因此，对处于对人生理解还在起步阶段的中学生来说，如何写好话题作文是一个很有研究价值的课题，在此笔者简单提供以下几点写作方法与技巧以供参考。

一、体味生活，感悟人生

我们都知道思想离不开生活，一切皆从生活中来，一切也皆将回归生活，话题作文中的话题也更是如此，它们有的是对世界本质的反思，有的是要表达人们的一种愿望或想象，在课改教材中，这一部分内容也倍受重视，更有对人生经历、生命内涵的体悟。

话题作文是要求学生对身边的一切都有敏锐的感悟力的一种作文形式，虽然它看似没有任何硬性要求，但学生的分数这些年来却呈下降趋势，这说明话题文比人们想象中的要难得多，中学生还处在人生旅程的起始阶段，必须培养自己在这个人生阶段的独特视角与感悟力。每个人只要细心观察，都可以轻易地从中领会出自己的真谛。因此，想写出一篇出彩的话题文，就必须善于观察生活、分析生活、总结生活。

二、认真阅读教材，同时尽量增加课外阅读量，从而积累词汇与语言，善于调遣各种知识储备

积累词汇的方法有许多种，当然最主要同时也是最重要的途径莫过于阅读书籍。书籍是人类的精神食粮，是千百年来人类圣哲思想的经典总汇，因此，要尽量增加自己的课外阅读量，多读些经典名著，陶冶自己的情操，认识这个世界。

有的学生课业繁重，对于课外阅读恐怕是有心无力，这也不要紧，每个学生身边都有一份非常好的阅读资料，那就是人手必备的语文教材。教材可以说是无数教育学家按照学生心理年龄与认知水平而打造出的完全符合其自身智力与能力发展的呕心之作，因此，只要能够有效地利用好自己的教材，调动多年学校学到的知识，那么成为一个有思想且能够出口成章的儒林学士则不成问题。

三、要有质疑与批判精神，只要思想积极，就要忠于自己的情感与体悟，勇敢、尽情地表达自己对世界、社会、历史、人生以及未来等的见解

这一点可以说是话题作文的本质所在，它没有固定的要求，却有最佳的选择角度，那就是理智、积极、个性、真实，而这所有的种种却又都取决于真实，如果你敢于把自己真实的想法付于笔纸，那么“文情并茂”中的“情”就可以轻易地表达了，而一篇优秀的文章也会“接近”完成。

但要注意的是个性并不等于不同，批判也并不是叛逆，两者不可混淆，不能一味地用“异于常人”作为个性的最佳代言，也切忌用叛逆来代替批判精神，这样很容易步入阅读与写作的误区。对理解文意毫无帮助，也最终会导致思维的一种批判模式，一旦这种模式在其心中根深蒂固，那么不仅会影响其阅读写作，其一生也终将活在吹毛求疵的误区中。

四、发挥自己形象思维的特长，经常练笔，挖掘自身的述说能力，从而写出真正符合自己特点的话题作文

在现实的作文写作中经常有这样一种怪现象，有很多学生在进行写作时，心中明明已满载乾坤，等到真正落笔时却词不达意，文章显得苍白无力，这种表达能力的缺乏必须经过“艰苦”的练笔来克服。我们现在的学生一般在小学阶段就开始接触作文，而所写的作文一般都是具有强烈叙事色彩的记叙文，因此，对于一个学生来说形象思维能力在小学阶段就得到了一定的锻炼，相对于议论思辨等能力来说具有更多的优势，因此，学生只要有意识地练习写作或诵读片段式记叙文（或称作叙事散文）、微型小说、故事、童话、寓言以及抒情散文等，就能够比较轻松地增强自己的表达能力，从而达到“我手写我口”的境界。

五、掌握最基本的一种话题作文结构，即“三段式”结构

在初中阶段学生在尽量提升作文布局的同时，必须掌握话题文，也同样适用于议论文与记叙文的一种基本结构形式，那就是

“总—分—总”结构，也可以说是“凤头、猪肚、豹尾”结构。初中语文教材上的课文范文，70%以上都是这种三段式结构，熟练地掌握这种文章结构，不但可以作为写文章的基本保证，而且当学生随着年龄的增长，认知能力进一步发展，对文章的理解达到更高一层的境界时，自然就会举一反三，以此为基础写出更多优异结构的美文了。

总的来说，提高话题作文的写作能力，只有教师平时多关注社会动态，感悟生活，再综合多方面的方法和技巧，方能写出精彩，写出创新！

参考文献：

［1］何雨蓉。高考语文作文命题分析与对策研究［D］。东北师范大学，2012.

［2］郝玲君。高中作文有效教学指导策略和原则［D］。河北师范大学，2012.