英语写作容易出现的误区和解决方法【合集20篇】

我们在写作文是，一般都能写的好，但想要拿高分就很难了，下面是小编整理的提高写作水平的方法，欢迎阅读。

一、细观察

细致观察是提高写作水平的金钥匙。文章是客观事物在作者头及中反映的产物，要反映客,不必须对客观事物作仔细的观察。只有仔细地观察，才能从生活现象的矿藏中发现碎金璞玉，于泥沙混杂中攫取闪光的宝物。不掌握，“观察”这把开门的金钥匙，作文的“铁门限”是决然跨不进去的。

二、多阅读

广泛阅读是提高作文水平的前提条件。要写出好文章，就必须多读书。“读书破万卷，下笔如有神。”“熟读唐诗三首，不会作诗会吟。”鲁迅先生也提倡多读书，“必须如蜜蜂一样，采过许多花，这才能酿出蜜来，倘叮在一处，所得就非常有限，枯燥了。”我们强调既要多读，又要选择地读，更要读进去，理解所读文章的结构技艺，语言特点，从中掌握作文定得深刻些，变化多一些。

三、巧选材

精心选择是提高作文水平的加速器。选材的要求是要新颖，所谓新颖，就是批要选择一般人没有接触过的，或熟视无睹崦实含表深刻意义的。一经作者笔之于书，就会发人深思令人感奋的材料。选材角度要小，要以小见大，写人人眼中有，人人笔下无的材料。为此，必须在头脑中把各种材料比较、分析、综合，进行去粗取精，改造加工，只有这样，才能使材料新颖。而这种积极思考、反复推敲的选析工夫，对提高作文水平很有帮助。

四、常练笔

经常练笔是提高作文水平的关键。要想入作文的大门，并求得不断进步，更重要的是多练。谚语说的好：“文章读十篇，不如写一篇。”这就道出了作文实践出真知的道理。我们学习了一篇文章之后，弄懂了文章的结构方法，弄清了文章的写作特色，就要学着运用这些知识与方法去实践，去练习，使之变成自身的作文能力。实际上，我们第学习一篇课文后都可以进行练笔。而片断练习是练笔的一种好方式，片断练习所花的时间不长，又达到了练笔的目的。写日记也是一种有效的练笔方式，天天坚持写日记，以后俄文就有了坚实的基础。

五、勤修改

反复修改是提高作文水平的催化剂。修改是作文必不可少的步骤，是提高作文质量的有效措施。前人说的好，“文章不厌百回改。”“文章是改出来的。”曹雪芹写《红楼梦》“披阅十载，增删五次，”托尔斯秦的《战争与和平》反复修改了七次;鲁迅先生主张“定完后至少看两遍，竭力将可有可无的字、句、段删去，毫不可惜。”可见，文章修改，一般是指从初稿写出来到最后定稿的加工过程。修时要做到五看：看用词是否通顺，看主题是否鲜明，看结构是否紧凑，看语言是否优美。总之，“文章是改出来的。”一般来说文章总是越改越好的，我们要在“修改”上下工夫。

作文——家乡的路 AA 是我的家乡， 在我久远的记忆里 ，我对故乡的路没

有什么好感，只希望离开它，那条泥泞小路深深地印在我的脑海里，因为只要一下雨， 故

乡的路曾是那么泥泞，那么难行 ， 整条路又成了一滩稀泥，非得穿上雨鞋，结果裤子衣

服免不了沾上泥巴，晴天了，还要穿上几天的雨鞋，眼巴巴地看着自行车在家休息。 后来，我终于如愿以偿，跳出“ 农门 ” ，来到了道路平坦而宽阔的城市，走在晴天不飞灰、雨天不粘泥的柏油路上，而且城市之路清洁整齐，与家乡的泥巴路相比简直是天壤之别，后来家乡那条泥泞之路改变成石子路，从此我再也没穿上雨鞋。十多年前，我居住在石化回娘家之路需要半天，一大早起来，准备好赶往汽车站，换乘二辆公交车，再步行二十多分钟，每次到娘家将近中午，父母总是翘首盼望，而我总是姗姗来迟，自从改成石子路后，村里好多农户买了摩托车， 电瓶车，我回去也改乘出租车，比以前可方便多了，这次五一节，原来的石子小路改扩建成宽大的水泥路，整洁干净的水泥路通往家家户户，它改变了时间和空间，我携夫带子一家三口，由我这个新驾驶员开自备车，分驰电掣般半小时到娘家，轿车就停在家门口。

(1)个人资料：姓名、性别、出生年月、家庭地址、政治面貌、婚姻状况，身体状况，兴趣、爱好、性格等等；

(2)学业有关内容：就读学校、所学专业、学位、外语及计算机掌握程度等等；

(3)本人经历：入学以来的简单经历，主要是担任社会工作或加入党团等方面的情况；

(4)所获荣誉；三好学生、优秀团员、优秀学生干部、专项奖学金等；

(5)本人特长：如计算机、外语、驾驶、文艺体育等。

写履历表要注意的问题是：

(1)首先要突出过去的成就。过去的成就是你能力的最有力的证据。详细把它们写出来，会有说服力。

(2)履历表切忌过长，应尽量浓缩在三页之内。最重要的是要有实质性的东西给用人单位看。

(3)履历表上的资料必须是客观而实在的，千万不要吹牛，因为谎话一定会被识破。要本着诚实的态度，有多少写多少。

(4)和写求职信一样，资料不要密密麻麻地堆在一起，项目与项目之间应有一定的空位相隔。

(5)不要写对申请职位无用的东西，切记！

在写记叙文的时候，我们要有条理性，先要想好先写什么，后写什么，小编收集了小升初作文叙事文具体写作方法，欢迎阅读。

在会写记叙文之前我们首先要学会怎么去记叙好一件简单的事情

一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。

如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了;“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

三、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。

在写记叙文的时候，我们要有条理性，先要想好先写什么，后写什么，安排好记叙的顺序，不然就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。那么我们要怎么写才能让文章条理清楚呢

一、运用顺叙。

顺叙，是按照事物发生、发展的先后次序进行叙述。这样写，可以将事物的发展过程，有头有尾地叙述出来，来龙去脉，十分清楚。运用顺叙写成的文章，它的层次、段落和事物发生、发展的过程是基本一致的。

顺叙有以时间为顺序的，有以事物发展规律为顺序的，也有以空间变换为顺序的。在叙事性的文章中，大多是以时间为顺序和以事物发展规律为顺序的。

按时间顺序进行叙述时，必须严格地安排好顺序，写清楚叙述的时间。现实生活中任何事情都不会突然发生，它总有一个发生、发展的过程。因此，作者常常要根据事情发生、发展、高潮、结局这一事情发展的规律来进行叙述，文章的层次也是清楚、明了的。

当然，有的文章事情比较简单，因而不一定非要写出事情过程的四个层次(发生、发展、高潮、结局)。

二、运用倒叙。

倒叙，就是把事件的结局或某个最突出的片断提在前面叙述，然后再从事件的开头进行叙述。

需要指出的是，运用倒叙的写法，必须注意交代清楚倒叙的起讫点，顺叙和倒叙的转换处要有明显的界限、必要的文字过渡。这些地方处理不好，会使文章脉络不清，头绪不明，影响内容的表达。

三、运用插叙。

插叙是指在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于某种需要暂时中断叙述的线索而插入的关于另一件事情的叙述。

需要指出的是，在运用插叙时不能打乱原来的叙述线索，要注意与上下文的衔接。这样，文章的结构不仅富有变化，而且叙述事情的条理非常清楚。

怎样写好规范的议论文?在讨论论文写作时也不准备谈有关稿件撰写的各种规定及细则。今天小编主要谈的是论文写作中容易发生的问题和经验，是论文写作道德和书写内容的规范问题。

(一)议论文要素

1、议论文三要素：论点、论据、论证.它的主要特点,一是论说三要素完备,突出;二是论证结构严密,合乎规范模式;三是语言合乎议论语体,准确、概括、逻辑性强.其中论证结构规范是写好这一类型议论文的关键.

议论文的论点应该鲜明、准确、概括.论点最好在文章的开头,用具体的一句话,用判断句式,将中心论点摆出来.论据,用来证明论点的材料,选用论据要注意典型性、新颖性、表述要精练、简要.议论文要以理服人,就必须分析说理,把问题展开、论透,也就是要充分论证.论证要合乎逻辑,严密有力.为此就要运用恰当的论证方法.

例如,“理智和情感是人类生活中的两只脚印,人类在认知事物的道路上的每一次成长都和他们的理智和情感有关.”(江苏考生《天平和七弦琴》)

将理智和情感比作是人类生活中的两只脚印,首句即入题,形象地点出了情感与理智的内在关系——情感与理智对认知具有重要的影响.这样的开头,入题迅速,闪烁着思辨的色彩,令人耳目一新.

2.论证的基本结构层次：三段论式的结构.还有常见的论证结构：a、总分总式结构 b、对照式结构 c、层进式结构 d、并列式结构

3.常用的论证方法：a、例证法,用典型事例作论据来证明论点.运用例证法要注意对事例叙述的方法.注意并列的几个事例的顺序,还要注意安排的详略,大家熟知的材料要略写,不熟知的要详写.b、喻证法,增强了作品论证的形象性.运用喻证法要注意本体、喻体的相似性.c、对比论证：这种方法可以增强论证的鲜明性,使读者清楚作者赞成什么,反对什么.d、引证法,除引用名人名言以外,同学应该多积累一些古典诗词中的名句,它一方面能加强论证的力量,另一方面,它还可以丰富文章的内容,增强议论文的文学性.论证方法还有引申论证、因果论证.就不一一详说.

4.学会选用事实论据.要注意几点：

①论据必须具有典型性.典型就是指论据要具有代表性.

②论据必须具有新颖性.不少学生的议论文写作离不开一些陈旧的事例,像写失败与成功的关系,似乎就离不开爱迪生发明灯泡,写逆境成才就非写张海迪不可,类似的内容不是说不可以用,而是说你用、他用、大家都用,谁的作文与众不同呢?

③论据的表述要精练、简要,与记叙文的表述不同,它只要求表述出与论点相关的内容.

5.论述文主要结构思路：是什么,为什么,怎么办.

“是什么”：就是确立观点.作为议论文,写起来是这样的,首先破题——明确是什么观点,有什么意义.必须挑一个明确的论点.

“为什么”：就是论证的过程.根据论点找例子,组合例子,开始排结构.然后就是分析例子,以及这个例子的社会价值,中间可以用多种论证方法,比如反正、引申、演绎与归纳等.

“怎么办”：就是结合现实、社会、人生以及自己怎么做.

(二)议论文如何论证

议论文的写法主要是论证.论证,从形式逻辑角度说,是运用论据证实论点的全部逻辑推理过程,这个过程表示论据和论点之间是用何种逻辑的方法联系起来或统一起来的.

下面介绍几种常用的论证方法.

1、事例论证

事例论证就是用典型的具体事实作论据来证明论点.通常所说的“摆事实”就是这种方法.这是运用归纳推理形式进行论证的一种方法,易于掌握,用得也普遍.

事例论证,最重要的是注意论据和论点方向的一致性和紧密的统一,不可有距离.

例如有一篇文章谈到写作要勤于观察,勤于思考问题时,举例道：

著名大作家、诗人莎士比亚就善于观察生活,提炼素材,写了大量的悲喜剧以及诗歌,终于成了不朽的艺术大师.伟大的物理学家牛顿,在傍晚乘凉时发现苹果往地上掉,为什么不往天上掉?经过反复实践,终于得出了地球表面上的物体都受到地球的引力这一科学论断.

这里,举莎士比亚一例还可以,虽然说得不够透彻,但与论点总还有一定的直接关系;举牛顿的事例则不恰当,因为他虽然也观察、思考,但非写作中的事.

下面这段文字举例,证明观点“举手投足之间”就十分充分：

举手投足是一把尺,它是衡量人的内在含金量的标准.含金量高的人,必然,我敢说必然,是一个伟大的人.屠格涅夫为了施舍路边的乞丐,翻遍了自己的钱包,却找不到一分钱,只得握住乞丐的双手说“我很抱歉,朋友”;雷锋在战友们不在时,把大家的衣服都洗干净晒了;周恩来总理衣容整洁,谈吐大方,岂是朝夕而成的?或如《士兵突击》里的许三多,在班里的战友整天只知喝茶打牌的时候,一个人默默地搬运石头,愣是日积月累地修成了一条路……

2、事理引申

这种方法是用人们已知的事理论据来证明论点.这是运用演绎推理形式进行论证的一种方法,所以又有叫“演绎法”的.例如下面一段文字,证明“不轻易放弃”的观点,这个事理引申就很好：

我总是想学着去坚强,可是坚强并不是那么容易的一件事.坚强总不是我想象的那样子坚强,它并不是两个字,它并不是一种心情,它不是一时的冲动就能完成的事情.我觉得它好难.我曾经尝试着去做,可是最终我还是失败了.我还是放弃了.虽然事情总是以失败而告终,虽然事情总是以放弃而结束,但是我并没有很轻易的说出不.虽然不是个勇敢的孩子,可是我也不是轻易放弃的孩子.我的放弃总是在挣扎了之后才做出的决定.

使用事理论证,特别是引用名言警句立论,应注意：

A 引用的事理与论点真正构成一种紧密的内存联系.

B 对于引语一般要作一些阐明、说明,不要引完就单下结论,以免给人浅薄的感觉.

C 除了由于论辩的需要,必须引用大量的论述外,引语要力求简洁.作者要善于抓住引语的精华.

例如：

年青的军官把失去亲人的痛苦,化作与死神赛跑抢救幸存者的动力;泥泞的山路上,他背着白发苍苍的老人,向安全的港湾停靠.年轻的女警官把嗷嗷待哺的孩子托付给在家人,在瓦砾中抱起战胜了震魔的小生命,甘甜的乳汁绽放了天真的花蕾.“最美丽的警察”,这是人们给她的最好的评语.

“老吾老,以及人之老;幼吾幼,以及人之幼”.敬老爱幼在特定的背景下闪烁着绚丽的光,人性的光芒昭示着最伟大而又最普通的“人之常情”.

后面“老吾老,以及人之老;幼吾幼,以及人之幼”的分析就简洁而恰当.下面这段文字,也用了名言,并进行了分析：

真正的好奇心需要思考.如果“我们头上的灿烂星空”是供我们观察的无限舞台,那么,“我们心中的道德法则”则是激发与约束我们将观察成果深化的不二法门.如帕斯卡尔所言,“思维成就人的伟大,我们的一切尊严都在于思考——即使你只不过是强大自然下的苇草.”如果没有这种“灵魂在场”之下的思考,那么无论多少个苹果掉下来,恐怕也砸不出“万有引力”的发现;无论人类是多么费尽心思地观察与学习,也难有一丝一毫的创造与进步.

3、反证法

顾名思义,反证不是从正面直接来证明论点,而是从反面间接地证明论点.这是运用演绎推理形式进行论证的一种方法.先看下面一例：

假如当初诸葛亮不留人情,而是派其他可靠的将领去拦守华容道,那么,可能曹操会被擒拿;又假如从那次吸取教训,这一次秉公办事,不管马谡怎样拍胸脯,下保证,不合适就不用,那么就有可能避免失街亭的悲剧.而事实恰恰相反,诸葛亮并未从第一次失策中吸取经验教训,而是在重蹈覆辙后,才“深恨自己之不明”,流涕斩了马谡.

这段文字中“如果”之后用的便是反证法：不是从正面讲,而是从反而讲.“如果”是分析文章的好形式.

袁隆平的事迹也许经常会写入你的作文中.一般的同学都只是正面来写,往往写他是个科学家,他的名字叫袁隆平,获得了什么奖.这样写不形象,不深入,不细致.学一学“如果”吧：

如果袁隆平仅仅是为了个人的生活美好,他不会穿着水鞋,戴着草帽,农民着,科学着;如果他仅仅是为了钱而生存,他就不会拿着500万的科技大奖还生活得那么朴素而又纯净;如果他也像普通人一样不善于思考,杂交水稻也不会靠近他.

反证法,论证更有力量.例如：

如果梭罗没有挣脱嘈杂城市的束缚,瓦尔登湖的涟漪也不会在他的心中荡漾;如果梭罗没有漫步湖畔清爽的阳光里,那么恬静的清明也不会属于他;如果梭罗倾向于那些为金钱而束缚的人们,他也不会拥有属于他的那些冷雨.

如果梭罗没有走进大自然他就不会有清新自然的文字;如果梭罗沉醉于纸醉金迷的城市生活,就不会感受到置身田园的欣慰;如果梭罗没有在烈日当空晒下辛勤地劳作,猛烈的暴风雨将不会是最好的伴侣,使他充实,他的耳朵就听不到美好的音乐.

如果贝利没有在生活中时时刻刻保持着清醒,他不会成为备受世人注目的球王;如果没有在球场上时刻保持着清醒,他也不会多次捧起“大力神”杯;如果在人们的赞美声中贝利不是每分钟都时刻保持着清醒,那么他的后代就会真的忘记了如何在困难中奋起,在贫困中胜利.

4、类比法

这种方法是将一类事物的某些相同方面进行比较,运用类比推理形式进行论证.例如,下面这段文字,就是类比论证,用了“农夫与蛇的故事”类比,证明“不要说你是好心”的观点：

不要说你是好心,当你暴虎冯河、黔驴技穷之时.农夫与蛇的故事众人皆知：好心的农夫看到被冰冻住、奄奄一息的蛇,便用温暖的胸怀融化冰雪,蛇苏醒了,却反咬农夫一口,农夫赔上了自己的生命.故事告诉我们,不要去拯救那些难以拯救的小人.可在我看来,这也是农夫自不量力的表现,总以为自己可以拯救别人并不让自己受伤.现实生活中此类事情屡屡皆是,不知有多少人以为自己可以赤手空拳地救出那些溺水、跳楼之人,却因为缺乏工具及技巧而害死别人,甚至自己也赔上一条命.这种“好心”,难道会被接受吗?

再如：

最后谈谈练基本功的问题.基本功对拿笔杆子的人很重要,不练是不行的.俗话说：“拳不离手,曲不离口”,绘画的人常画,唱歌的人常唱,而搞文字的人怎么可以几个月不写东西呢?……

这里,写作、绘画、歌唱可以类比,因为这些都属于文艺创作的范围,有相同的本质属性.

5、对比法

对比,是将论据中截然相反的两种情况进行比较.因为比较的双方形成鲜明的对照,互为衬托,所以,这种方法特别能突出一方面的性质,具有很强的论证力量,因而,用得也很普遍.

对比有两种情况：一种是“横比”,一种是“纵比”.“横比”是把同一时期的两种性质截然不同的事物进行比较.例如《变味的善良》的正反论证：

2008年奥运会是我们中国人的奥运,举国欢庆,气氛火热,圣火传递,同一世界,同一梦想.但是,不和谐的色彩也玷污了奥运火红的火炬、绿色的橄榄枝.据报道,8岁孩童用55天时间完成抵京“马拉松式”赛跑;10岁孩子捆绑双臂在激流中前行;8岁女孩在父亲陪同下步行3000多千米到达首都北京……这些行为引起中国甚至世界媒体的关注,其中不乏外国媒体以此对中国奥运的诋毁.不实评论需全力抵制,但也不可否认,这是“畸形奥运热”.我们举办一个理性的奥运,就需要理性的行为作支撑.热情由火热的激情变为疯狂.

再如《赞牺牲精神》的正反对比：

太原工学院副教授栾弗,归国定居的年轻女科学家赵芬,上海生物制品研究所九旬老人徐良董,浙江省象山县无机轻体板材厂女青年郭秀莲与王竹平等人,为社会建设甘愿牺牲一时一已的利益直至个人生命.

可惜,现在有些人还缺少这种牺牲精神.他们脑子里装的不是党和人民的利益,而是个人眼前的“实惠”.不是吗?……这种极端利已者的人生观,和前面那种人相比,显得何等渺小,和我们今天的历史重任何等不相称?

“纵比”是把同一事物在不同时间的不同情况作比较.往往讲到一个地区,一个单位的发展形势,群众生活过去与现在的变化,使用的就是这种对比方法.

6、因果互证法

这是通过分析事理,揭示论点和论据之间的因果关系,来证明论点的一种论证方法.它可以用原因来证明作为论点的“结果”;以原因的必然性证实结果的必然性.例如《我于咖啡中看见》中的一段,是先果后因的关系：

我想,因了这生命的慷慨,我们必须尊严地活下去,就如同生命本身,尊重我们的存在.我凝视这白瓷杯中的咖啡,又想起这位终生在爱与死之间作茧自缚的天才——— 维吉妮亚•伍尔芙.她的灵魂有着深刻的思想与错乱.我恍若看见在春光明媚的苏格兰乡下,矢车菊香气的阳光铺满整个房屋,鹅毛笔与厚质纸张的摩擦,桌旁的咖啡轻袅地散发热气,她正写着《奥兰多》.我的嘴角轻轻扬起,这个天才一生传奇,终在疾病中死去,她说,生命的内核一片空荡荡,像一间房屋.抑或,在她品完咖啡的苦与甜之后,剩下的也不过是一只空杯子,这一生,死后也带不走任何东西.

再如《缤纷成就和谐》的因果论证,是先因后果：

千年之前,春秋战国的战乱年代里却上演了空前而惊世的文化盛宴,诸子百家的争鸣之声穿透史册、书卷,穿越时空仍然在耳畔掷地有声;千年之后,蔡元培先生的 “不以自己思想来束缚他人,亦不以他人之思想来束缚自己”这一名言震醒了求索中的多少中国人,而 “学术自由,兼容并包”的思想又延续至今,令人感佩.

所以,请尊重不同的看法,不同的选择,请用心去领会并呵护真正的和谐,各个民族的不同风俗习惯,请给予保护;各个地区的不同生活习性,请给予宽容;尊重商店里买不同饮料的人;尊重音像店里买古典音乐或是流行摇滚音乐的顾客……正是每个人的不同特性构成这变幻的多彩的大千世界,没有不同就没有真正的和谐.

由原因引出结果：“所以,请尊重不同的看法,不同的选择”.这就是因果论证.

7、比喻法

用比喻来说明道理的方法,可以叫做“喻证法”.这是运用类比推理形式进行论证的一种方法.

例如：

云朵则是天空的粉妆.清晨的云被染成鲜嫩的粉红,如初生的婴儿的脸颊,血色柔和.黄昏的云被镀上金橙色,如斑斑锈迹,闪耀着孤独岁月逝去的光辉.有一个成语叫做“白云苍狗”,天空每日便上演着一部《白云苍狗》的电影,观众有稚嫩的孩童,有迟暮的老人,他们从变幻莫测的云朵中,或找到了童年时品尝的甜蜜的棉花糖,或找到了童话故事里云的国度.

孟浩然诗曰：“微云淡河汉,疏雨滴梧桐.”天空的粉妆融化了,晶莹的雨水便落了下来.我们无法亲吻辽远的天空,却能亲吻到天空的眼泪——雨.点点滴滴的雨,愁煞过词人李清照,愁煞过贺铸：梅子黄时雨.我们坚硬却裂缝百出的心,被雨润泽,然后从心灵的旱地上长出一株新绿,从心灵的尘埃上开出一朵洁白.这柔弱的植物吸饱了天空的泪,在风中摇曳生长,离天空近了一点,又近了一点……(江苏卷满分作文《怀想天空》)

这两段文字文彩飞扬,联想丰富,给人以哲理的启迪和审美的雅趣.“亲吻天空的眼泪——雨”,显得何等多情,何等美妙!“离天空近了一点,又近了一点”,引发了多少遐思!

水.站在山顶,远远的小城环抱在水的怀里.“一条古时水,在我手心流”.我们都摊开手掌,让雨水在上面汇集.那些细小的沟渠刹那间就填满了,汇成小流,汇成溪,汇成江河,汇成大海,终成一片汪洋.我们都感动了,泪水也就势汇进手中的海里.你知道吗,站在这山上,我们看到了一片海,那是我们心中的海,比真正的海更加波涛汹涌,肆意汪洋.

风吹起来了.“风啊,你吹起来吧,摇动我呆滞的目光,成两条波光涟潋的溪流,我将以你的慈爱,重以手指,蘸着时间.”我已经忘却了这诗人的名字,却永远记得这诗.风吹起来了,带来远方的寒意,远方的歌,远方的希望. (湖南卷满分作文《诗意地生活》)

这两段文字从游历中对 “水”“风”的感受入手,巧妙地点出人应“永远诗意地歌唱,诗意地生活”的题意.写景非常细腻、形象,语言流畅、优美,读来给人美的享受.

(三)常见议论文格式提纲

1、标题(题目)

2、开头提出论点：简述材料,引出论点(启示、启迪、告诉我们、说明了、让我明白了等)

3、论证过程：设问句(或其他过渡句或过渡段)过渡,引出理由.(如“我们为什么认为… …,有如下三个方面的理由”)

4、论证过程：提出理由(分论点)(分论点间角度应不同,层次不能重复,证据或性质或时代或范围要有区别;证据要典型、精当,可举例、可比喻、可引用、可对比等;分论点间的结构可并列、可层进、可对照、可分总或总分、可综合运用多种结构形式)

其一… …(分论点、证据、分析、评议)

其二… …(分论点、证据、分析、评议)

其三… …(分论点、证据、分析、评议)

5、论证过程：可进行辩证分析(常用词：诚然… …但是… … /虽然… … 但是… … /固然… ….)

6、结尾：结论(解决问题,提出方法,照应开头等)

(四)议论文的“四字诀”

古往今来,文章无定法.古人曾说“文章千古事,得失寸心知”.那么文章有定法吗?实话说,文章确也无定法,古人说的“凤头、猪肚、豹尾”.凤头,就是用漂亮的文字开头;中间的内容可以尽可能的丰富,这就是猪肚;而豹尾则是用干净利索的文字结尾.但总结议论文的一般性规律,结合古人的成功经验,可以总结为四个字：起、承、转、合.

起：就是引题、入题.就是结合给的材料和题目,用极短的文字,迅速抓住主旨、中心,迅速入题.

承：就是结合观点、主题,进行分析、论证.承,就是承接,就是对论点进行延伸,进行思辩分析.

转：就是借助事例,进一步“转入”说理、说事,来进一步论证自己树立的观点、认识.用事实说话,最好用两个方面的材料,一是古今中外的事例,可以选取一个事例详写,也可以用概括的几个事例写.二是结合现实生活的事例来说理.总之,“转”就是结合“转入”“引入”的事例来论证自己的观点.

合：就是进行总结、拓展.可以用名人的话,或用整齐的句子结尾.

“起、承、转、合”的文字与段落到底怎样分配?

一般“起、合”文字可在100余字,各占一段.而“承、转”可用300—500字的文字,分别占3—5段即可.这是基本的要求,文字与段落可不拘于此.

议论文写作的基本要求：

1.一篇文章一定要有一个中心、主题,有自己的观点.

2.论述文重在“述”,记述、简述、评述、论述,重在说明道理.

3.一篇文章一定要扣准给的材料和题目,去选材、组材.

4.一篇文章要尽量地用例,当然也不是用例越多越好,可以在举例时分析、论证.

下文运用了“起、承、转、合”的形式.

[例文]

谈意气

“意气”一词在《现代汉语词典》中有这样一个义项：意志和气概,如意气风发.[是为起]

这义项曾被毛主席在《沁园春·长沙》中用过,原句为“书生意气,挥斥方遒”.也正是这书生意气让他成就了革命的胜利,建立了中华人民共和国,让他成为了永垂史册,青史留名的伟大领袖,这足见这“意气”二字如太极,生四象生万物. [是为承]

在棋盘拼杀,楚河汉界分明,我会一如既往想起楚王项羽与汉王刘邦.虞姬的自刎,乌骓的投江让更多的人倒向项羽,鸿门宴上的刘邦似乎只是小人,听听汉家小儿高唱“大风起兮云飞扬”便热血沸腾,可历史的车轮证明了刘邦比项羽更能成就一番大业.是他主张张骞扶着驼铃走向了大漠,是他让卫青挥动旌旗舞向了大漠的飞沙.[ 转一]

他们都是英雄,皆有意气,是意气二字所有义项不同,楚王的意气用事,与汉王的意气风发.

在汉朝的朝堂之上,说过汉王刘邦,我们便不能不谈韩信与司马迁.

“韩信点兵,多多益善”是我们再熟悉不过的成语.沙场点兵是何等的意气风发,可是我们依然记得他当年所受的胯下之辱.是何等的意志和气概让他压下心中的愤怒,成就今日的辉煌.

“大丈夫能屈能伸”是意气,是坚强的意志和气概.

“史家之绝唱,无韵之《离骚》”是鲁迅先生对《史记》的评价.如果当初司马迁没有坚强的意志,豁达的气概以受腐刑保存生命,我们就不可能到如今依旧轻哼着这无韵的《离骚》了.

这意气我们真的不可以小瞧. [转二]

作为女性,武则天绝对是我们的骄傲.作为历史上唯一的女皇帝,开创贞观启开元的辉煌盛世,何等的意气风发.她的意气让人折服,历史掌权的女性不在少数,可没有谁像她那般掀开那一道珠帘,穿上金灿灿的龙袍,君临天下.她的意气不止在此,更在于她留下的无字碑,让后人去评述她的功过.这个女人,真可谓将意气二字发挥到了极至. [转三]

古往今来,这意气一直在我们身边,从2003年杨利伟实现中国人的飞天梦,到2005年,费俊龙,聂海胜二人升空,中国的意气让世界为之折服.生命中,有太多人太多事的意气让我们感动.从生命的谷底登上艺术高峰的邰丽华,一个人,一匹马送信的邮递员王顺友,用瘦弱的肩膀担起家庭与抚养毫无血缘关系妹妹的洪战辉.这些平凡而伟大的人,处处都体现伟大的意气.

“太生两仪,两仪生四象,四象生万物”一如意气,造就了这个世界上许多的美好事物.[是为合]

(五)论据使用技巧

技巧一：设问与举例相结合

在议论文的写作中,使用论据要讲究方法.既讲究理论论据,又讲究事实论据,事实可以直观地再现情景.要注意设问与举例相结合.例如：

是爱迪生吧?他一手持蛋,一手持表,准备把蛋下锅煮五分钟,但是他心里想的是一桩发明,竟把表投在锅里,两眼钉着那个蛋.

是牛顿吧?专心做一项实验,忘了吃摆在桌上的一餐饭.有人故意戏弄他,把那一盘菜肴换为一盘吃剩的骨头.他饿极了,走过去吃,看到盘里的骨头叹口气说：“我真胡涂,我已经吃过了.”

这两件事其实都不能算是健忘,都是因为心有所旁鹜,心不在焉而已……

忘不一定是坏事.能主动地彻底地忘,需要上乘的功夫才办得到.孔子家语：“哀公问于孔子曰：‘寡人闻忘之甚者,徙而忘其妻,有诸?’孔子曰：‘此犹未甚者也,甚者乃忘其身’.”徙而忘其妻,不足为训,但是忘其身则颇有道行.人之大患在于有身,能忘其身即是到了忘我的境界.(梁实秋《健忘》)

技巧使用指导：文段围绕“健忘”这个主题,选取 “爱迪生”“牛顿”“白居易”三个事例说明“忘”的涵义、范围,围绕“忘其身即是到了忘我的境界”的观点,典型准确,很有说服力.用例先开头用设问,然后再用例分析,这是一种论证方式.

技巧二：同一事例,共同分析

用两个相同的事例,结合起来分析,就是一种论证方式.如果手头有两个以上的人物素材该怎样用呢?决不能只是简单的材料堆积,可以将几个论据用排比方式组合起来,相互补充,形成集团效应.例如：

冰心说：“成功的花儿,人们只惊羡它现时的美丽.当初它的芽儿浸透了奋斗的泪水,洒遍了牺牲的细雨.”如果遭遇挫折,仍能以奋斗的英姿与之对抗,那么这样的人生是辉煌的.当苏武被流放到北海时,北海的羊群咩咩地叫着,似在欢迎这位坚贞不屈的大汉臣子.这十几年的痛苦如果可以当作是一次挫折,那么这次挫折无疑是痛苦的,可是这位牧羊老人从未曾放大痛苦,于是十几年后,大汉的丹青上书写下了民族不屈的坚贞气节.昭君出走大漠,丝绸之路上又多了一串驼铃的丁冬声,“千载琵琶作胡语,分明怨恨曲中论”不应该是她真实心态的写照吧!如果不赂画师,终至出塞算是一次挫折,那么是挫折换来了汉匈两地人民的短暂安宁.

苏武和昭君的举动应该是对直面挫折、缩小痛苦的心理的诠释.人生只有走出来的美丽,没有等出来的辉煌,因此直面挫折,化解痛苦才是我们的最佳选择.(高考满分文《生命是一朵常开不败的花》)

技巧使用指导：“苏武被流放到北海”“昭君出走大漠”这两个事例,作者是如何联系在一起的?两个事例并列使用,相互支撑.本段的结构是：名言+两个事例+分析.以“直面挫折,化解痛苦”为中心,对两个人物所蕴含的精神进行深刻剖析,从而有力地突出了主题.

技巧三：运用对比,形成反差

在论证中,运用正面事例与反面事例相结合,就是正反对比.这样优与劣、好与坏、美与丑自然会鲜明突出.这种方法可以广泛运用于各种文章的写作中.例如：

贝多芬甩开了尘世的喧嚣,在音乐的国度里尽情跳跃;居里夫妇抛弃了名利的纷扰,在科学的世界中迈出了更深远的步伐;陶渊明忘却了世俗的黑暗,在自由的南山中悠然采菊……他们的人生轻松徜徉,嗅着人间的芬芳.而别里科夫被世俗束缚在套子里,葛朗台被金钱拖至了死神的身边,他们没有全力轻松地奔跑,最终被卷入世俗的浊流中…… (高考满分文《轻松起跑》)

技巧使用指导：把“贝多芬”“居里夫妇”“陶渊明”这些正面材料与“别里科夫”“葛朗台”这些反面材料,进行对比分析,一者是轻松的跑,一者是不轻松的跑,进行对比,其精神境界的高低、优劣显而易见,这就是文章的对比手法的妙处.

技巧四：增强理性,反复设问

议论文写作的首要任务是理性色彩浓郁,怎样才能达到呢?用设问.设问,可以针对事件,从事件的原因、本质与发展入手,运用假设思维、因果思维连续提出问题,进行讨论.设问的过程,也是分析的过程,也是理性展示的过程.例如：

苹果落地在我们看来是最寻常不过的事,苹果熟了掉下来砸着苹果树下的人也是司空见惯的,可苹果掉在牛顿头上却“砸”出了震惊世界的万有引力定律,“砸”出了奠定物理力学基础的三大力学定理,为科学事业的发展做出了卓越的贡献.你能说牛顿是因为比我们多了份机遇才有如此伟大的创造吗?假如曾经有苹果砸在你头上,会是怎样的结局呢?你是在抱怨今天真倒霉……

检讨书是一种常用的日常应用文，是犯了错误的个人或领导向当事人或组织写出的检讨错误、并保证绝不再犯的书信。小编整理了检讨书的格式与写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、含义

检讨书(也称认识)是犯了错误的个人或领导向当事人或组织写出的检讨错误、并保证绝不再犯的书信。检讨书是一种常用的日常应用文，检讨书的写作属于应用写作研究的范畴。

检讨书是指自己在学习或工作中出现了问题或过错，为了今后避免再出现此类事件的发生，要求自己以书面的形式，对出现的问题或过错作出的检讨。它一般包括出错问题、产生原因、改正措施或今后的打算。

二、检讨书的结构及写作方法

①标题。在头行正中写明 检讨书 字样即可;也有注明所犯错误范围或性质，如《关于违犯财经纪律的检讨书》。

②称谓。写明幢讨书呈报的组织、单位或个人。如 校党委 、 公司人事部 、 书记 等。

③正文。正文由三部分组成：所犯错误事实;对所犯错误的认识;改正错误的决心与措施。

④落款。写上检讨人的姓名或单位名称，落上年月日。

如何写检讨书

从古到今，从小到大，没写过检讨的人估计不多吧?一个人犯了错误，如果主宰他命运的人说： 你给我写份检讨! 不管口气有多严厉，对犯错者来说，肯定会求之不得，甚至感激涕零，因为检讨往往意味着可以大事化小、小事化了。如果连检讨都不用写，那问题可就真的严重了。

一份好的检讨，应该由五个部分组成。

一、简述所犯错误，并定性之。

这是对自己开的第一炮，一定要猛烈、响亮，不能不痛不痒。但切记，炮一定要往空中放，不可往实处打。聊天室里泡美眉是吧?那要这样检讨 我单身时代养成的积习未改，不是一个好男人 ，千万不能说 我只不过想换换口味 。

检讨书的结构及写作方法检讨书的结构及写作方法

二、描述犯错过程。

这部分内容一定要扎实、扎实、再扎实，新闻的五个W一个都不能少。但是一定不要漏掉一点，那就是在犯错过程中的心理活动。要凸现善与恶的搏斗，灵与肉的挣扎。搏斗得越惨烈，挣扎得越残酷，越能博得谅解和宽容。

三、剖析错误原因。

这是最见功力的部分，是决定一份检讨成败的关键。要彻底把自己打翻、砸烂、磨碎、煮熟，要揭开伤疤，触及灵魂，让杜鹃泣血，令岩石掉泪。这错误早期形成，长期发展，千里之堤毁于蚁穴，万里长城倒于自摸，百转千回不该这样走，千错万错不能这样错!当然不要忘了批判、控诉周围的环境 多么强大，多么沉重，多么凶险，多么肮脏!我本出淤泥而不染，奈何淤泥高过头;我本纯洁又无辜，奈何大家都有辜。看啊，这个人!瞧啊，这可怜的灵魂!

四、分析错误的影响，假设继续犯的后果。

错误严重，辜负期望，影响很坏，教训深刻，若不是领导及时指出、老师及时发现、父母及时提醒、女友及时察觉、有关部门及时介入，后果简直不堪设想! 不堪设想 这个词用得好啊!不但省下了许多笔墨，而且推脱了不少责任。所谓不堪设想，说白了就是谁都没工夫去想。

五、表一表决心。

这很简单，想想你平常是什么样子，反过来说一遍就行了。还要写一写你以后该怎么做就可以了.

范文

尊敬的各位领导：

本人昨天中午下班，吃完饭到宿舍里面睡觉，由于前天晚上没睡好，昨天上午一直有一种想睡觉的冲动，我知道上班是不能睡觉的，所以就用仅有的吃饭休息时间来补充一个前天晚上的睡眠，冲动的惩罚，一不小心睡过了，闹铃响了，而我貌似听不到，不知不觉睡到1点多，我很后悔前天不带销(钥)匙出去，搞了自己在门外等了两三个小时呢!

当我到了车间见了领导，听领导的一番话，我才知道事情的严重性，我不但自己做错事，而且还似乎带坏了别人，由于我个人的原因而导致多人的不舒服，由于我个人的错误，而始多人受迁连，在这里我(向)各位领导各位因为次(此)事受迁(牵)连的人说声对不起!我知道错了，一句对不起是解决不了问题的，所以从今以后我不会迟到早退，听从领导安排，不维护个人主义，上班认真对待，绝不忽悠上司，服从命令听从指挥，争取做一个优秀的公司员工。

在此，我深刻的检讨自己。

领导，对不起，我绝对不会在(再)让同样的事情第二次在我身上出现，请领导监督我。

检讨人：

x年x月x日

化虚为实，化意为象，这样的作文是怎么写的呢?以下是小编给大家带来化虚为实写作指导，以供参阅，希望对大家有所帮助。

化虚为实写作指导

话题设计:

以“传统”为话题，写一篇不少于800字的文章，题目自拟，文体自选，标题自拟，不得抄袭。

话题点拨:

话题的特点：

分析历年高考话题作文的话题都有一个共同的特点：话题意义理性抽象，意义虚拟。1999年的高考话题“假如记忆可以移植”，“记忆”是虚拟抽象无形的东西，将无形的东西“移植”，2000年的高考题“答案是丰富多彩的”，“答案”是一个理性抽象的概念，“丰富多彩”也只能从主观上去感知;2001年的话题“诚信”是一个理性抽象的概念;2002年的话题“心灵的选择”，“选择”是摸不着看不见的东西，在“选择”前加上“心灵”的限定，使这个题目更加的虚拟抽象;2003年的高考话题“感情的亲疏与对事物的认知”，是近年来话题作文中理性抽象最明显的一个;2004年湖北省高考话题“买镜”也是一个动作 ，话题理性抽象。笔者繁复地去分析历年高考话题作文话题的特点，是为了说明理性抽象、意义虚拟是近年高考命题的一种走向，因此，对这种话题作文的构思与写作过程进行深度研究，具有深刻的现实意义。

技法的选定：对于意义虚拟的话题，我们认为只有采用化大为小，化虚为实的方法。通过有形的载体去展示无形的话题，才可能迅速破译话题，锁定作文的立意走向，选定相应的作文题材迅速成文，这种于细微处见精神的文章才血肉丰满，感情真挚，给阅卷者言之有物的感觉，自然能够给作文较高的分数。

技法的实质：化虚为实这种技法应该说是中国千古文章的一大技法。反观中国的唐诗宋词以及现代许多经典散文，无一不是化大为小化抽象为具体的实际运用。古诗词中的“借景抒情”“借物寓理”，无论哪一种技法不是将抽象的感情道理化解为可见可感的有形之物，从诗句的有形中品出无形，也就是创作者化虚为实，评阅才能化实为虚。借实在的物象去解读作者的主观感情以及深奥的道理。李白的《静夜思》把一种虚拟抽象的思乡感情幻化为一幅幅具体可感的画面，“床前明月光，疑是地上霜，举头望明月，低头思故乡”，借月抒怀;朱熹把读书的乐趣这种抽象的东西幻化为有形的画面，好像人们观赏多彩的天空，“天光云影共徘徊”，把抽象的理趣形象化了;茅盾的抒情散文《白杨礼赞》，作者对北方军民的赞美之情借有形之物“白杨树”曲折地表达出来了。化大为小化虚为实，这种中国几千年的传统技法，在虚拟类话题作文写法上涣发了生机。创新不上对传统的否定，而是在传统基础上找到一种新的生长点。化虚为实在话题作文写法上有意向地运用，就可锁定作文构思的大体走向，提高作文构思的速度。

化解的基础：千古文章意为本，对于虚拟的话题，我们应该学会分析，找出话题所蕴含的道理，以及可以提炼出的中心，用一句话明确的表达出来，或者是陈述句，或者是判断句，肯定什么，否定什么，只有观点鲜明，话题作文才可能写得成功。如何把话题概括成一句话的观点呢?我们认为唯有细化量化的材料才可能定型话题内涵，从而迅速用一句话概括出围绕话题的立场鲜明的主题。

2003年的高考话题“感情的亲疏与对事物的认知”，初拿起这个话题，似乎有些突兀茫然，然而只要抓装感情的亲疏”这些限定的部分，在自己的知识积累，生活积淀中找到相关的解读材料，譬如“情人眼里出西施”、“月是故乡明”、“感时花溅泪”、“任人唯亲”，从这些名句中我们就可以迅速破译话题密码， 解 读话题内容：“感情的亲疏对事物的认知有影响”，或者“不能让感情的亲疏蒙 着我们认知的眼睛”，从突兀和茫然中走向明朗与坚定。只有观点鲜明正确， 我们才可能化虚为实，搜寻一个个具体的材料支撑自己的观点。

化解的技法：把抽象的话题化解成可以加工成产品的原材料，也就是化虚为实的具体过程。

笔者以为在围绕话题所确定的观点鲜明之后，应该从如下几个大的方向去思考：走进人群;走进自然;走进社会;走进历史;走进文化;走进名言等方面去搜寻可以加工成产品的原材料，这些大的思考方面就可以说是话题的一级化解。在仔细琢磨这些大的思考方面的基础上，慎重地权衡哪一方面自己最熟悉，对话题的理解最深刻，我们便从哪一个方面去入手选择并组织材料，并不是要求写每一篇文章应该把这些方向都写到，也许从一个方面思考更容易把文章写得深刻透彻。譬如2003年的优秀作文《情感—认知—文化》与《我爱唐装》，从标题便可看到作文是从文化的角度去写作，角度小而新，这便是话题作文写作的化解，而我们中的许多作者八面出击，没有清晰的写作构思走向，往往导致文章隔靴搔痒，写得不深不透。

话题的分析:“传统”是一个理性抽象的话题，我们选用这样的题目，让学生具体地写作演练，便可让学生把这种方法学到手，以便在高考考场上灵活运用。艰苦朴素是传统，勤俭节约是传统，爱国主义是传统，尊老爱幼是传统，这些都是应该倡导的优秀传统，当然，并不是说传统的东西都是优秀的东西，还有许多不良的传统要摈弃。对于这样理性抽象的话题，我们只有引导学生化虚为实，化大为小，把其化解成一个个可以加工成产品的原材料，才可能把其方便地引进作文中。从而，文章构思的意向性强，构思速度快;从另一个方面讲，这样写出来的文章往往能够让人感觉其角度小，主题深，思维新。

化虚为实写作训练

[文题]

生活是美好的，人生是精彩的。仔细观察生活，认真体验生活，你能发现精彩无处不在， 它使人感动，给人启发，让人久久不能忘怀。

请以“精彩”为话题目写一篇800字左右的文章。

[写作指导]

这道话题作文几乎没有设置审题障碍，话题的内容和范畴比较宽泛，只要和“精彩”相关或相近的内容都可以写，可以写人生、自然、社会。对于我们的眼睛而言，不是缺少素材，而是缺少发现。只要我们仔细观察，用心体会，我们常常可以在生活的小事中，发现大的道理;在人们不经意的举动中，发现感人至深的真情。

人的情感、情绪总要受到客观环境的影响，并受到偶发事件的牵动和制约。明白这一点，我们来写“精彩”话题作文，首先就要调动生活积累，回忆起曾经让我们感动的人或事，情或景，并选取其中内蕴丰富，值得反复咀嚼、玩味的材料组织到文章里来。

从内容上说，本题可写伟人壮举，也可写凡人小事。写作应着眼于“化大为小”“化虚为实”技法的运用。比如写：

花开的精彩——一日，看见花开。是一颗墨绿的多刺的仙人球。早在两年之前，因为我曾被它的刺所刺痛，我将它置之窗外，不再理睬。更没曾注意过它何时出芽，何时孕育花开。只是那一日母亲突然告诉我：“仙人球开花了。”我惊诧地去看。一枝长长的茎伸出了浓墨色的表面，擎举着世界上最美的珍异，那是一朵如银如雪的花，有着世界上最娇媚的的花瓣，簇拥着一丛灿烂如金的淡黄色花蕊，仿佛是一只水晶打造的喇叭。

落日的精彩——夕日欲颓，酡红如醉，渐渐铺开，化去。天边的几丝薄云，随之点点浸染，向四边漫开。蓝天刹时映上了片片醉红，蔓延，扩散，半边天被渲染上淡淡的红晕，清远，诱人。江面点点金光，沉鳞竞跃。红彤彤的江水泛着涟漪，星星点点。远处几叶小舟，也被染上撩人心扉的酡红。风起，鳞鳞波光绚烂耀眼。而那丝丝的风，也似泛着梅红，暖暖的拂过面颊，水水的，滋润起我龟裂的心田。

生命的精彩——当汶川县映秀镇的群众徒手搬开垮塌的镇小学教学楼的一角时，被眼前的一幕惊呆了：一名男子跪仆在废墟上，双臂紧紧搂着两个孩子，像一只展翅欲飞的雄鹰。两个孩子还活着，而“雄鹰”已经气绝!由于紧抱孩子的手臂已经僵硬，救援人员只得含泪将之锯掉才把孩子救出。这名男子是该校29岁的老师张米亚。“摘下我的翅膀，送给你飞翔。”多才多艺、最爱唱歌的张米亚老师用生命诠释了这句歌词，用血肉之躯为他的学生牢牢把守住了生命之门。

化虚为实写作点评

[话题亮相]

阅读下面的文字，根据后面的要求作文。

在巴勒斯坦，约旦河流人伽里里海，海里有鱼儿游弋，人们在河边居住，鸟类在茂密的枝叶间筑巢，每种生物都因这个海而幸福。

约旦河流入另一个海。这里没有鱼儿欢跃，没有树木，没有鸟类，也没有儿童的欢笑。

这两个海彼此相临，又为何如此不同?

原来伽里里海接受约旦河，但决不把持不放，每流人一滴水，就有另一滴水流出，接受与给予同在。另一个海则精明得厉害，它吝啬地收藏每一笔收入，决不向慷慨的冲动让步，每滴水它都只进不出。

伽里里海乐善好施，生气勃勃。另外那个则从不付出，它就是死海。

巴勒斯坦有两个海，世上有两种人。

请以“接受和付出”为话题，写一篇作文。

要求：所写内容必须在话题范围以内。文体自选，立意自定，题目自拟。不得抄袭。不少于600字。

[话题解析]

写这个话题作文，首先，也是最重要的一点就是要注意审题。“接受与付出”是一对相反相对的概念，命题者把它们集中到一个话题里，用意就是要我们通过恰当的方式把二者有机勾连起来。比如，通过一分为二的分析，辨明那些时候、那些事物可以接受，那些时候、那些东西应该付出;通过写二者的互相转化，揭示出一定的哲理;通过质疑传统观点，提出新的见解，等等。由于材料的指向性很鲜明，强调应该“付出”，可能会有同学把文章的立意锁定于此。这样的文章，如果能将“付出”和“接受”进行比较也算扣题。但是，如果只字不提“接受”，那就是片面地理解了话题，不符合要求了。

“接受与付出”是一个抽象的概念。写作的策略应是“化大为小”“化虚为实”。可以通过生活中的具体故事或场景来表现对话题意义的理解。比如写自己学习滑冰，付出了摔倒甚至受伤后，接受了成功;写练习游泳，付出了呛水和疲惫后，成为了运动的健将。比如写蛹之化蝶、蝉之脱壳、雏鹰学飞，付出了艰辛和痛苦，却接受了新生，等等。

话题作文的话题不是作文的题目，只是所给的写作范围，不宜直接用话题做文章的标题。这个话题作文的题材广泛，形式也是自由的，可以写成记叙文、散文、议论文，甚至寓言、童话、短剧等。可以选择自己擅长的文体进行写作，充分发挥自己的写作特长，淋漓尽致地展现自己的才华与个性。当然，要使作文出彩，还要掌握拟题技巧，巧妙安排结构，综合运用多种表达方式等。

[借鉴例文]

我接受，我付出，所以我幸福

自小我就认为喝牛奶是一种骇人的举动，因为不能与牛宝宝争一个妈妈;自小我就喜欢听奶奶心满意足地给我讲故事，看那太阳把金灿灿的光芒洒向大地……爸爸妈妈都说我是幸福。是我幸福，还是妈幸福?奶奶说是所有人的幸福。

当我学会采石榴花当伞，学会拎水浇花时，妈妈就对我说，我拿着的是自然赋予的，拎水浇花是我送给大自然的。当我幻想自己在楼兰古城的大街上享受古朴，在西山醉饮落日，在威武的虎门追随林则徐销毁鸦pian时，妈妈就笑了，说，我想的是书赋予的，而思的是我送给书的……

就这样，我知道了接受和付出。

徜徉在生活中，我像一条游鱼，周围的水草很多。面对一个笑容，我会欣然接受，然后再回付一个笑容;面对一次问候，我会坦然接受，然后说一声谢谢。渐渐地，接受与付出成了我的习惯。不管是接受，还是付出，我觉得同样令人快乐……

就这样，我学会了接受与付出。

游到生活深处，人的心渐渐沉重起来，妈妈的话时时刻刻在耳边响起。不知不觉之中，为一些疲于利益的事付出了很多，像学习成绩，像获奖证书一类的事。看到妈妈爸爸每次拿到成绩单或者是荣誉证书时脸上的笑意，我终于明白奶奶那句话，我是所有人的幸福，这就是我接受爸妈给予的幸福之后，再付出赢来的幸福，真的，再辛苦也值得……

就这样，我理解了接受和付出。

如今，在考场上，我正在接受着考验，在这之前，我接受了父母爱的唠叨，老师期望的叮咛，现在，我有义务、有责任去付出，为我周围美好的一切而付出，因为我是所有人的幸福，幸福是所有人的。

【点评】

写“接受与付出”这样的话题作文，很多考生把它写成议论文，谈如何处理好两者之间的关系，强调接受的同时也必须付出。这样写是可以的，可实际上有的考生由于论据不充分，给人空洞说教之感;也有的考生居高临下，板起面孔训人，令人生厌。这篇文章可贵之处是，从自身经历、自我感受写起，真切自然，富有人情味道。文章中“就这样，我知道了接受和付出。”“就这样，我学会了接受与付出。”“就这样，我理解了接受和付出。”几个句子，揭示出自己思想认识过程。结尾写身在考场中的“我”正准备以自己的才智报答社会，幸福自己，也幸福所有人。全文很好地运用化虚为实，以小见大的表现手法，韵味无穷，具有很强的感染力。

人物描写，根据描写的对象，可以分为外貌描写、语言描写、动作描写、心理描写和细节描写。写人，可以直接写头发、画眼睛，使其栩栩如生，这叫直接描写；还可以通过间接的方法写人，如通过第三者的转述介绍某人，通过描写第三者来反衬某人，以写景状物来烘托某人等等。根据描写人物的详略，轻重、着墨的浓淡，我们还可以将人物描写归纳为白描、漫画式勾勒、浓墨重彩细描等等。

一、白描

文字简练单纯，不加渲染烘托。它没有浓烈色彩的描写，不借助比喻、比拟等修辞手法，也不用或少用形容词，依然描写出事物的形象。如：

“其时进来的是一个黑瘦的先生，八字须，戴着眼镜，挟着一叠大大小小的书。”（鲁迅《藤野先生》）

寥寥数语，就活化出一位生活俭朴、治学严谨的学者形象。

二、漫画式勾勒

即以夸张的手法、揶揄的口吻，将人物勾画成奇形怪状、荒诞陆离的形象，以表达嘲笑、憎恶、同情等思想感情。如：

“他倘若低头看，断然是看不到自己的脚尖的，中间隆起的那个部位，会把视线挡住。稀稀拉拉的花白头发，整齐地朝后梳拢着，蘸了水，没有一根错乱的。白皙皙的脸上，看不见一条皱纹，像刚出锅的馒头。由于胖，鼻子、眼睛就显得特别小；由于小，就显得格外精采有神。”

通过描写，塑造出“过滤嘴”的形象：老而胖，整洁考究，富态优裕，高人一等。在描写中渗透着作者的嘲笑。

三、浓墨重彩细描

即以生动、形象、传神的语言，多方位、多层次、多角度，细致全面地去刻画人物形象。如：

“……坐在南首的是一个瘦瘦的，五十上下的中国人；穿一件牙黄的长衫，嘴里咬着一支烟嘴，跟着那火光的一亮一亮，腾起一阵一阵烟雾。”

“他的面孔黄里带白，瘦得叫人担心，好像大病新愈的人，但是精神很好，没有一点颓唐的样子，头发约莫一寸长，显然好久没剪了，却一根一根精神抖擞地直竖着。胡须很打眼，好像浓墨写的隶体‘一’字。”

“黄里带白的脸，瘦得让人担心，头上直竖着寸把长的头发；牙黄羽纱的长衫；隶体‘一’字似的胡须；左手里捏着的一支黄色烟嘴，安烟的一头已经熏黑了。”（阿累《一面》）

这三处，作者通过全面而细致的描写，刻画出处于艰苦条件下的鲁迅的精神面貌，一位“越老越顽强”的伟大战士的形象，即赫然屹立在我们的面前。

人物描写的方法是很多的，每种方法各有千秋，同学们可以根据写作的需要，灵活地加以运用。

导语：小编提醒大家，要想把作文写好，要想在考研写作中得高分，平时一定得多阅读优秀的范文，特别是一些漂亮精彩的句型。同时也有必要掌握一些写作模式和技巧，不断地模仿练习，最后才能真正打造出高分作文。

一、命题依据

考研话题牵涉面广，包罗万象，变幻莫测。但从历年考研真题研究中可以发现写作基本上可粗略地划分为两大类话题：永恒话题(everlastingtopic)和热点话题(hotissue)。所谓永恒话题，是指那些不以时间和空间的转移为转移的话题。这类话题一般都是一些宏观的大话题，没有明显的时代印痕。如有关社会道德范畴的话题。另一大类是热点话题，即近几年或某一年特殊的社会现象， 媒体普遍报道过或公众普遍谈论的话题。如AdvertisementonTV(93)，温室的花朵经不起风雨(2003)等，所以，平时在生活和学习中留意类似话题的英文素材预以备战不妨是个好的办法。

二、写作技巧

1.精心构造全文的引言段

考研作文阅卷老师每天工作量很大，工作时间也较长，因此长时间批改水平参差不齐、质量高下不一的作文难免感到疲劳，厌倦，甚至气恼。据测试统计，一口气读完12 篇后才走神的人极少，定力惊人。因此，在考研写作三段制中，第一段最能吸引他们的目光和注意力，因为考研作文采用的是总体评分法(GlobalScoring)，作文评卷老师往往主要凭借第一段的总体印象打分。有人把文章的第一段说成是黄金段落，说老师就是在这一段中不断地“淘金”。这一说法是很有道理的，因此，作文要想得高分，一定要精心构造全文的第一段，最大限度地满足阅卷老师的期待心理，力争给他留下良好的第一印象。经验告诉我们，阅卷老师在看完文章的第一段后就已基本上给文章定了分数档次，即使在第二，第三段中发现文章中的其他一些美中不足之处，他也只是微调几分，总体分数还是比先定的档次低的文章要好得多。总之，引言段在全文三段中的重要性再怎么强调也不过分。如果要按重要性依次递减的顺序来排的话，那么应是引言在先，其次是结尾段，再次是拓展段。

2.制造语言的闪光点

“言之无文，行而不远”，同理语言干瘪平淡，让人看之面目可憎，读后味如嚼蜡。要想攫住阅卷老师匆匆的一瞥，留住他们的兴奋点，就非得在语言上猛下功夫，多制造些表达上的闪光点。语言是思维的外壳，语言的好坏直接影响到实际作文分数的高低。语言表达的亮点体现在小到一个词，短语大到一个句子中。高分作文往往是“锱铢必较”，几乎字字计较。很多人作文分数很低往往是因为用词面太窄。当然，词汇的积累是有个过程的。可惜的是，很多同学只能认词，却不能再现，更不用说写作时运用了。

3.避免中国式英语

母语为非英语的人学习英语时往往会将母语的思维和表达方式直接迁移到英语表达当中。中国人学英语时往往会受母语根深蒂固的影响，最易造出中国腔的英语。有人把“价格便宜”直接写成“The price is cheap”，把“这件事小菜一碟”说成“This is a small dish”，让人看后苦笑不得。因此要尽量摆脱中国试英语，方法看来只有一条：多看外国人写的文章，多多阅读。不难想象，阅卷老师如果在短短的二百字文章中到处看到Chinglish，他无法使自己对你文章的印象好起来。

4.尽量有路标词

路标词(signalword)又称衔接词(connectives)就像灯塔为在茫茫大海中航行的船只指引方向一样，它能突出文章的层次性和逻辑性。英语文章讲究启承转合。“启”就是开启观点：“承”就是接着话茬进一步发展论证或补充：“转”就是讲相反或对立的观点：“合”就是总结概括。一篇文章若没有路标词便会杂乱无章的乱堆在一起，给人凌乱没有条理的感觉。标志词或衔接词的作用绝对不可小觑。

此外，多种句型的交替使用，文章脉络层次的分明，论据的合理充分等在写作中都应引起足够的重视。

记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容，以叙述和描写为表达方式的文章。

以写人为主的记叙文，应该注意肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以及对细节的描写，考生应根据写作的要求，灵活掌握，突出重点。

以写事为主的记叙文，应该注意交待六要素(时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果)，应该注意描写先后顺序以及记事的相对完整，注意把握好事情的开始、发展、高潮及结局。

以与景为主的记叙文，应该注意景物的主要特征，景物描写的层次，以及人与物的情感交融。

记叙文写作要点如下：

1. 明确写作目的和叙述的中心思想，段落叙述始终围绕着主题而展开，避免空间的叙述和与主题无关的内容。

2. 一篇好叙述文需要直接或间接表达以下六个问题，即：when?该事发生的时间， where?该事发生的地点，who?人物角色是谁，what?发生的是什么事，why?该事发生的原因，以及how?事件的结果是如何造成的等等。

3. 一篇记叙文，无论长短如何都应该是一个完全独立的事实，因此，在下笔时必须明确：该从何处开始叙述，该在何处结束叙述，以及应该提供何种事实才能使叙述完整。

4. 写作顺序可以采用“顺叙”、“倒叙”和“穿插叙述”的方法，但初学者最好采用“顺叙”的方法进行训练，以情节发生时间的先后为序。

记叙文高考指引

记叙文是高考书面表达中比较常用的一种形式。

1)记叙文要写作者比较了解的人或事物。

2)仔细审题，看准题目要求，确定文章的主题。文章的内容、结构、层次及所用语言都应围绕主题进行。

3)具体详细地描述。要使文章有说服力，叙述就必须繁简疏密相间。详细具体的描写有助于读者对所叙述的人物或事件等有个深刻的印象。

4)写作时要避免句子单调、毫无花样。这就要求写作时长短句结合，注意衔接词的运用。

5)叙述要生动。要使文章叙述生动，具有吸引力，必须请注意词汇的选择，时态的运用以及上下文的一致问题。词语的运用应注意是否恰当、通顺、简洁和准确。时态的运用应注意上下文的相关性、连续性，要与表达的内容一致。

6)叙述的顺序。大多数情况下叙述都是按照事情的发展及时间的先后进行的，但有时也可以采用其它顺序，如倒叙、插叙等。

7)人称。一般说来，记叙文用第一人称或第三人称来叙述。用第一人称叙述的优点是：文章比较生动、形象，使读者有身临其境的感觉，因而加强了故事的真实感和感染力。其缺点是，描写的范围受到限制。一篇文章中，由于角色的变化，人称也要随之而变，但应注意前后一致性。

一、四级作文概述

四级作文是提纲作文，一般按提纲写出相应段落即可。在文章内容上无需追求高深新颖，切题合理便可落笔；在思路逻辑上则要求句意通顺，文字流畅；在文字表现上要求无语法错误，个别小错可忽略(如动介搭配，单词拼写等不涉及语法类小错)。另外，值得一提的是，在篇章结构上建议写三段，所以即便题目只给出两个提纲，最好在完成两个提纲后，再多补充一段，所补内容不限，但须跟话题相关。

二、四级作文例题分析

(1) The Shortage of Fresh Water

1. 目前淡水资源非常紧缺

2. 为什么会出现这种情况

3. 该如何解决

96年6月份曾考过此题，今天来看，似乎更有现实意义。这是一道负面社会现象题，那么挖掘其背后根源，并找出解决方案，就成为探讨的主要方面，而提纲也正是如此。三个提纲各属其类，界限清晰，直接按提纲写三段即可。段1为提出现象，确立研究对象。提纲1翻译后仅一句话，作为一段话则显内容单薄，字数匮乏，所以需进一步发挥。不妨从例证角度扩充，举例时即可基于国内现状，也可纵观全球，显然前者更易行。可从我国西南地区的生活缺水，水价上升，以及河流干涸等细节方面铺陈。段2是原因分析，建议分析主观原因和客观原因两方面。所谓主观原因即是基于人的思想意念，心理意识，行为动机以及行为举措，比如人们节约意识的淡漠或者人们误认为淡水取之不尽等不当想法。而客观原因则是从非人角度出发，如社会发展，人口激增，甚至污染的加剧等方面出发，这些因素均使得淡水消耗的增加。当然，考场上由于时间紧迫，无法细想，可能会写出的两个全是主观类或客观类的原因，其实也无妨，只要二者不同即可，谨防虽言明两原因，但实则彼此混淆，出现逻辑不清的窘况。段3是措施分析，措施可从官方措施和民众措施两方面写起，也可加入作为现代年轻人，我该如何约束自己，从生活中小事做起节约水资源等内容。总之，在内容上考生尽可发挥想象力，纵马驰骋，原则依旧：切题者皆可。

(2)Part-time Jobs for College Students

1.目前大学校园里很多学生业余时间做兼职

2.对于大学生是否该做兼职工作，人们看法不一

3.我的看法

这是一道校园话题，在内容上即涉及现象，又涉及观点，能很好地考察到学生的综合分析能力。提纲1依旧是现象提出，看到提纲1，大家脑海里会浮现很多熟悉的场景，如校园布告栏里张贴着的兼职广告，校园论坛上也经常发布的一些兼职信息等等，这些都可反映在段1中。所以当我们第一眼看到话题或提纲时，脑海中常常会浮现出相关场景，把这些画面定格，进行详细描绘即可，即自然又切题。当然，段1也可从学生的兼职渠道以及兼职类型等方面加以发挥。总之，提纲是总领，而符合总领的任何附属内容都可写。段2是人们对此学生兼职的不同看法，一正一反。切记在表达上述两类观点时，提出其相关论据。段3是提出作者本人看法。本人看法既可选择上述任一方(只要不极端)，也可提出与上述均异的第三类观点，对于极度偏激的正反方观点则需做一番调和与勾兑(这个一般很少见)。需要提醒的是，继提出己方观点后，还应补充其他内容，如论据；也可写我的下一步做法，甚至可写我所认为的大家对此问题所应采取的对策云云。

(3)Private Cars of Today

1.目前私家车越来多了

2.私家车为人们带来的益处和问题

这道题只有两个提纲，所以建议在完成提纲要求内容之后再补充一段相关内容，可以在提纲2之后续补段3(如举措类：如何合理地限制私家车的出行以减少废气排放等等)，也可在1，2之间插入一段(如原因分析，即为何私家车越来越多)。先来看提纲1，依然是事实陈述，看到提纲1，会很容易联想到马路上川流不息的过往车辆，以及高峰期令人沮丧的堵车，那么即可将这些内容付诸笔端。再看提纲2，是私家车给人们生活带来的影响，该事实是一中性事实，则需辩证地分析其影响的两面性，一方面它带来好处，如让人们的出行变得更自由更方便，另一方面它带来坏处，如排放废气，污染环境，或造成交通堵塞等等。

提高孩子的写作技巧，这好象是一个老大难问题，一直以来都困扰着众多的学生、老师和家长。大家都觉得，要提高写作的能力是一件很不容易的事。

国外的孩子一样有这方面的困扰，不少孩子也苦于不会写作。针对这个问题，教育专家詹妮弗-李提出了一些建议供大家参考。

给孩子准备一个安静、亲切的环境，作为写作的专用区域。当然这里面要具备一些必要的设备：书桌、字典、笔、一些纸，如果可能的话还可以准备一台电脑。这些准备不仅是必要的，同时还可以由此告诉你的孩子，你认为写作是一件有意义的、特别的活动。

孩子需要机会去尝试写各种各样类型的文章，而不是只盯着一种文体来练习。

你可以让孩子给他的好朋友写一封友好的信，给玩具公司写一封信提出自己的一点要求，或写一封邀请亲戚来吃饭的信。这样孩子可以看到自己写作真的取得了成果，就会对写作产生好感。

另外一个鼓励孩子写作的好办法，就是让他写日记。这种方法可以帮助孩子形成写作的个人风格。但你和孩子要约定好，别的家庭成员是否可以读他的日记。如果你答应孩子不看他的日记，那么就一定要保护他的隐私。

还有一个可以帮助提高孩子写作技巧的办法——电脑软件。现在有很多出色的软件，里面提供故事的开头、想象画以及段落结构的建议等内容，这些都可以激发孩子自己写作的愿望和灵感。

许多孩子都经历过写作的瓶颈状态——即脑子里一片空白，不知道写什么好的情况。比如孩子被要求写一个有创造性的故事，但他不能想出有什么有趣的东西可写。这时父母就可以帮助孩子了。可以给孩子一本笔记本，记下平时突然产生的奇特想法，家人开的玩笑，或者是描述一幅以前的具有纪念价值的相片。也可以让孩子从杂志中获得有用的点子。

一旦孩子决定了一个文章的主题，就应该让孩子先写一下草稿或是打一下腹稿。这样可以保证所有要写的重要细节都包括到文章里去了，并且可以调整文章的结构，你还可以就草稿跟孩子一起谈论，寻找最好的写法。在学校里，老师也用各种办法，帮助孩子在开始写文章之前，先组织好要写的内容。

家长还可以和孩子一起朗读不同文体的好作品，比如诗歌、小说、新闻故事甚至是一封有趣的信，只要是孩子会感兴趣的东西都可以。无论是大人还是孩子，在阅读了大量的好的作品之后，都会在写作上学到很多东西。

通过阅读，家长可以问孩子：“你喜欢什么样的作品?不喜欢什么样的作品?”“文章的作者能抓住读者的注意力吗?”“你觉得这个题目有意思吗?”这样可以提高孩子的兴趣。鼓励孩子认识到写作是一个不断发展的过程，写作水平也不是一成不变的，而是可以通过努力不断提高的。告诉孩子可以从对已有作品的改写、缩写、扩写中，开始自己的写作。

孩子需要在完成自己文章之后的一、两天，甚至更长时间以后，再回头看看。这样做可以让孩子用一种全新的眼光来看待自己的作品，发现其中的错误和被遗漏的细节。

一个作家在写作时要考虑，自己写的内容是否切题?所有的细节都包括进去了吗?描写太多会不会显得罗嗦?孩子虽然不是专业作家，但这些问题也需要想一想。

让孩子把自己完成的文章大声地读一遍，如果他自己不能发现其中的明显错误，那么就需要有人为他再读一遍，好让他自己意识到错在哪里。还要注意孩子在文章中有没有错别字。

爸爸妈妈还要为保持孩子的写作积极性做一些努力。比如在孩子犯错误的时候给他一些口头上的批评，但注意重点在为孩子指出错误，而不是教训他。还可以把孩子的好作品贴在墙上，让每一个来家里的人都能看见，这对孩子是一种奖励。这样孩子很快就可以体会到写作的重要和乐趣了。那么他的写作水平就自然会提高。

要熟练说理的艺术，必须懂得基本的论证方法，就事论理法的论证的方法。写作议论文如果不善说理，也就是不善论证 。所谓论证，就是运用典型的论据来阐明论点和证明论点的方法，可以说，论证方法运用 恰当，论点、论据之间的逻辑关系紧密，论文也就深刻有力，下面介绍一些常见的论 证方法。

所谓就事论理法，就是人们常说的用事例进行论证，通过对具体事例的分析，揭示其蕴含的 普遍意义。这种方法可以运用正面事例进行论证，也可以运用反面事例进行论证，如：

《小议“知错就改”》

廉颇与蔺相如的故事大家都知道吧！渑池会上，蔺相如立了功，回国后，赵王 任命他做上卿，位在廉颇之上。廉颇不服气，瞧不起蔺相如，还说要羞辱他。而蔺相如不予 理会，以国家大事为重。廉颇听说以后，觉得蔺相如很宽厚，就赤膊背着荆条亲自到他家请 罪。他们从此成了同生共死的朋友。这就是传颂千古的“将相和”。

蔺相如的宽宏大量暂且不说，廉颇的知错就改就很令人佩服。

人无完人，这是大家都相信的，每一个人都或多或少有一些小毛病和错误，但很多人的小 毛病和错误都没能改掉，理由是：改不了。有的人明知自己错了，却不想去改，也许 碍于面子，出于自尊心，也就将错就错了。这些人都没能像廉将军那样知错就改。难道廉将 军就没有自尊心吗？只要想改正错误，其它的因素就不重要了。只是人们没有意识到知错就 改的必要性。

千里之堤，毁于蚁穴。这已经是听得耳根都生茧子的一句话。如果开始有了蚂蚁，那怕是多 一些，能够被除去，那么也不至于千里之堤都毁了吧！人有错误和缺点没关系，只要下决心 去改正，那就会日臻完善的。如果不去改正，天长日久就会因一错再错而铸成大错，到那 时就悔之晚矣。

鲁迅先生小时候，有一次为了给母亲抓药上学迟到了，受到老师批评（老师是不知情的）。自 那天起，鲁迅再也没有迟到过，仍然天天去抓药，却总是早早的到书塾去。他当时并没因为 有理由，而且是正当理由便不去改正它。这也是知错就改的一个好例子。

总之，知错就改有利于自己的提高，要做到这一点，既容易也不容易，关键是看你怎样面对 人生，面对自己的过失。终身求善知美者必以闻过修身为大德；否则，诿过贻患，不但注定 成不了大事，还可能引来蚁穴溃堤的难堪。（孙楠）

在这个习作中，作者运用了将相和的故事和鲁迅先生小时候的故事这样两个正面典型事例 来证明“知错就改”的重要性。像前面我们提到的习作《坚持就是胜利》一文中，还运用 了反面的事例进行论证。这都是就事论理法的运用。

一、优化词汇输入教学，丰富词汇知识积累

词汇是一篇文章最基本的组 成要素。头脑中如果没有一定数量的、且处于鲜活状态的词汇，就无法写出好文章。要写出好的文章，就必须善于从众多的词语中选择和运用最恰当的词语。因此， 加强词汇教学、扩大和丰富学生的词汇量是提高学生写作能力的基础工作。克拉申的“语言输入假说模式”认为：正确和恰当的语言输入将会使语言学习的效果更 佳。

最佳语言输入的两个必要条件：

1)密切相关的

2)大量的。因此，将密切相关的常用词汇、习惯搭配适当集中教学，反复归纳、不断循环和强化是较好的词 汇输入方法，同时也保证了常用词汇在头脑中的鲜活状态，为写作输出提供可靠保障。

二、加强基础写作训练，活化基础知识积累

在学生写作过程中，我们 常常会发现许多学生的词汇量与运用能力不成正比的现象，写作中经常出现词汇贫乏和用词不当等问题。这种问题的出现实际上是学生获得的知识没有有效的活化。 配合词汇和句型教学，教师可以经常以所教学词汇为关键词拟定一些与时事或生活相关的话题，让学生用词、句做翻译练习，一段时间(4-5天)之后，再让学生 用这些词、句进行写作，多写多练以达到活化知识的目的。

三、广泛阅读，拓展知识积累

“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作 诗也会吟”。在大量的阅读过程中，可使学生开拓视野，拓展知识，增加语感，为写作提供必要的语言材料。写作和阅读是互相促进、相辅相成的。有些词汇和句 型，学生只是似曾相识，通过广泛的阅读能促使学生把这些东西运用得更熟练，表达得更准确。反过来，这也会有效地提高学生的阅读理解能力。

导语：语文作文近些年越来越受到学校、学生、家长的重视，无论是政策引导还是未来中高考中语文作文的分值占比，作文越来越成为孩子们需要练习的对象。下面是小编收集的一些人物描写的写作技巧，请同学们认真阅读!

作文，不论是记事还是写人，总离不开人物描写。人物在文章里一出现，就像演员出现在舞台上一样，首先映入观众眼帘的是外貌。因此，学会观察和描写人物外貌是写记叙文的一项不可忽视的基本功。

人物外貌不但指人的容貌、身材、衣着打扮，还指人的神情、姿态、声音等。把人物的这些特点具体地写下来，就是人物外貌描写。如下面例段：

太阳晒得墨黑的清瘦的脸上，有一对稍稍洼进去的大大的双眼皮儿眼睛;眉毛细而斜;黑里带黄的头发用花布条子扎两条短辫子;衣服都很旧;右裤脚上的一个破洞别一支别针;春夏秋三季都打赤脚，只有上山抓柴禾的时节，怕刺破脚板，才穿双鞋子，但一下山就脱了。

这里描写的是一位农村姑娘的外貌。用六个并列的分句描写了容貌和衣着，具体地写出了一个家庭穷苦、热爱劳动、性格倔强的农村小姑娘的形象。

要写好人物外貌，关键在于平时仔细观察。抓住人物的外貌特征，注意人物的身分，了解、熟悉他们的个性。还要留心他们的变化。具体来说：

第一，描写人物外貌要抓住人物外貌的特点。

如下列例段：

这是个三十来岁的年轻人。身穿军用棉大衣，脚穿高筒皮靴。高个子，方脸盘，长得很魁梧。下巴上有一颗黑痣，那双眼睛在黑暗中闪着亮，使人觉得粗犷又精明。

李云是一个机灵、陶气的孩子。他胖乎乎的脸上，长着一对调皮的大眼睛，眼帘忽闪忽闪的，那两颗像黑宝石似的大眼珠只要一转，鬼点子就来了。在他那黝黑的脸上，不论是那鼓鼓的腮帮，还是那薄薄的嘴唇，或者那微微翘起的小鼻尖，都使你感到滑稽逗人。

例段一，写的是一位三十来岁的青年人。作者抓住“身穿军人棉大衣”、“脚穿高统皮靴”、“高个子，方脸盘”、“眼睛闪亮”等外貌特点，写出了一个粗犷、精明的男子汉形象。例段二主要抓住孩子：调皮的大眼睛”、“鼓鼓的腮帮”、“翘起的小鼻尖”等相貌特点，把一个机灵、滑稽逗人的孩子写得活灵活现。上述两例告诉我们，写人物外貌，一定要抓住外貌的特征，这样，就不会出现“千人一面”的毛病。

第二，描写外貌要注意人物的身分，不能张冠李戴。

如下面例段，人物身分就非常鲜明。

我仔细端详着面前这位青年人。他戴着一顶篮色旅游帽，帽沿上有一行白字：“日本大学生旅游团”。身上穿一件黑灰色太空服，下身穿着牛仔裤，肩上背着一个黑色的旅游包。

这老汉，头上戴着一顶破草帽，露在帽沿外边的头发已经斑白了。肩上搭着一件灰不灰、黄不黄的褂子。整个脊背，又黑又亮，闪闪发光，好像涂上了一层油。下面的裤腿卷过膝盖，毛茸茸的小腿上，布满大大小小无数个筋疙瘩，被一条条高高鼓起的血管串连着。脚上没有穿鞋，脚板上的老皮怕有一指厚，……腰上插着旱烟袋，烟荷包搭拉在屁股上，像钟摆似的两边摆动着。

上面两段分别描写了两个不同身分的人物形象。例一写的是一个初次见面的陌生人，通过描写穿着打扮的特点，告诉人们他是一位日本来华旅游的大学生。例二侧重描写老汉的脊背肤色、小腿形态、赤脚、腰上插着旱烟袋等特点，生动描绘出了一位居住农村，饱经风霜、朴实健康的、典型的老农形象。

第三，描写外貌要注意人物内心感情的变化。

人总是生活在一定的环境中，在不同时期，不同情况下，年龄、经济地位、职业、心境、感情都在起一定的变化，这种变化必然会反映到人物的外表来。因此，写人物外貌，不能一成不变，要通过人物外貌的描写反映出人物的心内世界。

请看下面三个例段对同一位老人表情变化的描写：

除夕晚上，儿子、孙子都来到她身边，她满脸皱纹都舒展开了，就像盛开的菊花瓣，每根皱纹里都洋溢着笑意。

一天，她的老伴儿病倒了，她脸上珠网般的皱纹更深了，两道眉毛拧成的疙瘩锁到一块儿了。

她望着老伴儿的遗像，嘴唇微微抖动着，刀刻般的皱纹里，流淌着串串泪珠。

三个例段描写的是同一位老人面部表情的变化，却反映了三种不同的思想感情：例一表达了老人享受“天伦之乐”的幸福心情;例二反映了老人为老伴儿生病而着急发愁的心态;例三写出了老人伤心、悲痛的思想感情。由此说明，描写人物外貌，一定要注意人的内心的感情的变化。

第四，描写外貌，还要注意人物的性格特点。

人，各有各的性格，就是一对双胞胎，尽管长相一样，但性格和气质是不尽相同的。描写外貌的时候，就要注意“以形传神”地把人物的性格特点反映出来。如下面例段：

金豆才七岁，头发披散着，垂到脖子边，见人就羞得把头低下去，或者跑开了又悄悄地望着人，或者等你不知不觉时猛然叫一声来吓唬你。

她大概叫琅琅，穿一件红底白点小罩衣。凸额头、塌鼻梁，一头柔软的卷发。总是不声不响，像个静默的小哲学家似的。

女儿长得像她娘，眼睛长得尤其像。白眼珠鸭蛋清，黑眼珠棋子黑，定神时如清水，闪动时像星星。浑身上下，头是头，脚是脚。头发滑溜溜的，衣服格挣挣的。

上面三个例段都是写小女孩儿的相貌，但写出了各自不同的性格和气质。例段一侧重描写孩子的神态，突出了金豆怕羞但天真、活泼的性格;例段二先描写琅琅的长相轮廓，然后用比喻的手法写出她文静的特点;例段三着重描写眼睛。通过对眼睛色泽和眼睛神态的描写，表现了女孩聪明，纯真的内在气质。

参加高考的考生，绝大部分都已站到了成年人的行列中，有一定的生活经历，并有自己理性思维。在写高考作文时，如果仍然把自己幼儿园、小学一年级的故事等作为文章的主要素材，这就有点太幼稚了。同时也会使阅卷者感到你材料之匮乏、思维之枯竭。

规避策略：1.跟幼儿园、小学生活密切相关的事干脆不写。2.跟初中生活密切相关的事尽可能少写。3.写与高中生活密切相关的事时，也要避免使用小学生、初中生常用的一些天真、稚气的语言，要显示出高中生的沉稳与老练。4.写与家庭生活密切相关的事时，不能让人感受到宝宝气，应该让人感受到一种自以为已成人其实却不太成熟的学生气，如此写来颇具生活气息，也符合考生实际。

1、作者用小说的笔法去描写散文中的人物，个个生动形象，形神毕肖，对母亲的描写尤其出色。作者笔下的母亲是一位相当典型的贤妻良母，充满了“母心、佛心”。母亲没有文化、俭朴勤劳、灵性很强。她善良大度、充满美德、性格坚强。母亲的谆谆教诲、关爱呵护、劳心劳力以及一言一行，都是琦君写作的题材。有时，简单的几笔，人物就立起来了。例如：“到了喝春酒时，就开出来请大家尝尝。‘补气、健脾、明目的哟!’母亲总是得意地说。她又转向我说：‘但是你呀，就只能舔一指甲缝，小孩子喝多了会流鼻血，太补了。’其实我没等她说完，早已偷偷把手指头伸在杯子里好几回，已经不知舔了多少个指甲缝的八宝酒了。”在这里，母亲的慈爱温柔，孩子的活泼调皮，真是历历如在眼前。

2、琦君的散文不雕琢，不粉饰，文笔如行云流水，舒放自然，典雅隽永。她驾驭文字得心应手，善于营造隽永温馨的氛围。琦君的文字是经过千锤百炼之后成就出的精粹与平和，她写人物、抒情怀，就有了鲜明的宽厚从容和温柔蕴藉。

3、琦君认为：好的文章必须语语动人，字字珠玑。而要做到这一步，必须做到：

⑴ 平易;

⑵ 净化;

⑶ 蕴藉;

⑷ 真挚。

我们在《春酒》一文中即可以看到这些特征。琦君善于使用抒情与叙事并用的方式，在娓娓叙事的过程中让自己的感情自然流淌;琦君描绘人物鲜明细腻，亲友、长工、母亲都在她的笔下栩栩如生。尤其是母亲的宽容、善良、勤俭，在琦君温婉流畅款款细叙的笔下，得到了极为传神的刻画。

琦君就是用这样一种洗净铅华的笔调，絮絮地说着自己对童年、对故乡的无限眷恋。

比你成绩差的人未必处处比你差，他们之中也有你学习的地方，你必须分清什么样的是造成他们不如你的原因，就不要学。而提炼出来他们身上的精华。你可以找一本笔记本，把自己所有的写作练习都写在上面，你可以时不时翻看前面的写作练习，看看自己比之前有了哪些进步，也可以反省一下自己是否在同一个失误上跌倒多次。当然，如果你更喜欢用电脑打字的话，你可以把写作练习传到博客或者，尤其是后者，可以帮助你利用网站日历跟踪写作进度。上海初二学生找好的作文补习班|好的初中作文家教推荐思：指有的时候要想，做到低头看书，抬头思考，手在写题，脑在思考。做：在看的过程中，需要动手做的准备工作以及对课本后的练习题要进行尝试性的做一做。问答题答一答。

以上是关于学习方法的一般性的建议，它们对于各门功课都是适用的。但是，具体到不同的人、不同的课程，还应该结合实际情况摸索适宜的学习方法。比如，应该根据同的学科选择合适的学习方法。文科、理科的学习方法会不一样；同是文科，英语和历史、地理的学习方法也应该有所差异。上海初二学生找好的作文补习班|好的初中作文家教推荐亲自推导公式数学课程中有大量的公式，有的课本上有推导过程；有的课本上没有推导过程，只是把公式的-初形式写出来，然后说一句，“经推导可得”，就把结果式子写出来了。搞好了务学与求道的关系，是使自己永远更新知识，丰富自己的头脑的必要条件，也是不断保持-新、-适用于自己的学习方法的要点。坚持思考与学习同步发展代表着先进的学习方法的发展要求，代表着先进学习理论的前进方向，代表了掌握-广大知识的能力水平。务学与求道必须协调发展，二者要同步实施，同步发展。我建议高中同学们买一本牛津字典或朗文字典。一是查阅不懂的词，不光是看音标、注释，还要看例子；二是看英文注释，用英语解释英语，要比用汉语解释得更明确。如果你拿不准over和above的区别，看一下英文注释就很明白了，不信去试一下。有些学生虽能预习，但看起书来似走马观花，不动脑、不分析。这种预习一点也达不到效果。 发现自己知识上的薄弱环节，在上课前补上这部分的知识，不使它成为听课时的“拌脚石”。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

自然景物描写是指对季节、气候、风光、景物、地域等自然景物进行描写的方法。成功的自然景物描写对展现风土人情、衬托人物形象往往有重要作用。要使描写的景物逼真而有情趣,要注意以下几个方面:

首先，要抓住景物的特征。不同的景物有不同的特征，即使同一类景物，尽管具有共同的特征，但是也各有许多差异，要有重点地写。抓住景物的特征，关键在于作者细心的观察，并将观察所得铭记于心，才能笔墨传神。正所谓“静观默察,烂熟于心”。要求在观察中,善于抓住不同季节、不同时间、不同地区中景物呈现出的颜色、形态、声响、气味、等方面特有的变化,善于通过眼、耳、鼻等感官去观察、体会。这样，才能抓住景物的特征加以描写。如果抓不住景物的特点,泛泛地描写或者堆砌词藻、过分雕琢,就不能给读者留下鲜明深刻的印象。

其次，要选好观察点。观察点就是描写作者观察景物的立足点。观察任何景物，都要有个立足点。立足点可以固定，也可以变换。要根据表达的需要运用固定立足点和变换立足点观察景物,或远观、或近觑、或仰视、或俯瞰，做多角度、多侧面的描写。

再次，要安排好描写的顺序。写景物可以按方位写，如从内到外，或从外到内;从上往下，或从下往上;从左到右，或从右到左;从前至后，或从后至前;从近而远，或从远而近。也可以按整体和局部的关系写，或先写全景再描述局部，或先描述局部再描写全景。还可以按时间的顺序写，可以依据白天、黑夜或清晨、上午、中午、下午、傍晚、深夜的先后顺序来写，也有的按春、夏、秋、冬的季节变换顺序来写。

还有，要恰当的运用修辞手法。描写景物需要绘形、绘色、绘声，给人身临其境的感觉，这就需要尽可能选用那些生动形象的语言。古今中外著名作家成功的写景片断都是非常具体、形象的。这是为什么呢?其中之一是，许多作家不约而同地运用了比喻、拟人、夸张等修辞手法。准确、恰当地使用修辞手法有助于把景物写得具体、形象、真实感人。

另外，运用传说，状物绘景。状物写景要富有活力，运用传说也是一个重要途径。我们在描写景物时，插入一些故事逸闻、神话传说、典故名言、文史资料、民俗谚语，使景和物蒙上一层神奇的色彩，不仅能使文章内容丰富，而且能使文章情趣横生。

游记是对旅行进行记录的一种文体，现在也多指记录游览经历的文章，游记有带议论色彩的，有带科学色彩的，有带抒情色彩的。下面是小编整理的游记作文写作方法指导，欢迎阅读。

在节假日，小学生在父母和老的在节假日，小学生在父母和老师的带领下，到公园和游览区欣赏景物、陶冶性情。如果将游览时看到的景物，所听到的声音，所产生的联想，所获得的感受，按照一定的顺序，有重点、有感情地记录下来，就是一篇游记。写游记有如下一些要求。

(一)写游记必须写清游踪

要记住从什么地方到了什么地方，每个地方的名称，以及每个地方的方位。这样读者才能搞清楚你先到什么地方。后到什么地方，才能确定你所要描述的景物的具体位置以及它的特征，唤起读者对你所游览之处的神往之情。同时，也使文章福有条理，层次清晰。

(二)要留心观察

观察是写好游记的基础。游览时，不能走马观花，要仔细观察。所谓仔细观察，就是要看景物的形状、颜色、质地是怎样的，静态下什么样，动态下又是什么样，等等。只有这样，在写作时可选的材料才多，才便于把景物写具体、写出特点来。另外，在观察的时候，还要按一定的顺序，或由近及远，又远到近;或从上到下，从下到上;或从里到外，从外到里;或从中间到两边，从两边到中间;或从整体到局部，从局部到整体。按照这样顺序去观察，彩绘全面，描写时彩绘有条理。

(三)要做记录

学生游览的时候，看的东西多，去的地方也比较广，一时很难记住，就是当时记住了，过后也难免遗忘，不利于组织作文。为了避免这种情况，游览时要求学生带上笔和本，边观察、边记录，随看随记，就不会忘记了，写作文的时候还便于选择。另外，公园和修蓝区的有些景物带有介绍。

例如，辞经管是何时建造的，经历了哪些发展阶段，占地面积是多少，包含着怎样动人的故事和美丽的传说等等。这些资料很有可能成为学生作文时的宝贵材料，应该要学生记录下来。在游览之后，要求学生及时地把自己观察到的和记录的材料整理归类，看看哪些是属于作文需要的材料，哪些需要详写，哪些需要略写，做到心中有书，为下一步作文做好准备工作。可以要求学生按照下面的表格整理材料。

状物作文，是小学生作文训练中的一个重要项目。所谓状物，就是具体、形象地描写物体的特征、形态、色彩、质地等。这个物还应该包括动物、植物等类。由于不同的物有不同的特点，所以状物的方法也不一样。

[游记作文写作方法指导