英语考场写作有什么方法技巧精彩20篇

俗话说：万事开头难。写作文也是如此。我国古代作家把一篇好文章分成三个部分，即凤头、猪肚、豹尾。凤头是传说中凤凰的头，这种传说中的鸟非常漂亮，我们在画家的笔下，可以看到凤凰头上的羽毛色彩斑斓，细腻可爱。由此可见，古人把文章好开头说成是凤头，是很动了一番心思的。写人的文章和其他的文章一样，开头至关重要，好的开头，能够一下子吸引读者的眼球。

我们平时接触写人的作文很多，只有写我们身边的人，写我们自己熟悉的人，才会有内容可写，才能够写得真实、具体、生动、形象。在自己熟悉的人当中，最好选取那些有明显特点和鲜明个性的典型人物来写。写一个人，不能像照相机那样把人照出来就行，而要把人物写活，让别人读了你的作文，仿佛人物就在眼前，这就是我们说的栩栩如生。

写人作文的开头，应该和人物的个性特征相联系，这样就能在文章开始给读者一个深刻的印象。一般情况下，可以采用以下几种方法开头：第一，外貌描写，抓住特征。这是写人的作文最常见的开头方法，为了避免千人一面，就要抓住人物有别于其他人的特征来写。第二，开门见山，直接介绍。这种开头应该交代清楚你和人物的关系，点明人物最主要的性格特点。第三，巧设悬念，吸引读者。运用这种开头的方法，要把人物和事件结合起来，既能表现人物的特点，又能让读者对发生在人物身上的事件产生浓厚的兴趣。第四，先声夺人，引出人物。每个人由于身份、年龄、性格等的不同，他的语言、声音也独具特色，我们可以抓住人物的语言特点，来巧妙地引出要写的人物。

[人物作文开头写作技巧大全

翻开学生的作文本，许多学生生拉硬拽，无奈无味文字都会干巴巴的挤在眼前。例如：《洗衣服》许多孩子会写：我吧衣服泡在水盆里，放上水，再放一小勺洗衣粉，等十五分钟后开始洗。先使劲搓衣领，然后又在搓板上用力揉衣服。最后，打来清水把衣服投一遍晾在绳子上。三年纪是这样洗，到了五年级还是这样洗。由此就很让人怀疑他是否真的洗过一件衣服。而好多份几乎千篇一律的文字，则大多来自同一本参考书籍。

每每看到这些令人颇觉乏味的文字，都会是那个无奈与心痛：孩子们为什么会写得这样空洞？为什么写得这样难受呢？难倒只是缺乏细致的观察吗？难倒只是缺乏遣词造句、布局谋篇的技巧吗？不，不是的。归根结底学生不愿写，写不出来的一个重要原因是内心缺少了一种感情，一种对生活的点点滴滴的关爱之情。没有了这种情感，面对本来丰富多彩的生活就视而不见，听而不闻，一切都变成了过眼云烟，对生活的感应力、认知力降低。其直接结果就是每次作文总是先为;写什么;而苦恼。

纵观历代名家名篇：屈原满腔悲愤做《天问》；陆游忧国忧民写《示儿》；杜甫欣喜若狂述《闻官军收河南河北》；李白激情洋溢绘庐山瀑布。鲁迅先生笔锋犀利，无所畏惧，一篇篇恰似战斗檄文的作品至今依然是读者的首选。它们哪一篇不是作者情之所致，心之所致，而文之所致呢？因此我认为培养学生丰富的内心情感，提高生活认知力，激发出不吐不快的写作欲望，让一簇簇心灵火花烁烁闪耀是成就学生作品的一大要素。

那么如何培养内在情感，提高生活认知力，激发写作欲望呢？

借用诗人杜甫的两句诗就是：随风潜入夜，润物细无声。即把生活中点点滴滴的小事从学生身边信手拈来，开展朋友式的聊天活动，让学生在&ldqu;感知&rdqu;，（即在生活中的所见所闻）、&ldqu;感觉&rdqu;（即对所见所闻进行的浅显的评议）&ldqu;感悟&rdqu;（即透过现象看本质时所发表的比较深刻的见解）这三步曲中不知不觉地有话可说，有话愿说，有话会说，让一吐为快方觉舒畅地情感逐渐注满身心。

点评他人感悟，体验作者的创作激情，加强身心体验。

1. 以《穷人》一课为例。

《穷人》一课描绘了桑娜与丈夫不顾家境贫寒，生活艰难，依然抱养了邻居家的两个孤儿，与自家五个孩子一并抚养的故事。学生们认真阅读，并着重体会作者对女主人公心理活动的描写，以及对主人公语言的描写，从而明确作者的感悟皆来自于穷人们那些无私，善良的表现。

2. 入文想象，体验作者的创作激情。

在第一步体会的基础上，让学生们变成作者走进桑娜的家去看一看，然后谈谈自己的感想，再和渔夫出海打鱼，说说自己的体会。此举意在使学生深切感受到桑娜一家生活多么艰难，多么危险，最后让学生们想象自己是桑娜，是渔夫，去做一做它们的善举……在想象中，学生们慢慢体会到作者不仅仅是感觉到穷人善良就下笔的，而是在深刻体味到穷人们不顾自身苦难而忘我奉献的伟大精神时迸发出无限创作激情才成就此文的。与此同时，学生们也才会心旌激荡了。

如果说文中作者的创作激情对学生们是一种引领性的培养，那么生活中实践性培养、激发应是帮助学生提高生活认知能力，调动无限创作情感的必经之路。

点评身边琐碎，触动生活认知，调动写作热情。

生活中，每个人由于成长环境、机遇有所不同，生活色彩也就浓淡不一。但它与人心灵情感的充实与否并不成正比。也就是说，在平凡的生活中，依旧可以拥有一颗充实的心，一份洋溢的情。关键是如何拥有。是主动觅寻，还是被动逐波？当然选前者。而我们的任务就是要促动学生在生活的海洋中能够主动地游起来，且勇于追潮头，敢于立潮头，乐于领潮头。即能够树立自己的观点，发表自己的观点，升华自己的观点。这种观点就是学生对生活的认知，就是学生们的创作激情。

1. 随即点评身边小事，帮助树立正确认识。

一位同学在作文中提到曾经和他人为了好玩而一起爬墙头的事情，最后告诉大家千万要注意安全，别做危险的游戏。经过大家再三思议，觉得只是为了好玩而去爬墙头，不仅危险，而且是一种不文明的行为，是违反小学生行为规范的。还有的说应该学习创造一些有益的游戏，如果真想勇敢一次，不妨请解放军叔叔帮忙，指导……总之，同学们都认为应该做文明学生，学会对自己的行为负责。在大家的提议下，这位同学除了把爬墙时的危险动作描写更准确外，而且写出了爬墙的一些心理，细节等。如：骑在墙头上，开始还美得高举两手挥舞，忽然往下一看，呀，真高啊！心一下子怦怦跳起来，两手紧紧抓住墙头，腿也一下子夹紧了墙壁，身上热烘烘的……结尾修改后写成：这回不文明的大行动可把我害惨了，同学们可别学我呀！

可见，帮助学生点评身边琐事，自由认知，引导提高，使学生自然而然地感悟生活的积极意义，从而激发出学生高昂的写作热情，使作文更好地水到渠成。

2. 固定跟踪，积累看法。

以校园生活为例。学校是学生们重要的生活空间之一，与老师、同学、教室、校园的相处时间可谓长矣。感觉应是既熟悉又陌生。

说熟悉是因为每天相见，是自己身边的人与物，自然就多了一份亲切，说陌生是因为对人与物的喜爱与信任是需要培养的，所以也就多了一份生疏。然而正是这些熟悉的陌生人、陌生物，会成为激发学生跟踪议论的好题材、兴奋点。让学生去寻找那些人或物固有的特点及变化，然后抓住对人或物的外在感知，记录下自己的感觉乃至感悟。按捺不住之时讲给大家听。同学们边听边议，良好的创作情绪由此逐渐酝酿，慢慢生成……

例如要写《可爱的校园》时，发动学生先列举出校园从内到外的新颖、独特风景。大家看到校园的美，心旷神怡中感悟出这是师生辛勤劳动的结果，并且应该好好爱护。还有的同学能够认识到：人多力量大，人心齐泰山移，努力付出就会有美好的收获，收获是快乐的，更要好好珍惜。有了这些感悟，当学生再提笔时，不再是生搬硬套一份喜爱之情，而是凭着一份激动的心情去夸窗明几净，整齐有序，活泼美丽的校园了。

孔子说：知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。叶圣陶先生说：识得深切，写出来当然亲切；识得浅薄，写出来不免浅薄。一无所知，硬要写也没法写出。因此培养学生的认知能力，激发学生的写作情感，使学生认识到周围事物的价值，对周围的事物感兴趣应是引领学生们走入作文大门的重要一步。而且通过帮助学生点评生活，可以直接对学生进行潜移默化地进行人与人交往教育，社会道德教育，科学思想方法的启蒙等等，使作文与育人紧密结合，为学生的长远发展打下一定的基础。

欢迎来俄罗斯，我们将竭诚提供最好的俄语教程供您学习之用。为了帮助考生有效的学习俄语课程，更好的掌握俄语学习的重点内容，小编特编辑汇总了俄语学习的重点资料和学习方法，希望对您学习俄语有所帮助！

刚刚接触写作时候，自己也不相信老 师的那套要求，总认为背作文有什么用啊，考试又不能遇到相同的作文题目，那还不是浪费时间呀偷懒算了，有时间还去学学专业课，休息一下大脑也好！其实我们总是因为有这样的想法，而忽视了背，也忽视了练习。背作文是写作文的基础。

第一步背要面面俱到。换句话说，就是要背写人物的，书信的，环境的，科技的，体育爱好的等等，各背一篇。

第二步关键我们要知道怎么写！比如这次要写老师，下次要写妈妈那怎么办？很好说的吧，直接写我的妈妈是老师，然后少加我们在一起生活快乐，妈妈关心我的学习，我想这样写，中等的分数会拿到，如果没有太多语法错误就会是中上 等啦！

前面提到的是整体移花接木，部分移花接木就更容易做到了。当然这里也包括所谓的万能作文。即套句式或者套段式。比如要发表自己的观点是常用的я думаю,что желаю,чтобы надеюсь,что верю,что等等，这些句式脑海里必须有，这样当自己写的时候就很少发生写中国句式的问题。段式，例如，Но что мы, как будущие специалисты , будем делать в информационную эхоху ?Конечно,мы должны прилежно учиться, овладеть современной электронной техникой , теорией , иностранными языками , следить за новейшими достижениями науки в своей области.

大家还可以丰富后面的内容，如这样不会落后与时代为祖国和人民服务为祖国的发展做出贡献等等。绝大多数作文中都可以用上，如 果你在考场上时间太紧了，为了达到要求的词数，这些都是最好的素材！写这些头脑中现成的3-5钟足够了！你的时间省下来可以注意你的书写，要美观、清晰！ 书写在俄语作文的得分上非常非常重要！

一、议论文写作三要素

议论文主要包括三要素：论点、论据和论证方法。论点必须正确。论据是为说明论点服务的，既要可靠又要充分，事实胜于雄辩，是最好的论据。论据也可以是人们公认的真理，经过实践考验的哲理。论证的方法多种多样，常用的方法有：

1. 归纳法

从分析典型，即分析个别事物入手，找出事物的共同特点，然后得出结论。

2. 推理法

从一般原理出发，对个别事物进行说明、分析，而后得出结论。

3. 对照法

对所有事实、方面进行对照，然后加以分析，得出结论。

4. 驳论法

先列出错误的观点，然后加以逐条批驳，最后阐明自己的观点。

二、议论文的特点

议论文的结构一般有引子、正文和结论句三部分。一般在引子部分提出论点，即文章的主题，在正文部分摆出有利的事实，对论点进行严密的论证，最后根据前面的论证得出结论。

三、议论文的写法

要写好议论文，必须注意以下几点：

1. 确定论点

论点通常在文章的第一段提出。

2. 要有足够的论据，可以列举生活的实例

3. 论证要有严密的逻辑性

所有事实、原因、理由应紧密地同结论连接起来。

4. 层次要清楚

5. 态度诚恳、友好，因为议论文重在说理，以理服人

议论文在写作手法上以议论为主，但有时也要运用说明、叙述、描写等手法。议论中的说明常为议论的开展创造条件，或是议论的补充;议论文中的叙述和描写应是为论点提供依据的因此，叙述应该是概括的，描写应该是简要的。

6. 论据要充分

欲证明自己的观点必须有充分的证据。作者可以列举事实、展示数据、提供事例、借助常识或利用亲身经历。

议论文尽管有多种写法，但中学生的英语作文都有提示，因此，论点、论据一般都是确定的，我们首先应准确找出论点、论据及其间的相互关系，也即是要找出要点;然后考虑如何组织材料，也即是论证的方式，短文的写法;还应考虑文章的时态、语态等。议论文常用一般现在时，但述说过去的事实时，可用过去时态;预测将来时，要用将来时态;也经常使用被动语态;有时假设一种虚拟情况时，还需要用上虚拟语气。在考虑了短文的写法、时态、语态等后，可根据行文的需要，使用恰当的连接词，按适当的顺序将写好的句子组合成短文。

常见作文写作方法:线索查找方法

以物为线索

【特点】

在叙事的过程中，让某一物品在事件的各个阶段重复出现，并通过各种手段加强它的形象。这种物件往往起过渡作用或象征和点明中心思想。

以人为线索

【特点】

以人为线索叙事，要注意不同时间、不同环境人物性格的统一，还要注意人物年龄特征、外貌、动作、地方和民族特征、生活习惯等方面的统一。否则，容易造成混乱。

以思想变化为线索

【特点】

这种写法，思想发展的主线要分明。思想变化的各个阶段贯要自然，对照要清楚。

以中心事件为线索

【特点】

主要事件记叙突出，次要事件交代清楚，主次搭配合理，叙述井然有序。这种写法，事件再复杂，也可繁而不乱。

每个人物的动作，哪怕是一个细小的动作，都能体现出鲜明的人物个性特征。我们要学会观察生活，抓住人物扱富有特征的行动来描写，从而表现人物内在的思想感情和精神面貌。以下是小编搜索整理一篇写作技巧：描写动作刻画心理，欢迎大家阅读!

心理描写是通过剖析人物的心理活动，挖掘人物的思想感情，以刻划人物形象内在性格特征的一种描写方法。心理描写除了直接剖析人物的心理，让人物内心独白或产生幻觉外，还可以通过对人物其它方面的描写来揭示人物的内心世界，即间接心理描写。这种手法用得好，同样能揭示人物内心的奥秘，刻划人物的性格，还可以增强作品的可读性。一般说来，人物心理的间接描写有以下几种方法：

一、神态揭示法

“表情神态是显示人物内心世界的镜子”。恰当地描写人物在特定环境中的神情，能反映出人物内心的喜、怒、哀、乐，酸、甜、苦、辣。譬如在《故乡》中鲁迅先生是这样通过对中年闰土的神态描写来揭示其内心世界的：

他站住了，脸上现出欢喜和凄凉的神情；动着嘴唇，却没有作声。他的态度终于恭敬起来了，分明的叫道：“老爷……”

分别十几年的儿时伙伴相见，理应有说不完的相思之言，道不尽的欢快之情。但是，中年闰土与“我”相见之后，只是脸上“现出欢喜”之情——内心是高兴的，然而随“欢喜”同时现出的还有“凄凉”。这说明经过半个世纪的磨炼，闰土的头脑中烙上了封建等级观念的印记——儿时的朋友决不能与今天的“老爷”划等号，于是他的态度终于恭敬起来。闰土乍见儿时伙伴的喜与哀、酸与苦以及精神麻木等复杂的心理状态，在这种准确的神态描写中表现得淋漓尽致。

二、行动反映法

世界著名短篇小说之王契诃夫曾经说过：“最好还是避免描写人物的精神状态，应当尽力使得人物的精神状态能够从他的行动中表现明白。”可见，具有人物鲜明个性的动作对反映人物的精神状态往往具有特别传神的效果。譬如在《孔乙己》中鲁迅先生这样通过对孔乙己的动作描写来反映其心理的：

孔乙己一到店，所有喝酒的人便都看着他笑，有的叫道：“孔乙己你脸上又添新伤疤了！”他不答，对柜里说，“温两碗酒，要一碟茴香豆。”便排出九文大钱。

因为孔乙己从心眼里就瞧不起那些短衣帮，所以对来自他们的嘲笑丝毫不在意。相反，为了显示自己与短衣帮的不同，他便将九文大钱——“排”在柜台上。“排”这一典型化的动作充分反映了孔乙己得意、炫耀的心理——你们是些什么东西！只能花四文大钱，有我阔气吗？

三、语言透露法

古语云：“言为心声。”“语言是人类所特有的用来表达意思、交流思想的工具。”在不同的场合，人物会因心境的不同而说出不同的话，这些不同的话语恰恰透露出人物特定的内心世界。譬如在《我的叔叔于勒》中，莫泊桑是这样通过语言来刻划“母亲”的心理的：

可是父亲的希望却与日俱增。母亲常常说：“只要这个好心的于勒一回来，我们的境况就不同了。他真算是一个有办法的人。”

母亲回来了。……她很快地说：“我想就是他。去跟船长打听一下吧。可要多加小心，别叫这个小子又回来吃咱们！”

这两次截然不同的语言，形象地透露出在“母亲”心目中，于勒是好是坏，该亲该疏完全取决于有钱没钱，准确地刻划了“母亲”自私、冷酷、唯利是图的心理特征。

四、环境衬托法

清代学者王国维说过：“一切景话皆情语。”文学作品中的环境和景物的描写总是为刻划人物，反映主题服务的。因此，特定的环境和景物描写往往能折射出人物特定的心态。譬如在《社戏》中，鲁迅先生是这样通过景物描写来衬托“我”去看戏途中的心理的：

两岸的豆麦和河底的水草所发散出来的清香，夹杂在水气中扑面吹来；月色便朦胧在这水气里。淡黑的起伏的连山，仿佛是踊跃的铁的兽脊似的。都远远地向船尾跑去了……渐望见依稀的赵庄，而且似乎听到了歌吹了，还有几点火，……也许是渔火。

这段文字，作者从视觉、嗅觉、触觉、听觉等方面着笔，对田地里碧绿的豆麦、水中朦胧的月色、淡黑的起伏的连山、星星点点的渔火、豆麦和水草的清香、宛转悠扬的歌吹作了尽情的描写，充满了诗情画意，形象地衬托出了“我”与小伙伴们去看戏途中那种欢快而迫切的心情。

值得注意的是神态、行动、语言等描写，有时并不是截然分开的，常常融为一体，以揭示人物复杂的内心世界。其次，要力求使所描写的神态、行动、语言等符合特定情景中的人物的心态，不能为描写而描写。第三，要强调描写的真实性。唯有真实才能透露出人物内心的秘密，才能打动读者。

记叙文要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。下面是小编为你带来的中考记叙文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、记叙文的写作技巧

1、悬念、巧合、误会

2、疏密、虚实

3、抑扬

4、张弛

5、蒙太奇与意识流

二、写作注意事项

1、作文字迹工整，

2、卷面干净整洁，

3、开头结尾要简练，

4、动笔之前要拟题，列提纲，

5、平时要多积累优美的字词句子，用时心不慌。

声明：版权归版权所有人所有，影响到利益，请及时通知我们进行删除。

三、如何开头?

我们集中突破式主动作文写法总纲对开头段的作用是这样要求的：开头段，突破一个“巧”字， 做到别开生面，抓住读者。具体说来有三条是需要我们谨记的：1、接触主题，点到为止，留下伏笔。2、短小简洁，干净利落，活泼生动。3、心中有读者，引起阅读兴趣。开头段不能拖拖拉拉，短小生动为上，抓住读者往下阅读是首要的。

开题，这里的题指的是本文要表达的思想感情，也就是主题。比如一篇习作要表达的是快乐的主题，那么在开头段就应该显露出快乐的笔调和气氛;反之 就该显露出悲伤的情绪和环境。

强调我们设计开头段的目的，重在吸引读者，而不是为了开头而开头，为了巧而巧，甚至是卖弄辞藻，华而不实。如果真的是那样，就会弄巧成拙。还有要注意用自己的语言表达自己的情感，不能生搬硬套，故作深沉。记住，与读者交流我们的情感思想才是写作的真正目的

都说作文开头难，最难就难在思路，没有思路，就没有开头的方向;思路不清，就会咬着笔头无从下笔;思路错误，就会劳而无功，通篇尽失。开头段这样重要，其方法就最简易。

总起来说，有三条：

1、和文章题目联系上。

2、和主要内容联系上。

3、和自己(主人公)的心情联系上。

开头段写作方法：

1、开门见山法。

2、先闻其声法。

3、设问开头法

4、景物描写法

5、肖像描写法

6、联想开头法

7、倒叙开头法

8、名人名言开头法

9、议论开头法

10、综合开头法

四、如何结尾?

结尾段不是可有可无的文段，它承担着十分重要的任务。

一般来说，结尾段的任务有三条：

1、收束全文，完成主题。

2、拓展情境，升华主题。

3、含蓄优美，引人遐想。

理清结尾段的思路，经常运用的有五个：

1、和文章题目联系上。

2、和开头段联系上。

3、和重要内容联系上。

4、和事情结果联系上。

5、和自己的心情联系上。

结尾段的方法。

1、 自然结尾。

2、抒情结尾

3、含蓄结尾

4、总结结尾

5、启发结尾

6、点题结尾

7、照应结尾

9、议论结尾

10、综合结尾

做到“结尾有力”的主要途径是：

一、把事件的结局交代清楚。

这种顺着情节的发展，以事情的终结作全文的结尾，干净利落，不枝不蔓，事情结束，文章也就结束了。

二、语言含蓄，发人深思。在记叙文中，作者以独特的认识和理解，写下深刻含蓄的结语，力求意味深长，发人深思。

三、结尾同开头呼应。结尾照应开头，能使文章结构谨严，浑然一体。

四、篇末点题，突出中心。篇末点题，尤如画龙点睛，这“睛”点得好，会使全篇顿生光彩。画龙点睛式的结尾，能帮助读者悟出全文的深意，给人留下深刻的印象。

小结：

记叙文的结构模式相对而言变化较多，运用时可以使用单一的某种模式，也可以将其中的两种或几种合并使用。但不管如何变化都会遵循如下规律：

开头(引出材料)→主体(具体描写，用生动的细节突出某种特点)→结尾(适当抒情或议论点题)。必须注意的是：段与段之间、材料与材料之间要有过渡，结尾要照应。熟练地掌握这些基本模式对快速构思和行文无疑是大有裨益的。

大凡传世之作，除文辞精美之外，恐怕更主要的就是在构思新颖、使人耳目一新上了。“文如观山不喜平”，讲的就是作文大忌——平淡无奇而缺少新意。文章怎样才能脱“平”而出“新”呢？其基本方法有以下四种。

一、违常情，背常理，转换角度，另辟蹊径。常情常理，往往成为人们的心理定势，束缚着人们的思维，如能从反面作文，不仅能给人乐趣，给人新知，令人爱读，更有标新立异，见地独到，发人深思，引人入胜，产生云中透日、奇峰突起的奇效。例如有这样一篇文章：《为各人自扫门前雪叫好》，作者一改前人对“各人自扫门前雪”的贬斥态度，而是振振有词、理直气壮地为“各人自扫门前雪”大唱赞歌，认为这就是承包制，要职责分明，责任到人。这种做法符合时代精神，紧跟改革的浪潮。这种思维方法，冲破了以往的思想樊篱，赋以新意，给人以启迪。

二、设疑点，造悬念，抑扬有致，波澜起伏。一篇文章，如看头而知尾，平直如线，一览无余，读者就会觉得如嚼一杯开水，寡而无味。若文中疑点重重，悬念环生，欲扬先抑，一波三折，就会使读者观文而入情，入情而忘返。例《枣核》一文就采用了这种方法。作者动身访美前，旧时同窗来信，再三托咐他带几颗生枣核，用途蹊跷，文章一开始就制造了一个悬念。到美后，和友人一见面，友人就殷切地问“带来了吗”？作者问他枣核的用途，友人却故弄玄虚地说，等会儿就知道了，从而再造悬念。到友人家，友人不是告诉作者枣核的用途，而是劈头问作者觉不觉得他的花园有点家乡味道。从而三设悬念，一抑而再抑，层层递进，环环相扣，既紧紧抓住了读者，急欲知道友人要作者给他带枣核的用途，也为情节高潮的到来蓄势。但是当友人说出枣核的用途之后，悬念释除，而友人这个久离故土的游子的思乡之情也就淋漓尽致地表现出来，从而突出了文章的主题。

三、制造矛盾，产生误会，推动情节，渲染气氛。这种方法影视、戏曲中常用，记叙文中也屡见不鲜。如《醉人的春夜》就用了这种方法。文中有这样的情节：夜深人静，小伙子骑车一掠而过，可又回来了，女青年陈静以为要加害自己，心里顿时紧张起来，以致语无伦次，不知所措。其实小伙子回来是要帮她修车，这是第一次误会。车无法修好，小伙子又问她家住多远，陈静以为他不怀好意，又没了主意，并下意识地往前紧走几步。实际上小伙子的想法是近则送一程，远则再想法把车修好，这是第二次误会。车修好后，陈静问小伙子要多少钱，小伙子说五块钱，陈静愕然，以为这是敲诈。实际上小伙子只是开个玩笑，这是第三次误会。作者这种制造矛盾、产生误会的方法，既增加了情节的曲折性，渲染了一种紧张、幽默、和谐的气氛，同时人物鲜明的性格，美好的心灵，以及文章深刻的主题也得到充分的展示。

四、设计巧合，前后呼应，合乎情理，出人意外。俗话说“无巧不成书”。在叙事性的作品中，常用这种方法。如《水浒·林教头风雪山神庙》就运用了这种方法。林冲被陷害发配沧州，身处他乡而举目无亲，可忽然耳听有人喊他，原来是酒生儿李小二在此地与恩人相遇，这是一巧。林冲的死对头陆虞候等人，奉高俅之命，前来沧州追杀林冲，他们在店中密谋，恰好被李小二听见，于是才有小二报信，林冲寻仇的情节，这是二巧。林冲为御寒而前去买酒，走后雪压屋塌，幸免于一死，这是三巧。林冲无处栖身，夜宿山神庙，陆虞候等人放火烧草料场，林冲再逃劫难，并在庙内听到陆虞候等人谋害他的始末缘由的议论，这是四巧。这些巧合的运用都前有伏笔，后有照应，乍看出人意料，细想入情入理，从而推动情节曲折发展，增强了表达效果。

作文如能善用以上四法，说理则可振聋发聩，发人深省，警醒世人；叙事则情节曲折，峰回路转，引人入胜，让人手不释卷。

写作之前应该把题目确定下来，写作之前应该把文章大概的框架整理出来，只有这样，你的文字才能在这种框架内很流畅的展示出来，你的文章才会让阅读的人感觉很棒，很精彩。下面是小编为你带来的2017中考作文写作技巧汇总，欢迎阅读。

1、充分发挥自己的优势。

擅长形象思维、会刻画人物的同学可选择记叙文，擅长抒情的同学可选择散文。初中生一般不提倡写议论文。

2、精写前几段，给评卷老师留下一个好印象。

要精雕细刻，要出彩。比如，可开门见山，直奔主题;可制造悬念，引人入胜;可提出问题，引人注意;或巧用排比、比喻、拟人等修辞手法，或。巧述故事，引人入胜，或巧用题记，揭示主旨，或巧用诗文显诗意。写好结尾和过渡段。阅卷老师一般是S型的扫描全文。结尾可画龙点睛，发人深思;或总结全文，照应开头;或虚笔拓展，扩大容量;或精辟议论，深化主旨。

3、要给自己充足的构思时间，不要急于动笔。

’宁停三分，不争一秒’，因为写作是’开弓没有回头箭’的，写到一半，突然发现，呀，把题目理解错了，或没领会好命题的要求。最可怕的是文章写到一半，又想另起炉灶。时间没了，心情也坏了。干着急。建议打草稿，防止’三边工程’(边立项，边设计，边施工)。考场作文不宜见异思迁，边写边改。要贯彻一种构思。一旦构思已定，就不要轻易改变。

4、要力避前松后紧、虎头蛇尾。

有些同学构思、提纲拟好后，开头反复推敲，精雕细琢，后来发现时间不够，于是草草收兵。此外，要谨慎对待修改。修改一般只着眼于字词方面的，可用米尺比好之后划两横。结构方面不能修改。要保持卷面的整洁美观，要努力做到改动少而效果好。

5、如果偏题或者离题，作文的主要分数就失去了。

为防止跑题，可从如下几点做出努力：一是将材料、引语和话题联系起来思考，不可单看话题;二是看自己确立的观点能否用话题所给材料来证明;三是想一想这则材料当初发在媒体上登载是要达到一个什么效果的。万一跑题了，要考虑逆挽，使文章形成一种欲扬先抑的结构形态。

6、一定要完篇。

熟话说，好文章是凤头、猪肚、豹尾。没有豹尾，老鼠尾巴也要有一个，绝不能写半头文。用半篇文章给你评分，怎么会得高分?

7、特别要注意不能缺题。

不是万不得已，不要以话题做标题。拟题是显示你才气的一个好的平台，不能轻易放弃。缺题影响远不止2分。正好给了评卷老师扣分的理由。

8、文章要有一至两个亮点。

学而思老师建议：如果是记叙文，应该用抓人的情节和生动的描写表现你的真情，记叙文不能没有描写。如果是议论文，就一定要有12个典型的论据，就应该有纵横捭阖，很深刻的见解。如果是微型小说一定要有巧妙的构思。这个亮点还可以是一句富有哲理的警句，也可以是一个精彩的比喻，也可以是一个超常的搭配(酽酽的歌喉)。总之，要能使评卷老师精神为之一震。

9、行文中要多次扣题，要一路扣题一路歌。

材料、引语和话题中的相关文字至少在文中出现三次以上。开头三句话内应点题一次，结尾应回扣标题，’回眸一笑百媚生’。中间至少扣题一次。几次扣题事实上也是在不断地提醒自己不要跑题。有球场上叫暂停的效果，可以调整思路和写法。

10、思想要健康。

’思想健康’不是说要你只说冠冕堂皇的话，不是要你刻意拔高，’健康’是针对’病态’、’庸俗’而言的，它的底线是不能欣赏违背法律法规和偏离社会道德的事。恋爱题材是考场作文的禁区，无论考生写得如何缠绵悱恻，真挚动人，因其行为是中学生日常行为规范所不允许的，这类作文自然得不了高分。

导语：我们很多的时候都会写事作文的写作方法，但事作文怎么写呢?以下是小编整理的资料，欢迎阅读参考。

写事要求清楚、具体。一件事情的发生，总离不开时间、地点、人物和事情的起因、经过、结果。这就是人们常说的"记叙文六要素"。把这六个方面写清楚了，才能让读者明白究竟是一件什么事。同时，还要寓理于事，即通过一件事或几件事来说明一个道理。在六要素当中，起因、经过、结果是事情的主要环节。其中，"经过"部分又是事情的核心，是全文成败的关键所在。在小学生的作文里，"经过"部分写得不具体是带有普遍性的问题。小学生的继续文不感人，平淡乏味，这是其中一个重要原因。记事的记叙文可分两种：写事和写活动。

（一）怎样写事

一是把"经过"部分分成几个阶段，然后按照先后顺序一层一层地写得清楚。写的时候多文几个"后来怎样"，文章就具体了。

二是注意材料的详略，有所侧重。对一些重要的过程、场面要细致描绘，使读者有如身临其境。

三是对事件中的人物，特别是主要人物，当时是"怎么说的"、"怎么做的"，又是"怎么想的"，一定要写具体。

（二）怎样写活动活动

有目的、有形式、有过程的。搞什么活动？为什么搞活动？则眼搞活动？活动的结果怎样？都要写清楚。写活动也要求写清楚"六要素"，要把活动的时间、地点、人物和活动开始、经过、结果写出来。在整个活动当中，不是写一个人，二是写一群人；不是用一两件事来写人物，而是通过写一个活动场面，来表现人物的精神面貌。写活动的记叙文，最大的特点就是必须有活动的基本内容、主要过程和重要场面。把印象最深刻的内容作为重点，把自己看到的、听到的、亲身经历的主要部分记叙下来，采用点面结合的方法，既要写好群体活动，又要把个体代表写进去；既要写整个场面，又要突出典型人物。

写活动的文章一般包括两大部分：一是活动的经过，二是自己的感受。如果写"参观"活动，就要用"观一处，感一处"的方法。写整个活动的过程，要用顺叙法，即按活动的先后顺序，把活动时间、地点、人物及活动的经过和结果依次写出来。

写作是—种复杂的思维活动，在高考作文写作的过程中，谋篇布局、文字功夫固然很重要，但形成文字之前的思维技巧更为重要。

作文思维是一个多元的、立体的、复杂的思维过程。常用的思维方法有顺向思维和逆向思维、发散思维和收敛思维、纵向思维和横向思维、线性思维和非线性思维、对称思维和非对称思维、静态思维和动态思维等。这些思维方法贯穿于写作的全过程，我们应当研究思维技法，努力将这些思维方法灵活地运用于作文中，使思路活跃，文思泉涌。

下面，我们择要介绍一些思维技巧。

一、顺向思维

顺向思维是一种从人类已有的成果出发，以人类已有的成果为思维原点，又创造性地推动着人类已有成果向前发展的思维方法。具体的表现形式有三种：一是创造性地运用人类已有的成果；二是对人类已有成果进行创造性的完善三是创造性地深化人类已有的成果。

作为写作中的顺向思维，是指在写作思考的过程中，思维循着命题者的意图、指向去思考。在写作过程中，循着命题者的指向思考，并从正面考虑问题的答案，这样有利于培养思维的求同性。你也可以有所创新，但必须在原材料思维前进的方向上发展创新。

二、逆向思维 逆向思维也叫反向思维法、反弹琵琶法。所谓逆向思维，就是对某一问题抛开它所提供的条件和思路导向；换一个角度向其反面去思考，以获得与原材料截然不同的意义，得出不同凡俗、富有创意的思维结果。

三、求异思维 人们往往习惯于认识事物的某一面，而忽略了与之相反的另一面，因此，这就留给了人们思考的另一空间。运用求异思维的方式，打破从来如此的思维定势，独辟蹊径，反其道而思之，往往有新颖独到的发现，进而写出好的文章.

四、原点思维 原点思维是指以某一原有事物为原点，围绕其所进行的继承借鉴、发扬深化、寻找原因和解决问题的一种思维方式。有人说。原点思维就是从思维的原出发点考虑问题。

五、发散思维 发散思维又称辐射思维放射思维多向思维扩散思维，它是从多种角度去思考探索问题，寻找多样性解决问题的思维方式。发散思维的特点是：充分发挥人的想象力，突破原有的知识因，从一点向四面八方想开去，井通过知识、观念的重新组合，寻找更新更多的设想、答案或方法。发散思维是一种多方面、多角度、多层次的思维方法，具有大胆独创、不受现有知识和传统观念局限和束缚的特性，因此很有可能从已知导向未知，获得创造结果。

六、辨证思维 辩证思维是指用全面、发展、变化的眼光看待事物，透过大量繁复庞杂的现象认清事物本质的思维方法，实际上就是以辩证法为其观念基础的思维认识方法。

[高中语文作文创新写作技巧指导

导语：环境描写包括社会环境的描写和自然环境的描写。下面我们来说说怎么通过展现环境去烘托人物。

社会环境即指人物活动、事件发生发展的社会背景，时代特征，社会风貌等，一 人都生活在一定范围内，身边的亊身边的人、特定的环境、特定的背贵，会对人造成不 同的影响。在刻_人物时，如采把这些社会环境交代清楚，就能够展示出人物生活的特定 社会背景，揭示出人物活动的特定历史背景。

自然环境是人物活动的时间、地点、时令气候、地理风貌等。自然环境描写是$章的 有机组成部分。在写人的作文中，自然环境的描写是作为人物活动的背贵存在的，它可以 制造气氛，衬托人物的悄趣、心境，表现人物的心理活动，从而更好地突出主题思想。好 的自然环境的描写往往离情于最，情诰交融，随人写景，为人取设，人、贺融为一体，为 塑造人物形象、刻_人物性格更好地服务。

人教版九年级语文上册《孤独之旅》中就有大量的环境描写，而且逛出色的环境描写， 它为人物成长提供了一个广阔的背景：芦荡如绿色的浪潮直涌到天边，无边无际，给人以 极大的心理压力，让杜小康宵怕、胆怯。当杜小康习惯了孤独的生活，洱面对这浩浩荡满 的芦苇吋，就不再恐慌了。

在写人的文章中，运用晋物描写的目的是为更好地塑造人物，表现主题。丨对此’写作时要根据内容的猫要，有选择地进行环境描写。不能见到什么写什么，觅不能脱离中心大 段大段地写景。这种漫无目的的盲目写景，不会使文京增加文采，反而会界巧成拙，成为累赘，破坏了文竞的连贯性。除了明确目的外，在写贵时还应该注意一些问题：首先要选 择好观察的角度。角度就是指观察者站在一个固定的位置上朝一定方向观望，看到的设物 就是自己应该描写的部分，观察角度一定要选好，由此决定描写贵物的正面还是侧面，全 景还是部分景。其次还要注意描写的顺序。或者按照设物本身的空间顺序，从上而下，从 下而上;或者按照观察者的移动顺序，移步换景;或者按照景物本身的变化进行描写。这 样文章层次分明，脉络淸晰、最后注意，平时应善于观察，观察不同季节、不同地点、不 同时间的景物，抓住其特征。在此骓础上，写出来的贵物才会逼真、感人。

导语：优秀的作文开头应该简明扼要，言简意丰，而且能集中地表达文章的主旨，下面是作文开头的写作方法，欢迎参考！

1、开门见山落笔扣题

所谓"开门见山"，是一种比喻的说法，指的是直截了当地切入要旨。

如《白杨礼赞》一开头就触及题旨："白杨树实在是不平凡的，我赞美白杨树！"这种写法干脆利落，入题快捷，不枝不蔓，所以受很多同学所青睐。

2、引用经典彰显底蕴

开头引用警句、名言、诗句或俗语、谚语等，能增强开端的气势，使人感到峥嵘、高远，达到吸引读者、突出中心的效果。如下例几种常用的：

1）诗词开头

以诗句开头，气势磅礴，震撼人心。如："莫等闲，白了少年头。"我的爸爸四十多了，白了头，可是依然很平凡……

2）俗语开头

俗语是孩子们所熟悉的，以此开头，倍感亲切，激发兴趣。如：中国有句俗语说："三棒槌打不出一个屁来。"我的爸爸就是一个不爱说话的人……

3）名人名言开头

这种开头法不仅使你所要表达的意思简明扼要，言简意丰，而且能集中地表达文章的主旨，起到画龙点睛的作用，使文章增色不少。如一学生写《自信》：著名科学家爱迪生说："自信是成功的第一秘诀。"是的，拥有自信，不断努力，就能获得成功。

4）故事导入

引用一则典故或现实生活中的小故事来开头的方法，可以增加文章的趣味性，能引起读者的兴趣。如一学生写《宽容》时，这样开头："一位理发师正在给周恩来总理刮脸，由于周总理咳嗽了一声，理发师不小心将他的脸刮破了，这时理发师紧张不已，以为周总理会大发雷霆。想不到，周总理却很抱歉地说：这不关你的事，要是在咳嗽之前给你打个招呼，你就不会刮破我的脸了。’这样一句暖人的安慰，我们可以从周总理身上看到可贵的品质——宽容。"

5）声音开头

对话、琴声、风声、雷声等等，都可以用来开头，信手拈来，渲染氛围。如："请把我的歌，带回你的家，请把你的微笑留下……"每当耳边响起这熟悉的旋律，自己就像遇见了多年不见的老朋友一样，感觉格外亲切。

3、精辟修辞韵味悠长

用修辞手法开头，易抒写作者心灵的感悟，引发读者赏读的情趣。

1）比喻

开头设喻，以引起读者对要说明的事物或道理的兴趣。如《中国石拱桥》开头："石拱桥的桥洞成弧形，就像虹。"

2）对比

用对比来开头的方法，可以加强文采，有力地突出主题。如：古今中外，凡是在事业上有所造就、取得成功的人，其成功没有不是用辛勤的汗水换来的；反之，那些懒惰昏庸的人，则无法成就事业，由此可见，勤则成事，惰则败业。

3）排比

用排比句开头，句式整齐，语势铿锵，促人赏读。如：假如我是小鸟，我会记住那出生时的巢穴；假如我是树苗，我无法忘记那滋养我的土地；假如我是江河，那雪域高原成为我记忆中的烙印……

4）设问

设问开头，铺排文气，先声夺人。如：为什么服装设计师总要千方百计地设计一套又一套的时装？为什么我们的祖国在前进的号角中总夹杂着这样一句话——提倡科技创新？为什么一座座拔地而起的高楼不沿用20世纪五六十年代建筑的风格？一切的一切，只因为时代在变化，人的思想也在变化。时装要迎合时代潮流，发展要与时俱进，生活赋予了我们创新的动力。

4、借物联想引发情趣

文章的开头或从远到近，或由此及彼，从别的事物写起，再联想到要写的事物上来，借以烘托要写的事物。

如一学生这样写《路》：日常行走的路有大路、小路之别，人生之路有正路、歧路之分。人，应该择路而行。

5、巧设悬念曲径通幽

开头设置一个悬而未决的问题，引起读者的关注，激发读者的兴趣，同时增加文章的曲折，显现布局之美。如一学生写《感受生活之美》："我快要死了——我躺在病床上，四周黑漆漆的一片，十分寂静，偌大的房间里，只能听得见我微弱的呼吸声。"

6、名人作答启人深思

采用名人作答的方式展开文章，有利增强开端气势，给人高远之感。如一学生如此写《幸福》的开篇：有人问：幸福是什么？答案是丰富多彩的。尼采认为："能把蜈蚣、碎玻璃、肉虫、石头一齐吞下肚，却毫不恶心，这种人是最幸福的。"而思多葛派却认为："拥有无穷的财富和威力，而且能够处事不惊，那才是真正的幸福。"

7、场景描写渲染气氛

描写法即借助某种修辞或某种描写技法，通过对景物的描写，渲染气氛，烘托氛围，为下文人物或事情的开端做好衬托铺垫。

请看《考试》一文的开端：教室外，呼啸着的北风挟着密集的雨点扑打在墙上，"嚓、嚓"地响，教室内，一场全能竞赛考试进行到了白热化的阶段。

8、交代要素引人入胜

交代要素式也是写作文较为常见的一种开头形式，即交代记叙文的几要素：时间、地点、人物和事件。

如《捉鱼》一文的开头："一个星期天的早晨，我和小辰拿着小盆，拎着小桶来到一条小溪边围坝捉鱼。"这样开头可以让读者清楚地了解到记叙文的几要素，为下文展开故事情节作准备。

9、介绍背景蓄势待发

以介绍情况、交代背景的方式开篇，可以让读者充分了解事情原委，有利于对整篇文章的正确、顺利解读。这种方法主要用于写一些事件或重要人物的文章。

如《火烧赤壁》一文的开头："东汉末年，曹操率领大军南下，想夺取江南东吴的地方。东吴的周瑜调兵遣将，驻在赤壁，同曹操的兵隔江相对。曹操的兵在北岸，周瑜的兵在南岸。"这个开头，使读者看了以后，对两军相对峙的形势、所处的地理位置和即将发生的事一目了然。

10、概括内容凸显主旨

开头总领全文，下文则围绕着它进行“分述”，全文因此而比较有条理，而且可以让读者迅速了解文章梗概，一睹为快，为下文的阅读埋下情感基调。如作文《春花朵朵》一文的开头：“五讲文明的春风，吹开了学校这万紫千红的百花园中的朵朵春花。让我们从这万紫千红的百花园中摘取几朵，领略一下那满园春色吧！”

11、巧用倒叙暗渡陈仓

即文章开头先写出事情的结果，再写出事情的原因和经过，以造成悬念，增强文章的吸引力。

请看一学生如何写《异乡情怀》：独立小院，月光如水，静静地流泻在我的身边，我感到了心沉水底的清凉，引起了对你的不尽的思念！曾记得也是这样一个月色溶溶的夜晚，我把你送上了开往异乡的列车……

12、抒发感情先声夺人

即文章一开头就将作者的亲身感受和思想感情抒发出来，直抒胸臆，渲染气氛，达到以情感人。

如一学生在《诚信》开头写道："如果人生是一趟奔驰的列车，那么诚信便是不可缺少的轮子；如果说人生是一条航行中的大船，那么诚信便是不可缺少的背囊，它将伴你永远前行。"

常言道："文无定法"。是的，作文的开头往往是由作文的内容、体裁、读者对象、构思技巧和作者的写作功底等综合因素所决定，并无固定的格式。衡量好坏的标准只有一个，那就是看它是不是文章的有机组成部分，能否为文章的内容和中心服务，能否吸引读者读下去。我们学生朋友要善于结合实际，灵活变通，巧妙派生，才能写出好的开篇。

大多数中国考生的写作过程不是写作过程，而是翻译过程. Therefore, the ABC approach to improve the writing ability for IELTS candidates would be the application of the KISSable principle.

Keep It Short and Simple.

Please remember, in any language available now, there are basically two types of information involved in the communication process. Namely:

Action

State

Action is actualised by verbs, while State is shown by nouns, adjs or prepositional phrases.

It is strongly recommended that beginners of English writing start their practice by using this KISSable approach. Please heed the following examples:

科技改变了人们的日常生活。

食品安全问题始终是一个负责任的政府应该时刻关心的问题。

由于大多数雅思考生的汉语思维和汉语的语言能力已经达到了成人的水平，在翻译写作过程中出现了现有的英文水平对付不了比较复杂的汉语思维所产生的中文信息，从而导致有想法没办法，有思路没门路的尴尬情况。所以刚刚开始练习的考生可以把自己想法中的主要信息挑出来，分成是动作还是状态两种类型，使用简单的主+谓+结构;或者主+系动词+表语的模式来练习写作。 比如上文所提的例子：

Science and technology have altered our daily life.

导语：高考英语书面表达想拿高分并不容易，首先你要避免一些在学生中比较常见的几种错误才行。下面小编为大家整理了高考英语写作常见的错误，希望大家在考试中能够避免。

有的同学对于否定的概念模糊，不知如何否定，有时会写出不合规则或有异义的句子。

1. 我认为没有必要买大的。

误：I think its not necessary to buy the bigger one.

正：I don’t think it is necessary to buy the bigger one.

析：有些动词如think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, fancy等的主语是第一人称单数且一般现在时，表示否定的观点应用I don’t think…，而I think… not则属于汉语式表达习惯。

2. 我们直到天全黑了才到家。

误：We arrived home until it became completely dark.

正：We didn’t arrive home until it became completely dark.

析：此汉语句子里面尽管没有否定词，但until用于肯定句时意为“直到…为止”;用于否定句时，其意为“在…以前”。因此，表示“直到…才”用not…until。

3. 如果没有受到邀请的话，我是不会去参加舞会的。

误：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m not invited.

正：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m invited.

正：I’ll not go to the party if I’m not invited.

析：unless“除非”、“如果不”，常可用if…not来替换。误句中的条件状语从句双重否定表示肯定，结果与原句意思相反。

4. 那孩子不够大不能去上学。

误：The child is not old enough not to go to school.

正：The child is not old enough to go to school.

正：The child is too young to go to school.

析：这是学生最容易写错的句子。enough to“足以、足够”。原句中“不够大不能去上学”意思是“不够上学的年龄”，故应译为not old enough to go to school。

5. 他们两个都不说英语。

误：Both of them don’t speak English.

正：Neither of them speaks English.

析：中国学生特别对于all…not 和both…not等这种部分否定结构，很容易理解成全部否定。两者全部否定用neither, 三者以上用none。

6. 开车时再小心也不过分。

误：You can be too careful in driving a car.

正：You can not be too careful in driving a car.

析：cannot…too“无论作…也不过分”。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

【论文摘要】在高考英语试题中，写作是有效提高学生整体成绩的重要手段，写作是目的也是为了测试学生直接运用英语表达的能力而设置的，因此通常都会放在试卷的最后面作为压轴题出现。在高考英语写作要求中，明确提出要让考生运用所学知识进行书写，能组词成句、组句成文，语句符合英语语法和习惯。在写出的书面材料中，要求达到：切中题意，文理通顺，语言准确，得当。那么，怎样才能在高考英语写作中出类拔萃呢？这正是本文要探讨的内容。

一、有的放矢，了解高考英语写作要点

要对高考英语写作的题型及内容有所了解，才能把握好高考英语写作的考点，在此基础上才能找到行之有效的对策及方法。纵观近几年各省高考英语试题中，写作测试的命题思路，有一种从指导性写作逐步向半开放式写作过渡的趋势。半开放式写作，具体地说，就是给考生们提供一定的材料(包括图、文或图文结合)然后要求学生根据材料来进行书面表达，这样的考题形式，既限制了考生随心所欲的思维，又给予考生适当的发挥空间。这种命题方式能较好地考查考生的语言组织能力、书面表达能力以及思维能力。而在文体方面，记叙文、议论文、应用文及书信为最常见的写作题材。因此，我们可以做一个形象的比喻，写文章就像工厂里制造一台机器那样，首先要确定机器由几部分组成，然后对这几部分分别细化，形成初步的设计图；再根据要求对初步的设计图进行完善、补充、修改，随之形成最终的设计图；然后我们再按照图纸的设计，使用我们所掌握的零件去制造出机器；同样的道理，学生写作时可参照以下模式：

1．理解话题：学生在动笔前必须对指定的话题进行反复细读，认真思考，理解其真正的含义，了解出题者的意图，这是进行写作的第一步；

2．明确文体，确定人称时态：这一阶段的判断中，主要强调近十年高考最常见的两种文体：(1)说明文：必须按照事物的原貌加以说明、介绍、解释，常采用一般现在时，被动语态也常使用；(2)记叙文：通常采用第一人称，描述本人的经历或耳闻目睹之事；或用第三人称讲述他人的事情，如果是过去的事情，要用过去时。

3．初拟提纲，再理解话题：明确文体的基础上，草拟写作提纲；提纲是文章的骨架，可以是一句活，也可以是一个词组，由于考试时间所限，提纲内容不必面面俱到，但必须体现文章的整体结构和思路；目前绝大部分高中学生在英语写作时，还习惯于使用母语进行构思，然后将构思好的中文内容翻译成英文，这种情况是正常的；关键在于翻译过程中的语言表达必须符合英语语言的表达习惯

4．开始写作：提纲完成后，应根据提纲充实内容，如果说提纲是骨架的话，那么这时你必须将骨架填充血肉；具体的说就是要扩展要点，连词成句，适当地变换句型，组句谋篇成文；注意应简明扼要，层次分明、用词准确、语法概念清楚，使文章更具说服力，然后在写作完成后，还要对文章进行快速的检查，减少单词的拼写错误和句子表达的错误。

二、高考英语写作指导的具体策略

根据以上对历年高考英语写作试题的分析，我们可以从以下三个方面去指导学生进行写作：

1．细读材料，认真审题

仔细阅读书面表达题所给材料的全部内容，准确理解题目要求。需要认真审查的内容有：(1)文章的开头和结尾是否已给出；(2)用第几人称写作，书面表达要求中会明确指出使用第一人称还是第三人称；(3)提供的情景是图画、图表，还是提纲，如果是连环画，要注意故事情节的连贯性，确定合理的情节发展；(4)是否提供参考词汇，如果提供有参考词汇，写作中最好要用到；(5)采用什么文体，如果是议论文，要有论点、论据和结论三部分。如果是应用文，要注意其格式。如果是记叙文，要抓住六个要素：时间、地点、人物、事件、事情起因、事情的发展与结果。

2．恰当选择词语和句式

认真审题后，就可以列提纲了，将重点单词、短语、句型写在提纲里，关于选词切忌使用生僻词语，要求做到用词准确、得体、达意。选择句式时，尽量使用多种句式，如强调句、倒装句、各种名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句和固定句型等，长句和短句视情况交错使用，这样可以提高文章的档次，使文章生辉。

选词大多是在一组同义词或近义词之间进行。例如，我们要表达“好”这个意思，一般来说，大家会马上想起“good”，因为口语中我们经常说agoodfriend、goodluck、agoodpicture等。但是，在不同的短语中，可以选择不同的英语单词使表达更加准确、生动、形象。

3．多背常识性语句，扩大知识面

语言是有规律的，不同体裁的书面表达都有其常识性语句。如果同学们平时有大量的语句积累，在写作时就能把积累的东西调动起来。这些常识性语句既可增加文章的连贯性、逻辑性和可读性，同时还能提供地道的表达方式。写人物介绍时，应着重写人物的姓名、性别、年龄、职业、身高、健康状况、业余爱好、工作态度、与人相处和社会评价等语句。例如：lipingisagoodteacher，whoisthirtyyearsold．heis175centimetrestallandheishealthy．等。

【参考文献】

[1]韩金龙，秦秀白.体裁分析与体裁教学法.[j].外语界2000(1)

[2]韩金龙.英语写作教学:过程体裁教学法.[j].外语界.2001(4)

[3]何星.“过程写作法”较之“结果写作法”在高中英语写作教学中的

有效性研究.[d]华东师大专业硕士学位论文.2007

写作在小升初语文考试中很重要，而记叙文是常见考察类型。下面是小编分享的小升初语文记叙文的写作方法，欢迎大家阅读！

一、写一个人

记一个人的写人记叙文，大致有以下三种情况

(一)通过写一件事写一个人

有的文章写人只写了一件事，写这一类的作文要注意以下几点

1、要选择有代表性的生动事例画写。反映一个人的精神面貌的事例是很多的，通过一件事写人就要选取最有代表性的生动事例来写。

2、要写出事情的发展过程，使人物的形象逐步完整。

3、要把事情写具体。用一个典型事例记叙一个人，应该把这一事例写具体，这样人物形象才能丰满。

4、为了使读者对人物了解得更全面，使重点记叙的这件事有充分的依据和坚实的思想基础，使人物的形象更加丰富，文章的开头可以对人物作简要的介绍。

(二)通过几件事写一个人

我们在生活中会接触到各种各样的人，有时使用一件事来反映一个人就显得比较单簿，不足以充分反映人物的特点及其品质，因此，必须用两三件事才可能说的明白，再现得充分。

通过几件事写一个人，要注意以下几点

1、几件事不能相互矛盾，人物的性格在几件事中要和谐、统一。

2、概括交代和具体描写相结合。在一篇简短的作文中要用几件事写一个人，不可能将每一件事详细叙述，因此一般可以彩杨交代和具体描写相结合的方法。即先概括交代一些事例，再具体记叙一两件事。

3、通过对比的方法写一个人。

通过对比方法写一个人，一般有三种：第一种是同一个人前后相比，说明这个人变化;第二种是对一个人的认识前后相比，说明这个人的品质;第三种是一个人同另一个人比，突出歌颂其中一个人。

通过对比的方法写一个人要注意

(1)要突出主要人物及其主要特点。

(2)要写出人物的真实表现，不要捏造事实，采用拔高或贬低的方法。

二、写两个人

写两个人，一般是写《我和某某》，某某应包括亲人、同学、朋友、老师等熟悉的人，要写好这一类型的作文必须注意

(一)要写好人物之间的联系。《我和某某》，题目中突出了一个“和”字，这就要求从双方写起，通过具体的事例，写出“我”和某某之间的联系。在叙事过程中，要写出彼此之间都想了些什么，说了些什么，做了些什么。只有从双方落笔，才能把握住题目要求写的重点。

(二)用对话展开情节。写《我和某某》作文时，由于要写出两个人之间的关系，所以一定要写好两个人之间的对话。要用对话展开情节，用对话表现文章的中心。

三、写几个人

写几个人是比较复杂的以写人为主的记叙文，可以写“一家子”、“这一班”，也可以写“几个小伙伴”。总之不论是家庭的，学校的、社会的，只要是自己熟悉的几人都行。

这类作文有以下几种写法。

(一)列人物表似的介绍。

(二)有代表性的介绍。

(三)以一件事为线索写几个人。

(四)通过几件事写几个人。

俗话说“千古文章意为高”高考作文最忌讳人云亦云，没有个性、没有特色。“删繁就简三秋树，领异标新二月花”写作怎么能想别人之所未想，发别人之所未发，让自己的作文在“繁花三千”中脱颖而出呢？怎么能独树一帜，赢得高分呢？

1、四好战略是前提

1）一个好的标题

题目是文章的眼睛。一个亮丽的题目，往往给人赏心悦目的感觉。简洁、清晰、生动、新颖是题目亮丽的要素。一个醒目鲜活的文题，往往是内容的高度概括。它可以总领全文，不但会照亮整篇作文，还会照亮阅卷者的心灵。而拟题的技巧多种多样，有修辞法、公式法、字母符号法等。而修辞法则是最能使题目异彩飞扬的一种。如《在我指头跳跃的阳光》、《人生若只如初见》、《流泪的紫水晶》、《海棠依旧？绿肥红瘦？》等，看到这样的文题。阅卷老师的眼睛怎不会为之一亮？心灵怎不会为之一震？

2）一个好的开头

一般来说，文章开头力求做到一简二美三有哲理。简，就是开篇语言简洁，直奔主题。使读者一目了然；美，就是开头的语言能给人以美感，或文采斐然，或意境深远，或情趣盎然，使读者心灵产生共振。哲理，是一种深度，一种高度，如果都做到了，那效果肯定错不了。开头的方法有很多如：趣事，引人人胜；引用名句，起点高远；排比句，气势磅礴；设问句，发人深思。高考作文，由于受时间字数的限制，最好是“开门见山”，直奔主题。

3）一个好的结尾

古人云，结句当如撞钟，清音有余，结尾是文章结构的有机组成部分，是文章的收笔处和落脚点，是全文的归宿。任何虎头蛇尾的文章，都很难引起读者的审美情感，很难获取高分。结尾的方法也很多：总结全文，以揭示主旨；展示未来，以鼓舞斗志；抒发情怀，以增强文章感染力，当然，最好要首尾呼应，整合一体。

4）一手好字

见字如见人，一手好字能给人一种很直观的美感，就算文章写的不错，主题鲜明，文字优美，意境深远，但是很难让人有读下去的欲望。要记得，书写是文章的服饰，标点是文章的呼吸，丑陋是永远打不赢的“官司”。我们要尽最大的努力展示出自己的书写水平：一要端正，二要清楚。三要美观。标点也是文章准确表情达意的工具。不要只是“一点到底”。不要只会单纯地使用逗号、句号，一篇文章，应该能够准确、灵活、生动地使用六七种标点符号。书写美观了，“感情分”也就上去了！

2、新鲜的素材，完善的知识储备是关键

同学们都想做到作文见解新颖，材料新鲜，给读者以耳目一新的冲击力和震憾力。这就要求同学们不断感知和体验。有意识地在生活实践和课外阅读中仔细观察自然、观察社会，尤其是多观察各种各样的人，深入细致地体验生活、体验“喜怒哀乐忧”等各种情感，并把自己拥有的新鲜材料激活。

从阅读和生活中尽可能开阔视野，拓展知识、增加积累、提高自身的素养和知识面的深度，深入体验，才可能做到临场发挥“左右逢源”、“为我所用”。作文，追求和表现自己的个性，有了新鲜的材料，还要下功夫联系自己思想实际和生活实际来立意，做到这一点，写出自己的真情实感和真知灼见就很容易了。

3、反复锤炼语言是重点

语言是为内容服务的，但是，运用的语言鲜活而富有个性风格，就会使文章大放异彩。写作训练中要学会反复锤炼，努力做到词语生动、句式灵活，修辞方法恰当。概念化的、抽象的、生涩的词语尽可能少用，多用富有色彩、动感和情绪体验，能诉诸人的感官，调动人的形象思维，撞击人的情感世界的词语，学会用近义词和反义词来体现事物细微的差异和鲜明的对比。学会灵活得体地交替使用长句和短句、主动句和被动句等。

锤炼语言，要学着恰当引用诗词佳句来增添文章的文字情趣，增添新意。可妙引经典句式，以此来优化文章语言，增强语言的表达效果。如“不必说……也不必说……单是……就……”、“没有……就没有……更没有……”等经典句式。还可以妙引流行词句，增添语言情趣。如广告词“没有最好的，只有更好的”、“快乐，你懂得”等。学着巧用修辞。多用排比、拟人、比喻等修辞方法，使句子生动形象，耐人咀嚼。如此一来，整篇文章也就有了生命力了！

小升初作文是同学们比较头痛的问题，语文成绩的提高是日积月累的过程，作文的写作同样注重积累。但是了解一些考成作文技巧，拿到作文的高分也是有机会的。

考场作文要创新，要出彩，切忌重复过去，切忌重复别人。只有创新才能出奇制胜，只有出彩才能感染和吸引阅卷者拿高分。那么，怎样才能写出耳目一新的考场作文呢?

第一剑式：眉目传神

文题是文章的眉目，“文好题一半”，一个好的题目，可以概括全文的内容，可以体现全文的思路，可以蕴涵全文的主旨，可以表明全文的特色，能给人清新脱俗，耳目一新的感觉，能一下子抓住读者的注意力、激发起仔细阅读的兴趣，能使文章起到眉目传神的妙用。如《扬长避短，成功之道》、《“英雄”偏到“无用武之地》，这些文题巧用成语，新颖别致。又如《“钦差大臣”请下岗》、《“李鬼”打假》，这些文题巧用名人名字，耐人寻味。再如《千里马变成推磨驴》、《岂可回族街头卖猪肉》等活用修辞给人赏心悦目的感觉。

考场作文的文题，首先必须准确，要扣准话题，不能偏题离题;其次要醒目，要紧扣文章内容，让人一看一目了然，给人耳目一新的感觉;再其次要简洁，要短小简单，能给人留下深刻的印象，能给人广阔的想象空间。常见的文题有三种类型①老实型。老老实实的采用原话题的原词句，并不多加改造。如《心灵的选择》《小议诚信》。②深化型。对原话题理解的基础上，所拟文题或明确主旨，或概括内容，或体现思路，或表明特色，如《失败是种难言的美丽》《人在旅途》。③艺术型。采用一定的修辞方法，常见的如比喻式《人生也是一张答卷》《成功之花只对挑战者绽放》，夸张式《世界很小是个家》，引用式《你不该悄悄地走开》(歌曲)《横看成岭侧成峰》(诗句)，反问式《21世纪你美吗》《岂可回族街头卖猪肉》，情景式《滑铁卢上空的雄鹰》《带着三句话上路》，符号式《出发+拼搏=到达》，呼告式《妈妈，我想对你说》，对比式《英雄无用武之地与英雄有用武之地》。这三种情况以后两种为好。

第二剑式：凤头引蝶

古人写文章很讲究开头，称之“凤头”，西方的谚语也这样说：好的开头是成功的一半。

开头的方法有很多，如比喻开头法(山如眉黛，小屋恰似眉梢的痣一点。——《我的空中楼阁》)、引言开头法(鲁迅先生有两句诗：“横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛。”这是他自己的写照，也是他作为伟大作家的全部人格的体现)、议论开头法(生命是一个选择的过程。在这过程中，有人“利”字为先，好处抢尽;有人“荣”字当前，虚实兼收;亦有人“德”字为重，铁肩道义。)、入物开头法(很久很久以前，也许在我的生命之树发芽的时候，我的生命之神就告诉我，我是一只火凤凰。那时幼稚的心灵无法参透凤凰的含义，长大了也是。)、写人开头法(夏日炎炎。鲁林从省城公安大学放假回家，来到A城地面，此地距离其老家梁山泊尚有一段路程，须乘班车，方可上路。)、叙事开头法(一年夏天，我和妻坐着海轮到了一个有名的岛上。——鲁彦《听潮》)、描景开头法(陌生的山花已有无数的开了。冷月下，却只见一犁春水，蓦然回首，总是充盈着泪水的双眼遥望寂灭的星空，总是随风飘动的思绪感叹树叶的凋零。——一考生《美丽一次》)、绘境开头法(十五那天，天热得发了狂。太阳刚一出来，地上已经像下了火。一些似云非云，似雾非雾的灰气低低地浮在空中，使人觉得憋气。——老舍《在烈日和暴雨下》)、定情开头法(我与父亲不相见已二年有余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。——朱自清《背影》)。

但究竟如何开头需要因文而定，因人而定，“文有定法，文无定法”就是这个问题。只要能够使阅卷者更好地理解和把握文章，且富有感染力和吸引力，就是成功的文章开头。

网络小说写作技巧一：选择大众喜欢的题材。一个小说要有好的题材和故事梗概才能吸引广大读者，才能获得认可，好的题材来源于生活，也来源于大众的喜好，利用好这一点，我们的网络小说一定火。

网络小说写作技巧二：要充分运用想象力。想象力是一个作家最起码的基本素质，不管你是写什么的，都需要有丰富的想象力，网络小说也是如此，要充分利用自己的想象力。

网络小说写作技巧三：书名要新颖，吸引人。有一个好的书名，大家浏览的就多，小说不仅仅是写给作者个人的，更多的是写给广大读者的，只有拥有了广大的读者，我们的网络小说才能畅销。

网络小说写作技巧四：详尽的故事情节要交代清楚。不管我们是长篇小说还是短篇小说，详细的故事情节要给读者交代清楚，掌握了这一技巧，我们的亮点就会更突出，读者也会更进入故事当中。

网络小说写作技巧五：将新鲜的词汇加入到小说的写作当中。流行的都是好的，不管是什么，都是这样的。日常生活中我们有很多的新鲜词汇，在小说中可以加入，会给小说增色。、

网络小说写作技巧六：宣扬一定的精神，有自己的魂。小说要流行除了故事，还需要一种精神和魂，只有有魂的小说才可以更受大家喜欢，才可以让我们读小说的人受益，也会让我们的小说长久流传下去。