英语写作容易出现的误区和解决方法通用20篇

1、语言方面要建立“语汇库”。

语汇是文章的细胞。广义的语汇，不仅指词、短语的总汇，还包括句子、句群。平时广泛阅读书籍、报刊，把一些优美的词语、句子、语段摘录在特定的本子上，也可以制作读书卡片。生活中还可以捕捉大众口语中鲜活的语言，并把这些记在随身带的小本上。日积月累，作文中表达的语言也会不落俗套。

2、要加强材料方面的积累和梳理。

由于平时不注意积累素材，孩子们会每到作文时就去搜肠刮肚，依赖家长或者网络。解决这一问题的根本方法是，深入生活去积累素材。写日记、写观察笔记如果觉得困难，以写微日记、做图文并茂的心情日记等形式为主要途径，及时记录家庭生活、校园生活、社会生活中的见闻。记录时要抓住最核心的、最触动自己的细节，把握人、事、物、景的特征。这样，习作素材就变得有血有肉。

3、要加强思想方面的积累。

观点是文章的灵魂，平时遇到事情要深入思考，多问问“为什么”“是什么”“怎么样”。孩子没有形成这样的习惯时，就需要家长去引导。比如，每天有固定的“亲子互动聊天”时间，让孩子畅谈他最想谈的内容，适时点拨。家长还可以帮助孩子以博大精深的中华传统文化精髓（成语、谚语、歇后语）来点评。

写作是最灵活的一种测试形式。写自己提前准备的表达是提分最有效的利器。下面是语文迷为大家提供的高分英语写作方法，希望对你有帮助。

一、“功能段落”突破CET写作

“To be or not to be: that is a question。”莎士比亚如是说。冲刺阶段，背模板还是不背?我的答案：背，但绝不是盲目地背。

整篇背诵模板不是最有效的方法，因为模板的写作思路是固定的，然而很多时候试题的命题思路可能与所背模板思路不同。因此，可能导致“所背非所考”，甚至导致文不对题，生搬硬套。

但是，无论四六级写作话题如何变化，一般都对应三个或两个汉语提纲。只要按提纲要求去写相应的内容段落，就做到了紧扣主题。历年写作提纲可以总结为六种功能段落：现象描述、危害分析(弊)、原因分析、建议措施、观点阐述(观点的本质为利弊：支持方观点等于分析“利”，反方观点等于分析“弊”)、意义阐述(利)。

下面，结合近年真题展示功能段落内容：

2011-06：Online Shopping

1.现在网上购物已成为一种时尚

2.网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题

3.我的建议

解析：本次四级作文对应四个段落分别是：现象、观点(利、弊)和建议。该类作文可以被称之为：观点对比型作文，对比的内容重点在利弊分析上。

2010-12：How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent?

1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切

2. 为了让孩子独立， 父母应该……

解析：该题目只有两个提纲：现象和建议，可以添加一个功能段落：原因。这样这篇作文就是“三段论”的形式：提出问题(负面现象描述)、分析问题(原因)、建议措施段。2010年6月CET也属于该种那类型。

2009-12：Creating a Green Campus

1. 建设绿色校园很重要

2. 绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境……

3. 为了建设绿色校园，我们应该……

解析：该段对应提纲如下：意义阐述(即分析：利或好处)、现象描述(解释绿色校园环境之外的因素)、建议措施段。

综合以上分析，六种功能段落已经涵盖住了以上考试的所有提纲。因此，如果能够掌握住六种功能段落的写作实际就掌握了四六级考试写作考题的最本质特征。那样的话，无论题目如何变化，我们准备都是有的放矢的。反观，死背模板容易导致生搬硬套，甚至文不对题。

二、写作短期提分方略

在了解了四六级考试在命题特点的基础上，考生在冲刺阶段最需要准备的是两个内容：思路和表达。思路解决怎么写的问题，表达解决写什么的问题。如果拿到一个作文题目，你知道应该按照什么思路去写，又知道应该写什么表达，这篇作文就已经成功了一半。

思路点拨：在本人所讲授的基础班、强化班、精品班等不同班型上都曾讲授到现象、原因、建议、利弊、观点分析时的逻辑：“一个中心，四个基本点”。具体内容：“以孩子(学生、事件)为中心，以家长[微博](老师、相关人员)、家庭(学校、管理机构)、社会、法规(道德意识)为基本点”。

试举例说明：以2010年12月真题为例，主题为子女教育话题。谈到子女，必然涉及到家长，孩子和家长组成家庭，千千万万的家庭组成社会，是什么在维护着社会稳定?法规和道德意识。这样我们就找到了可以入手去分析的五个方面：孩子、家长、家庭、社会、法规道德意识。如何使用这五个方面?比如分析家长溺爱孩子原因时至少可以从家长意识、家庭结构变化、社会背景角度去分析。

同理，2010年6月话题为学生英语学习，可从学生自身、教师教学、学校教学政策角度去分析。那么，如果主题不是孩子也不是学生，怎么分析?2011年6月主题为网络购物，分析时就以该事件为中心，可以想到相关人或物(买方：customers/clients/shoppers;卖方：online shops/stores;中间方：支付宝、淘宝等)，其管理机构(政府)、社会背景，相关法规是否健全等。

“一个中心，四个基本点”的分析逻辑形成一种立体化网状结构，考生运用该思维模式，只要能想到其中两到三点，思路问题即可迎刃而解。建议童鞋们首先将该思路背诵下来，以备将来可以在考场上灵活应用。

表达积累

表达分为四个层次：词句段篇。其中篇章层面只要按照提纲要求去组织文章即可，因此篇章方面不足为虑。段落方面按照“功能段落”的六种形式去识别，也小菜一碟。

词和句是表达的基本元素，也是语言质量的根本体现。在新东方教书的这几年中和参加四六级考试阅卷的经历中，看过无数学生的作文，深感学生词句方面能力的薄弱。同时结合过往教学中的成功案例，提出冲刺阶段表达积累的高效途径。

背写：思路+表达

很多同学考前也在背，背的滚瓜烂熟，脱口而出，觉得自己水平很牛!上了考场也顺利将文章写了出来，却得了一个很低的分数，为什么?因为单词都拼错了。冲刺阶段，请牢记：口头背诵得再好不等于能够写对。背写是提高写作和翻译唯一也是最有效的方法。

那么，背写什么内容哪?答案是思路和表达。思路上文中已有论述，遣词和造句的表达方面应该紧密结合功能段落来背诵有效句式和用词。考生不必刻意追求适用难词，但可以将常见词汇稍作替换：如，

exceedingly, extremely, intensely替换very;an army of/a great many/a host of 替换a lot of;advancement 替换 development; positive, favorable, promising(有希望的)， perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior替换good; give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause; harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that替换think; beneficial, rewarding替换helpful; bear in mind that替换remember; enjoy, possess替换have; shopper, client, consumer, purchaser替换customer……

表达精彩体现在三个方面：遣词、造句、连贯。大家可以结合以下例文感受这三个方面：

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minute to write a short essay on the topic of To Help or Not to Help. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow:

1. 帮助别人是一种美德

2. 但是帮助陌生人容易使自己陷入麻烦

3. 我的看法

首段阐述意义：In contemporary society, it should be a virtue for individuals to offer help to those who are in need. Without this morality, it is impossible for the society to be named “Harmony”. Apparently enough, it is of great importance/ significance/ value/ benefits for people to help each other, especially in difficulties。

二段描述负面现象：However, a host of people find it hard or troublesome to offer helps to strangers. We have been frequently informed that(A typical example is that) a warmhearted man —who lends a hand to an old lady—gets himself in trouble. Since helping others may trigger trouble, a few people refuse to offer help timely. And if we let/allow this situation to continue as it is now, we would not know where civilized society will be in the forthcoming future。

尾段我的看法或建议：As college students, we should bear in mind this virtue. However, it is essential that regulations should be worked out to support this virtue. In addition, it is suggested that we should offer aid to strangers in a safe way, such as dialing 12o or 110 for help. If we try our utmost to do so, the future of our society/ civilization will be promising, hopeful and rosy. (以上范文字数为202词，请自己酌情删减即可)

三、冲刺复习安排建议

总体原则：先背再写、阶段总结、适当模拟。

先背再写：基础较差同学一定要先背一些功能句式和教材相关范文，然后模仿该作文的思路和表达去写。背写的目的是积累语言表达实力，同时练习书写的公正和优美。建议书写较差的考生买本英语字帖练一下书写，也许你会有意外的惊喜。

阶段总结：每过一周就要问自己几个问题：所背诵的表达可以用来写什么类型的文章?该类文章的相关词汇或表达有什么?关键词如何避免重复?请记住：没有复习，没有巩固。

适当模拟：在熟练掌握背写了六种功能段落的思路和表达之后，可以结合适当题目在写作中运用所讲所背所总结提分词汇、句式。建议大家能够灵活运用，做到一例多用。比如我在多个班上讲过的关于英语学习的话题作文，可以写13次四级考试的作文。

题目：On English Learning

提纲：1. 英语学习很重要;2. 英语者所面临的困难;3. 如何学好英语

In contemporary world, English learning has gained great popularity and it is of great significance. (主题句) Firstly, based on a survey, a majority of tourists acknowledge that they prefer to speak English when traveling around the world. (调查法表述)Secondly, compared with the poor English speakers, good English-speakers are superior in many ways. (比较模板句式)

However, English learners may have a variety of difficulties or troubles in their learning. (主题句) For example, it can be noticed that a large number of students have difficulty memorizing words. Sometimes, it is difficult for them to understand the rules of grammar. In addition, though some are good at reading or writing, they can not express themselves freely in English。

Then, how to get a good command of (学好) this language? I am convinced that practice makes perfect. Only practice can enable one to speak and write fluently. And it is also through practice that one can master the rules of grammar and remember words, and there is no other way. (强调句式)

书到用时方恨少，这“用”，就是说话和写作。

怎么会很少呢？就是你平时阅读太少，内存不够。乔治·奥威尔在《我为什么写作》里这样说：“写一本书，就是一次可怕的、让人殆精竭虑的拼争，就像是经历了一场漫长的疾痛折磨。”要这么痛苦，要这么幸福，这漫长又心甘情愿的折磨背后，站着你的阅读和观察思考。

叶澜教授说，任何事物真要长大，真要有力量，必须要有内生力。阅读就在为写作提供源源不断的内生力。写文章构思灵巧固然有天赋成分，但如果没有广博地阅读，那种深厚是融不进去的。读书使人充实，交谈使人机敏，写作使人严谨。阅读和写作是相辅相成共生共荣的，读是基础，写是发展；写有利于增强阅读的兴趣，读则能促进写作的提高。阅读是学生获得写作范式的必由之路：读书是养气，是输入；写作则是释放，是输出。读多了，跟着模仿，一来二去就会写了。真正的写作需要充实的阅读，真正的文章好手，必然读书多。

2015年“全球最佳教师”奖获得者美国的教育者Nancie Atwell说，阅读和写作对学生最重要。作家马原说得更决绝：“你们可以不写作，但你们一定要阅读。”获得一等奖的吴丹同学，她的妈妈真让我们感动，有这么一位爱读书的并能帮助孩子养成读书习惯的朴素真诚的母亲，真是她的福分。

腹有诗书气自华，写成诗书气更华。没有一种惭愧比在浩瀚深厚的经典前的敬畏更让我们有触动，我们的浅薄，首先源于阅读的浅薄。我们要的写作，真的是没有捷径的。

读书少的，写点小聪明的文字，是一种偶然一种投机。时间长了，是会露虚的。真正读书多的，写作甚至不需要谁来指点。写作是我们和自身的一场隐秘对话，是灵魂的一次蜕皮，你浅了，对话的层次自然就浅了。我每天想读点东西，这让我足以抵御外面的诱惑，读着读着，我就想写点什么了。写作，其实都是这样来的。

我最害怕的事情是什么？在我需要深刻的时候，我发觉自己读书真不够，却又不得不伪装内涵。伪装是要付出代价的，所以，我努力恶补读书。我希望还来得及。这样一想，就特别敬佩王小波，他说：“我相信我自己有文学才能，我应该做这件事。”他还说：“一个人只有今生今世是不够的，他还应当有诗意的世界。”

We all known that reading should focus on method, but what methods are good for reading? Firstly, the difficulty of the book you read should be moderate. Too difficult or too easy are not so good.

If you find a book is too difficult to read, just put it aside and find an easier one instead. Secondly, read the books that are beneficial for you, which can help you in your career as well as in life. Thirdly, for those simple books or those without deep meanings, you can scan over them, but for those meaningful and beneficial, you should read them intensively and remember to take notes.

Finally, dont be shy to ask questions, because anyone could be your teacher. These approaches are general ones and each of you should have your own reading methods that make your reading fruitful.

作文是写人记事的，或多或少都要写到人，而那些专门写人物的作文如何才能写好呢？要写好一个人物，无外乎是写人物的语言、行动、外貌（肖像）、心理等等。鲁迅先生说：“人物语言的描写，能使读者由说话看出人来。”这说明人物语言的重要。此外，写人物的行动、外貌（肖像）、心理等，也是必不可少的惯常写法，同样重要。

下面我就自己的感受和经验谈几点切实可用的方法或注意点：

首先，要写好人物作文，就要写自己熟悉的人。只有自己熟悉的人，才能感受得最真切最鲜活，对他（她）的一言一行，一颦一笑，才能有最直接的、深刻的印象。如下面例文《我是你爹》（见后文），写的是作者非常熟悉的人，所以全文写来既栩栩如生，又给人非常亲切的感觉。如果你写一个陌生的人，虽然也能够写，但写出来的就可能毫无特色，会是千千万万个中的一个，这样写来不要说感动别人，有时就连自己都觉得别扭、生造。

其次，要凸显人物与众不同的个性。共性的东西人人都有，写得再多作用也是不大的。只有有特色的、独具个性魅力的东西，才能给人以冲击，才能给人留下深刻的印象，才能让人拍案称奇。

第三，不要什么都写，更不要事无巨细地写，要择其一二浓彩重墨地写。这当然是要根据主题需要去择取了，决不能无的放矢。如《我是你爹》中，“爹”的话语很少，前后加起来总共才三四句而已，可一个独特的“爹”的形象却跃然纸上了。

第四，要让人物的言行、心理、个性特征等符合人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点。不要让一个两三岁的孩子说六十岁人的话，也不要让一个无文化的老太太专说些理论大话等，否则就是无视人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点而乱写人物，是不能写好人物的，更谈不上写出个性特点了。

第五，写人物离不开写事、写细节。要仔细地观察人物的日常行为，挖掘他们的典型事例，而且事例要新颖，因为人物的性格和品质，是通过具体的事例表现出来的。比如我们要写一个热心肠的人，就要写他怎样帮助周围的人，或哪里有困难他就在哪里出现等事例。写事的时候，我们完全可以从细节方面入手。细节描写包括对人物的动作、语言、神态和心理活动以及特定的环境等的描写。描写一个人的时候，我们要把这个人的每一个能体现人物特点的动作都描写清楚、具体、详细。

我们来看这一段话：“回到教室，大家全都涌到郭枫面前，问：”坏小子，你捐一毛钱怎么能代表我们呢？‘郭枫眨了眨眼，骄傲地说：“其实我捐了100元！说捐一毛钱，那是逗你们玩的！’听了郭枫的话，同学们哭笑不得……”这一段话把细节描写得很好，“眨了眨眼”“骄傲地说”“哭笑不得”等词语把“郭枫”可气又可笑的性格描写得淋漓尽致。

万圣节又叫诸圣节，在每年的10月31日，是西方的传统节日。以下是关于万圣节的英语素材，供大家参考。

11月1日万圣节英文：Hallowmas，南瓜是万圣节的代表。

10月31日是万圣夜英文：Halloween，华语地区常将万圣夜称为万圣节。

Halloween is a holiday celebrated on October 31. By tradition, Halloween begins after sunset. Long ago, people believed that witches gathered together and ghosts roamed the world on Halloween. Today, most people no longer believe in ghosts and witches. But these supernatural beings are still a part of Halloween.

万圣节前夜是在10月31日庆祝的一个节日，根据传统，万圣节前夜的庆祝活动从太阳落山开始。在很久以前，人们相信在万圣节前夜女巫会聚集在一起，鬼魂在四处游荡。现在，大多数人们不再相信有鬼魂和女巫的存在了，但是他们仍然把这些作为万圣节前夜的一部分。

The colors black and orange are also a part of Halloween. Black is a symbol for night and orange is the color of pumpkins. A jack-o’-lantern is a hollowed-out pumpkin with a face carved on one side. Candles are usually placed inside, giving the face a spooky glow.

黑色和橙色仍然是万圣节前夜的一部分，黑色是夜晚的象征，而橙色代表着南瓜。南瓜灯是用雕刻成脸型，中间挖空，再插上蜡烛的南瓜做成的，带来一个毛骨悚然的灼热面孔。

Dressing up in costumes is one of the most popular Halloween customs, especially among children. According to tradition, people would dress up in costumes (wear special clothing, masks or disguises) to frighten the spirits away.

盛装是最受欢迎的万圣节风俗之一，尤其是受孩子们的欢迎。按照传统习俗，人们会盛装(穿戴一些特殊的服饰，面具或者装饰)来吓跑鬼魂。

Popular Halloween costumes include vampires (creatures that drink blood), ghosts (spirits of the dead) and werewolves (people that turn into wolves when the moon is full).

流行的万圣节服装包括vampires(吸血鬼)，ghosts(死者的灵魂)和werewolves(每当月圆时就变成狼形的人)。

Trick or Treating is a modern Halloween custom where children go from house to house dressed in costume, asking for treats like candy or toys. If they dont get any treats, they might play a trick (mischief or prank) on the owners of the house.

欺骗或攻击是现代万圣节的风俗。孩子们穿着特殊的衣服走街串巷，讨取糖果和玩具之类的赏赐。如果他们得不到任何的赏赐，就可能会对屋主大搞恶作剧或者胡闹了。

The tradition of the Jack o Lantern comes from a folktale about a man named Jack who tricked the devil and had to wander the Earth with a lantern. The Jack o Lantern is made by placing a candle inside a hollowed-out pumpkin, which is carved to look like a face.

南瓜灯的传统来自于一个民间传说。一个名叫Jack的人戏弄了恶魔，之后就不得不提着一盏灯在地球上流浪。南瓜灯是用雕刻成脸型，中间挖空，再插上蜡烛的南瓜做成的。

There are many other superstitions associated with Halloween. A superstition is an irrational idea, like believing that the number 13 is unlucky!

和万圣节有关的迷信还有很多。迷信是一种不合常理的想法，比如认为13是不吉利的数字!

Halloween is also associated with supernatural creatures like ghosts and vampires. These creatures are not part of the natural world. They dont really exist... or do they?

万圣节还和一些诸如鬼魂和吸血鬼之类的超自然的生物有关。这些生物不是自然界的一部分。他们实际上是不存在的......或许他们其实真的存在?

Witches are popular Halloween characters that are thought to have magical powers. They usually wear pointed hats and fly around on broomsticks.

女巫是万圣节很受欢迎的人物，人们认为她们具有强大的魔力。他们通常戴着尖顶的帽子，骑在扫把上飞来飞去。

Bad omens are also part of Halloween celebrations. A bad omen is something that is believed to bring bad luck, like black cats, spiders or bats.

恶兆也是万圣节庆祝活动的一部分。人们相信恶兆会带给坏运气，黑猫、蜘蛛或者蝙蝠都算是恶兆。

记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容，以叙述和描写为表达方式的文章。

以写人为主的记叙文，应该注意肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以及对细节的描写，考生应根据写作的要求，灵活掌握，突出重点。

以写事为主的记叙文，应该注意交待六要素(时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果)，应该注意描写先后顺序以及记事的相对完整，注意把握好事情的开始、发展、高潮及结局。

以与景为主的记叙文，应该注意景物的主要特征，景物描写的层次，以及人与物的情感交融。

记叙文写作要点如下：

1. 明确写作目的和叙述的中心思想，段落叙述始终围绕着主题而展开，避免空间的叙述和与主题无关的内容。

2. 一篇好叙述文需要直接或间接表达以下六个问题，即：when?该事发生的时间， where?该事发生的地点，who?人物角色是谁，what?发生的是什么事，why?该事发生的原因，以及how?事件的结果是如何造成的等等。

3. 一篇记叙文，无论长短如何都应该是一个完全独立的事实，因此，在下笔时必须明确：该从何处开始叙述，该在何处结束叙述，以及应该提供何种事实才能使叙述完整。

4. 写作顺序可以采用“顺叙”、“倒叙”和“穿插叙述”的方法，但初学者最好采用“顺叙”的方法进行训练，以情节发生时间的先后为序。

记叙文高考指引

记叙文是高考书面表达中比较常用的一种形式。

1)记叙文要写作者比较了解的人或事物。

2)仔细审题，看准题目要求，确定文章的主题。文章的内容、结构、层次及所用语言都应围绕主题进行。

3)具体详细地描述。要使文章有说服力，叙述就必须繁简疏密相间。详细具体的描写有助于读者对所叙述的人物或事件等有个深刻的印象。

4)写作时要避免句子单调、毫无花样。这就要求写作时长短句结合，注意衔接词的运用。

5)叙述要生动。要使文章叙述生动，具有吸引力，必须请注意词汇的选择，时态的运用以及上下文的一致问题。词语的运用应注意是否恰当、通顺、简洁和准确。时态的运用应注意上下文的相关性、连续性，要与表达的内容一致。

6)叙述的顺序。大多数情况下叙述都是按照事情的发展及时间的先后进行的，但有时也可以采用其它顺序，如倒叙、插叙等。

7)人称。一般说来，记叙文用第一人称或第三人称来叙述。用第一人称叙述的优点是：文章比较生动、形象，使读者有身临其境的感觉，因而加强了故事的真实感和感染力。其缺点是，描写的范围受到限制。一篇文章中，由于角色的变化，人称也要随之而变，但应注意前后一致性。

身处农村的小学生从小活动范围有限，学生视野不开阔，对外面世界的了解并不像城市孩子，而农村的小学教师还有一大批是从前的社请教师转正过来的，他们其中好多都没有受过严格的师范教育，虽说已具备多年的教育教学经验，在新一论课程改革的背景下，教学方法依然显出无法适应的迹象，比如，为了让孩子能在考试之中得一个比较好的成绩，不昔花大量时间让学生们背诵《同步作文》《作文大全》等里的范文，致使形成比较别扭的习作，比如：

妈妈，我想对您说：为什么别人都有星期天，我却没有，每当我熬下星期五已经累得不行了，可您却给了我最大的压力，星期六不让我玩，就让我做作业，可是作业做的时间长了，也会让我厌烦。

……

有一次，学校组织春游，你却不让我去，后来我给我的几个朋友说了，是他们说服了你，你才让我去春游。

在路上我们蹦蹦跳跳的走着，我们玩了一会儿，就又到其他地方去，可您就是不让我去。

我就觉得很后悔，人家来了，说那儿的山多美水多美，当时我却为什么不能去，在回家的路上我们搭了个公共汽车，我突然间看见了一片白菜，我高呼起来，好大的白菜呀！有的同学听见了哈哈大笑起来，骂我傻瓜，人家说那是花菜，顿时我脸通红，像布不一样。

妈妈，请你还我星期八，为什么别人有星期天，我却没有，我真的很悲哀，为什么哥哥可以去玩，我不可以，我每天放学，您就让我做作业，我想拥有一个星期天为什么那么难？

——习作《我真想有一个星期八》

这篇作文题目与其为《我真想有一个星期八》，还不如命为《妈妈，我想对您说》更为恰当。文不对题，却强拉硬拽，很显然在进入考场前小作者已经准备了一篇作文。这样的作文教学存在的弊端在于：（1）在没有教会学生如何对待优秀范文的情况前，这种教法严重影响到学生的学习时间结构，徒增学生的学习负担。（2）破坏了正确认识作文乃至正确学习语文的观念，使语文的学习变得枯燥而没有生气。（3）虽然说我们可以在范文当中积累好词好句，但若教师对这篇范文的构思不加以引导，学生在考试作文中将生硬组织，甚至笑话百出。（4）最后，也是最重要的，这种做法严重的影响了作文的情感态度价值观导向，在这类习作中，作者之所写乃他人的感情，自我已不复存在。

1、审题：审题是做到切题的第一步。所谓审题就是要看清题意，确定文章的中心思想、主题，并围绕中心思想组织材料。

2、进行构思，列出简单的提纲，打造文章之骨架：审好题、立好意后，就要写提纲，打造文章的骨架。文章布局要做好几件事：安排好层次段落，铺设好过渡，处理好开头和结尾。

3、扩展成文：根据字数多少扩展成篇。扩展的内容一定要紧扣主题，千万不要写那些与主题不相关的内容。展开的方式包括：顺序法、举例法、比较法、对比法、说明法、因果法、推导法、归纳法和下定义等。可以根据需要任选一种或几种方式。

在这一步骤中还需注意三方面问题：

1、确保提纲中段落结构的思路与各段主题句的一致性。只有这样，才能保证所写段落不偏题、不跑题。

2、要综合考虑各个段落的内容安排，避免段落内容的交叉。

3、用好连接词，注意段落间、句子间的连贯性。要做到所写文章层次分明，思路清晰，文字连贯，就需要在句与句之间、段与段之间架起一座座桥梁，而连接词起的正是桥梁作用。

在扩展的过程中也有些窍门，以下几点可供参考：

1、在整篇文章中，避免只是用一两个句式或重复用同一词语。英语中存在着极为丰富的同义词，准确地使用同义词可以给读者清新的感觉。同时要灵活运用各种句式，如倒装句、强调句、省略句、主从复合句、对比句、分词短语、介词短语等，从而增加文章的可读性。

2、使用不同长度的句子。如果一个意思用一句话写不清楚的话，通过分句和合句或用两句、三句来表达，增强句子的连贯性和表现力。

3、改变句子的开头方式，不要总是以主、谓、宾、状的次序。可以把状语至于句首，或用分词等。

4、学会使用过渡词。递进furthermore，moreover，besides，in addition，then，etc ;转折however，but，nevertheless，afterwards，etc ;总结finally，at last，in brief，to conclude，etc ;强调really，indeed，certainly，surely，above a11，etc ;对比in the same way，just as，on the other hand，etc。

5、确定文章用第几人称写，基本时态是什么。使用人称时人物不能张冠李戴或指代不明。时态要尽量保持一致。

检查修改：要检查复核，不要写完了事。

要留时间通读全文，修改可能出现的错误。检查上下文是否连贯，句子衔接是否自然流畅。检验的标准主要是句子是否通畅，该用连词的地方用了没有，所用的连词是否合适，是否有语法错误，主谓是否一致，动词的时态、语态、语气的使用是否正确，词组的搭配是否合乎习惯，是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误等，还有就是注意卷面整洁。

可归纳为：中心突出，主题明确;层次清楚，条理清晰;表达

导语：叙事作文有很多题材，那么写作重点是什么呢？下面是叙事作文写作方法，欢迎参考！

一、写自己事情的作文类型

1.写自己遇到的一件事，表现社会的新风尚；

2.写自己个人的一件事，写出自己从中所受到的教育；

3.写自己的一件事，表达自己的一种感情，表明自己的一种愿望；

4.写自己遇到的一次挫折，说明自己从中所得到的一种启示；

5.写自己的一件事，说明自己已经长大懂事了；6.写自己的爱好和追求；

7.写自己的业余生活；

8.回忆自己童年生活的一件事，写出童年的可爱与美好。

二、写自己事情的参考题目

1.《这件事给了我教育》

2.《我学会了____》

3.《我做了一件傻事》

4.《我从中得到了快乐》

5.《我为此而自豪》

6.《我养成了一个好习惯》

7.《我尝到了动脑筋的甜头》

8.《老师夸奖了我》

9.《当我被误解的时候》

10.《我的爱好》

11.《我第一次______》

12.《学习中的一次教训》

13.《我心中的一个小秘密》

14.《我在假日里》

15.《我的星期天》

16.《玩得最开心的一次》

17.《我的心事》

18.《我的烦恼》

19.《想起这件事就____》

20.《我爱_______》

21.《童年趣事》

22.《我长大了》

23.《关怀》

24.《留在照片上的记忆》

25.《雨中情》

26.《______见闻》

三、写自己事情的参考段落

1.“预备，跳！”一声令下，我立即摆开双臂快速摇动绳子，双脚轮换踩着。才跳了一会儿，真怪，平时跳惯的绳子，今天显得特别重，跳步也慢了。我瞄了一下对面王港队的选手，她跳得多快，多轻松呀！猛然间，耳畔响起教练常说的跳绳要领：“别慌，脚步要踩稳，速度要平均，作好呼吸。”我照着要领跳着，跳着。时间一分一分地过去了，我大口大口地喘着气，额角的汗珠向下滑，手也慢慢不听使唤，渐渐地向下垂。我暗暗地责怪自己：真没用，才这么一会儿就挺不住了，这样怎能为校争光？时间不多了，一定要作最后的冲刺！我咬紧牙关，又一次地加快了速度，心中只有一个念头：跳得快些，跳得再快些……“到！”突然一声令下，我停了下来，深深地吸了一口气，绳子也从手中滑了下去。这时我顾不得擦汗，忙转到裁判员身后，一瞧，啊，一分半钟我竟跳了340下！这是我有史以来最好的成绩呀！

（跳绳本来是应该全神贯注的事情，但小作者却写了好几处的心理活动。这些描写应该还是可信的。它放在文章中，能够使得内容丰富，把人物写活。划一划，哪些是描写人物心理活动的？）

2.轮到我跳了，我想，我也露一手给你们看看，让你们也知道我的厉害。也许太大意了，也许是太小心了，不知怎么的，我连第一局也没有跳下来就被罚了下来。过了一会儿，又轮到我了，这次我稳定了情绪，跳的时候稍微放松了一点儿。果然跳得顺利了，皮筋一个劲儿地上升，眼看就要超过孙丽了。我得意地看了孙丽一眼，谁想到就在这时，脚下误踩了皮筋，真倒霉！

（以第一人称为写作方式的作文，看起来描写心里的想法是很重要的。你看，这一段又有不少心理描写。）

3.第二天，我仍在校门口值日，左等右等不见陈老师来。我心里暗暗庆幸，也许陈老师早就进去了，用不着我再为难了。正当我关上校门时，一辆自行车飞驰而来。我定睛一看，正是陈老师。我有些慌乱，“放”还是“拦”？两个念头同时撞击着我的脑袋，我又犹豫了。我看见站在对面的严鹤正注视着我，好像在说：“班主任老师来了，你敢拦车吗？”但想到陈老师那爱蹙起的“川”字眉头，我又畏缩了。我头一低，看见了胸前的红领巾，想起了值日员的职责，便鼓起勇气，上前一步，叫了一声：“陈老师早！”接着便结结巴巴地说：“陈老师，请您下车，推车进校门。”我说得很轻，说完，又偷偷地看了他一眼。陈老师脸一红，点了下头，一句话也没说，下了车，推着车走进了校门。

（写作文一定要选择那些新鲜有趣的材料，很少有人写过的。这一段可以说是一个很好的例子。）

4.这天下午，一个难忘的时刻来到了！从主席台上传来了会议主持人的声音：“请三年级一班周瑜上台发表竞选演说！”我从座位上站了起来，心扑通扑通地跳着，走到台前，举起右手，行了个队礼。接着，大声地向大会发表竞选演说：“我叫周瑜，原来是三年级一班的大队委员，我平时学习成绩优良，一、二年级时分别获得语文和数学的年级第一名……”发言快要结束的时候，我不禁停了停，心里想，那句话是说还是不说呢？我脑子里闪过一个念头：“想什么就说什么吧！”最后，我给大家念了一首我发表在《中国儿童报》的小诗《望天空》。下台时还说了一句：“请大家投我一票！谢谢大家！”

（选材的确很重要，有了较好的材料，才能写出较高质量的文章。你看，这一段写我的一件难忘的事，是不是与众不同呢？）

5.中午，大家正在玩，胡光突然叫了起来：“俺岳元帅来了！”大家都笑了起来。他悄悄告诉我：“喂，我们想选你当演员。”“演谁？”我问。“我不告诉你，你看我做个动作，再猜一猜。”说完，他两手放在腰间，一扭一扭地学着老太太过马路的样子。我一下明白了，他要我演岳老夫人呀！徐一鸣见了，忙对我说：“啊，这下我们的胡光要叫你母亲大人了。演岳云的李宾要叫你奶奶了！”说完，他调皮地在我面前跪了下来，说：“拜见岳老夫人！”引起大家哈哈大笑。我却难为情地低下了头。

（文章中的谁写得最成功？是胡光还是徐一鸣？读读他们的对话和行动就知道了。）

6.在沉思的时候，我们不知不觉地进入了大森林。老师的坟墓到了。上面是新土，还挺湿的。我们围着坟墓席地而坐，摆上老师爱吃的水果，唱起老师生前喜爱的歌：“鸽子啊，在蓝天中飞翔……”一曲唱完，大家抱头痛哭。哭声是那么悲伤，连天上的小鸟，周围哗哗作响的树林，山中的小草，都静了下来。

（把老师喜爱的一首歌的歌词摘录在里面，是非常感人的。所以，在自己文章中，如果需要，适当地引用一些歌词呀，诗歌呀等等，能够增加你的文章的文采。）

7.我推开病房的弹簧门，他被惊动了。抬起头，他一眼便看见了我。只见他惊讶得嘴巴张得老大老大的，眼睛也瞪得滚圆滚圆的。我笑着走上前，说：“怎么，不欢迎我吗？”他半晌才醒悟过来，低着脑袋，用蚊子一样的低声说：“啊，欢迎，欢迎，请坐！”我在他床前坐下，笑着问了他的病情，告诉他学校里的一些新闻，让他告诉我病房里的一些新闻。我俩谈得还挺投机的。最后，我对他说：“你开始很惊奇，我怎么会来看你，对吗？我来的目的，就是要破破你们不理女同学的规矩。为什么我们男女同学之间的界线要划得那么清？你们那个封建的思想呀，得好好改改了！”他摸着脑袋瓜，不好意思地笑了。

（写男同学的羞涩非常传神，你看其中的描写：“低着脑袋，用蚊子一样的声音”等，让人读了以后就好像见到那位男同学一样。）

8.我看到这情景，马上对老奶奶说：“老奶奶，您受骗了，其实他称的时候做了手脚，您这里不足两斤。”老奶奶还没醒悟过来，那小贩可就急了，他看我是小孩子，以为可欺，就气势汹汹地对我说：“你小孩子家懂什么？不要管闲事！”我赶紧把我亲眼目睹的情形对老奶奶说了一遍，老奶奶半信半疑地走到那儿，让他再称称。小贩不肯称。我问他：“你刚才称时，为什么用小指头先压秤盘呢？”小贩一时不知怎么回答才好，他找了个可笑的理由，说他这把秤是从外地买来的，称东西时，一定要先压一下秤盘。我知道他在强词夺理，就叫他和老奶奶一起到公平秤上去称。到了公平秤那里，我亲自掌秤，那2斤草莓，在公平秤上只称出了1斤7两。老奶奶这时才知道自己上了当。这时市场管理处的同志也来了，叫小贩给老奶奶补上了三两草莓，还对小贩做了罚款处理。

（写事情的经过，写老奶奶的变化过程，都很清楚，一点也不乱。）

9.妈妈面带微笑，坐在我的对面讲我小时候的事，她说：“小时候的你特别可爱，稀稀的微微带黄的头发，有趣得很。每当妈妈下班，总会先看到你的头露出大门，一双大眼睛盯着远处，寻找妈妈的身影，当我走近，你便会跑过来，我就一把搂住你，亲你光滑的小脸。有一次，你错把一位妇女当成是妈妈，又跑过去。可当你看清不是妈妈时，你的小脸泛红了，一溜烟跑回家去了。”听了妈妈的讲述，我不好意思地把脸靠在了妈妈身上。

（妈妈讲述“我”小时候的事情，让“我”对妈妈生出无限的爱意。最后一句话写得很深情，也很含蓄。）

10.想到这里，我便踮着脚，小心翼翼地把奶粉罐头捧了下来，舀了几勺，放在了已经准备好的鞋子里，一本正经地拿了一把刷子，坐在一张小凳子上，放了一点水，便开始刷了起来，刷子和奶粉粘住了，刷起来很困难。我以为是水放得少了一点，于是我又放了满满一鞋子的水。正在准备刷的时候，妈妈回来了。看了我这个样子，她不解地问：“你在干什么呀？”我把前后的经过说了一下，妈妈笑得前俯后仰，把我弄得怪不好意思的。妈妈笑完后，对我说：“你呀，你呀！真是个小傻瓜！奶粉怎么能当肥皂粉洗鞋子呢！”听了妈妈的话，我难为情地低下了头。

（好笑好笑真好笑，奶粉洗鞋水中泡。童年的故事真是幼稚而又可笑。）

11.我一本正经地走到讲台前，拿出小卡片，带着他们朗读拼音，不一会儿，教室里响起了琅琅的读书声。听着悦耳的读书声，我真高兴啊！正当我暗暗得意的时候，情况却大有变化。自习课上我叫他们读书，他们硬是不听，来到教室以后，有的追追打打，有的大吵大闹。唉，怎么办呢？一抬头，我看到了教室里“比一比，赛一赛”的评比表，心里顿时豁然开朗。于是我拿起粉笔在黑板上写了“一、二、三、四、五、六、七”，代表七个小组，看看哪个小组纪律好，就在上面加一个五角星。我刚写完，咦？身后怎么一点声音也没有了？哦，原来是这些小家伙都想为小组争光呢！只见他们一个个拿出书本，坐得端端正正的，好像突然都变了一个人似的。看着这情景，我长长地吐了一口气。

（一个小小的招法，使班级的纪律安静了下来；一个小小的曲折，也使得这个小故事富有变化，增加了读者阅读的趣味。）

12.“各就各位，预备，跑！”我一听到口令，撒腿就跑。跑了不久，我就被抛在了最后。这时，我并不气馁。过了好一会儿，别的运动员可能是感到力气不够了，他们开始减速了，而我倒觉得浑身仿佛有无穷的力气。不知不觉，已经跑了七圈了，终点就在前面。我开始加速。我屏住了气，咬紧牙，直冲终点。在离终点还有几步路的时候，我和第二位同学肩擦着肩，几乎同时往终点冲。就在最后半步的时候，我猛地把身子往上一纵，腾空跃过了终点！哈，我得了第一名！

（最后一句话的几个词语用得很准确，比如，“往上一纵”、“腾空跃入”。）

13.我抓住菱桶的边缘，小心地侧着身子，看准一个大菱叶，伸手去抓，可是菱桶倾斜起来，吓得我倒在姐姐身上。姐姐看见我这狼狈样，不由得笑了起来。顿时，我脸涨得通红。姐姐鼓励我说：“不要紧，再试试看。”我暗暗为自己鼓劲，别怕，别怕！我小心翼翼地伸出了手，学着姐姐的样，抓起了菱叶，用力一折，几只红艳艳的水菱，落到了我的手里，我高兴极了，举起了菱，兴奋地说：“瞧，姐姐，我也采到菱了！”随手拿起一个，剥去壳，咬了一口，好清甜好爽口。

（由害怕到不害怕，由不会采摘到学会采摘，这个过程写得很具体完整。最后写菱的味道，实际上是在衬托“我”的喜悦之情。不过，采菱这种事还是由大人来干比较好，小孩子太危险了。）

14.看着眼前的这只生西瓜，我一下子泄了气。妈妈笑了笑说：“没关系，再开一只。”说着，她拿起第二只西瓜，“丝”的一声，瓜成了两半。“哈，太好了！”我高兴地喊道。看！那鲜红的爪瓤，黑黝黝的瓜子，还是薄皮的呢！妈妈绽开了笑脸，说：“怎么样？这下满意了吧！”接着，她把西瓜一块一块地切成了“小船儿”。我迫不及待地拿起一块最大的，尝了一口，哈，真是比蜜糖还甜！那鲜红的瓜瓤里不住地渗出汁水来，我一抹嘴角，说声“味道好极了”，又大口地吃了起来。

我正想拿起第二块的时候，忽然看到妈妈正在吃那只生的白瓤西瓜，我的脸唰地一下红了……

（小作者运用比喻的能力很强，通过“一块一块切成了‘小船儿’”这句话可以看出来；而且，他也很懂事，这在哪里可以看出来？）

15.我情不自禁地蹲下了身子，轻轻地抚摸着小麻雀零乱的羽毛，我正想把它抱起来，这时候我听见了“汪汪汪”的狗叫声。我倒退几步，抬头一看，一条强壮的大黑狗正对着我狂叫，吐出血红的舌头，好像要马上扑上来咬我一口似的。我吓坏了，扔下小麻雀，赶紧跑开了。当我跑得远远的，再转过身来看时，那可恶的大黑狗已经把小麻雀咬在了嘴里！我真想冲上去，可我又不敢。我好像看到了小麻雀的那双眼睛，似乎正向我发出求救！我“哇”地大哭起来，心里难受极了！我眼睁睁地看着大黑狗吃掉了小麻雀。

（在生活里，像文章中这样让人悔恨的事情是很多的。只要我们培养自己丰富的感情，经常地了解和接触生活，我们写起文章来，就不会有“没啥好写”的感觉。特别是自己的事情，那是最最熟悉的。只要在写作前加以回忆，就一定会把许多真实的事情和许多真切的想法都写出来。）

四、写自己事情的参考开头

1.《老师夸奖我》的两种开头

第一种开头：“张兵同学在这次全年级的体育比赛中，获得了跳高第一名的好成绩，在这里，我向他表示祝贺！”在班级晨会上，周老师用喜悦的语调对我进行了表扬。我当时心里真是高兴得像喝了蜜糖一样。第二种开头：周老师从来也没有夸奖过我，只因为我平时的表现太差劲了。可这次，她却在全班大声地表扬了我，这真是让我高兴坏了！

2.《我第一次_____》的两种开头

第一种开头：还记得我第一次学溜冰的情景，一下子我竟摔了八个跟头！

第二种开头：双休日，表弟来约我溜冰。“溜冰？”我又好奇又害怕，但最后还是禁不住表弟的“广告宣传”，来到了设在第一百货公司五楼的“奇妙溜冰场”。

3.《我心中的一个小秘密》的两种开头

第一种开头：在我心中，有一个谁也不知道的小秘密，这就是我想在妈妈生日的那一天，为妈妈买一双皮手套。

第二种开头：妈妈是我们家最辛苦的人，只要看看她手上的老茧就知道了。每次看到妈妈的手，我就悄悄地想：妈妈，等我有了钱，我一定要为你买上一副皮手套。

4.《当我被误解的时候》的两种开头

第一种开头：我怎么也没有想到王红会这样看我，把我的一片好心全理解错了！事情是这样的：

第二种开头：早晨，我一到学校，王红就走上来，指着我的鼻子说：“刘莹，我认识你了，以后再也不会睬你了！”我当时莫名其妙，等到我明白过来，气得怎么也说不出话来了。

5.《童年趣事》的两种开头

第一种开头：我记得在我三年级那阵子，我特别馋，只要看见人家吃东西，嘴里就忍不住要淌口水。

第二种开头：在我的童年中，有许多难忘的事情，但最让我好笑的还是小时候我把奶粉当作洗衣粉的那件傻事。

6.《我养成了一个好习惯》的两种开头

第一种开头：原来我在早晨起床之后，是从来也不叠被子的。自从学校里开展了“五自”活动之后，我终于养成了早晨起床叠被子的好习惯。

第二种开头：星期六，我照老规矩，睡了一个懒觉，起床后，又照老规矩把被子一掀，就去刷牙洗脸了。

7.《雨中情》的两种开头

第一种开头：春雨，淅淅沥沥地下着，我因为没有带伞，就只好在雨中淋着。

第二种开头：看了看外面越下越大的春雨，我犹豫了一下，最后还是走进了雨中。

8.《_____见闻》的两种开头

第一种开头：“来来来，芹菜五角钱一斤！”“便宜啦，便宜啦！毛豆一块！毛豆一块！”“新鲜啦，新鲜啦！刚上市的豌豆苗！又嫩又补，是绿色蔬菜啊！”一踏进小菜场，满耳朵就是这些叫卖的声音。

第二种开头：双休日，妈妈对我说：“走，跟妈妈去学买菜！也随便到小菜场看看。”我一听就高兴地跟妈妈去了。

五、写自己事情的参考词句

勤奋学习/专心致志/死记硬背/熟能生巧/七嘴八舌/新鲜空气/透过窗户/目送/恨不得/把我乐坏了/融洽/若无其事/无处倾诉/阵阵笑声/凉透了/羞愧/吓唬吓唬/津津有味/倒吸一口冷气/得意起来/灰溜溜/园溜溜/眼花缭乱/目不暇接/奇异风景/潺潺的流水声/呼噜呼噜/碧玉似的明镜/一辈子

1.我一时呆住了，真有点丈二和尚摸不着头脑。

2.我疑团大解，真想不到一两个字也有这么大的学问呢。

3.我心里像喝了蜜汁一样甜。

4.陈老师一把把王俊拖出了门外，我吓得大气也不敢出。

5.我这时有点害怕，举手吧，我还不太会背，不举吧，老师批评我怎么办？

6.谢老师望着我，眼睛里闪烁着鼓励和期待的光。

7.悔恨的泪水模糊了我的双眼，老师严厉的指责我没有听见，同学们小声的议论我也没有听见。

8.望着显示器上的程序，我兴奋得从座位上跳了起来。

9.我连忙把手藏到背后，身子直往后缩。

10.我万万没有想到郭老师竟会有这样严厉的举动，只觉得是针对我来的，脸上阵阵发烧，大滴大滴的泪水涌出了眼眶。

11.回到家，趁妈妈不注意，我赶紧把“皱”和“惹”写在小纸条上，沾上点水，握在左右两只手里，藏在背后，大模大样地走进厨房，用肩扛了扛忙着做饭的妈妈。

12.我有点不知所措地抓了一块抹布，大把大把地擦了起来，由于用力过猛，墨汁溅得到处都是。

13.尽管大雨浇湿了我的衣服，冷得我直哆嗦，可我心里却热乎乎的。

14.但是我的脚却像灌了铅一样的提不起来，速度比以前慢了许多。

15.我的两只脚站也站不稳，身子轻飘飘的，像是一只漂在水里的大皮球。

六、写自己事情的参考题材

1.自己原先学习不太认真，后来因为受到了一件事情的教育，终于改变了认识，提高了学习的自觉性；

2.晚上做题目，遇到了一个难题，心里想算了吧，但一想到这是考验自己的意志，就咬紧牙关，继续做了下去；

3.自己的一个同桌是个学习比较差的学生，自己在期中考试前，放弃休息时间，帮助他补课，终于使他的考试成绩有了较大的提高；

4.妈妈因为工作的需要，她决心学习英语，我便开始当上了她的小老师；

5.我拒绝了一位同学让我帮助他作弊的要求，虽然我失去了一位所谓的朋友，但我捍卫了自己的尊严；

6.我改变了原先上课从来也不举手发言的习惯，因为我开始认识到一个人具有口头表达能力的重要；

（以上可以作为写自己个人事情的参考题材。）

7.我开始认识到爸妈工作的辛苦，开始珍惜他们给我的爱；

8.在妈妈生日的这一天，我特地去买了一件小礼物送给她，还给她写上一段深情的话语；

9.在爸妈结婚纪念这一天，我在广播电台里点了一首歌，祝愿他们幸福快乐，白头到老，爸妈非常激动；

10.有个同学在班级里伤害了我，但当我知道她的妈妈不在了的时候，我就从内心里深深地同情她，当然也原谅了她；

11.我最近从一本书里看到一些做人的道理，我联系自己的生活，觉得很有道理；

（以上可以作为写自己感情经历的作文题材。）

12.我喜欢溜冰，还喜欢看足球，有时晚上也要起来看；

13.我有收藏游览门券的习惯，我觉得这是一个很好的爱好，能够增长知识，不出家门，就能游览到祖国的大好河山；

14.我喜欢散步，一边走走，一边看看，既能看到景色，又能得到休息；

15.我喜欢逛街，每次跟妈妈去逛街，我总能得到不少的商品信息，也更加能够感到我们国家的大好形势；

16.我喜欢养小鸟，每次我养小鸟的时候，我的心情就特别高兴，我养的小鸟都好像认识我，能跟我对话似的。

下面是小编为大家整理的毕业论文写作方法。欢迎阅读，希望文章对大家有帮助!

一、毕业论文写作意义

1、撰写毕业论文是检验学生在校学习成果的重要措施，也是提高教学质量的重要环节。大学生在毕业前都必须完成毕业论文的撰写任务。申请学位必须提交相应的学位论文，经答辩通过后，方可取得学位。可以这么说，毕业论文是结束大学学习生活走向社会的一个中介和桥梁。毕业论文是大学生才华的第一次显露，是向祖国和人民所交的一份有份量的答卷，是投身社会主义现代化建设事业的报到书。一篇毕业论文虽然不能全面地反映出一个人的才华，也不一定能对社会直接带来巨大的效益，对专业产生开拓性的影响。实践证明，撰写毕业论文是提高教学质量的重要环节，是保证出好人才的重要措施。

2、通过撰写毕业论文，提高写作水平是干部队伍“四化”建设的需要。党中央要求，为了适应现代化建设的需要，领导班子成员应当逐步实现“革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化”。这个“四化”的要求，也包含了对干部写作能力和写作水平的要求。

二、毕业论文写作要求

(一)论文——题目科学论文都有题目，不能“无题”。论文题目一般20字左右。题目大小应与内容符合，尽量不设副题，不用第1报、第2报之类。论文题目都用直叙口气，不用惊叹号或问号，也不能将科学论文题目写成广告语或新闻报道用语。

(二) 论文——署名科学论文应该署真名和真实的工作单位。主要体现责任、成果归属并便于后人追踪研究。严格意义上的论文作者是指对选题、论证、查阅文献、方案设计、建立方法、实验操作、整理资料、归纳总结、撰写成文等全过程负责的人，应该是能解答论文的有关问题者。现在往往把参加工作的人全部列上，那就应该以贡献大小依次排列。论文署名应征得本人同意。学术指导人根据实际情况既可以列为论文作者，也可以一般致谢。行政领导人一般不署名。

(三)论文——引言 是论文引人入胜之言，很重要，要写好。一段好的论文引言常能使读者明白你这份工作的发展历程和在这一研究方向中的位置。要写出论文立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的。要复习必要的文献、写明问题的发展。文字要简练。

(四)论文——材料和方法 按规定如实写出实验对象、器材、动物和试剂及其规格，写出实验方法、指标、判断标准等，写出实验设计、分组、统计方法等。这些按杂志 对论文投稿规定办即可。

(五) 论文——实验结果 应高度归纳，精心分析，合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精，去伪存真，但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍，更不能弄虚作假。只有在技术不熟练或仪器不稳定时期所得的数据、在技术故障或操作错误时所得的数据和不符合实验条件时所得的数据才能废弃不用。而且必须在发现问题当时就在原始记录上注明原因，不能在总结处理时因不合常态而任意剔除。废弃这类数据时应将在同样条件下、同一时期的实验数据一并废弃，不能只废弃不合己意者。

实验结果的整理应紧扣主题，删繁就简，有些数据不一定适合于这一篇论文，可留作它用，不要硬行拼凑到一篇论文中。论文行文应尽量采用专业术语。能用表的不要用图，可以不用图表的最好不要用图表，以免多占篇幅，增加排版困难。文、表、图互不重复。实验中的偶然现象和意外变故等特殊情况应作必要的交代，不要随意丢弃。

(六)论文 ——讨论 是论文中比较重要，也是比较难写的一部分。应统观全局，抓住主要的有争议问题，从感性认识提高到理性认识进行论说。要对实验结果作出分析、推理，而不要重复叙述实验结果。应着重对国内外相关文献中的结果与观点作出讨论，表明自己的观点，尤其不应回避相对立的观点。 论文的讨论中可以提出假设，提出本题的发展设想，但分寸应该恰当，不能写成“科幻”或“畅想”。

(七)论文——结语或结论 论文的结语应写出明确可靠的结果，写出确凿的结论。论文的文字应简洁，可逐条写出。不要用“小结”之类含糊其辞的词。

(八)论文——参考义献 这是论文中很重要、也是存在问题较多的一部分。列出论文参考文献的目的是让读者了解论文研究命题的来龙去脉，便于查找，同时也是尊重前人劳动，对自己的工作有准确的定位。因此这里既有技术问题，也有科学道德问题。

一篇论文中几乎自始至终都有需要引用参考文献之处。如论文引言中应引上对本题最重要、最直接有关的文献;在方法中应引上所采用或借鉴的方法;在结果中有时要引上与文献对比的资料;在讨论中更应引上与 论文有关的各种支持的或有矛盾的结果或观点等。

(九)论文——致谢 论文的指导者、技术协助者、提供特殊试剂或器材者、经费资助者和提出过重要建议者都属于致谢对象。论文致谢应该是真诚的、实在的，不要庸俗化。不要泛泛地致谢、不要只谢教授不谢旁人。写论文致谢前应征得被致谢者的同意，不能拉大旗作虎皮。

(十) 论文——摘要或提要：以200字左右简要地概括论文全文。常放篇首。论文摘要需精心撰写，有吸引力。要让读者看了论文摘要就像看到了论文的缩影，或者看了论文摘要就想继续看论文的有关部分。此外，还应给出几个关键词，关键词应写出真正关键的学术词汇，不要硬凑一般性用词。

标题写作如同广告，它的写作应加以特别之注意。要题文相符;要有分寸感，不可太满;尽可能别致;要生动感人;简洁、精粹;要有读者意识，易于接受;注意修辞之巧用;注意形式上尽可能美化。小编整理了电影评论的标题写作方法，欢迎阅读。

1、赞誉题。如《大兵电影——大师手法》《喜剧民族形式的成功探索――影片〈两对半〉观后》《雅俗共赏的新尝试――浅议影片〈神鞭〉》。

2、论断题。如《从女性崇拜的轰毁到理想人格的破灭》《〈黑面人〉的奇、情、味》《“无力回天”的悲剧》。

3、论战题。如《驳斥江兼霞的〈关于影评人〉》《情节?人物?意识――与王一川同志商榷〈红高粱〉与中国意识形态氛围问题》《清算刘呐鸥的观点》。

4、批评题。如《何时梦醒?写在〈粉红色的梦〉后》《〈脂粉市场〉的三点缺憾》《白障了的“生意眼”》。

5、比较题。如《从东西文化观〈罗生门〉与〈公民凯恩〉》、《论张艺谋的“点金式”――〈菊豆〉与〈末代皇帝〉之比较》、《电影艺术中的几泡尿》。

6、设问题。如《扩张?传播?交流?——从文化角度感受〈泰坦尼克号〉》《恶耶?善耶?喜耶?悲耶?――话说张艺谋的〈有话好好说〉》《“端盘子”的出路在哪儿?》。

7、并列题。如《〈机组乘务员〉与“灾难片”》《情境?人物?戏》《嘎劲与雅气》。

8、转折题。如《一个太阳，两种感受》《〈皆大欢喜〉看后皆不欢喜》《“西瓜地”不如“裤料”》。

9、浅议题。如《浅论〈红高粱〉中的颠轿》《对〈幽谷恋歌〉的一点看法》《小议〈陌生的朋友〉》《“艺术情趣”小议》。

10、杂感题。如《“老演少”可以休矣!――看〈第二次握手〉有感》《从一场戏谈起》《银幕拾零(六则)》《是否过分了点――影片〈锅碗瓢盆交响曲〉观后随感》。

11、推介题。如《推荐两部教科书》《该看一看〈活着〉》。

12、新闻题。如《〈南郭先生〉有新意》《〈红色恋人〉的路子非常新鲜》。

13、综合题。如《当代影坛四大时弊》《说当代纪录电影》《怎样拍电影?!――“电影拍摄公式”小辑》。

14、拟人题。如《生活在叹息》《道具的抗议》。

15、比喻题。如《硬吞香蕉皮》《家：苦海方舟――〈红西服〉印象》。

16、哲理题。如《美，是性格和表现》《立异方能出新――谈〈汤姆叔叔的小屋〉的反色彩效果》。

17、反问题。如《请教》《两个想不通》。

18、熟语题。如《半场荒唐梦，一把辛酸泪――评包氏父子“理想”之毁灭》《儿女情长，英雄志壮――谈〈秋瑾〉中一双小独生女的穿插》。

19、格言题。如《“人必生活着，爱才有所附丽”――怎样看待影片〈伤逝〉中涓生和子君的

爱情悲剧》《大音稀声，大象无形――略谈〈大桥下面〉的含蓄美》。

20、评书题。如《话说〈红高粱〉》《话说“做”电影》。

21、“关于”题。如《关于〈拯救大兵瑞恩〉的话》《关于影片〈泰坦尼克号〉的音乐》《关于〈红色恋人〉的定位》。

22、介绍题。如《卡赞的〈欲望号街车〉》《有什么话好说――张艺谋的〈有话好好说〉》。

23、自介题。如《〈菊豆〉――跨文化电影的阐释学读解》《〈风雨故园〉：从文学构想到银幕呈现》《〈霸王别姬〉――当代中国电影中的历史、情节和观念》《〈海和毒药〉的小说、剧本与电影》。

24、诠释题。如《Quatsi就是生活――论戈德弗莱·雷吉奥的影片》。

25、散文题。如《黑色的太阳……》《……时明时暗》《于无声处……》。

标题写作如同广告，它的写作应加以特别之注意。要题文相符;要有分寸感，不可太满;尽可能别致;要生动感人;简洁、精粹;要有读者意识，易于接受;注意修辞之巧用;注意形式上尽可能美化。

一、审题的“精确性”

在上篇中，笔者已经介绍了部分考题中的“绝对性”的应对措施，而根据专家对于过去2年独立写作考题的分析，发现有90%以上的题目属于“支持/反对”型：

2011.01.30

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Because the change of the society is so rapidly, people are less happy or less satisfied with their life than people did in the past time.

而剩下的则是由“对比论述型”构成的：

2011.03.13

Some people think children should spend most of their time in studying and playing while others think they should help their parents with the household chores. What’s your opinion?

在审题时，考生必须首先把题目通读1-3遍，彻底把握题目主旨后，方可进行段落布局。在这里，笔者结合自己的经验给考生们一些建议：首先，判断题目是否包含“绝对”含义的词，若有，则按照上篇讲过的建议布局，若没有，则对于同意或者反对的理由进行快速的brain storming, 然后根据分论点的数量及论点的可延展性来敲定立场：

Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Disagree:

1) Endangered animals are valuable because of their limited quantities

2) Environment balance

3) Endangered animals sometimes stand for the country, so they are more valuable than farmlands

Agree:

1) life quality is the top priority

2) endangered animals can be raised in the zoos

经过一番考量，假如考生得出了上述的一些分论点及想法，这时候，主体段的布局基本就可以敲定大方向了。第一种就是完全反对题目的说法，采用五段式结构布局，每个主体段论证上述三个分论点中的一个;第二种也是反对题目的说法，采用五段式结构布局，但是前2个主体段从三个分论点中选二个去论证，而第三个主体段从“同意”的二个分论点里去选一个，最后的结论还是倾向于反对的。第三种是采用四段式结构布局，即第一个主体段从三个反对意见中选择二到三个分论点去写，而第二个主体段则从赞同的分论点里去选择，数量上比前一段少一个即可，最后结论还是倾向于反对多一点。这样说是不是有些同学看了会有点“晕”呢?那下面笔者就再举个简单点的例子吧：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. Use specific reasons and details to explain your opinion.

Disagree:

1) Most people are common, so they want to know something about famous ones

2) Famous people stand for some fashion

3) Constrain the public figures

4) Celebrities can improve the national cohesion and unity

又经过了几分钟思考，我们得出了上述的四个分论点，但是一时半会赞同的理由实在是想不出。若考试的时候遇到这种情况，千万别犹豫不决，马上从已经想好的观点里面进行挑选。于是，这个题目我们就采用完全反对的立场，以五段式结构布局全文，主体段的分论点从上述四点中挑选三个展开论述即可。这样一来，大家是不是明白一点了呢?

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their older (15 to 18 year-old) teenage children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Agree: Parents make decision for children.

1) Parents have more experience

2) 15-18 years old children are not adults, so they cant take responsibility

还有一种情况就是我们只能想出两个分论点，这时候考生应该果断采用四段式布局，而这一次，两个主体段都分别论述一个同意的理由，而在结尾时，可以顺便提一些反对的理由，这样也不失为一种灵活的方法，希望考生们可以借鉴。

二、分论点的排列原则

专家提醒考生们，在布局的时候我们不是随意编排分论点的先后顺序，而是需要有一定的逻辑性和合理性。一般说来，五段式的三个主体段，若都是同意或者都是反对的理由的话，一般这些分论点有两种逻辑顺序，即第一种按照“重要性”来排，将你认为最主要的理由放在第一个主体段中详细论证;第二种是按照“小到大”的原则，即个人方面的理由先写，然后再是家庭，公司，最后再是社会，国家等。倘若所有的论点都是在一个范围内的，比如都是属于个人的论点，则这个时候要看这些分论点后续的论证内容的多少，比如某一个分论点你既举得出例子，又可以进行对比或者因果论述的话那肯定应该先写这个分论点，若某一个分论点后续能够阐述的理由只有一句话的时候那就应该果断地将其排在后面写。若文章是四段式的结构，则在一个主体段中的排列顺序和前面讲的原则是一致的。

下面是小编为大家整理的议论文的写作技巧。欢迎阅读，希望文章对大家有帮助!

一、写好字

一篇内质不错的文章，如果“面目”(字迹)可憎，其分值往往不理想。为何?其一，字和卷面差，按评分要求要扣分，其二，试卷的“面目”在一定程度上控制着阅卷者打分的情绪。美观整洁的书写是文章最好的“外衣”，它对阅卷者评分印象的形成是直接有效的：首先，笔划要清楚。字迹笔划清楚，字体端正，就能给阅卷者留下好印象。相反，龙飞凤舞，一路狂草，但难以辨认，就算文章写得好，也难以让人欣赏。其次，字体要适中。字体过大，卷面有拥挤繁乱之感，观之不雅。字体过小，阅读起来如觉蚁行，极其费神。再次，尽量少涂改。要涂改也须规范地涂改，切忌乱涂乱画，在卷面留下醒目的墨点，造成凌乱之感。

二、拟好题

题目是文章的眼睛，是文章传递显要信息的重要部分。由于它位居文章结构之首，所以文章题目的优劣也会直接影响阅卷者对文章的第一印象。议论文拟题的基本要求是：在准确的基础上力求醒目、舒畅。具体而言，可鲜明，可形象，可简洁，可别致，可整齐，不一而足。总之，以能激发阅卷者阅读兴趣或使之有耳目一新之感为最佳。

议论文的题目要求符合文体特征，要求鲜明，使人见其题而知其旨。观点鲜明的文章最受阅卷者的欢迎，因为它具有清澈感和透明感，能够传达出文章内容之大概，便于阅卷者准确而快速地把握整篇文章的基本内容。如《诚信不可抛》、《科技与人文齐飞》、《移植的记忆，创新的杀手》、《坚强--我不朽的信念》等文题，均是鲜明、夺人眼目的好题目。在鲜明的基础上追求形象、生动和富有个性，则是议论文拟题的更高要求。这类文题能抓住阅卷者的视线，使之观其题便欲睹其文，效果奇佳。如文章中心是“走自己的路，让别人去说吧”，拟题为《学会在别人的唾沫中游泳》，别致中显出几分幽默，令人产生一睹为快之感。

三、开好头

高尔基说过：“(开头)好像音乐里定调一样，全曲的音调都是它给予的，也是作者花功夫的所在。”议论文的开头要讲究“短、快、靓”。短，即要简捷，最好三两句成段，引入本论。开头短，可避免冗长之赘，而且短句成段，在空间上突出其内容的重要性。快，即入题要快，最好三言两语就点明文章的基本观点或议论的话题。因为评分标准中有“中心明确”的细则。开篇确定中心，有利于阅卷者按等计分，也有利于作者展开论述，不致出现主旨不清、中途转换论题等作文大忌。靓，即要精彩。这也是传统文论中所说的“凤头”。精彩的开头，最突出的效果是吸引阅卷者，给阅卷者留下好的印象。文章开头要精彩，多用比喻、类比、排比等修辞引入论点，还可引述名言，讲述寓言故事导入话题。

四、中间段写好首句和末句

议论文的结构是否严谨，条理是否清楚，论证是否严密，论据是否典型，关键在中间段的写作。而结构、条理、论证和论据等是议论文评分的重要细则，因此，写作议论文要尽量符合这些标准。

常见的论述模式是：首句为小论点或承上启下的过渡词句;中间围绕小论点，运用恰当的事实、理论论据，或针对现实生活中的某些现象，分析说理;最后结合论述内容写一两句小结的话语。其中首句和末句的写作最重要，它能直接勾勒文章的脉络，显示全文的论述思路。另外，文章的整体论证结构常用正反对比式。许多道理只要从正反两面说了，就基本上可做到论述严密。在考场中熟练地运用这种作文模式，可迅速地展开写作，减少失误，节省时间。同时，它可使阅卷者能便捷地依据评分标准，在中档以上分项计分，避免不利于考生的个人评分因素出现。

一、审题不准，高考作文历年常见失误。不少考生误以为话题作文题目宽泛，写作时也可以不着边际，于是不用心审题，随便立意，其结果偏离话题。2002年的话题是“心灵的选择”，为数不少的考生不认真审题，仅仅就协作、互惠、双赢等作发挥，严重偏离了题目要求。2003年的话题包含了两方面意思，即感情与认知的关系，但是一些考生的作文里只有感情没有认知，或者是只有认知没有感情，忽略命题关系双方，片面地只写一方。2005年话题“铭记和忘记”是一组应当辨证理解的关系双方，而有些考生只写“铭记母亲给予自己的爱”等单方面的事情;有些考生平行罗列命题关系双方，没将二者有机结合，虽然也写了应该忘记什么、应该铭记什么，但是二者没有联系，也没有对题目进行深化和升华。

二、概念不清。由于不明白话题中主要概念的内涵，随便用意思“差不多”的词语顶替，轻则偏离话题，重则另立话题。2006年福建高考作文话题之一是“留一点空白”，对于“空白”这个概念，可有的考生误作“后路”(给自己多留后路)，有的考生误作“过失”(德国人反思自己在第二次世界大战中的空白——给被侵略国造成的灾难)，有的考生误作“荒废、虚度”(过去是那么荒唐，只给自己留下一片空白，一片没有颜色的天空)，有的考生误作“明智”(偏听则暗，兼听则明)，其结果“一着走错，满盘皆输”。还有一个话题是“戈多今天已经来了”，“戈多”可以是一个人，也可以是一个物，或者一种信念、一个理想、一种期待;可以是作者自我，也可以是他人他物;可以实指，也可以虚代……“戈多”作为人、物、理念的载体，具有丰富的审美性、象征性、哲理性、多义性和宗教意味，侧重于指向精神家园的建设与人生理想的树立，弄不清“戈多”的寓意，自然“下笔千言，离题万里”。

四、立意不高。2005年全国高考作文话题是“出人意料和情理之中”，有篇作文的基本观点是：一切没有绝对，意料之外的事很多，这在情理之中，我们应该对其有足够的准备，才能成功应对。这样立意相当肤浅，再加上在论述过程中，多是涉及“出人意料”的内容，很少提到“情理之中”，更没有谈到二者之间的关系，因此只能达到“基本符合题意”的要求(得31分)。2004年福建高考作文，有的考生从“人要善于玩弄心计”的角度立意，评价薛宝钗是有能耐的“新新女性”，这种立意反映出了考生思想认识上的偏颇;有的考生羡慕冬妮娅的出身、曹操的权势，流露出庸俗的思想;有的考生大编特编孔子周游列国时的艳遇，趣味低俗，粗鄙不堪……由于思想格调不高，甚至错误，不合“思想健康”的要求，降低了作文品位，表达再通畅，也难以得到理想的分数。

五、扣题不紧。有一种作文，从头写到尾没有出现话题、话题的关键词或与话题相近的表述，也就是说从没有点及话题，结果很影响成绩。如果你的文章写得好，主意显露，紧扣话题，当然不必画蛇添足，故意点题。如果只是一般的文章，或者文意隐晦，还是需要扣题之笔的。事实上写得好的文章总是善于扣题的。还有一种作文是在每一段开头、结尾和中间都跟话题中的某个关键词扯上关系，但是把这些字眼抽掉之后，就完全是另一篇文章。表面看步步切题，其实一点也扣不住题。显然，光有扣题的技巧还不够，还需要从内容上扣住话题来写。不过相对而言扣题总比不扣来得好，因为它毕竟是合乎题意的外在表现。

六、文体不明。主要表现在对自己的写作能力认识不够充分，片面求新，摈弃自己有可能写好的记叙文、议论文之类文体，去写散文、小小说、寓言故事等没有把握写好的文学形式，结果写出来的作文不伦不类，让人啼笑皆非。这与文体不限要采用多样化的表现形式没有矛盾，主要是提醒考生要量力而行，不切实际的文体“求新”往往适得其反。

七、书写不佳。还要引起足够重视的是作文的书写。字体太小、笔画太细、字迹太潦草，扫描到电脑根本看不清，据统计每30篇作文就有1至2篇几乎无法辨认，这又怎能得到好的成绩呢?平时要注意书写，争取做到“书写工整、规范、方便阅卷”，减少隐性失分。

导语：写作方法的熟练，合理运用，能使得文章的结构更加完整，主题表达更加清晰，下面和小编一起来看看高中写作方法：联想生动造语。希望对大家有所帮助。

想象和联想是写作不可或缺的“双翼”!可以说，没有一篇文章不是想象和联想的产物;也可以说，没有想象与联想，是不可能写好文章的!

想象，是人脑对记忆中的表象进行改造并创造新形象的过程;联想，是由某一人物、事物或概念而想起其它有关的人、事物或概念的思维活动。想象是人脑主观创造出来的，是从无到有的过程;联想，是从此及彼的过程，其对象是客观实际。

想象的作用，是以生活为源泉，以意旨为轴心，使得思接千载，视通万里，有助于提高阅读能力，再现作品的艺术形象;也有助于写作水平的提高，因为写作的任何一个环节都需要想象，审题立意，布局谋篇，都离不开想象。所以，要激发自己的思维，发展自己的智力，提高自己的写作水平，就离不开想象这种可贵的创造性思维。

联想的作用，由此事联想到彼事，可以丰富材料;由进步的联想到落后的，可以加深思索;由表层的联想到内在本质的，可以深化理念;由可见的联想到不可见的，可以拓宽思路。

不少考生作文最大的困惑就是无话可说，不知写什么;其实，只是不善于运用已有的生活积累;而运用积累，靠的就是联想。种种联想的迁发、扩散、引申，常常是避免选材枯燥和老化、开掘不深、立意不新的有效办法和主要途径。这就是说，联想还有助于提炼和深化主题，有助于运用托物言志、比喻论证、类比论证、借景抒情等构思和表达技巧。作文能力的提高，在很大程度上要依靠联想能力的提高。

实际上，审题立意、布局谋篇、选料剪材，都离不开联想，高考场上许多奇篇佳作，最赖此法，如《谏屈原书》《赤兔之死》《鼠辈致人类的一封信》，都是联想生动的创新成果;仅从行文语言上来说，前面的“引用添辉法”、“修辞增色法”也可以说是联想的产物。这里分列出来，专指没用修辞格和援引两途，也还可运用联想而使行文生动、语言俏皮的方法。它有些具体操作之途：

联想着比一比。

所谓“比”，就是指作者有话要说，但不单调地直说，而是借助联想和想象以相似、相类或相关甚至相反的事物、情景作比来描述，使道理与形象相得益彰，从而使自己的话变得有趣、易懂、形象，也就是变直说为喻说。欲说女儿腰如何纤细如何婀娜，蠢才直言腰围几何，庸才则辅之以环抱的手势，天才则比描为“杨柳腰”“水蛇腰”之类。经这么一比描，女儿的腰便形象可感了。比较下面两个句子：

①20世纪快要过去了，处于世纪之交的我们回首百年往事……

②20世纪的帷幕正在我们头顶徐徐落下，站在20世纪与21世纪之交的驿站，我们回首百年来并未如烟消散的往事……

比较起来，我们会喜欢第②句，因为第②句形象可感，颇有文采。究其根本，正是有话不直说，以比之法说出的精妙处。“快要过去”用“帷幕徐徐落下”作比描，“世纪之交”用“驿站”作比描，“往事”用“如烟消散”作比描，三组，使同样一个意思表达起来更鲜活，有了情感，有了形象。

2.联想着换一换。

同样一个意思，可以有不同的表达方式。我们“换一个说法”，超常规的组合词语，意思没有变，但却可以传达一种新的情趣。

如黄苗子《美丑》中的一段文字：

有一女孩今年十九，生得毫不“沉鱼落雁”。选这个那个“小姐”肯定是没有希望的，连校花、班花都没有人会考虑到她。

倘若还原为“生得一点也不漂亮”或“生得丑极了”，则一点幽默没有，呆板得酷似面瘫者的表情。沉鱼落雁，闭月羞花，这是中国有名的四大美人西施、王嫱、貂蝉、杨玉环，以此换元，自然可以拓宽读者的想象空间。

再如：

“由于公厕稀少且收费，于是出租司机的方便问题成了最不方便的问题。为了多快好省，多拉快跑，辛苦的司机们往往委屈了自己的生理系统，实在打熬不住，就随意停下，随意转个身，随意解决了，很随意的，不随意不行的，几步之外有人群走过仍旧十分自然的进行着。不这样还能怎样?竞争如此激烈，生存如此艰难，因此，方便成了竞争的一部分。”(《厕所没文化》)

3.联想着添一添。

所谓“添”，是指给陈述对象添加相关信息或材料，从而使陈述的对象具体化，能够传达某种特别情味的语言技巧。如：

“家乡的海却似清水芙蓉的清纯少女。少女是柔和而恬静的，迷人的微笑不时的荡过来，漾开去，荡漾成一条条细细的、密密的海浪;少女又是顽皮而任性的，她会扯着风的手，戏着海水，踩着浪花，肆意的敲打着岩石，疯狂的亲吻着海滩。”

这里比喻、拟人、排比都混合在一起用上了。

“令人不能自拔的，除了牙齿还有爱情。”(台湾歌星齐秦爱情感言)

“诸葛亮出山前，没带过兵;女性头回临盆前，也没生过孩子——为什么用人单位都要求我们有‘工作经验’”?

像这样“添一添”，将陈述的对象具体化，说得形象而浅近了，风趣有味了，易被读者接受了。

【例文借鉴】

象棋哲学

象棋，确实是一个富于智慧的发明。一盘棋就是一个小小的规范社会，每个棋子都有自己的行为规范：车行线、马走日、象飞田、炮打隔山子，小卒子一去不复返……正因为各有各的行为规范，大家都按规矩办事，才使这个小社会有条有理、妙趣横生，使下棋的人百下不厌，其乐无穷。

下棋的人必须按棋的规矩办事，这是获得棋趣的前提。假如有人不讲规矩，随心所欲，来邪的，耍横的，这棋局就乱了套，其中的乐趣也就烟消云散了。

规则是象棋的根本，在规则之内，下棋的人可以运用自己的智慧，可以灵活地调兵遣将，一招一式都显示着自己的谋略和思考，因而在小小象棋盘中，在规则的基础上，任人想象、任人发挥，变化莫测，极为有趣。从这一意义上讲，规则的固定和不变乃至权威，正是象棋中多变复杂、富有情趣的基础，其中的哲学含义自不待言。

象棋的基础是规则，规则的基础是公平。包括老将在内，都有严格的行为规范，并不折不扣地执行。在象棋诸子中，没有超规矩的特殊棋子，这一点很重要。棋子不搞特殊化，没有“我就是法”，我“想干什么就干什么”、“权就是法”那种歪理邪说，棋盘内是一个“小法制社会”，没有半点虚假。

棋局中没有闲子，每个棋子都有自己明确的职责，或负责进攻或负责守卫，或负责配合，总是各司其职，没有一个是滥竽充数的。棋子一致对外，同仇敌忾，从不搞“窝里斗”，不干勾心斗角、同室操戈的蠢事。为了大局的胜利，每个棋子都随时准备做出牺牲。一场棋局的胜利，既有留在棋盘上棋子的功劳，也有“牺牲棋子”的功劳，两者都是胜局的缔造者，不可偏废。棋盘上坚持到最后的棋子，不是惟一的英雄和元勋。它们没有资格居功自傲。这种棋局中的哲学已经超越了原始的竞技范畴，它暗示给世人的是谋生之道、为官之道。对于一个口口声声标榜热爱法制的社会，游戏规则就是平等，就是没有法外之法、权外之权，这一条适合于平民百姓，也适合于国家元首。另外，危机四伏的经济社会，没有开诚布公的合作、肝胆相照的携手，最后只能是人家的附庸。棋局中的哲学也正告诫人们，要始终立足于不败之地，惟有“文官不爱钱，武将不怕死”的劲头儿才有希望。

最难的是太平盛世，功劳远远不够瓜分，祸起萧墙、自相残杀的历史总是从此惊心动魄。棋局里有以身饲虎、杀身成仁的壮举;棋局外，接受过老庄哲学的中国人却没有勇气功成身退。为了高官厚禄、封妻荫子、虚名小利，不惜破坏社会法制，处心积虑，巧取豪夺，到头来“赢得猫来输去牛”。

深谙棋道的人至少也是位哲学家，其中奥妙倘若运用在为人处事上，绝对是棋高一招。

没有想象和联想，哪能成就这样一篇俏皮文章?通篇用比喻论证法，借象棋之题，发挥出一番处事之理。妙!

【例文借鉴】

图书比女人

如果把书的封面比作女人的脸，一个“抓人”的书名，是放电的媚眼;一位名作家的芳名，是诱人的樱唇;封面其他部分的花花绿绿，是女人脸上的姹紫嫣红。敢于素面问世的图书，一般内容有真货;敢于素面朝天的女人，大多是真美人儿。

封面与内容般配的图书和女人越来越少。现在的图书大多是策划、设计出来的，现在的美人大多是手术和涂抹出来的。用心血写一本好书，太难太慢，最快捷的办法就是想一个好名字，设计一个好皮儿;从内容上做一个好女人，太苦太累，最经济的方式就是画出一个亮丽的容颜，让男人一见钟情，一瞥惊魂。所以，现在作者花在内容上的功夫越来越少，女人花在脸上的时间越来越多。

印刷术与美容术与时俱进。书，UV呀，吹凸呀，想怎么漂亮就怎么漂亮;女人，隆鼻呀，美臀呀，想怎么电人就怎么电人。读者和男人，想不上当，也难。在这个读图的年代，图书和女人不再“因为可爱而美丽，不是因为美丽而可爱”，而是“因为美丽而可爱，不是因为可爱而美丽”。

人们经常用书的文体比喻女人的年华：诗歌是少女的情怀，山桃带露，流盼横波;散文是少妇的韵致，软香酥玉，笑花生馨;小说是徐娘的妩媚，丰乳肥臀，柔情似水;论文是老妪的沧桑，面缩山壑，心含止潭。还有坏小子把60岁以后的女人比作考古报告，读者只剩下自己。

有的女人像畅销书，眨眼就成旧挂历;有的女人如新华字典，相随相伴一辈子;有的女人如珍藏本，为拥有而惊喜，为拥有而忧虑;有的女人如豪华精装书，对穷秀才来说，看看还行，但买不起，养不起;有的女人如丛书(离婚带小孩的)，男人只要相中了其中的一本，就得消受硬性搭配的无奈;有的女人(闺中怨妇)如书架上尘封的残书，怨恨男人不如更新自己;有的女人(女博士)如学术著作，学术含量越高，销量越少，学历越高，婚嫁越难。

男人总在买书，总在埋怨没有值得读的好书;女人总在买衣服，总在抱怨没有拿得出手的衣服。男人的书可以摆着不看，但别人借了会心疼;男人的女人可以闲着不用，但别人动了要拼命。女人的衣服可以挂着不穿，但不买会更年期发作;男人的书买错了或买重了会很慷慨地送朋友，女人的衣服买错了会对邻居二姐说：“这衣服你穿特合适，便宜卖你吧!”

世界上有好书，但这些书仅仅对那些会读它们的人才是好的;世界上有好女人，但这些女人只有对会欣赏她的男人才是好的。利希滕贝格说：书本是镜子，毛驴朝里看时别想照出圣人来。而且，正如古希腊哲人所说：驴子是宁要草料而不要黄金的。判断一个男人的品位，看他读什么书，看他娶什么女人。

书非借不读，情非偷不美。最好的书，是朋友书架上的书;最心悸的女人，是艳遇的女人。一本喜欢的新书，就是一次艳遇，就是一把激情。教材和必读书目之类，如包办婚姻、如宝钗阿姨，实惠而不可爱，越中规中矩，越枯燥无味。书如林黛玉、如野蛮女友，越妖、越不实用，越可爱。读者朝三暮四，男人喜新厌旧，其实，得陇望蜀和贪婪是人类尤其是男人的通病。

年初读过一篇好玩的文章，标题是《传媒像个女人》，文中说：“如果说女人饶舌、夸张、情绪化，现在的传媒如若按照给女人的这种定义来界定，那么，一定是雌性的。”首先，雌性和传媒想像力都特丰富，而且都往坏里去想;其次，传媒和雌性的注意力都很短，没有一件事，会让其注意力超过三天;另外，女人和传媒都爱赶时髦。书亦如是。

不同年龄、不同场合、不同心情，读不同的书，课堂、枕边、上厕所读书是不同的。同一本书满足上述要求，很难;厨房、沙龙、床上需要不同的女人，记不清是林语堂还是梁实秋说的：“男人希望女人在厨房像泼妇，在沙龙像贵妇，在床上像妇。"同一位女人满足上述要求，更难。

唉，希望而已。

女人的头等大事是嫁出去，嫁得好，长相守;图书的首要问题是卖出去，卖得好，畅销书。靠打扮嫁出去的女人一般守不住，靠包装卖出去的图书大多没人读。张爱玲说：“女人的本性里有点狐媚子，正经女人虽然痛恨妇，其实若有机会扮个妖妇角色的话，没有一个不跃跃欲试的。”一些人嘴上把畅销书骂得狗血喷头，其实若有机会让他的书畅销的话，没有一个不花枝乱颤的。

男人的大遗憾有二：一是想读书的时候没有钱买书，有钱买书的时候却没有了读书的时间和心情;二是想女人的时候没有吸引女人的资本，有了吸引女人资本的时候却没有了想女人的兴趣和能力。

柏杨问儿子：“你天天看书，怎么不见你写东西?”儿子：“等我书读多了再写。”柏杨：“我要是看遍天下的女人再娶你妈，能有你吗?”不读书当然不能写书，但书是读不完的，该写的时候要写;女人也是阅不尽的，该娶的时候要娶。

读书人，应该博览群书，但必须有自己精读的专业书;作为男人，你可以阅尽人间春色，但真正用爱去精读、去呵护的藏书只有一本，那就是你的妻子。最好是彼此读你，读你千遍也不厌倦!

构思新妙!用了一连串的相似联想，用极为类似情形来比喻描摹，将图书、女人作了异常形象新颖的表达，让读者也随作者的联想而联想，随作者的体会而体会，别具一格，诙谐、幽默、俏皮!

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

Very good question, the answer to which needs to be in English as reading English has nothing to do with Chinese.

When reading English,that brain should think English and only English,not Chinese.

There are two pathways to lead information to the brain:by sound or by sight.

Sound becomes meaning,all in English,and goes to an area in the brain named letterbox to be understood.

Sight becomes sound (for a lot of people) then becomes meaning,(all in English,and goes to an area in the brain named letterbox to be understood.)

All of the above.That is the only single complete way to understand English when reading.

描写景物，表现独特的自然景观和地域风貌，赞美祖国的壮丽山河和大自然的奇妙，是记叙文的又一个重要类型。下面是小编分享的有关写景作文的写作方法，欢迎大家阅读！

首先，景物有狭义和广义之分。狭义的景物指提供人观赏的风景、建筑等；广义的景物指自然景观和人文景观，即自然环境和身会环境。换句话说，记叙文中的景物描写是指对自然风光、建筑物、动物、植物等事物的描写，所描写的景物在文章里占重要位置，这是写景记叙文与写人记事的记叙文的主要区别写人记事的记叙文中，有对自然环境和人物活动的背景介绍、环境描写，但它们在文章中不是主要内容，是为交代事件发生的时间、地点、环境，为渲染气氛服务的。同理，写景记叙文里也有写人叙事的内容，但都是为写景服务的。

其次，写景记叙文的中心思想是通过对景物的描写和人物感情抒发表达出来的。作者可以在文章中直接抒发感情，即所谓直抒胸臆，也可以通过写景表达出来，即所谓寓请于景；还可以在景物描写中蕴涵自己的主观感受，即所谓情景交融。要注意景物描写必须为人物的思想感情服务，与人物的思想感情相一致，不能孤立地、无目的地写景。

怎样写好写景的记叙文？

（一）要写出有特色的景物

一般来说，景物是各有特色的。同样都是公园，但每个公园都有各自的独特之处。例如，北海公园的白塔、九龙壁、颐和园的香阁、十七孔桥；天坛公园的祈年殿、回音壁；紫竹院公园的竹子；香山公园的红叶等。同样是山，我国的四大名山各领风骚，独具特色。同样是水，长江、黄河源远流长，孕育了中华文明数千载。或烟波浩渺、横无涯际；或奔腾咆哮、气势磅礴。这些景色都以其特有的鲜明的特点闻名于世，只有把它们的独特之处描绘出来，才能给人一种身临其境之感，使人得到美的陶冶和享受。

（二）要学会观察

写景作文和看图作文有相似之处，都是以观察作为写作的前提。观察景物与观察图画不同，观察景物要确定观察点，也就是观察景物的立足点。观察点不同，所看到的景物也就不同。宋代文学家苏轼有《题西林壁》：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。”由于观赏庐山的角度不同，所看到的景象，所获得的感受也就迥然不同了。

（三）要借助想象和联想

一、什么是自传

自传是叙述自己生平经历的文章。生平经历是指一个人生活的整

个过程。婴儿——幼儿——上学——现在

1、婴儿时期（吃、哭、爬、学说话、学走路……）

听妈妈说那时候的我是怎样的？（高、矮、胖、瘦、乖、闹、聪明……）例文欣赏

示例1：听妈妈说，小时候的我胖乎乎的，很聪明。刚到了九个月就会说话了，把妈妈叫得很开心；10个月就会学走路了，摇摇晃晃，东倒西歪但不让人扶。有一次从床上掉下来，至今胳膊上还留有伤疤；奶奶说我那时候特别乖巧，但也特别淘气。

特点：聪明、淘气

示例2：刚出生的我在医院里又哭又闹，说着平常人不懂的“外星球语”，让爸妈很苦恼，白天我咬着奶瓶呼呼大睡，晚上我就活跃起来，让大人抱着我到处去溜达，如果一松手，那哭声在你耳朵里徘徊，仿佛一栋楼都会震动起来！

特点：爱闹

2、幼儿时期

⑴、脑中充满疑问

“妈妈，天上的星星为什么会眨眼睛？”“妈妈，我的肚子为什么会饿？”“妈妈，为什么天上的月亮有时是圆的，有时是弯弯的？”⑵、探索世界

把家里的小闹钟、把我的玩具拆得七零八落

⑴、⑵表现出我很聪明

⑶、上幼儿园

哭着、喊着不肯上幼儿园这些表现出我又很淘气

例文欣赏

示例1：一眨眼的功夫，时间老人已把婴儿时期带走了，幼儿时期缓缓走来。妈妈和幼儿园的老师都说我好动。为此我觉得自己得了儿童多动症，其实我确实挺爱动的。在幼儿园里，我基本不会规规矩矩的坐上三分钟；就算坐在椅子上，也是东摇西摆。结果一次在课堂上“发挥”多动时，老师误以为我在吃东西，我的脸烧了又烧，简直就像一

只掉进油锅里的虾。

示例2：幼儿时期的我最爱跳舞。记得有一次，妈妈手机里传出了一阵响亮的歌声，在一旁搞东西的我听见了，便情不自禁的跳起来，屁股一扭一扭的，手也摆动起来，不时还走一下猫步，仿佛我已经沉浸在这欢乐地歌声里，无法自拔一样！一旁的妈妈鼓起掌来，笑着说：“看来我们家会有一位舞神了。”奶奶听后，大笑起来，家里充满了快乐的气氛。

3、我上学了

⑴、有了稳定的兴趣。如：①、爱上了学习②、迷上了阅读

⑵、进不了

⑶、交了很多朋友

例文欣赏

示例1：进入小学后，在优美的校园里，我感受到了学习的快乐，从此爱上了学习。现在，我是班里的学习委员、语文课代表。我的作文经常受到老师表扬，不仅在作文比赛上获过奖，还经常在一些刊物上发表呢！

示例2：八岁的我爱书如命。故事书、漫画书、作文书、科幻书、小说等等，不管什么书，我都一股脑儿拿起来就读。不管晚上作业有多少，事情有多忙，我都会挤出一点时间来看书。

我看书很着迷。我会随着书中的趣事哈哈大笑；也会为着书中令人落泪的悲惨故事而伤心痛哭；看到本领高超、助人为乐的人，我会产生敬佩之情；看到那些烧杀抢掠的恶人和那些贪赃枉法的坏人，我心中的愤怒油然而生……每当妈妈看见我忽而大笑、忽而大哭，忽而喜悦，又忽而愤怒时，总会无可奈何地叹息道：“这丫头，真是没办法！”

示例3：我进入了XX小学读书，在这座优美的校园里，我对学习有了比较大的变化，表现比较积极，一年级第一批就加入了少先队，四年级参加了鼓号队，曾经当过体育委员、语文课代表。在学习上能多看课外书籍，经常去剑英图书馆借书或去新华书店看书，同时注意积累好词好句，坚持每个星期写一扁日记，因此语文成绩比较理想，对作文比有兴趣，作文经常被老师表扬；数学成绩还算可以，但是英语一直是我的弱项，总感到压力好大。

示例4：我结交了很多朋友，他们也十分乐意和我交往，使我从交往中得到了许许多多的快乐。我对他人十分的诚实守信，从来不说恶意

的谎言，答应别人的事情绝对做到，因此，他们也很乐意跟我玩，和我谈心。我有时也会跟别人一起哈哈大笑或讲悄悄话，跟同学们打成一片，让我成为他们心目中的好朋友。有了他们我的生活充满了朝气，充满了快乐。我对人十分有礼貌，助人为乐也是我的本份，他人有困难，我一定会竭尽全力去帮助他。

4、现在的我

长大了、懂事了、学会承担了、有理想了。

例文欣赏

示例1：随着年龄的增长，我变得越来越懂事了。想起妈妈以前整天都为我操心，而我却总是惹她生气，我的心里真不是滋味。

星期五放学回到家，妈妈放下我的书包，就径直走进厨房准备做饭。我想：妈妈工作了一整天，已经很累了，又要去接我，回到家还要做饭，这多么不应该！想到这，我马上走进厨房。

“妈妈。”

“有什么事儿吗？”

“妈妈，您去休息吧，我帮您做饭。”

“不用了，你快去做作业吧，饭菜很快就好了。”

“妈妈，就让我为您做一顿饭吧，嗯？”

妈妈只好笑了笑，点了点头。

晚饭后，我又替妈妈把碗碟洗得干干净净，把家里打扫了一遍，最后还为妈妈捶背按摩。妈妈很高兴，对我说：“孩子，你长大了，懂事了，妈妈真高兴！”我听到这句话，心就像被浸在一罐世界上最甜的蜜糖里。

这就是12岁的我，懂事的我。

示例2：现在的我，会承担责任了；十二岁的我会像挤海棉一样挤时间了；十二岁的我，会自己面对困难了；十二岁的我，成熟了许多；十二岁的我已经长大了，一些鸡毛蒜皮的小事，我自己已经会应付了。面对十二岁的人生，我好像还有点混浊，但比起以前已经进步了许多。对于我来说，未来是一条坎坷的岔路，我一定要选择正确地道路，要一直努力认真的向前走。只要努力学习，就会考上重点大学。

二、行文线索

1、不懂事，爱哭、爱闹——有点听话——开始懂事

2、听话的乖孩子——爱学习的好学生——懂事、知道孝敬父母

3、淘气，耍小聪明——明白事理，大智慧

三、详略取舍

1、详写部分的选择：

⑴、记忆最深刻、最难忘的那段岁月

⑵、最能体现你这个人的特点

⑶、转变最大、成长最快的那段时期

2、其它部分可略写

四、开头和结尾

㈠、开头：

1、简要的介绍自己

2、对自己有一个粗略、整体的评价

例文欣赏

示例1：本人名叫陈思婷，属龙，2000年11月18日，伴随着一阵哭声，我从医院诞生了，胖乎乎的显得十分可爱，嫩滑的脸蛋上，有着一对小酒窝。长大后，我的皮肤黝黑，有人叫我“非洲黑珍珠”！我只好不好意思地笑纳！

示例2：2000年7月20日，随着一阵“哇哇”的哭声，一个可爱的婴儿来到了这个五彩缤纷的世界。从此，生活的大舞台上就有了我的小天地。我的小脚丫在小天地里任意的涂鸦，涂鸦成我难忘的昨天。㈡：结尾

1、对自己成长的总结

2、对未来的向往

例文欣赏

示例1：岁月如梭，整整12年过去了，我从不懂事的小孩子，变成了有志气的大姑娘，我希望，以后能改掉坏习惯，开心快乐地成长。示例2：比起小时的我确实是进步了很多，可是人生的道路是曲折而漫长的，学海无涯，我还有许多东西不懂，我想：只要有远大理想，带着顽强拼搏的意志和勇气走下去，就能够迈进成功的殿堂，就能对国家有贡献！

示例3：这就是我，一个有着多样性格的我。看完我的自传，你们喜欢我吗？

习作练习

我的自传

不少青年教师向我吐苦水：想写论文却不知写什么、怎么写，情急之下只能东拼西凑应付了事。我发现这是一个很普遍的现象。

说一说我的经历吧。由于工作需要，学校安排我由上数学课改为上历史课，算是一个不小的改变。为了适应新工作，我集中全部精力钻研教学，真有点“两耳不闻窗外事，一心只想教学研”，阅读了大量名师、大师的中学历史教学参考资料，为的是能把历史课上得够权威。

可一段时间后，效果并不如我的预期，课堂沉闷、学生没劲、授课吃力成了我最大的困惑。静心反思，我顿悟，一味依赖教材、参考资料，缺少鲜活的素材，导致学生缺乏学习兴趣，正是我课堂的软肋所在。我觉得这是一个很好的课题，便对“学习兴趣与历史课教学的关系”作了深入研究。

另外，我还将竞争机制引入课堂教学，如上复习课，不是简单地重复讲解，而是采用“知识抢答赛”的形式，激发学生动手、动脑、动口，使课堂气氛格外活跃，让学生产生酣战后的痛快淋漓之感，在兴奋的状态下掌握知识。

后来，我把这两个案例从不同侧面整理进了我的教学论文《利用历史教学渗透德育之我见》《怎样提高历史课堂的教学效率》。

我在总结中这样写到：只有在备课中具备强烈的教育教学研究意识，才能进入较深的思维状态，授课才更有科学性和创造性，从而也为撰写论文打下基础。

毋庸置疑，写好教育教学论文，最重要的一环就是认真做好教育教学的研究工作。研究的方面有很多，如教法、学法、基础知识、智力开发、非智力因素等。要把研究与讲课、听课、评课、试卷分析、作业讲评有机结合起来。除了研究，还要注重实践，从实践中来，上升为理论，再回到实践中去，既指导实践，又接受实践的检验。这样多次往复循环，再得出结论，就是不断研究教育教学的过程。夯实了一定的研究基础，又掌握了必要的论文写作知识，这样才能写出有真知灼见的教学论文来。