英语写作容易出现的误区和解决方法汇编20篇

1、Practice makes perfect.

熟能生巧。

2、Take care of the pence/pennies，and the pounds will take care of themselves.

积少成多。/小事谨慎，大事自成。

3、Swift to hear,slow to speak.

多听少讲。

4、Procrastination is the thief of time.

拖延就是偷走时间。

5、Tomorrow is another day.

明天又是新的一天。/明天还有指望。

6、Exploit to the full one’S favorable conditions and avoid unfavorableones.

扬长避短。

7、Promise little，but do much.

少许愿，多做事。

8、cripples learns to limp.

近朱者赤，近墨者黑。

9、Bend the willow while it is still youn.

修树要趁早，育人要趁小。

10、Knowledge is power.

知识就是力量。

11、Passion，though a bad regulator,is a powerful sprin.

激情虽难驾驭，却是强大动力。

12、Learn from other’S strong points to offset one’S weaknesses.

取长补短。

13、He than run fast gets the rin.

捷足先登。

14、We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.

井干方知水宝贵。

15、Our greatest glory consists not in never failin9，but in rising every time we fall.

人生最大的光荣，不在于永不失败，而在失败还能站起。

16、Ideals are like stars-we never reach them，but like marlners，we chart our courses by them.

人之需要理想，如水手之需星辰；星辰虽不可及，但可指引我们航程。

17、Youth’s stuff will not endure.

青春易逝。

18、A pet lamb makes a cross ralTl.

宠坏的羊羔会变成恶羊。

19、Prepare for the worst and hope for the best.

做最坏的准备，怀最好的希望。

20、Do not throw the baby with the bath water.

别把小孩和洗澡水一起泼掉。

21、Wisdom is only found in truth.

惟有在真理中才能找到智慧。

22、A stitch in time saves nine.

小洞不补，大洞吃苦。

23、An hour in the morning is worth two in the evenin9./The morning hour has gold in its mouth.

一天之计在于晨。

24、Where there is a will，there is a way.

有志者事竟成。

25、Broaden one’S scope ofknowledge and widen one’S horizon.

拓宽知识，开拓视野。

26、He that can have patience can have what he will.

惟坚韧者始能遂其志。

27、Thought is the seed of action.

思想是行动的种子。

28、As you give，as you receive./As you sow，you shall mow.

种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

29、Every man is the master ofhis own fogune.

每人都是自己命运的主人。

30、Good health is the best treasure a person can procure.

健康是一个人最宝贵的财富。

31、Disappointment is the nurse of wisdom.

失败是成功之母。

32、The first step to knowledge is to know that we are ignorant.

走向知识的第一步是知道自己无知。

33、Home-keeping youth have ever homely wits.

孩子不见世面，知识少的可怜。

34、People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.

自己有缺点，勿揭他人短。

35、Give me where to stand，and l will move the world.

给我一个支点,我可以跷起整个地球。

英文写作中常用的句子有哪些?下面来看看小编为大家整理的内容吧。

Never think yourself above business.勿自视过高;不要眼高手低;永远不要认为自己是大才小用。

Life is measured by thought and action, not by time. 衡量生命的尺度是思想和行为，而不是时间。

It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。

It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

He that thinks his business below him will always be above his business.自命大才小用，往往眼高手低。

Business may be troublesome,but idleness is pernicious.事业虽扰人，懒惰害更大。

We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

We should bring home to people the value of working hard.我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。

Time tries truth.时间检验真理。

Time past cannot be called back again.光阴一去不复返。

Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.违反交通规则的人应该受到处罚。

There is no one but longs to go to college.人们都希望上大学。

The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

The great use of life is to spend it for something that overlasts it.生命的最大用处是将它用于能比生命更长久的事物上。

Taking exercise is closely related to health.做运动与健康息息相关。

Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃作运动。

常用短语：

1. 有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。(不推荐用。。。) No gardenwithout weeds。

2. 对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person。

3. 重视 attach great importance to…

4. 社会地位 social status

5. 把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…

6. 扩大知识面 expand one’s scopeof knowledge

7. 身心两方面 both physically and mentally

8. 有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…

9. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal

10. 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, hold the opinion/beliefthat

11. 缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relievestress/ burden

12. 优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth。

13. 与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with

14. 对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue

15. 支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of theformer/latteropinion

16. 有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the followingreasons/evidence

17. 在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way

18. 理论和实践相结合 integratetheory with practice

19. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…

20. 日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition

21. 眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest

22. 长远利益. interest in the long run

23. …有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantagesanddisadvantages

24. 扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorableconditions andavoidunfavorable ones

25. 取其精髓，去其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。

26. 对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to

27. 交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information

28. 跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreastwiththe latest development of …

29. 采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth。

30. …的健康发展 the healthy development of …

31. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。

32. 代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of 大写)

33. 经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water

34. 提供就业机会 offer job opportunities

35. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress

36. 毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…

37. 增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutualunderstanding

38. 充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of

39. 承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure

40. 保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity ofoursociety

41. 更多地强调 put more emphasis on…

42. 适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society

43. 实现梦想 realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true

44. 主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:

45. 首先 First， Firstly， In the first place, To begin with

46. 其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place

47. 再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally,Moreover,Furthermore

48. 最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,

49. 总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

一、辞职书的写法

（一）标题

在第一行中间写“辞职书”三个字，或写“辞去xxx工作”等字样。

（二）称谓

在第二行顶格写任职单位负责人姓名。

（三）正文

写明辞职的原因，辞去什么职务，什么工作。

（四）结语

在正文后面写表示歉意的语句。

（五）署名、日期

在正文右下方写上辞职人的姓名，在署名下面写具体的年、月、日。

二、写辞职书应注意的问题

1、理由要充分、可信。写辞职书，一定要充分考虑辞职的理由是否充分、可信。因为只有理由充分、可信，才能得到批准。但陈述理由的文字应扼要，不必展开。

2、措辞要委婉、恳切。用委婉、恳切的言词来表明辞职的诚意。

叶圣陶先生曾就作文修改说，修改，无非就是向学生说几句提示性的话，引导他们自己去思考该怎样想、该怎样写才好。这里所谓提示性的话，即评语。作文评语是作文评改的关键，然而很多语文老师在评改学生作文时，总是几句千篇一律的套话，不注意启发学生的创造性思维，缺乏个别性和针对性，因而无法发挥作文评语应用的指导作用。作为语文教师，如何使用正确的评语来激发学生的写作兴趣，提高学生的写作水平呢？

一、激励为主，注重调动学生的作文兴趣

在作文教学中给予学生的反馈信息有两种功能：一是调节功能，让学生通过获得反馈信息来调节自己的行为，达到既定的学习目标；二是通过肯定与否定的评价来影响学生以后的学习积极性。学生们总是希望自己辛勤的劳动能得到实事求是的评价，因此，在作文评改中，老师应多用一些激励性语言，少用斥责性的评语。任何一篇学生作文，应该来说，总有其可取之处，或中心，或语言，或思路，或题材，或选材，甚至书写总有一两处值得肯定的地方。要注意发现学生作文中的闪光点，哪怕是一些小小的优点、长处，都应予以充分肯定，以光环效应来激发学生作文的兴趣，这在老师的作文评语中更显得重要。作为语文教师，必须在评语中敢于鼓励、善于鼓励。茅盾上小学时，老师在他的《宋太祖杯酒释兵权论》的文末，写下这样的评语：好笔力，好见地，读史有眼，立论有识，小于可造，其竭力用功勉成大器。读着这样的文字，可以想象少年茅盾是如何受其感发和激励。因此老师激励性的评语，如一腔真情皆在篇首涌现，耐读！……此外，刻画十分传神，令人拍案惊奇！文章写得很有灵气！你的立意让我耳目一新……等等，必定会使学生在作文中找到自己的价值，坚定写好作文的信心，为继续提高作文水平注入活力。而诸如习作能力太差、简直不动脑筋等训斥式的评语，只会让学生积极性下降，兴趣索然，写作信心消失。教师不必吝惜激励之辞，不必担心你的激励会捧杀学生，在评语中贯彻了鼓励性原则，少批评责备，学生就会从你的评语中看到自己的劳动和努力，从而带来精神上的满足，引发强烈的作文兴趣。当然，老师激励性的语言要符合实际，少而精，诚恳而有真情，否则将适得其反。

二、引而不发，尽力开启学生的创造思维

对学生的某篇作文出现的一些偏差，或某个方面需要探求更完美、更理想的表现形式时，评改者万万不能越俎代庖，将更加的途径和解决的办法统统指出来，评语应少用不应……应该……的字样，以免将学生的思维机械地引导到评改者的思路上，扼杀了学生的创造性思维。宜多采用启发性的提示或暗示，用商量的方式，使用可否……？等字眼，给学生留下更多的自由思考的空间，让学生自己领会、自己体味、自己感悟，自己去斟酌、去修改。

三、着眼发展，充分挖掘学生的作文潜能

作文是充满创造性的心智活动，既是各种智能的综合，又是学生心灵世界的展示和个性特点的表现。因此，教师在作文评语中一定要着眼于学生的发展，培养学生写作动机和写作兴趣，充分挖掘学生创造潜能。作文评语应指导学生多角度、多方位推导不同的结果，指导学生利用事物的内在联系，寻找媒介，多方架桥，发挥丰富的联想和想象，让思维向四周发散，从而写出一篇又一篇的好文章。

四、评语具体，耐心引领学生的二次作文

老师对学生作文所下的评语，除了要有激励作用以外，还应循循善诱，跟踪学生的思路，把握学生的得与失，具体表达出老师的意图，为学生的二次作文指明修改方向。

学生的作文，特别是课堂作文，完美的必定很少，这犹如一块未琢的玉石，须老师的雕琢方令显出光彩，对于学生来讲，他们所需要的就是老师的具体指导，任何抽象空泛的评语，诸如选材欠佳；叙事不具体、不生动；文章平淡无味等等，这些评语只令使学生茫然而无所适从。像选材欠佳一语，老师若改为选材应从母爱，这个角度写一两件母亲如何指导自己学习的事，那么，母亲的伟大表现得更具体。这样，学生就有可能知道自己的不足所在。

当然，抽象笼统的评语是易写的，而带有具体指导性的评语是费时费神的，但从提高学生写作水平这个角度来说，只有具体指导性的评语，才令使学生有的放矢，有针对性的改正。另外，作为语文老师，在给学生写具体评语时，应结合单元习作重点评析，使评语更有针对性，而不是漫无目的、千文一语。当然，学生要写好作文，必须经历一个较长的过程，我们应建立作文指导序列，从语言到立意，从立意到选材，从选材到布局，分而治之，这会使学生作文稳步提高的。

五、重视反馈，师生共同体验作文的乐趣

作文评改，过去许多老师往往一厢情愿地包打包唱，不厌其烦地给学生作巨幅评改，学生只是看一看得分或等级便束之高阁，评改效能几乎为零。我们可引导学生充分参与到作文评改活动中去，每篇作文均让学生现自评再由师评改。这样做，既督促学生认真领会老师评改作文的心理历程，又鞭策老师批阅作文不得敷衍塞责，还可让师生在求同存异的基础上获得感情的共鸣，以共同体验写作成功的乐趣。

作文评语在作文中有着不可取代的作用，作文评语若写不好，不仅会失去指导和帮助学生写作的意义，还会挫伤学生的写作积极性，每位语文老师必须重视作文评语在语文教学中的作用。

解决方法题型

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径

1.问题现状

2.怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）

In recent days，we have to face I problem——A，which is becoming more and more serious. First，——（说明A的现状）。Second，——（举例进一步说明现状）

Confronted with A，we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing，——（解决方法一）。 For another ——（解决方法二）。 Finally， ——（解决方法三）。

Personally， I believe that ——（我的解决方法）。 Consequently， I‘m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ——（带来的好处）。

在读过一篇文章或一本书之后，把获得的感受、体会以及受到的教育、启迪等写下来，写成的文章就叫“读后感”。小编收集了写作基础：读后感的基本写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、读后感的概念

读后感的概念有两重含义：一是真实的、不受任何约束的读后感，二是一种作文的体裁，考试时要接受各种条件的约束。下面这篇读后感，就接近于第一种读后感。写这种读后感，主要是给自己看的，一定要真实，有什么感想(当然感想应当有意义，值得一写)就写什么感想，与心得笔记不同，它要展开来写，尽量像一篇文章，尽量写得生动、实在、深刻。一般应当写清楚读了什么，有什么感想，联想到了什么，对自己有什么作用等。它不追求文体、格式框框，写起来也可长可短。

二、读后感的写法

写读后感最重要的一点是要读出所读书籍或者文章的“眼睛”，它是你展开来写的基础、中心和出发点，这个问题我们已经在上一讲里说过了，这里就不多讲了。其次，写读后感，有它一定的规矩，有的书上把它归纳为“引、议、联、结”，四个字，想公式一样。对于这些规矩我们不可以不学，考试时只要内容有创意，套用这种公式未尝不可;但我们也不要受其所限，写成千篇一律的“八股文”，也可尝试在结构上有自己的创意，有自己的个性。但不管怎样，读后感也离不开“读”——对原文的引述、概括、评价等等，离不开“感”——自己的感想。只要把这两个字表达好了，就是好的读后感。

三、写读后感的基本技巧

在读过一篇文章或一本书之后，把获得的感受、体会以及受到的教育、启迪等写下来，写成的文章就叫“读后感”。

读后感的基本思路

(1)简述原文有关内容。如所读书、文的篇名、作者、写作年代，以及原书或原文的内容概要。写这部分内容是为了交代感想从何而来，并为后文的议论作好铺垫。这部分一定要突出一个“简”字，决不能大段大段地叙述所读书、文的具体内容，而是要简述与感想有直接关系的部分，略去与感想无关的东西。

(2)亮明基本观点。选择感受最深的一点，用一个简洁的句子明确表述出来。这样的句子可称为“观点句”。这个观点句表述的，就是这篇文章的中心论点。“观点句”在文中的位置是可以灵活的，可以在篇首，也可以在篇末或篇中。初学写作的同学，最好采用开门见山的方法，把观点写在篇首。

(3)围绕基本观点摆事实讲道理。这部分就是议论文的本论部分，是对基本观点(即中心论点)的阐述，通过摆事实讲道理证明观点的正确性，使论点更加突出、更有说服力。这个过程应注意的是，所摆事实、所讲道理都必须紧紧围绕基本观点，为基本观点服务。

(4)围绕基本观点联系实际。一篇好的读后感应当有时代气息，有真情实感。要做到这一点，必须善于联系实际。这“实际”可以是个人的思想、言行、经历，也可以是某种社会现象。联系实际时也应当注意紧紧围绕基本观点，为观点服务，而不能盲目联系、前后脱节。

以上四点是写读后感的基本思路，但是这思路不是一成不变的，要善于灵活掌握。比如，“简述原文”一般在“亮明观点”前，但二者先后次序互换也是可以的。再者，如果在第三个步骤摆事实讲道理时所摆的事实就是社会现象或个人经历，就不必再写第四个部分了。

四、写读后感应注意的问题

第一是要重视“读”

在“读”与“感”的关系中，“读”是“感”的前提、基础;“感”是“读”的延伸或者说结果。必须先“读”而后“感”，不“读”则无“感”。因此，要写读后感首先要读懂原文，要准确把握原文的基本内容，正确理解原文的中心思想和关键语句的含义，深入体会作者的写作目的和文中表达的思想感情。

第二是要准确选择感受点

读完一本书或一篇文章，会有许多感想和体会;对同样一本书或一篇文章，不同的人从不同的角度思考问题，更是会产生不同的看法、受到不同的启迪。以大家熟知的“滥竽充数”成语故事为例，从讽刺南郭先生的角度去思考，可以领悟到没有真本领蒙混过日子的人早晚要“露馅”，认识到掌握真才实学的重要性;若是考虑在齐宣王时南郭先生能混下去的原因，就可以想到领导者要有实事求是的领导作风，不能搞华而不实，否则会给混水摸鱼的人留下空子可钻;再要从管理体制的角度去思考，就可进一步认识到齐宣王的“大锅饭”缺少必要的考评机制，为南郭先生一类的人提供了饱食终日混日子的客观条件，从而联想到改革开放以来，打破“铁饭碗”，废除大锅饭的必要性。

一篇读后感，不能写出诸多的感想或体会，这就要加以选择。作为初学者，就要选择自己感受最深又觉得有话可说的一点来写。要注意把握分析问题的角度，注意联系自己的实际情况，从众多的头绪中选择最恰当的感受点，作为全文议论的中心。

环保是一个热点话题，下面语文迷网整理提供了关于环保的英语写作素材，希望对你有帮助。

环保的英语名言

1、 Dont litter the floor.不随地扔垃圾。

2、 Governments of many countries have established laws to protect the air, forests and sea resources and to stop environmental pollution.许多国家制定了法律来保护大气、森林和海洋资源，制止环境污染。

3、 Please keep off the grass.不要践踏草坪。

4、 It’s our duty to save water节约水是我们每个人的责任。

5、 Safety First.安全第一。

6、 Earth is our home, you rely on green.地球是我家，绿化靠大家。

7、 Environmental problems directly affect the quality of peoples lives.环境问题直接影响人们的生活质量。

8、 Lets do our best to make it more beautiful.让我们尽力让它更美丽。

9、 If we dont save water, the last drop of water will be a tear-drop of us.如果我们不节约水，那么最后一滴水也许会是我们人类的眼泪。

10、 Handle with Care.小心轻放。

11、 No climbing.禁止攀爬。

12、 Save the earth, Our Only Home.保护地球，我们唯一的家。

13、 As we know , water is very important to man.我们知道，水对人类来说是非常的重要。

14、 Most environmental litigation involves disputes with governmental agencies.许多环保诉讼都涉及与政府机构的争端。

15、 Do not throw rubbish onto the ground. Do not waste water. Use both sides of paper when you write. Stop using plastic bags for shopping. Make classrooms less noisy.不要在地上扔垃圾。不要浪费水。当你写字时要在纸的两面都要写。停止使用塑料袋去购物。减少教室里德吵闹声。

16、 The most important question in the world today is pollution.当今世界最重要的话题就是污染问题。

17、 No one can live without water or air.没有人能离开水和空气生存。

18、 We should stop factories from producing harmful gases.我们应该阻止工厂生产有害气体。

19、 Many rivers and lakes are seriously polluted.很多河流湖泊已经受到严重污染。

20、 Without the shade from trees, Earth would get too hot to live on.没有了树荫，地球将会变得太热而不能生存。

21、 We need to protect Earth because it is our home.我们需要保护地球因为它是我们的家。

22、 Discharge pipes directly take pollutants away from the plant into the river.排泄管道直接将污染物从工厂排入河流。

23、 Please shut the door after you.出入请关门。

24、 We should plant more and more trees in order to live better and more healthy in the future为了将来我们的生活过得更好、更加健康我们应该种更多的树。

环保的词汇

21世纪议程：Agenda 21世界环境日(6月5日)：World Environment Day (June 5th each year)

世界环境日主题：World Environment Day Themes冰川消融，后果堪忧!(2007年)Melting Ice–a Hot Topic!

莫使旱地变荒漠!(2006年)Deserts and Desertification–Dont Desert Drylands!

营造绿色城市，呵护地球家园!(2005年)Green Cities – Plan for the Planet!

海洋存亡，匹夫有责!(2004年)Wanted! Seas and Oceans – Dead or Alive!

水——二十亿人生命之所系!(2003年)Water - Two Billion People are Dying for It!

让地球充满生机!(2002年)Give Earth a Chance!

世间万物，生命之网!(2001年)Connect with the World Wide Web of life!

环境千年-行动起来吧!(2000年)The Environment Millennium - Time to Act!

拯救地球就是拯救未来!(1999年)Our Earth - Our Future - Just Save It!

为了地球上的生命-拯救我们的海洋!(1998年) For Life on Earth - Save Our Seas!

为了地球上的生命!(1997)For Life on Earth我们的地球、居住地、家园：(1996)Our Earth， Our Habitat， Our Home国际生物多样性日(12月29日)：International Biodiversity Day (29 December)

世界水日(3月22日)：World Water Day (22 March)

世界气象日(3月23日)：World Meteorological Day (23 March)

世界海洋日(6月8日)：World Oceans Day (8 June)

植树节(3月12日)：Arbor Day (12 March)

好的求职信名称的书写一定要根据应聘的部门职位来确定，比如说是经理的话的求，就这样写:：xxx经理职信！你也可以用你的名字来写，如xxx的求职信，应聘编辑：应聘xx编辑或者xx的求职信。

一封成功的求职信可以从四个方面入手：

a:开头

开头一定要开门见山的写明你对公司有兴趣并想担任他们空缺的职位，以及你是如何得知该职位的招聘信息的。

例如：获知贵公司****年**月**日在******上招聘******的信息后，我寄上简历敬请斟酌。

b:推销自己

信的第二部分要简短地叙述自己所学的专业以及才能，特别是这些才能将满足公司的需要。没有必要具体陈述，详细内容引导对方查看你的简历。此外，推销时要适度，不能夸大其词。

c:联系方式

写清楚在求职信中给出你电话预约面试的可能时间范围，或表明你希望迅速得到回音，并标明与你联系的最佳方式。

d:收尾

感谢他们阅读并考虑你的应聘。

英语写作的开头结尾是写作的重点。下面语文迷为大家带来了经典的句型，供大家阅读参考。

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，...

3.It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...

6.Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

7.Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

8.Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

9.Its hardly too much to say that... 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...

3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述

4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

5.But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是…

6.For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实......

7.Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...

8.However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于…

9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...

10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

12.As has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…

13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说

14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …

三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

导语：小编给大家介绍一种写作方法，叫对比叙述法，是不是很耳熟呢，就是我们写作中经常用到的 嘛。下面小编跟大家细说，附带优秀例文给大家参考~欢迎阅读~

对比叙述法，亦称对比叙写法，或称对比描写法。它是指将不同的事物或同一事物的两个方面进行对比叙述，以突出事物的特征，增强表达的效果，表现作者的爱憎的写作方法。

对比，可分为两种：横比，即正反或矛盾的两种事物进行对比，是通过各自不同的特点来说明问题，表现观点;纵比，即同一事物的两个不同方面或同一事物的前后变化进行对比，是通过事物的发展变化来说明问题，表现观点。

运用对比叙述法，要善于选择对比的对象，善于确定对比的焦点，力求反映出对比事物之间的矛盾、差异，以揭示事物的内在本质和鲜明特征。

如鲁迅的《一件小事》，有“我”对“人”的态度前后不同的对比;又有“我”与车夫对受伤老女人不同态度和感情的对比。两种对比，既赞扬了劳动人民富于阶级同情和勇于承担责任的高尚品德，也表现了一个知识分子勇于解剖自己，虚心向劳动人民学习的精神。

优秀例文

一朵晶莹美丽的浪花

初夏，青弋江水静静地向长江奔去。一只渡船在江上往来穿行。船尾坐着一位老艄公，饱经风霜的脸上，刻着深深的皱纹，面色黑里透红，白须飘飘。船头立着一个十四五岁的小姑娘，红扑扑的脸，头上梳着两只羊角辫。她身姿矫健，熟练地划着桨，船行如飞，轻快平稳。

在渡口的上游，有一个用毛竹和木板搭成的跳板，浮在水面上，沿河的居民们常挤在跳板上洗衣、淘米。劈劈啪啪的捶衣声和人们的欢笑声交织在一起，在江面上飘荡着。蓦地，一只货船，鸣着汽笛，飞快地向东驶去。沉重的船身激起了一阵阵波浪，冲击着河岸。跳板在水面上晃荡着，人们急忙护好自己手中的衣服。

在岸边玩耍的一个六七岁男孩突然惊叫了一声：“妈妈，衣服掉到江里啦!”一个中年妇女转身一看，只见堆满衣服的篮子倒在跳板上，掉进江里的衣服已不见踪影了。她望着深深的江水直发愣，旁边一个大妈忙说：“哎，还不想办法快捞呀!”那个妇女叹了一口气：“唉，怎么捞呢?”

“好捞，”一个待渡的小青年搭上了腔，“不过有一个小小的条件，你得给两块钱。”那个妇女摸摸衣袋，似乎没带钱，为难地望望他。小青年见她犹豫不决，便怪声怪气地说：“哼，一件衣服少说也值七八块钱，真是大账不算，算小账。”跳板上的人听了都不满地瞪了他一眼。一位大妈愤愤地说：“小青年，做点好事还要钱，真没见过!”小青年却像没听见似的，敞着衬衫，吸了一口烟，慢慢地从嘴里吐着烟圈，歪着脑袋，眯着眼睛等待着。

这时，渡船渐渐地靠岸了。那小青年做出要上船的样子，转身说：“一块五吧!愿不愿，随你便。再等一会儿，恐怕你出五块钱也捞不着蟫。”

摆渡的老爷爷早就注意到这边的喧闹了，等船靠稳时，他一面招呼乘客下船，一面朝小姑娘努努嘴。小姑娘会意地点点头。正待那个妇女要答应小青年的条件时，小姑娘一步跳到跳板上，轻蔑地瞥了那小青年一眼，对那妇女说：“大妈，别急!我来帮你捞。”说着，便纵身跃入江中，江面上激起了朵朵清亮晶莹的浪花。

跳板上和渡口边立刻寂静下来，人们都带着赞赏的神情注视着水中。只见小姑娘一会儿露出头来，一会儿又潜入水中，犹如一条蛟龙在水里翻来钻去。一分钟，二分钟，三分钟过去了，衣服还没有捞到。真是，在这深深的江水中，要捞一件衣服谈何容易啊!小姑娘深深吸了口气，顺着水流，潜水向下游摸去。十几双眼睛焦急地注视着水面上涌起的朵朵浪花。摆渡老人望望江水，却悠然地摸出烟袋，吸起烟来。站在岸边的小青年见此情景，得意洋洋，又点了一支烟，唱起洋腔：“有本事的怎么还没捞上来?刚学会个狗爬式就来逞能了，哼!”十几双眼睛又愤怒地瞪了那小青年一眼。

一个穿着满身油腻工作服的青年工人走过来，脱下工作服，准备下水。突然，小姑娘在四五丈远的水中冒上来了，她一手抹着脸上的水，一手拿着一件崭新的涤纶褂子。“好!”人们不约而同地喊了一声，脸上露出了欣喜的笑容。那位妇女忙跑上前去，把小姑娘拉上岸来，激动地连声说：“谢谢，小妹妹，谢谢你。”刚才还神气活现的小青年，像泄了气的皮球，蔫着脑袋，低着头，也不上船，灰溜溜地返身走上岸堤，向青弋江桥那边走去，消失在人们鄙视的目光中。

这时，那个小男孩跑到姑娘跟前说：“大姐姐，你要几块钱呀?”小姑娘的脸刷地红了：“谁要钱呀?”小男孩又说：“那个大哥哥不是非要钱不可吗?”小男孩的话把大家都逗乐了。跳板上、渡口边飞起了一阵笑声，笑声中，小姑娘飞身跳上渡船，渡船轻轻晃动着，在奔腾的江水中，激起了一朵朵晶莹美丽的浪花…

有的家长很困惑，孩子在写作业时不能一下写完，中间总要做些别的事情，然后再写作业，该怎么办呢？

对于孩子做作业这件事，我觉得有些家长的长按点可能有点偏差了。重要的不是孩子是如何完成作业的，而是最后他完成作业的结果怎样，也就是：总共用了多长时间完成，完成的质量如何。如果孩子最后完成作业的时间并不会耽误他上床睡觉以及其他重要的事情，作业的质量也挺高没有什么差错和毛病，那么，孩子是一次写完，还是分几次写完，其实并没那么重要，不是吗？

但为什么很多家长总觉得孩子就应该一次性写完作业，而不能写写玩玩或者是干点别的什么呢？原因就在于，我们成人总觉得，凡事一次性集中做完，这叫专注，这样才有效率。

事实真的是这样吗？我想，以下3个真正的事实，才是家长们最应该去了解和注意的。

第一，孩子注意力的集中时间本身就是有限的。

年龄越小的孩子专注时间越短，心理学家的研究表明，在良好的环境下，3岁孩子能集中注意3-5分钟，4岁能集中5-10分钟，5-6岁约为10-15分钟，7-10岁时约为15-20分钟，10-12岁时约为20-30分钟，12岁以上能超过30分钟。

第二，注意力集中时间长短受到很多因素的影响。

同一年龄段的孩子，注意不同的事物，也会有差别。就算是同一个孩子，在不同的环境下，对待不同的事情，注意力时间也是不一样的。

因为注意分为主动注意和被动注意，学习、写作业通常属于主动注意，是件“费神、费劲”的事情，它需要孩子主动、持续地注意自己也许并不感兴趣的目标，而看电视、玩新奇的游戏等则是不需要“费劲”的，主要是被动注意在起作用，所以能“坚持”很久。所以，越是费神的、不感兴趣的事情，孩子的注意力集中时间就会相应越短。

第三，按照自己的习惯和节奏做事的孩子效率才会更高。

当孩子无法让自己继续集中注意力的时候，该怎么办？最好的办法当然是先暂停，先去休息或者放松一下，等恢复状态了再继续，效率反倒更高，否则，一直强迫自己疲劳的神经，保持表面的所谓“注意力集中”，但其实脑子根本转不动，作业自然也不可能做得好。

所以你就应该理解了，为什么孩子“中间总要做些别的事情，然后再写作业”，其实很可能就是他自我调节的一种方式而已。就像你工作困了可能会去喝杯咖啡提提神，也可能会趴着或者闭上眼睛小休一会，原理都是一样的。

每个人做事的习惯和节奏是不一样的，人只有在按照自己最习惯最舒服的方式去做事时，效率才会更高。有的孩子习惯一气呵成写完作业，有的孩子就是习惯写写玩玩或者是干点别的什么让自己可以更放松更高效，这都不是什么原则性的大问题。

所以，你最需要做的事情，首先就是尽量激发孩子的学习兴趣，营造良好的家庭学习氛围；其次，是和孩子商定好最后完成作业的时间，比如最迟晚上几点之前一定要完成。具体的时间节奏尽量让他自己安排，是先写作业还是先玩或者干别的，这个不用强制。定好规则，如果他贪玩过了时间没写完，就不能继续再写，第二天自己去面对老师的批评，自己承担结果，慢慢孩子自然就知道要更合理地抓紧时间了。

当然，考虑到孩子在正式的上课和考试等场景下，是需要更长时间地集中注意力的，所以，你可以适当长按下孩子间隔的频率和时间长短，以及具体做的都是哪些事情，是不是都在正常范围内。

比如一个10岁的孩子每过5分钟就要停下来玩一下，显然就有点频率太高了。喝点水、上个洗手间、翻翻其他的书、玩个玩具、听会音乐等，都是正常的放松调节方式，通常只要不超过10分钟一般都不是什么问题。但如果孩子中间停下来玩上几十分钟的游戏或者玩具之类，那就需要适当加以干预和引导了。

无论怎样，干预时一定注意你的沟通方式，不要老是简单粗暴催催催，越催孩子只会越反感越不想写作业。你可以关心地问问他是不是累了，或者是不是作业比较难，有没有需要帮助支持的地方。最后和孩子商讨定个目标，如果能在多少分钟内写完，就可以早点去玩，或者去做点其他自己喜欢的事情等，来推动孩子自己去逐步控制中间休息的频率和长短，最终达到提高整体速度的目的。要注意的是，这个目标的时间长度也是要逐步递减的，不要一下子定得太高，比如一开始可能是100分钟写完，每周加快5分钟，最后缩短到60分钟内写完。

中考英语作文中经常会出现跟天气有关的题材，下面是语文迷网为大家提供的关于天气的英语作文素材，一起来看看吧。

1. It rained cats and dogs last night. 昨晚雨下得很大。

Rain cats and dogs是一句非常受欢迎的俚语，几乎每个学英语的学生都懂得用 rain cats and dogs 来形容雨下得很大。

当然如果你不想用俚语的讲法，你可以说："Its raining really hard.(雨下得很大)"或是"Were having a heavy rain."同样也是“雨下得很大”。

那“雨下得很大，我被淋成了落汤鸡”这整句话要怎么讲?“落汤鸡”在英文里常用"I am soaked."(我湿透了)来形容。因此，我们可以说：Its raining cats and dogs out there so Im soaked.

2. We had a downpour. 我们刚遇到了一场倾盆大雨。

中文里常形容下雨像是用“倒”的一样，这在英文里也有同样对等的字眼喔!英文里用的是 downpour 这个词。所以“下雨像是用倒的”我们可以说："We had a downpour."

另外有一个十分口语的讲法就是"Its really coming down out there."，也是形容雨下得很大，像是用“倒”的一样。

3. Its just sprinkling. 只是在下毛毛雨而已。

在英文里不管下“毛毛雨”或是“毛毛雪”我们都可以用 drizzle 和 sprinkle 这两个动词来表示。

Drizzle 这个词就是气象术语“下毛毛雨”的意思，而sprinkle 则是一个动词表示“撒”，但也常被用来形容毛毛雨。

常听到的用法就是："Its drizzling." 或是 "Its sprinkling."另外还有一个词叫 scattered rain，指的则是“零零星星地降雨”。

例如：We have to cancel the track and field contest because of the scattered rain.因为零星的降雨所以我们必须取消田径赛。

天气的英语单词

downpour, shower 暴雨

storm, tempest 暴风雨

lightning 闪电

land wind 陆风

hurricane 飓风

cyclone 旋风

typhoon 台风

whirlwind 龙卷风

gale 季节风

gust of wind 阵风

breeze 微风

fog 浓雾

dew 露水

humidity 潮湿

freeze 冰冻

snowflake 雪花

snowfall 降雪

waterspout 水龙卷

dead calm 风平浪静

Indian summer 小阳春

drought 干旱

AM Clouds / PM Sun=上午有云/下午后晴

AM Showers=上午阵雨

AM Snow Showers=上午阵雪

AM T-Storms=上午雷暴雨

Clear=晴朗

Cloudy=多云

Cloudy / Wind=阴时有风

Clouds Early / Clearing Late=早多云/晚转晴

Drifting Snow=飘雪

Drizzle=毛毛雨

Dust=灰尘

Fair=晴

Few Showers=短暂阵雨

Few Snow Showers=短暂阵雪

Few Snow Showers / Wind=短暂阵雪时有风

Fog=雾

Haze=薄雾

Hail=冰雹

Heavy Rain=大雨

Heavy Rain Icy=大冰雨

Heavy Snow=大雪

Heavy T-Storm=强烈雷雨

Isolated T-Storms=局部雷雨

Light Drizzle=微雨

Light Rain=小雨

Light Rain Shower=小阵雨

Light Rain Shower and Windy=小阵雨带风

Light Rain with Thunder=小雨有雷声

Light Snow=小雪

Light Snow Fall=小降雪

Light Snow Grains=小粒雪

Light Snow Shower=小阵雪

Lightening=雷电

Mist=薄雾

Mostly Clear=大部晴朗

Mostly Cloudy=大部多云

Mostly Cloudy/ Windy=多云时阴有风

Mostly Sunny=晴时多云

Partly Cloudy=局部多云

Partly Cloudy/ Windy=多云时有风

PM Rain / Wind=下午小雨时有风

PM Light Rain=下午小雨

PM Showers=下午阵雨

PM Snow Showers=下午阵雪

PM T-Storms=下午雷雨

Rain=雨

Rain Shower=阵雨

Rain Shower/ Windy=阵雨/有风

Rain / Snow Showers=雨或阵雪

Rain / Snow Showers Early=下雨/早间阵雪

Rain / Wind=雨时有风

Rain and Snow=雨夹雪

Scattered Showers=零星阵雨

Scattered Showers / Wind=零星阵雨时有风

Scattered Snow Showers=零星阵雪

Scattered Snow Showers / Wind=零星阵雪时有风

Scattered Strong Storms=零星强烈暴风雨

Scattered T-Storms=零星雷雨

Showers=阵雨

Showers Early=早有阵雨

Showers Late=晚有阵雨

Showers / Wind=阵雨时有风

Showers in the Vicinity=周围有阵雨

Smoke=烟雾

Snow=雪

1、individuals, characters, folks代替people ,persons。

2、positive, favorable, rosy(美好的),promising (有希望的),perfect, pleasurable ,excellent, outstanding代替good。

3、dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse(有害的)代替bad， 如果bad做表语,可以有be less impressive代替。

举例： An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation, as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.

4、(an army of; an ocean of; a sea of; a multitude of; many, if not most)代替many。

注：用many, if not most一定要小心,many后一定要有词。

举例：Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理用most, if not all ,代替most。

5、a slice of, quite a few ,several代替some。

6、harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替think。

因为是书面语,所以要加that。

7、affair ,business ,matter代替thing 。

8、shared代common。

9、reap huge fruits代替get much benefit。

10、for my part, from my own perspective代替in my opinion。

11、Increasing(ly),growing代替more and more(注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词,副词用increasingly)

举例：Sth has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.

12、little if anything,或little or nothing代替hardly

13、beneficial rewarding代替helpful be beneficial of

14、shopper, client, consumer, purchaser,代替customer

15、exceedingly, extremely代替very

16、hardly unnecessary, hardly inevitable ...代替necessary, inevitable。

17、sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb代替sb take interest in

18、capture ones attention代替attract ones attention

19、facet, dimension, sphere代aspect

20、be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代indicate, suggest ,fear

21、give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger代替cause

22、There are several reasons behind sth代替..reasons for sth

23、desire代替want。

24、pour attention into代替pay attention to。

25、bear in mind that代替remember。

26、enjoy, possess代替have。(注意process是过程的意思。)

27、interaction代替communication。

28、frown on sth代替be against ,disagree with sth。

29、to name only a few as an example代替for example。

30、next to/virtually impossible,代替nearly impossible。

写求职信其实就归纳为以下这几点

1.你得知这份工作的管道。

2.学历及职历的概要。

3.你的个性以及能力。

4.联络地点、联络方式，以及最后的感谢语等，但其实这里可以发挥创意的空间非常的大。求职信的诉求在于延续履历表的内容，更清楚的表现工作企图心、个性、特质等。另外，有时写些自己平时喜欢从事的活动来补充 履历也很。举例来说，你甚至可以这么写：「我工作时专注的耐力就是从钓鱼中培养出来的」。

求职信的书写诀窍

1.表现自我的个性及特质  建议使用积极正面的陈述方式。

2.文章不可冗长  控制在总共四段、每段五行以内。

3.前瞻性的气魄  具有勇于突破与开创气质的人是外商公司的最爱。因此并不需要对之前辞职的原委做太多的解释。

4.少用第一人称  为了避免流于自大与主观的缺点，尽量少用第一人称。

第一点---说明你从何处得知这个工作机会

这是最基本的部份。一般来说会将媒体广告的名称改用别的字体书写或用底线加以标记。在这个段落中也可加上你的「career goal」。

第二点---强调自己就是最佳的人选

这是最精华的段落。要依据求才广告的内容，将自己的能力及特色恰如其份的包装起来。不过在工作经验不足的情况下，要避免将自己吹嘘的过分离谱。

第三点---在结尾部份注意应有的礼貌

最后的部份建议要以「感谢对方在百忙之中阅读这份履历」，并且「诚挚的期望能得到面试的机会」、「希望有荣幸能为公司效力」这样的句子作为结尾，让主管留下好的印象。

一定要记住：撰写求职信是基本常识，否则你的求职行动可是不合格的喔！

说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等；也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。以下是小编整理的初中英语说明文写作要点，欢迎阅读！

说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等；说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。

说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：

1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。

2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。

3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。

4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。

下面是一篇说明一所医院布局的文章。文章虽短，但需要说明的内容却达11处之多。平均一句话就要描写一处，如果组织得不好，便会给人凌乱的感觉。

为了避免这一点，文章把整个布局图分三部分来写：

贯彻医院的是main road，第一部分以大门为参照物，介绍了靠大门且通过main road东西相对的急诊楼和门诊楼。

第二部分以湖为参照物，中心线还是main road，介绍其他分诊楼、实验室、放射室等。

第三部分写main road尽头的建筑物。

这样，繁多的细节显得井井有条。因此，选择好主线及参照物是决定文章成功的关键。

Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about“THE LAYOUT OF A HOSPITAL”. Locate some important departments in the hospital based on the information given below.Your composition should be no less than 120 words.

（1）the Emergency Department

（2）the Out-patient Department

（3）the Surgery Department

（4）the Dispensary

（5）the Physician Department

（6）the Eye，Ear，and Throat Department

（7）the Dental Department

（8）the Laboratory

（9）the X-ray Department

（10）the Administrative Building

（11）the Ward

例文：

The Layout of a Hospital Near the gate，on the westside of the road is the Emergency Department. Opposite the Emergency Department across the Main Road is the Out-patient Department. The building to the southwest of the lake is the Dispensary，which face the Surgery Department lying on the other side of the road.Along the west wall，from south to north，stand three buildings：the Physician Department，the Eye，Ear，and Throat Department，and the Dental Department.

The Laboratory is to the northwest of the round about，and beside the Laboratory，the X-ray Department is located on the same side of the road. A winding road by the lake leads to the Ward.

Near the end of the Main Road，the Administrative Building is situated on the east side.The hospital is nicely and conveniently laid out.

文章的写作方法有几种？以下，小编为大家介绍100种作文写作方法，供大家参考借鉴，欢迎浏览！

1.第一人称叙事法

【特点】由于文章的内容是通过“我”传达给读者，表示文章中所写的都是叙述人的亲眼所见，亲耳所闻，或者就是叙述者本人的亲身经历，使读者得到一种亲切真实的感觉。采用第一人称，由于叙述人是当事人，所以叙述的人与事，只能是“我”活动范围内的人物和事件。活动范围以外的人物和事情就不能写进去。

2.第三人称叙事法

【特点】用第三人称叙事，叙述人既不受空间、时间的限制，也不受生理、心理的限制，可以直接把文章中的人和事展现在读者面前，能自由灵活地反映社会生活。但第三人称叙事又往往不如第一人称叙事那么亲切自然。

3.顺叙法

【特点】顺叙是按时间的先后顺序来叙述事情，这就跟事情发生发展的实际情况相一致，所以易于把文章写得条理清楚，脉络分明。运用顺叙，要注意剪裁得当，重点突出。否则，容易出现罗列现象，犯平铺直叙的毛病，像一本流水帐，使人读了索然无味。

4.倒叙法

【特点】倒叙并不是把整个事件都倒过来叙述，而是除了把某个部分提前外，其他仍是顺叙的方法。采用倒叙的情况一般有三种：一是为了表现文章中心思想的需要，把最能表现中心思想的部分提到前面，加以突出；二是为了使文章结构富于变化，避免平铺直叙；三是为了表现效果的需要，使文章曲折有致，造成悬念，引人入胜。倒叙时要交代清楚起点。倒叙与顺叙的转换处，要有明显的界限，还要有必要的文字过渡，做到自然衔接。特别要注意，不要无目的地颠来倒去，反反复复，使文章的眉目不清。

5.插叙法

【特点】插叙是为了表达文章中心的需要。有时是为了帮助读者了解故事情节的追叙；有时是对出场人物的情节作注释、说明。使用插叙一定要服从表达中心思想的需要，做到不节外生枝，不喧宾夺主。在插入叙述的时候，还要注意文章的过渡、照应和衔接，不能有断裂的痕迹。

6 .补叙法

【特点】补叙主要用于对上文的叙述补充说明，一般是片断性的、简要的，不具备完整的事件，也可以把解释或说明的文字放有前面，以引起下文。补叙的作用，一般不发展情节、事件，只对原来的叙述起丰富、补充作用。

7、分叙法

【特点】分叙的作用是把头绪纷繁、错综复杂的事情，写得眉目清楚，不条不紊。分叙可以先叙一件，再叙另一件，也可以几件事情进行交叉地叙述。采用分叙时要根据文章内容和表达中心思想的需要确立叙述的线索，还要交代清楚每一事件发生和发展的时间。

8、详叙法

9、略叙法

【特点】略叙的作用是在于交代事件发生发展过程中不可缺少但又不必详叙的内容。它与详叙相结合，便整个叙述有详有略，疏密相间，形成叙述的起伏。略叙一般用于文章的开头和结尾；与中心思想关系一般的部分；人所共知的部分。

10、直接抒情法

【特点】直接抒情可以使感情表达得朴实真切，震动人心。直接抒情一般适用于抒发强烈而紧张的感情。直接抒情的特点是叙述时感情强烈，节奏时快、紧张，情感直露，容易把握。

11、间接抒情法

【特点】间接抒情的特点是抒情含蓄婉转，富有韵味，感染力强。间接抒情一般可以通过叙述抒情，作者在叙述时加上自己主观感情色彩，根据感情的流动来叙述，使读者在叙述的过程中感受作者的思想感情；也可以通过议论抒情，作者在议论中，表达强烈的爱憎、褒贬之情，这种记叙中的议论一般是利用判断来进行；还可以通过描写来抒情，作者在描写的过程中，渗透自己的情感。采用间接抒情的方法，要做到语言美丽而又富有感情色彩。

12、先叙后议法

【特点】先叙后议是先叙事后议论，因此议论要起总结上文，点胆中心的作用。议论时，要对事件的主要内容，或事件的主要人物，或主要事物进行议论。这样才能做到叙事和议论的统一。议论的方法，可以通过文章的人物的语言、心理活动进行议论，也可以以第三者的身份进行议论。

13、先议后叙法

【特点】采用先议后叙的方法，首先开门见山地提出记叙的要点和中心，并以此统全文，使全文所记事件的意义，通过议论之后，显得清楚明白。在叙事的时候，要根据议论的中心，抓住重点进行写作。

14、夹叙夹议法

【特点】夹叙夹议的特点是叙事和议论穿插进行，写法上灵活多变，作者可以自由自在表情达意。采用夹叙夹议的方法写作要注意叙事的连贯性，议论插入要自然。

15、以物为线索

【特点】在叙事的过程中，让某一物品在事件的各个阶段重复出现，并通过各种手段加强它的形象。这种物件往往起过渡作用或象征和点明中心思想。

16、以人为线索

【特点】以人为线索叙事，要注意不同时间、不同环境人物性格的统一，还要注意人物年龄特征、外貌、动作、地方和民族特征、生活习惯等方面的统一。否则，容易造成混乱。更多内容请访问new.060s.com

17、以思想变化为线索

【特点】这种写法，思想发展的主线要分明。思想变化的各个阶段贯要自然，对照要清楚。

18、以中心事件为线索

【特点】主要事件记叙突出，次要事件交代清楚，主次搭配合理，叙述井然有序。这种写法，事件再复杂，也可繁而不乱。

19、写生法

【特点】学习画画，要从写生、素描学起；学习书法要从描红临帖练起；学习状物也需从写生素描练起。我们作文时，如果能把看到的物品用文字描绘出来，读者看了文章，如见其物，我们的作文就有了坚实的基础。用写生法描写物品要注意描写的顺序，或由上到下，或由下到上，或从左到右，或从右到左，或先中间后两边，或先两边后中间，或先整体后部分，或先部分后整体。其次要注意细部的描绘，使读者留下深刻的印象。

20、转动法

【特点】采用转动法描写物品要有一定的顺序，不能颠来倒去。其次要准确地运用方位词如正面、反面、下面、上面、左面、右面等等，在转换物品的方向时，要用方位词标明。此外要有详有略，能反映物品特点的一面要详细描述，其他作简略交代，切忌面面俱到，平均使用力量。

21、剥笋法

【特点】有些物品结构比较复杂，光用转动法还描述不清，抓不住特点，我们就要从外到里或从里到外的顺序把物品的结构描述出来。这就要用过渡词语把进入哪一层交代清楚。此外，要有重点地介绍物品的结构。

22、拟人法

【特点】把动物比拟成人要注意找出动物的特征与人相似之处，并进行细致的描绘。把动物比拟成人，首先要从整体上把它比拟成人，然后找出局部相似之处。这样，我们读了以后才能有整体感。如果只抓住局部进行比拟，容易显得不伦不类，不易读者想象。把动物比拟成人，也用于动物动作的描写。这主要是按照人物的心理活动想象动物动作的目的。

23、化动法

【特点】想象物品的动态要与静态描写相结合，这样才能相映成趣。文章从描写静态转入想象动态或从动态转入想象静态，描写要交代清楚，否则会分不清楚哪部分是看到的，哪部分是想到的。文章所想象的物品动态要符合物品的特点，使人读了可信。小精灵儿童资讯站出品

24、说明法

【特点】采用说明法描写物品时，首先要真实地说明它的特点，其次要抓住重点来说明。例如对物品的各部分进行说明时，有的部分，可以说明它的质地；有的部分，可以说明它的特点；有的部分，可以说明它的作用。此外说明物品的历史、特点或用途时要围绕全文的中心，切忌扯得太远。

25、运用“五觉”法

【特点】眼睛可以看到物品的颜色、形状；耳朵可以听到各样的声音；鼻子可以嗅出香、臭、腥、臊；舌头可以知道物品的苦、辣、酸、甜、咸、淡、涩；皮肤可以感知物品的软硬、冷热。我们描写物品时，可以通过各种感觉器官的感受来写物品的特点。采用“五觉”法来描写物品，要注意围绕物品最主要的特点写，切忌支离破碎。此外，还要注意按一定的顺序描述。

26、借物抒情法

【特点】借物抒情要求我们在描写物品时，把感情寄托于对事物的爱憎之中，要借物品的形象含蓄地抒发自己的感情。运用借物抒情的方法，关键是找准物品的特点与自己的感情引起共鸣的地方，使物品与感情相统一，使感情有所依托。

27、托物言志法

【特点】采用托物言志法写的文章的特点是用某一物品来比拟或象征某种精神、品格、思想、感情等。要写好这样的文章，就要掌握好“物品”与“志向”，“物品”与“感情”的内在联系。首先是物品的主要特点要与自已的志向和意愿有某种相同点和相似点。其次，描述时，自己的志向要以物品的特点为核心。物品要能表达自己的意愿。托物言志的写作方法，最常用的有比喻、拟人、象征等。

28、物品自述法

【特点】物品自述法是采用第一人称来描述物品，因此要我物品具有人的特点。在具体描写时，要注意准确地把握物品的特征，做到人格化后的物品既体现了人的特点，又不失去物的本色。具有人的特点，物品显得形象生动，吸引读者的兴趣，可鲜明地表现出作者的思想感情。保存物的本质特点，物品描写则显真实自然。

29、远眺近看法

【特点】建筑物可以远眺，也可以近看。远眺建筑物，可以得到建筑物整体印象，看法楚建筑物的整体轮廓。但是，远眺不可能看清各个部分的具体情况，但是对建筑物在空间的位置，缺乏一种整体感，往往有一叶障目的感觉。我们描写建筑物时，把远眺和近看的结果结合起来写，可以使读者对建筑物的整体和各部分情况有详细的了解，从而获得完整的印象。

30、内外结合法

【特点】从外面看建筑物，主要了解建筑物的轮廓，使读者对建筑物有一个完整的印象。从内部看建筑物，主要了解建筑物的构造，因此要作详细的介绍。从外面观察建筑物要着重从整体上进行描写，切忌写得支离破碎。从内部观察建筑物要细致，因此要按方位顺序依次进行介绍，这样才能条理清楚，读者也看得明白。采用内外结合法描写建筑物，要注意采用比喻、拟人等修辞法。

31、移步换形法

【特点】采用移步换形的方法描写建筑物，可以不断地变换立足点和观察点，对建筑物进行多方面的观察描写。同一个建筑物，从不同的角度去看，得到的印象是不一样的。因此采用移步换形法描写建筑物首先要把观察点和立足点交代清楚，使读者明白你所描述的建筑物形象是从哪一个角度看到的。否则，容易把读者搞糊涂了。其次，采用移步换形法描写建筑物时，一定要抓住建筑物的最主要的特征来写。如果采用面面俱到的方法来描写，文章容易变成一本流水账。

32、说明介绍法

【特点】采用说明介绍法描写建筑物时，首先要注意紧扣文章确定的中心进行必要的说明介绍，切忌不着边际的东拉西扯。在说明介绍的过程中要简明扼要，切忌拖泥带水。采用说明介绍法描写建筑物时，还要注意整体的连贯性，也就是说在说明介绍完毕以后，文章要返回到描写建筑物上来，并与前文衔接。文章从描写建筑物转到介绍说明，或从介绍说明回到描写建筑物要有过渡词或过渡句。

33、环境衬托法

【特点】周围都是绿色，中间的一点红色就特别鲜艳夺目，所以说“万绿丛中一点红”。对建筑物周围的景色进行适当描写，建筑物就显得突出。描写建筑物周围景色的目的是为了突出建筑物，因此描写景色时要能衬托建筑物的特点，切忌离开建筑物而大写特写景色。造成喧宾夺主。在描写建筑物周围的景色时，要把观察点和立足点交代清楚，便于读者了解建筑物的位置。

34、彩笔描绘法

【特点】植物总是由根、茎、叶、花、果组成的。运用彩笔描绘法时，要把根、茎、叶、花、果各个部位的最主要特点写出来，要写出它们的形状，写出它们的颜色。采用这种方法描写植物，要仔细观察。要分辨出植物各个部位的颜色，同样是红色，要分出是火红的，还是粉红的；同样是黄色，要分出是桔黄的，还是金黄的；同样是绿色，要分出是碧绿的，还是嫩绿的……要仔细区分各个部位的形状特点，同样是花，花骨朵与盛开的花就不一样。观察得仔细，描写得具体，读者就好像看到一张植物的彩色照片。采用这种方法描写植物，还要运用恰当的比喻，要写出自己的情感。

35、远近结合法

【特点】同一棵植物，远看和近看是不一样的。这同照相一样，放在照相机的前面和远离照相机，摄下来的照片是大小不相同的。采用远近结合法描写植物，可以从不同的角度反映出植物的形状和颜色的特点，给读者以完美的印象。采用这种方法描写植物要把观察点交代清楚，也就是要说清楚是远看的还是近看的。其次要注意叙述的顺序，或由远及近，或由近及远，这样文章才能条理分明。

36、时序变换法

【特点】植物各个部位的形态和颜色是随着季节的变化而变化。如果我们把植物在不同季节的特点写出来，同时把前后有关的情况交代清楚，就等于在不同的时间给植物拍了彩色照片。看了这一组彩色照片，读者对它就有了一个较为全面的了解。采用时序变换法描写植物，首先要注意在平时积累资料。要有计划地在不同季节对同一植物进行仔细观察，并记下观察日记，这样，写作时才能对积累的材料进行取舍，写出一篇好文章。其次要注意观察的连续性。

37、生长变化法

【特点】植物总是要生长的，一般要经过发芽、生枝、长叶、开花、结果等阶段。如果把植物生长的不同阶段的形状、颜色的特点和生长的情况与下来，就好像给这棵植物拍了一部小电影。读者可以在很短的时间内，通过阅读，了解植物生长的全过程。采用生长变化法描写植物，首先要注意把植物生长过程中最突出的变化写下来；其次要交代植物发生变化的原因、前后情况和过程；此外要注意按时间的先后顺序有条不紊地写下来。

38、展开联想法

【特点】我们看到一棵植物，往往联想到其它事物，这些事物往往与这棵植物有共同之处。例如我们看到棉桃，联想到洁白的雪花，这是因为雪花和棉花的颜色相同；我们看到大西瓜，联想到篮球，这是因为西瓜和篮球的形状相似；我们看到冰在雪地中郁郁葱葱的松树，想起那些在敌人面前不怕严刑拷打，决不屈膝的英雄，那是松树与英雄的品质上有相似之处。采用联想的方法描写植物，要注意抓住植物的主要特点，展开丰富的想象。要提高自己的联想能力，首先要认真读书，了解生活，使自己的头脑储备丰富的知识。其次是勤思勤想，经常训练，使自己有丰富的想象能力。

39、突出重点法

【特点】植物总是由根、茎、枝、叶、花、果组成。我们在描写植物的时候，可以对植物的根、茎、枝、叶、花、果的各个部分进行描述，也可以只对植物的某一部分进行描述。采用重点突出法描写植物时，首先要找出这棵植物与众不同的地方。其次要对最能体现这棵植物特点的部分从颜色、形状、气味等多方面进行具体描写。此外还可以恰当地运用拟人、比喻等方法。

40、对照比较法

【特点】俗话说：“不见高山，不知平地。”事物的特点往往在比较中得到显现。我们描写植物时，往往通过对照比较的方法来突出植物的特点。对照比较的方法有两种。一种是把这种植物与另一种植物进行比较；一种是把植物本身两种截然不同的特点放在一起比较。采用对照比较法要注意抓住所要描写的植物最显著的特点与其他植物作比较。这样才能给读者以深刻的印象和启示。采用对照比较法还要注意表达作者自己的思想感情和倾向性。这样才能使文章感人。抓住同一植物不同部位进行比较时，要注意找出矛盾点，这样才能引起读者的注意。

41、赞美颂扬法

【特点】各种植物都有自己的特点，如青松不怕严寒，杨柳随处生长，莲花出污泥而不染，桂花香飘十里，留芳人间，野草有顽强的生命力，……植物的这些特点往往使我们联想到做人的道理。如看到莲花出污泥而不染，我们可以联想到要对不正之风作斗争；看到野草有顽强的生命力，我们可以联想到做人要不怕困难，不怕挫折……赞美颂扬法就是对植物的这些特点进行赞颂。采用赞美颂扬法首先要对植物的能联想到怎样做人的特点进行具体的描写，并以此贯穿全文，这样文章的中心才能突出。其次文章中要把赞美的感情抒发出来，要在描写植物中写出自己的情感，这样才能感人。此外还要注意首尾呼应，突出赞颂。

42、静态素描法

【特点】动物的外形包括身体、毛色、脑袋、四肢、眼睛、耳朵、尾巴等。不同的动物，身体的各个组成部分不同，例如鸟只有两只脚，但有一对翅膀；鱼没有脚，但不鳞和鳍。静态素描法就是把动物静态时各个部位的形状和颜色的特点写出来。采用这种方法描写动物，首先要仔细观察，分辨动物各个部位的颜色有什么不一样。其次要找出各个部位形状的特点。此外，要运用恰当的比喻。这样，可以使读者好像看到一幅动物的写生画。

43、总分结合法

【特点】采用总分结合法描述动物，要注意总述与分述之间关系。分述部分要紧紧围绕总述所讲的特点描写。如果总述是讲动物的美丽，分述部分都要围绕着美丽来写；如果总述是讲动物的“灵活”，分述部分就要围绕它的灵活来写。此外分述部分要有一定的顺序，或从上到下，或先形状后颜色，或先中间后两边，一定要有条理。

44、特征举例法

【特点】采用特征举例法描写动物时，一般先指出动物的某一方面特点，然后举具体的例子加以证实。采用这种方法描写动物要注意抓住最能反映动物的这一方面的特点，而且要尽量写具体，使读者觉得可信。

45、特征说明法

【特点】采用特征说明法描写动物，一般先介绍动物的某一特征，再说明它的作用，或说明为什么具有这一特征。接着采用同一方法逐一介绍动物的其他特征。采用这种方法描写动物，要注意科学性，要有依据，不能采取想当然的方法加以说明。为了提高写作能力，我们要注意多阅读科普读物，了解动物的习性。

46、重点突出法

【特点】采用重点突出法描写动物，首先要仔细观察某一动物，找出它与众不同的地方加以描述。在描写动物的最主要特点时，要注意采用比喻、拟人、比较等方法，使重点部分给读者留下深刻的印象。采用重点突出法描写动物，有的对主要特点详细描述，次要特点一笔带过；有的则内写主要特点，不写次要特点。

47、成长变化法

【特点】用成长变化法描写动物，要注意把动物从小到大整个过程中的几个主要阶段写下来，不能采用写流水帐的方法。描写动物成长过程中的几个主要阶段时，要注意把前因后果交代清楚，避免中间衔接不上，使读者看了莫明其妙。动物的成长过程是一个漫长的过程，因此采用这种方法描写动物，要注意系统地观察，要不意识地写系列观察日记，把观察结果写下来。最后，只要将观察日记加以剪裁，就可成一篇反映动物成长过程的文章。

48、实验证明法

【特点】采用实验证明法首先要找出动物的一些鲜为人知的特点及习性，然后通过实验来证明动物确实具有这方面的特点和习性。在记叙实验的过程时，要把实验的方法、经过、结果有条理地写下来，这样才能使读者信服。这一类作文一般按提出问题---进行实验---明白道理的顺序写。

49、群体描写法

【特点】描写一群动物，最要紧的是有详有略，详略得当。要选择具有特色的动物，重点观察，重点描写，其它的或者概括地写，或者略写一笔，要做到选材典型，重点突出。对重点描写的动物，要抓住它的形状、颜色、动作，进行具体的描绘。对略写的动物，可抓住某一方面略提一下。描写一群动物，切忌面面俱到。

50、现场目击法

【特点】采用现场目击法描写动物，要把观察的地点交代清楚，这样读起来具有真实感。由于现场目击是以作者的观察视点作为写作的出发点，因此，描写时不强求全面、完整，但是也要慎重选择描写的内容，做到突出重点。采用现场目击法描写动物，要注意在叙述过程中交代清楚哪些是亲眼见到的，哪些是猜想的。这样文章具有科学性。

51、拟人法

【特点】把动物比拟成人要注意找出动物的特征与人相似之处，并进行细致的描绘。把动物比拟成人，首先要从整体上把它比拟成人，然后找出局部相似之处。这样，我们读了以后才能有整体感。如果只抓住局部进行比拟，容易显得不伦不类，不易读者想象。把动物比拟成人，也用于动物动作的描写。这主要是按照人物的心理活动想象动物动作的目的。

52、动物自述法

【特点】动物自述法是采用第一人称来描写动物，因此文章中要把“我”当作动物来写。这里要注意在写作时把“我”和动物融为一体，不能露出痕迹来。动物自述法是采用拟人的方法来描写动物，因此在描写时，既要反映动物外形、动作、习性的特点，又要体现人的一些特点。这样才能使文章既具有科学性，又显得生动活泼。

53、议论抒情法

【特点】采用议论抒情法记叙动物，要对能给予启示的动物特点进行仔细观察，然后进行详细的描述，这样议论或抒情时就会更具说服力和感染力。议论抒情法要把动物的某些特点与人们在日常生活、工作中所要具有的精神、品质、思想紧密地联系起来。描写动物特点时，要为议论抒情作好准备；议论、抒情时，要围绕所描写的特点进行。采用议论抒情法描写动物，要注意围绕一个中心进行描写、抒情、议论。

54、景物衬托法

【特点】景物衬托法就是描写动物，首先要集中笔墨描写好动物，写出动物的特点。动物的描写要成为文章的中心。其次描写动物周围的景物时，要为描写动物服务。景物的描写在全文中只是起衬托的作用，不能喧宾夺主。

55、季节特征法

【特点】采用季节特征法描写自然景物，一定要对景物四季不同的特征进行仔细观察。描写时，既要逼真地再现具体的时令特征，又要表现景物本身的特征，使时令特征和景物特征融为一体。在描写景物的四季特征时，不能面面俱到，要做到各有侧重。此外，运用季节特征法描写景物时，不能变换景物的地点，要对同一地点的不同季节景色描写。

56、随时变化法

【特点】随时变化法一般运用于描写日出、月上、日落、月夕等天空的景色变化，以及描写刮风、下雨、下雪等气色变化。采用随时变化法描写景物，一定要注意仔细观察时间的推移过程中，景物所发生的细微变化，这样才能言之有物。在描写景物时，要把时间的变化交代清楚，这样能反映景物变化的时间进程感。其次要把景物在各个时间里自身特征的变化描写具体，使读者好像看到一场景物变化的小电影。

57、日内变化法

【特点】同一景物在一天内不同的时刻，景色是不一样的。采用日内变化法描写景物，我们必须随着时间的变化而变化，去勾画景物的不同画面，并做到各有侧重，避免画面相似。采用日内变化法描写景物，不能只改变景物的地点，但是侧重点可以变化。这样，才能做到同中有异。

58、定点换景法

【特点】运用定点换景法描写景物，首先在观察景物时要注意选择好观察点。因为表现同一事物时，立足点不同，观察的“方位”、“角度”不同，呈现的面貌也各不相同，表达效果大不一样。其次描写时要注意把观察点交代清楚，即使不用文字作专门说明，也应该让读者能从描写中领会到作者观察的立足点和角度方位。此外，描写时要按照一定顺序，即由近及远或由远及近，由高到低或由低到高，从左到右或从右至左等等。这样可以把景物写得层次清楚，鲜明逼真，有立体感，给读者以如临其境，如在目前的感受。

59、定景换点法

【特点】同一景物，从不同的位置去看，所呈现的面貌是完全不同的。采用定景换点法描写景物就是把不同位置观察到的景物的差异写出来。采用定景换点法描写景物首先要把观察点的变化情况交代清楚，使读者知道是在什么地方观察到的。其次交代观察点时要按一定的顺序，或由下至上，或由上至下，或由远及近，或由近及远，或由左到右，或由右到左。此外描写景物时，注意从不同的侧面去反映，使读者对景物有整体感。

60、移步换景法

【特点】移步换景法一般适合于游记或参观记，描写景物时，人走景移，随着观察点的变换，不断展现新画面。采用移步换景法描写景物时，首先要把观察点的变换交代清楚。这样，读者才能清楚地知道游览或参观的路线。其次要把移步中或移步后所见到的景物具体地展现出来，使读者看到一幅幅绚丽多彩、内容丰富的生动画面。采用移步换景法描写景物时，要注意围绕一个中心展示不同的画面，避免有支离破碎的感觉。其次要进行精心的剪裁，要把一路上最有特色的景物描绘出来，删去一般性的描写，避免记流水帐。

61、围绕中心法

【特点】我们描写景物时，不可能把看到的全部写下来，而且也不必要全写。围绕中心法就是根据文章中心的需要，选择有关的景物进行描写。采用围绕中心描写景物，首先要确定文章的中心。有了中心，写景就有了主心骨。中心的确定来自对景物的细致观察。通过观察，抓住景物的主要特点，这就是文章中心。中心确定以后，就要对观察到的景物进行筛选。能表现中心的就要进行细致的描绘。能衬托中心的也要进行必要的描写。与中心无关的，就略去不写。

62、分类描写法

【特点】分类描写是按描写对象的不同类别，如天地、山川、草木、虫鱼等，或不同方面，如形状、颜色、声音等的顺序来写的。因此描写时，不一定要交代观察点，也不一定要按时间或空间的顺序进行描写。采用分类描写法要把握景物的总特征和各类景物特征的关系。描写各类景物时，都要围绕景物的总特征。采用分类描写法，还要注意准确地“分门别类”，避免重复交叉。

63、听看想法

【特点】听看想法一般用于对刮风、下雨、打雷、下雪等气象变化的描写。采用听看想法描写景物，要围绕同一景物写听到什么，看到什么，想到什么。这样，文章的笔墨既集中，又有变化，能引起读者的兴趣。采用听看想法描写景物，要把在什么时间、什么地点听到和看到的交代清楚。在写看到的景物时要按一定的顺序，如从上到下或从下到上，从远到近或从近到远，从左到右或从右到左等等。

64、描写议论法

【特点】采用描写议论法写景最主要的是把描写和议论紧密地结合起来。描写景物时要根据议论的中心，把有关景物写具体。议论时要针对描写得最具体的景物进行议论。采用描写议论法写景同样要注意把观察的时间和地点交代清楚；同样要按一定的顺序，有条理地描写具体的景物。

65、动静结合法

【特点】采用动静结合法描写人物肖像既要写出人物静态时的身材、衣着、外貌，又要写出人物动态时的神情、姿态和气态。采用动静结合法描写人物时要注意围绕人物的特点来描写人物性格特点的动作和动态，做到静态特点和动态特点的统一。描写人物动态时，要在平时观察的基础上，找出最能反映人物性格特点的动作来写。描写人物静态，可以从人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌等方面选择最能反映人物个性特点的地方来写。

66、通篇拟人法

【特点】)采用通篇拟人法写景，要把看到的一切都写得像人那样有思想、有情感、有动作。采用通篇拟人法写景是把看到的各种各样景或物都比拟为人，因此它们的语言、动作、思想，全文显得和谐。

67、比较异同法

【特点】俗话说：“不见高山，不知平地。”事物的特点往往在比较中得以显现。采用比较异同法描写景物，首先要有比较点。例如对两种植物相比，可以比颜色，比形状，比香味。有了比较点，就能比出差异来。其次要比出景物与众不同的特点来。有些自然景色粗看过去，大同小异。但是，通过比较可以从小异中比出特征。例如，同样是雨，就有暴雨、大雨、细雨等区别。比较有两种。一种是纵比，将现在和过去比较，通过事物的发展变化来说明问题；另一种是横比，即对两种事物进行比较，找出相异点来。采用比较异同法描写景物时，要灵活选用。

68、景物幻化法

【特点】我们在平常的生活中，往往出现这样的情况：我们凝望某一景物时间较长以后，好像这个景物动起来变成另一种事物，这就叫幻化。幻化的景物实际上是随作者的联想或想象而构成的一幅新情景。采用景物幻化法写景就是把这种想象出来的情景写下来。采用景物幻化法写景首先要对原来的景物作必要的交代，这样读者才能知道新情景是由什么景物幻化出来的。当然这种必要交代可以在幻景之前，也可以在幻景之后。其次描写幻化景物时要注意完整性、连贯性，能帮助读者构成新的情景。

69、借景抒情法

【特点】采用措景抒情法描写景物时，要注意带着强烈的感情来写，做到寓情于景，使客观的景物带上作者的感情色彩。这样，读者看了以后，会自然而然地引起同感。在抒情时，要直接抒发作者内心的思想感情，语言要优美而富有感情色彩。采用借景抒情法要做到景情相应，写景和心情要一致。

70、方位介绍法

【特点】采用方位介绍法描写环境，可以以“我”为中心，按照前后、左右、上下的方位介绍，也可以按照自然界的东、南、西、北的方位介绍。采用方位介绍法描写环境，首先要把观察点交代清楚，这样读者才能清楚地知道是站在哪一个位置看到的。其次，要按照方位有顺序地描写，不要一忽儿东，一忽儿西。此外，描写环境的设施时，要注意把具有时代特点的、地域特点的地方写出来。

71、参观介绍法

【特点】采用参观介绍法描写环境一般按照参观的顺序写。因此记叙时要把观察点的变换交代清楚，同时要根据参观的路线有条不紊地把看到的事物写下来。采用参观介绍法描写社会环境，要把看到事物的外观特点和它的作用、意义结合起来写，这样可以反映事物的主要特征和本质属性。在记叙的过程中，可以把自己看到的、听到的，和向导的介绍穿插起来写，这样可以给读者一个整体的印象。

72、画面组合法

【特点】采用画央组合法描写社会环境，首先要从社会环境中选择具有时代特征、地域特点的不同画面。然后对一幅幅不同的画面按照方位顺序进行具体的描绘。最后将不同的画面按一定的顺序组合成一篇文章。采取画面组合法描写社会环境，要注意选择的画面具有代表性，还要注意画面与画面之间的内在联系。

73、分类介绍法

【特点】描写社会环境，除了描写社会环境的景物外，还可以写人情风俗、地理风貌、气候物产和光荣历史等。采用分类介绍法描写社会环境就是有重点地选择几个方面进行介绍。采用分类介绍法描写社会环境，要注意选择最典型的材料进记叙，这样才能反映出社会环境的特点。其次各类之间要互相关联，使各个方面组成了一个整体，给读者以完整的印象。采用分类介绍描写社会环境，除了通过直接观察法了解社会环境的特点外，还要从报刊杂志上，从调查访问中了解写作的素材。

74、触景生情法以

【特点】采用触景生情法描写社会环境，首先必须是情由景生，有感而发。也就是看到景物以后，产生了深刻的感受，好像非说出来不可。其次描述时要以情为主，以景为次。写景为了抒情。笔在写景，都应当句句是情，字字是情。这样写来的文章就特别感人。这种写法可以先写景，再抒情；也可以先抒发对景物的感受，然后描写景物；还可以把两者交织起来，一边写景，一边抒情。

75、粗笔勾勒法

【特点】采用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像，可以对人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、神情、姿态、风度的某一方面或几个方面作简要的勾勒。运用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像要抓住人物的最主要的特征，用朴实的文字简略地写出来，不宜用过多的形容词、过多的比喻。其次要简练传神，通过寥寥几笔勾勒出人物大致形象。

76、工笔细描法网

【特点】工笔细描不进对人物的肖像进行细致入微、一丝不苟地刻画，不同只描绘大致的轮廓。采用工笔细描法描写人物肖像，也要抓住人物外貌的主要特征，突出重点，以形传神，不能面面俱到。在描写人物外貌的主要特征时，要多角度、多侧面地进行描写，反映出人物的思想、品格、性格的特点。采用工笔细描法描写人物肖像，要对人物外貌进行细腻、具体的刻画，能使读者在头脑中浮现出一幅人物的彩色照片。

77、画龙点睛法

【特点】鲁迅说过：“要极省俭的画一个人的特点，最好是画他的眼睛。“眼睛是会说话，会传神的心灵窗户。在人物肖像描写中，描写好眼睛可以深刻地揭示出人物的性格特点和精神品质。描写人物的眼睛，可以用细描的方法，也可以采用联想的方法，通过对眼睛的观察，想象人物的心理活动。采用画龙点睛法描写人物的外貌，并不是说描写人物只能描写眼睛。这里含有抓住重点的意思，也就是说要把最富有个性特点的东西写具体，把人物写活。

78、人物特写法

【特点】特写是电影艺术的一种表现方法，是用极近的距离拍摄人或物的某一部分，使其特别放大。人物特写法就是围绕人物的最显著的特点进行细致的描写。采用人物特写法描写人物的肖像，要先抓住人物的最突出的特点。然后根据这个特点，把有关部分写具体。这样可以给读者留下极其深刻的印象。

79、动态速写法

【特点】速写是绘画的一种方法，即一边观察，一边用简单的线条把人物的主要特点迅速勾画出来。动态速写法就是把人物动作过程中神态和表情的最主要的特点写下来。采用动态速写法描写人物肖像，要求抓住人物动作过程中最能反映人物特点的一个镜头进行描述，好像是作者用照相机拍下的一张彩色照片。采用动态速写法描写人物肖像时，既要用简笔勾勒出人物神态和表情的特点，还要适当地对人物的外貌进行描写。

80、动静结合法

【特点】采用动静结合法描写人物肖像既要写出人物静态时的身材、衣着、外貌，又要写出人物动态时的神情、姿态和气态。采用动静结合法描写人物时要注意围绕人物的特点来描写人物性格特点的动作和动态，做到静态特点和动态特点的统一。描写人物动态时，要在平时观察的基础上，找出最能反映人物性格特点的动作来写。描写人物静态，可以从人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌等方面选择最能反映人物个性特点的地方来写。

81、展开想象法

【特点】采用展开想象法描写人物肖像，可以根据人物外貌的特点，想象他的过去，进一步说明人物具有这些外貌、衣着、打扮的原因；也可以根据人物外貌的特点，想象他未来，进一步塑造人物的形象。采用展开想象法描写人物肖像，要注意合理地想象，即作者的想象要有依据。这样，读者看了以后就会信服。

82、比较描写法

【特点】有比较才能有鉴别。所以比较是反映人物特点的一种好方法。采用比较描写法，可以写出人物外貌与众不同的地方，这样读者看了以后就会留下深刻的印象；也可以写出人物的神情、态度与别人不同的地方，这样可以充分反映人物的性格特点。要注意客观地进行比较，不要故意贬其他人。

83、人物漫画法

【特点】漫画是用简单而夸张的手法来描绘生活时事的图画。一般运用变形、比拟、象征的方法来达到尖锐的讽刺效果。在描写人物肖像时，有时对人物的某一特点进行夸第描写，以充分反映人物的性格特点，往往能取到意想不到的效果。采用人物漫画法时，要注意夸攻得适当、合理，这样读者看了有真实感。人物漫画一般用于对人物的贬斥或讽刺。

84、自我介绍法资讯站

【特点】要描写自己，首先要正确地认识自己，既要看到自己的优点，也要看到自己的不足。这样自我介绍时，就能做到实事求是描写自己，做到既不吹牛，也不自卑。要正确认识自己，还要知道别人怎样看自己，因此在平时要经常留心老师、父母、同学对自己的评价和议论。其次，描写自己要抓住自己的最主要特点写。要对自己的过去进行回忆，找出自己的优点和缺点，然后抓住最主要的写。

85、结合时代法

【特点】时代不同，人物的外貌特点不同。例如清朝的男子，脑后都有一根长辫子；现代的男子一般是理西发或小平头。时代不同，人们的衣着打扮也不一样，旧社会的人穿着长袍、马褂；现代人穿中山装、甲克衫等等。描写人物的肖像，要反映时代特色。人们生活的地域不同，生活习惯不一样，外貌、衣着、打扮也不一样。少数民族的打扮与汉族的打扮就大不一样。所以描写人物的肖像还要注意地域性。采用结合时代法描写人物肖像时，要把人物最具有时代特征和地域特点的外貌、衣着、打扮、形态描写出来。

86、步步深入法

【特点】步步深入法是肖像描写中的一种动态描写，也就是要写出人物外貌的发展、变化。因此采用步步深入法描写人物肖像要注意前后联系，做到前后描写，同中有异。这样，文章才能前后连贯。步步深入法是在记叙人物活动时对人物的肖像进行描写，因此描写时要自然、恰当，不能使读者看了不协调的感觉。步步深入法是分成几次描写人物肖像的，而且每一次的描写均有变化，因此在描写外貌前，要对变化的原因作必要地说明。

87、连续动作法

【特点】连续动作法一般用于描写一个人的动作过程，如跳高、跳远、游泳、切菜、烧饭、钓鱼、挑水等。描写连续动作时，要按动作的顺序依次进行描写，这样文章才能通顺、连贯。其次描写连续动作，要注意准确地使用动词。

88、交替叙述法

【特点】运用交替叙述法描写动作，主要有两种情况。一种是人与人之间的一对一比赛，如乒乓球比赛、下棋、摔跤、打羽毛球等。另一种是描写人和动物的争斗，如打虎、捉蟋蟀、钓鱼等。采用交替叙述法描写双方的动作，首先要注意动作合拍，即防守一方的动作与进攻一方的动作对应。其次，要注意各自动作的连贯性，即每一方的动作都是连续的。

89、概括描写法

【特点】连续动作法和交替叙述法一般是把人物的每一个动作过程都描写出来，而概括描写法则并不把每一个动作过程都描写出来，而是抓住动作的特点进行概括描写。采用概括描写法描写动作，要先对动作的全过程进行仔细观察，然后通过分析，总结出动作的特点，再进行描述。采用概括描写法描写比赛过程中的双方动作，要注意有总有分，有详有略。

90、天女散花法

【特点】天女散花法是场面描写的一种方法。采用天女散花法描写人物活动场面中的动作，首先要注意围绕一个中心来写，即每一个人的动作都要与确定的中心有关。其次所选择的动作要有代表性。这样，全篇文章才能有整体感。采用天女散花法描写人物的动作，一般采用先总后分法。先介绍动作的起因，再分述不同人物的动作。

91、动作分解法

【特点】人物的一连串动作往往是一瞬间完成的。电影中，经常出现人物的慢动作，就是把人物的快动作慢慢地放映出来，使观众清晰地看到这种慢动作的方法。采用慢动作法来描写人物的动作，首先要仔细观察人物动作的全过程，然后对动作的过程进行分解，看看人物的动作是怎样完成的。最后一步一步写下来。采用动作分解法描写人物动作时，要注意对人物的细小动作进行描写。

92、独白法

【特点】通常人们在激动、兴奋、得意、悲伤等心理状态下，虽然面前没有听话对象，有时也会说出话来。这些自言自语的话，有些是询问自己，有些是发议论等。总之，这些独白均表现出人物特定情势下的心态。采用独白法描写人物心理，要做到自我解剖，直叙心曲，展示内心世界和感情的变化。运用独白描写，首先要符合人物的性格特征，什么人说什么话。其次，要选准人物独白的时机，符合人物当时所处的环境。

93、对话法

【特点】语言能反映人物的思想感情和性格特征。描写对话时首先要联系各人的思想感情、愿望，把说话人的心情、性格反映出来。其次要注意说话的内容要紧密联系，不能所答非所问。此外要灵活运用提示语放在句首、句中、句尾以及省略提示语等四种描写语言的不同方式，使文章灵活多变。

94、直接描写法

【特点】直接描写法一般采用第一人称来描写人物的心理。采用直接描写法描写人物心理时，要把想什么、怎样想，为什么这样想写出来，这样才能直接刻画人物的心理活动过程。其次，要把人物心理的发展变化过程写出来，这样读者看了以后，才有真实感。

95、回忆想象法

【特点】人们在痛苦的时候，往往会回忆美好的过去，盼望美好的日子重新回来。人们在困难的时候，也会回忆过去的苦难，激励自己奋勇前进。回忆想象法就是人物触景生情，激起对过去的回忆。采用回忆想象法描写心理活动时，首先要把人物是在什么情况下想起过去交代清楚，这样文章的心理描写，就显得合情合理。其次，回忆过去时，要把生活中的具体情节描述出来，使文章前后呼应。

96、梦境幻觉法

【特点】俗话说：“日有所思，夜有所梦。”梦境和幻觉往往是现实的反映。我们在描写梦境和幻觉有现实的基础。文章中对梦境和幻觉的描写往往用来表现人物的理想或幻觉，因此描写梦境和幻觉时要写出人物的愿望和要求。梦境和幻觉往往有一定声面，所以描写梦境和幻觉时，要把场面具体地写出来。

97、一事写人法

【特点】一事写人示是写人最基本的方法。采用一事写人法写人时首先要把事情的时间、地点、开始、经过、结果交代得清楚、明白。其次，要把事件的过程写得具体、完整。此外，在叙事的过程中，要着重刻画人物的语言、行动和心理活动。这样，人物的思想品质就能得到充分表现。人物形象也就鲜明、突出，给读者留下的印象也就很深刻。

98、几事写人法

【特点】通过几件事写人，作者所选择的几个事例，可以是一件事表现人物某一方面的思想品质，全文连起来，表现一个人物几个方面的精神和品质；也可以几个事例紧紧围绕一个中心，表现人物某一方面的特点。采用几事写人法写人时，首先要注意几件事的内容不能互相矛盾，人物的性格、特点在几件事中是和谐统一的。其次要注意尽量用不同的事情反映人物的性格的不同侧面，类似的事情应避免重复出现。此外，文章的开头和结尾要交代与这几件事的有关内容，或对人物作概括介绍。第四写几件事时，可以按时间顺序；可以以某一事物为线索；也可以详写一件，略写几件；还可以按事情的分类排序。

99、对比写人法

【特点】任何事物，只有通过对比才能显出高低、大小、好坏、多少。写人也是如此，通过对比可以反映出先进和落后、高尚与卑贱，优秀和不良。对比写人法有两种。一种是同一个人前后相比，说明这个人的变化。另一种是一个人和另一个比，歌颂其中一个人或使另一个人受到教育。采用对比法写人时，要注意突出主要人的和主要问题，做到主次分明，切不可喧宾夺主。其次，对比时要合情合理，不能采取故意拔高或贬低的方法，把好的捧上天，把差的贬入地，使人不可信。此外要注意前后照应。

100、细节表现法

【特点】没有细节就不可能有艺术作品，作品的题材无论多有意义，主题思想多正确，如果没有真实感人的细节，就无法给人以强烈的艺术感受。运用细节表现法刻画人物，首先要找到真实的细节。细节不真实，人物就不真，作品就必然失败。其次还要注意细节的选择，要选择那些最具有特征的。最能表现作品主题的细节。否则，就应该毫不吝惜地舍弃。

调研文章，顾名思义就是对某个问题经过调查、研究后写出的理论文章。小编收集了调研文章的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、什么是调研文章

调研文章，顾名思义就是对某个问题经过调查、研究后写出的理论文章。调研文章以调查为前提，以研究为重点，以探讨为目的，并不只是对事实的对与错、优与劣、或者先进与落后的简单评论。有人把调查报告当成调研文章，这是不对的，因为调查报告只注重调查、不注重研究，只是陈列问题的事实和数据，没有对事实和数据作进一步的分析、推理，没有得出具有建设性的探索、实践成果，所以调查报告不是调研文章。有人把工作总结当成调研文章，这更是不对的，因为工作总结是对过去的工作成绩和经验进行的归纳总结，并不是对某方面问题进行专门的调查研究和论证，不带有研讨性和探索性，所以工作总结不是调研文章。同理，新闻宣传报道、先进事迹材料等也不是调研文章。调研文章以反映问题为主，往往报忧多于报喜，目的是为了探讨、为了创新、为了解决问题，为了以先人之忧换取后人之乐。

调研文章的“调”，就是调查、了解，就是深入基层、深入实际、深入问题去作调查，去收集资料和数据。“研”，就是对所调查、了解的问题进行分析研究，提出控制问题发展变化的建议或措施。既然是调研，就要对那些比较前沿的、边缘的、新出现的问题或者工作中的重点、难点、热点或焦点问题进行深入的调查了解和分析思考，而不只是对一般问题的随便谈论。调研文章是在调查研究的基础上写成的，而不靠是道听途说、闭门造车、苦思眠想编出来的。

二、调研课题的选择

调研课题，就是指调研人员开展调查研究分析探讨的问题，也是调研文章反映的问题。调研课题有三种形式：第一种是命题调研，即调研课题由上级事先确定，调研人员只能按照上级确定的课题开展调研，并以调研课题名为标题写作调研文章;第二种是半命题调研，即上级只规定调研课题内容的范围，具体调研文章的标题由调研人员根据调研工作开展的情况选择确定;第三种是自由调研，即上级不指定调研范围或具体问题，由调研人员根据自己的工作实际结合自己的兴趣自行选择调研课题和调研文章的标题。实际工作中可以调研的问题非常广泛，以税收工作为例，税收管理、税款征收、税法宣传、税务稽查、税收信息化建设、干部队伍建设、征管质量建设、党风廉政建设等各个方面都有不尽完善的地方，都还存在着需要进一步解决的问题，这些问题都可以作为我们的调研课题。那么，面对众多的课题我们应当怎样选择呢?有几个方法可供参考：一是选择自己熟悉的、接触过的问题;二是选择自己感兴趣的或者曾经思考过的问题;三是选择目前工作中的重点、难点、热点或焦点问题。之所以这样选择，是因为按这些方法去选择的课题可以减轻调查难度，减少调查工作量，收集资料比较容易、写出的文章比较适合现实工作需要，参考价值较高，投稿获得采用的可能性也比较大。

三、调研文章的文体格式

一篇调研文章，尽管有许多段落，有大小标题，有层次序号，但从格式上看不外乎开头(即绪论)、主体(即本论)和结尾(即结论)三个部分。

开头部门主要是交待写作背景、动机或目的，也就是说这篇文章是在什么情况下写的，为什么要写这篇文章，写这篇文章希望发挥什么作用、达到什么目的等。这部分一般用几十到几百个字概括地写、说清楚就行，要让读者或者编辑尽快看到主要内容，不必空话连篇大谈形势任务和工作开展情况，也无需叙述调研过程，但必须从一定高度着笔，要体现出写这篇文章的必要性和价值意义。

主体部分主要是提出问题、分析问题和解决问题，这部分所占篇幅最大，一般为数千字。在提出问题时根据具体情况而定，如所提问题是常见问题，可以直接列举，不必赘述过程;如所提问题不常见，就必须说明问题出现的条件或者发现问题的过程，这样才具有真实感或可信度。分析问题时一般要说明三点，一是问题产生的原因和条件;二是问题存在的现状和影响，现状要用调查的事实和数据来说明，影响包括有利影响和不利影响，两方面都要有事实依据，要让人觉得好的方面值得学习，差的方面必须解决。解决问题是指对存在的问题提出解决的建议或措施，所提建议或措施应当简便、合理、可行。简便就是易于操作实施，不需创造特殊条件;合理就是符合工作需要、有利工作开展并且大多数人乐于接受;可行就是指投入少、效益高、见效快、符合国家政策规定。

结尾部分有的是对文章主体内容作综合概括，有的是对主体部分提出的建议和措施作出实施要求;有的是对问题发展变化作出展望和预测;有的是对写作本篇文章的目的意义再作强调，呼应开头。至于哪种结尾方式较好，要根据具体文章的论述情况和结构而定。

四、调研文章写作前的准备工作

当我们决定要写作一篇调研文章时，首先是确定调研课题，即准备写什么、写哪方面的问题，要事先确定下来，要有一个明确的写作目的和方向。其次是收集调研资料，包括调查问题发生的原因、发展的现状及影响，查阅相关资料和记录，了解相关人员对问题的看法或意见，同时还要熟悉法律法规或上级部门对此类问题作出的政策规定等。只有深入调查，才能对问题有比较客观、真实、准确、全面的了解，才能获得第一手资料、才能有感性认识。第三是分析问题实质，即是将自己调查获得的全部资料和数据进行分类、筛选、归纳、总结，去粗取精、去伪存真，搞清问题的来龙去脉、前因后果及其对工作的利弊影响，找出问题发展变化的必然趋势和规律。第四是提出对策措施，即根据分析研究的结果，提出控制问题朝有利方向发展的建议和措施。建议和措施必须立足现实、展望长远，既要具有解决目前问题的实用性和可行性，又要具有适应改革发展的宏观性和战略性。

五、调研文章的写作步骤

写作调研文章也与写作其他各类长文章一样，有一定的步骤。首先是拟定提纲，即这篇文章准备写几个部分，哪个部分需要写哪些内容，需要引用哪些事实和数据等，都要事先设计和规划好，并以提纲的形式写出来或打好腹稿，这样才能增强文章结构的合理性和艺术性。其次是选择材料，根据提纲要求将调查所获得的材料进行分类、筛选、归纳和加工精减，剔除无用部分，保留有用部分。第三是动笔写作，即根据提纲要求将选择好的材料通过一定的形式和方法“组合”起来，构成一篇内容充实、形式完整、上下联贯、结构合理的调研文章。第四是修改提炼，即对已经大体写完的文章进行文字、语法等错误的纠正，对数据材料进一步核实，对段落层次进一步调整，对主题思想进一步提炼。修改的目的是使文章达到文从字顺、用语贴切、详略得当、张驰有度。修改必须反复多次，不到完全满意不定稿。一篇有价值的调研文章应当是立意新颖、文词严谨、内容精妙、说理透彻，使人读后有启发、有提高，而不是看了上页不想看下页，或者勉强看完觉得浪费时间的次品。

六、调研文章常见问题及避免方法

笔者经常看同志们写的调研文章，大多数文章或多或少都存在一些问题，归纳起来主要有以下几方面：

1、标题拟写不恰当：主要问题一是概括性不强，从标题不能看出文章的主要内容和主要观点;二是命题过大或过小，与文章主要内容不相称;三是不够新颖醒目，难以吸引读者注意力;四是缺乏调研特色，不象调研标题。对标题方面存在的问题，除命题调研是因为没有把握好调研课题的范围、方向或者主要精神外，其余都是因为命题时缺乏思考或者不会命题造成。对命题调研不能更改标题，只能从调查研究的广度、深度或者文章主题立意方面去想办法，一是再作补充调查，获取更详实、更有针对性的资料，二是进一步修改调整文章内容，提炼文章主题，使其符合调研课题的要求;对自由调研或者半命题调研，既可以根据文章内容重新拟写标题，也可以根据提纲要求对文章内容进行修改、调整。

2、分析论证不得力：主要问题一是对存在的问题缺少实例说明;二是空话套话多，分析不够，论证无力。三是思路不清，所提建议措施不合理或者缺乏可操作性;四是人云亦云，缺乏独特见解。对分析论证方面存在的问题，一是要深入调查，掌握大量的第一手资料和数据;二是要实事求是，站稳立场、敢于揭露问题、分析问题;三是要提高认识、理清思路，明确调研写作目的;四是要多读报刊上类似课题的文章，了解他人的观点和思路，选取与他人不同的角度来分析问题，提出有特色的措施和建议。

3、文体格式不规范：主要问题一是绪论过长或者无绪论，过长的绪论写了五、六百字还未谈及主要内容，降低了读者或编辑读下文的兴趣，无绪论的文章直接谈论问题，让人觉得突然无头绪，弄不清作者的目的和用意，因此难以认同作者的分析和论证。二是虎头蛇尾，开头起点高，但主体部分或并未提出有分量的问题，或者虽提出了问题但分析不深刻。三是臃肿冗长，随意倾泄，拖泥带水，与主题联系不紧。四是前后不对应，有的是缺少对问题的分析，有的是未针对问题提出建议和措施。解决文体问题的方法已在上节谈过，此处不作重复。

七、提高调研文章写作水平的方法

提高写作水平的方法有多种，就目前我们的干部而言，通常有以下几种方法：一是多读，就是多读那些正式发表的文章，多看别人的文章既有助于我们学写法、学思路、学结构、学论证方法，也有助于我们了解同类课题的调研状况。二是多练，即多调查、多研究、多动笔，熟能生巧，只有在增加数量的基础上才能提高质量。三是多思，包括写作前的分析研究，写作中的谋篇布局和写作后的修改提炼等，要求思考要深刻，分析要透彻，判断要准确，立意要新颖。四是要多问，多问即向有写作经验的人求教，把自己写好的文章请他们帮助查问题、提意见，或者帮助加工修改等。

总之，要写出一篇有价值、有水平的文章，必须经过深入的调查了解，仔细的分析研究，周密的谋篇布局，反复的修改提炼等才能成功。不经一番寒彻骨，哪得梅花扑鼻香。尽管各个作者的思维方式不同，写作习惯各异，但调查、研究、拟稿、修改都是必须步骤，只要肯下苦功多读、多练、多思、多问，勤学苦练，时间长了就会积累写作经验，就会掌握写作技巧，就会不断提高调研文章的写作水平。

在我们的英语写作过程中，如果能够很好的运用英语谚语，能给我们的作文带来亮点。下面是语文迷整理的高频谚语，一起来看看吧。

(一) Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

(二) One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。

(三) Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。

(四) A fall into the pit，a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。

(五) Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。

(六) All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

(七) Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。

(八) More hasty，less speed. 欲速则不达。

(九) Its never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

(十) All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。

(十一) Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

(十二) God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。

(十三) Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。

(十四) A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。

(十五) Look before you leap. 三思而后行。

(十六) Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。

(十七) Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。

(十八) well begun，half done. 好的开始等于成功的一半。

(十九) It is hard to please all. 众口难调。

(二十) Out of sight，out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。

(二十一) Do as Romans do in Rome. 入乡随俗。

(二十二) An idle youth，a needy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

(二十三) As the tree，so the fruit. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

(二十四) To live is to learn，to learnistobetterlive.活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着。

(二十五) Facts speak plainer than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

(二十六) Call back white and white back. 颠倒黑白。

(二十七) First things first. 凡事有轻重缓急。

(二十八) Ill news travels fast. 坏事传千里。

(二十九) A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

(三十) live not to eat，but eat to live. 活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭为了活着。

(三十一) Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜过语言。

(三十二) East or west，home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。

(三十三) Its not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 君子在德不在衣。

(三十四) Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。

(三十五) Like and like make good friends. 趣味相投。

(三十六) The older， the wiser. 姜是老的辣。

新闻标题是新闻的题目，读者看新闻时首先看的就是标题。好的新闻标题能使读者在最短的时间内了解新闻的主要内容，小编收集了英语新闻标题写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

新闻标题是新闻的题目，读者看新闻时首先看的就是标题。好的新闻标题能使读者在最短的时间内了解新闻的主要内容，引起阅读兴趣。写作标题的原则，是要尽量用有限的语句将新闻的主要内容和意旨表达清楚。在英语(优习英语网)新闻标题的写作中，选取准确的动词及正确的时态、语态，是一项重要技巧。例如下面这几行标题，不管是硬新闻还是软新闻标题，都含有一个动词：

High tax levels “driving away foreign investors”

Bush acknowledges Viet Nam parallel

Nigerian plane crashes with over 100 aboard

Myles Quin likes to collect stuff-most of all good yarns

The City cultivates a thriving poetry corner out of The Waste Land

如果缺乏动词，新闻标题会显得单调、千篇一律，例如：

Bill Gates and the Microsoft

American views on China

这两则标题显得大而空泛，华而不实，没有提供关于新闻具体内容的实际信息，应该尽量避免这种写法。

动词的选择

动词使新闻标题变得活跃，但它本身必须是一个活跃的词，能最准确、生动地描述新闻事实，因为标题里没有多余的空间来容纳形容词，所有修饰性的内容，包括程度、颜色、感觉等，都必须依靠这个动词来体现。因此，要尽量避免使用“ask”这类平淡的动词和表达含糊的混合动词，例如“American government gives views on Mexican’s racism”，如果报道对象“American government”在谴责“Mexican’s racism”时用了很有力很明确的语句，那么就应该避免“gives views”这种含糊的写法。

此外，还应该尽量使用表达力强、有力的动词，尽量不使用较弱的助动词“be”、“have”作为新闻标题的主要动词。

时态的使用

一种观点认为新闻标题应使用现在时态，因为所报道的事件虽然已经过去，但它是新近发生的，对读者来说仍然是第一次了解该事件，现在时态能给他们一种事件正在发生的感觉，这对新闻报道来说很重要;另一种观点认为新闻标题不能用现在时，例如法庭报道，对于过去发生的事件，绝对不能用现在时态，避免产生歧义，例如应该写成：“Old retiree stole grocery loaves”，不能写成“Old retiree steals grocery loaves”，否则会使人误会此人一直在继续这种偷窃行为，引起争端。甚至认为任何含有过去的时间因素的标题都应使用过去时态。这一观点可能深受上世纪70年代以来美国新闻学者梅耶(Philip Meyer)的精确新闻报道理论的影响。

那么，究竟应该使用什么时态?考虑的重要依据是看使用现在时态会不会带来歧义，如果不会，则适宜使用现在时。英语新闻标题中不宜使用“yesterday”这个词，尤其是在早报的标题中，因为早报所报道的几乎所有事情都可以被认为是发生在“昨天”的。但如果报道的是将来要发生的事，则应尽量使用确切的时间，如：“Paper industry will strike tomorrow /next week/next month”。再如：“Beijing to fulfill promises for 2008 Olympics”，即使省略了“will”，意思仍很清楚。

有一种新闻标题采用“be+动词不定式”结构，助动词“be”通常省略：

Princess (is) to Visit Baffinaland in August.

Financier (is) killed by burglars.

Countries (are) to Spend More on Cancer Research.

使用将来时态报道即将和日后将会发生的事情是很常见的。

主动语态与被动语态

在英语新闻标题中，主动语态比被动语态的表达效果更好。试比较下面两则新闻标题：

France rejects EU Constitution

EU Constitution rejected by France

对比后，我们发现，使用被动语态的新闻标题，比主动语态标题长，单词数量多，这对有长度限制的标题来说是很不利的。同样长度的标题，主动语态所提供的信息内容更多，结构更生动，而且可以有更多的空间去阐述其他内容，例如“Boy found dead by teacher”如果改写成主动语态“Teacher found boy dead in lab”，不但阐述更加自然，包含的信息也更多。

例外的情况是当事件或动作的承受人比执行者更重要时，可以使用被动语态。

关于动词，还有一个问题需要注意。英语中有不少单词既能作名词，又能作动词，其词性是根据具体语法位置来决定的。写作标题时如果省略了一些前后辅助辨别的词汇，单词的词性就可能变得不确定和含糊，下面这些单词都属于此类：

tax, ban, plan, drive, move, probe, protest, bat, share, watch, cut, axe, ring, bank, rises, state, pay, pledge, talks, riot, attack, appeal, back, face, sign, jump, drug

英语新闻标题的动词应尽量使用一般现在时，但在遇到该动词兼有名词和动词两种词性的情况下，有时可以使用过去时态，以使这个动词的词性更加清楚，避免产生歧义。

不少中学生作文时都没有写提纲的习惯。有的不懂得写提纲的重要性，怕耽误时间，会写而不写；更多的是不会写或不会写合要求的、有用的提纲。作文前应该写好提纲，这是保证作文成功的一项重要举措。老舍先生说：“有了提纲心里就有了底，写起来就顺理成章；先麻烦点，后来可省事。”由此可见，学会写提纲，养成作文前写提纲的习惯，应该是中学生写作学习的重要任务，是有效提高写作水平的好方法。

提纲犹如工程的蓝图、作战的计划，要力求写得符合要求。有些同学常写“1．事情的开始；2．事情的经过；3事情的结果”一类的“提纲”．这太空洞，对作文没有什么用处，不成其为“提纲”。也有同学把提纲写成文章的内容提要，这又太繁琐，也不好。还有的同学把提纲写得呆板、生硬，缺少变化，缺少特色，这样的提纲当然也不算好提纲，也会严重影响作文的质量。

一、提纲要切题。例如，有同学写《说“功夫不负有心人”》的提纲是这样写的：1．“有心”就是有明确的目的；2．“有心”就是有正确的方法；3“有心”就是有认真的态度和创造精神。认真审一下题便可知道，这一种提纲就比较切题。

二、提纲要体现体裁特点。假如要以《门》为题分别写议论文、说明文、记叙文，则其提纲，应该分别体现出不同的体裁特点。

议论文提纲：

总说“门”启迪我们要入好、把好人生的扇扇大门。知识、生活、社会的大门，门门入好：①入好知识门，才能获得知识；②入好生括门，才会懂得生活；③人好社会门，才可能成为社会的好成员。家庭、国家、思想的大门，门门把牢：①把好家门防风雨盗贼；②把好国门防敌人侵犯；③把好思想门防腐蚀变质。4努力入好、把好扇扇人生的大门，让生命的航船扬帆远航。

说明文提纲：

l．门有古老的历史－－与人类向时出现。

2．门有独特的构造－－由门面、门框、门袖等构成。

门的种类多种多样－－按质地分，有金属门、非金属门；按作用分，有多用途门和专用门；按位置的所属物分，有建筑物的门、交通工具的门、其它器具的门。门正向轻巧、牢固、美观、自动化的方向发展。