浏览
840作文
425寒假假期计划英语
全文共 879 字
+ 加入清单How time flies. This term ends quickly and the winter holiday is coming. I make a general plan for it. Firstly, my teachers leave us some homework, so I must earnestly finish them on time.
I plan to finish them before the Spring Festival, and then I can enjoy the festival with all my heart. Secondly, I will spend some time with my friends. Generally, we study together but have little time to play.
During the holiday, we want to have fun together. Finally, I will visit my grandparents with my parents, and then we will spend the Spring Festival with them. I haven’t seen them for a long time. I miss them very much.
This is my winter holiday plan. What is yours?
时间过得真快!这个学期马上就要结束了,寒假即将开始。我制定了一个大概的寒假计划。首先,老师们给我们布置了寒假作业,所以我要先认真地按时完成作业。
我打算在春节前完成,这样我就可以全心全意过新年了。其次,我会抽些时间和我的朋友们待在一起。平时,我们一起学习但是很少有时间去玩。放假期间,我们想一起玩乐。最后,我会和爸爸妈妈去看爷爷奶奶,然后和他们一起过年。我有很长时间没见过他们了,很想念他们。
这就是我的寒假计划,你的寒假计划是什么呢?
更多相似作文
篇1:我未来的计划英语作文
全文共 449 字
+ 加入清单I decided to be a middle teacher after college. There are many reasons contribute to this decision.
Firstly, when I was a little/boy, I have been dreaming of being a teacher. It seemed so fascinate to me and I hope I can make my dream come true.
And, I like so much to be with middle school students. Most of the students at that age are full of youthful spirity and I am sure their passion would pass to me. I will retain all the zest of adolescence.
篇2:假期计划英语作文
全文共 780 字
+ 加入清单How’s it going? I’m Zhang Hua. I’m a student in No.1 middle school. I have been studying English for 4 years. And I can talk to a native speaker in English.
In the school, I always talk to my classmates in English. You know it’s good for my English speaking. Of course, I try to listen to the teacher carefully. After school, I often read some English magazines newspapers. Sometimes I learn some English songs. It can improve my English grades.
Except this way ,I hope I can try another way to improve my English. So I want to take part in the summer camp. So I want to ask you some questions. Could you tell me when the summer camp will start where the summer camp hold? Then I want to know how money I should pay for the summer camp? At last ,could you tell me some requirements?
篇3:假期旅行计划英语
全文共 2130 字
+ 加入清单Mom and dad said, to take me to the Grand Canyon in the eastern Chinese overseas Chinese city, the boring holiday at last have a trace of color, I am really happy. But my mother told me to make my own game plan, which could hurt my brain. I have never written this thing. What should I do?
Mother said, the schedule should have time, place, how to go, how to go back, how many buses to take, what items to play, what items to play, where to eat at noon, etc. So I went to the net to make my game plan, according to the * * * * statement.
First I went to the official website of the eastern Chinese overseas Chinese city. Wow, its really beautiful. Its just a picture. Theres a mountain with water and a leisurely cloud. But Im not moving for the picture, and clicking on a colorful playground sign. It was half past nine for him to open the door, so I wrote on the document: at half past eight, I went to the gate of the Grand Canyon. Then I saw that there were four theme parks in the Grand Canyon. I arranged what I did in the morning and what I did in the afternoon according to their switching time and activity level. For the afternoon the weather is hot, so I put the water park and forest fjord forest arranged in the afternoon, the ecological Canyon and the sea of clouds arranged in the morning and highland, can buy souvenirs and gather to eat at noon is the town of hayfield. But in order not to miss a fun thing, I also write down four items that can be played, and then I will not regret it.
I then Baidu map to search to the eastern overseas Chinese town to take several road car from my home, but this map is really dont give me a face, in the swing for a long time, is always wrong, I only have to search the Internet, also say, really found, so I dont understand I check the bus route on the Internet before can not find to take a few road cars to the things found on the map, since it seems to all the two methods to try out.
Though we havent gone to the Grand Canyon of the eastern overseas Chinese town, I believe we will have fun for this schedule. As the saying goes, "opportunity is for those who are prepared."
篇4:英语作文旅行计划
全文共 1965 字
+ 加入清单旅行计划英语作文50词一:Traveling to Dalian
Summer holidday is coming.I have a good plan for it.My best friend Tony who is from Britain will spend the holiday with mw.Tom is 17 years old ,he like China very much.One week ago,I wrote him a letter,inviting him to come to Dalian for the holidays.Tony has accepted my invitation and will fly to Dalian next week.I will go to the airport to pick him up.Then well show him around the city.Well go to the beach to watch the sea first.Then well visit some insteresing places.Tony will live in my house during the holiday.I hope well have a good time.
旅行计划英语作文50词二:My travel plans
Hello,everyone!My name is Sun Yumeng.I am ten years old.I have a-month holiday every summer.It starts in August. During this summer holidy,I went to Shan Xi by car with my parents.Shan Xi is a
beautiful place!There are many mountains ,trees and flowers.I like Shan Xi very much!
We had a good time in Shan Xi.
旅行计划英语作文50词三:My traveling plan
I hope to go on a trip to Beijing,but my mother always tells me "you cant".She thinks I am too young to go to Beijing,and I am too busy at school.This term is over,To my surprise,my mother will take me to Beijing.I am very excited!Then I have a traveing plan for this trip:firstly I will go to the tiananmen square,I will take many pictures,then I am going to the palace museum,I can see many old builds there.secondly,I am goingto the wangfujing street,we will buy many things,for example,foods,clothes and some books.then I will go home. I think I will have a great trip to Beijing.
旅行计划英语作文50词四:My travel plans
My travel plans are many, I tell you my favorite travel plan, is go to huang shan to play. First I by cable car to light top, on their way to see the beautiful scenery.
When I top down from the light is not choose by cable car, but choose to walk down the mountain. Because in the way I can enjoy the beautiful scenery, and streams than who run fast. Though very tired, but I can enjoy the beautiful scenery.
篇5:新学期的计划英语
全文共 477 字
+ 加入清单The new semester again, I graduated from is a step closer examination. Admitted to good schools, I developed a new semester program.
1. I want to finish my homework seriously.
2. in the face of the problem is not the time to ask the students or teachers.
3. do some exercises.
4. more than the weekend reviewing previously learned knowledge.
5. to practice speaking English.
6. spare time to read some books.
In the new semester I hope I get better results. Admitted to a good school.
篇6:高考英语作文:暑假计划
全文共 1001 字
+ 加入清单导语:忙绿的高考已经结束了,全国各地高考英语满分作文也相继出来了,下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文,欢迎阅读与借鉴,谢谢!
假定你是李华,暑假想去一家外贸公司兼职,已写好申请书和个人简历(resume)。给外教Mr Jenkins 写信,请她帮你修改所附材料的文字和格式(format)
注意:
1. 词数100左右;
2. 可以适当增加细节,已使行文连贯。
范文:Dear Ms Jenkins,
I am Li Hua, I am writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation and I also want you to do me a favor.
In order to get some practical experience, I am planning to take a part-time job in a foreign capital company. I have already finished my job application and personal resume. But this is the first time that I have written an application and the personals resume, so I don’t even know if there are something to pay attention to. So, I’m writing you the letter , hoping you can give me some help. I will be very grateful if you can help me.
Looking forward to your reply. And I’d be really thankful.
Yours,
Li Hua
【参考译文】
我是李华,我写信告诉你我的暑假计划,我也希望你帮我一个忙。
为了获得一些实际经验,我打算在一家外资公司做兼职工作。我已经完成了我的工作申请和个人简历。但这是我写的申请和个人简历的第一时间,我甚至不知道有什么要注意。所以,我写信给你,希望你能给我一些帮助。如果你能帮助我,我将非常感激。
期待你的回复。我真的很感激。
篇7:难忘的旅行英语作文
全文共 617 字
+ 加入清单Making a trip to Beidaihe on May 18 was an experience which I will never forget.
A arrived in Beidaihe at about 2 oclock,and immediately took a No.5 bus to the sea area.The beautiful blue sea was so large that I couldnt see the other side of it.After getting off the bus,I went straight to the shore.Taking off my shoes,I put my feet into the water.The water was cool,and walking in the water was such a great joy that I didnt want to stop.Then I collected shells.When it got dark,I sat on the shore,watching the sea.The night scene was simply marvelous!
Finally I had to go back.It was an unforgettable day in my life.
篇8:难忘的旅行英语作文
全文共 642 字
+ 加入清单I went Chong Qing in July 22.It is a city which was built near mountains. So people call it Mountain City. In Chong Qing,I went to the Red Stone Center, to see the places which the prisoners lived in the past. It is a terrible and awful trip. There are a lot of dogs, and soldiers with guns near the prisons. And most of the prisons are good, they didnt want to tell the bad people where the other people were. They lived in very small houses. No good food to eat, no good water to drink.They had only twenty minutes to stay out side per day but they still said nothing. I think they are the heros in that century. I will follow their spirit.
篇9:新学期计划英语
全文共 581 字
+ 加入清单I have made resolution, and I will try my best to improve my English as followings:
1. Do preparation and review, and listen carefully in class, take notes if necessary.
2. I will read more English books and learn more vocabulary at the same time.
3. By listening to English music and watching English movies, I could improve my listening ability.
4. With the help of dictionary, I will write diary in English once a month.
5. I will ask my teacher and classmates for help if there is any question and difficulty in studying English.
By this way, I could learn English better and better.
篇10:英语国培计划心得体会
全文共 9240 字
+ 加入清单学习策略指学生为了有效地学习和使用英语而采取的各种行动和步骤以及指导这些行动和步骤的信念。学习策略对提高学生的学习效果、养成学习习惯以及培养终身学习能力具有重要意义。
1. 关于学习策略的背景
自20世纪70年代以来,外语教学研究有一个重要的转向,即从研究教师如何教转向学生如何学。在过去很长一段时间里,外语教学研究主要是研究教师如何教,产生了各种各样的教学方法。但是经过很多年的实验,认为教学方法固然重要,但是我们更需要了解学生如何学。所以从20世纪70年代开始,很多专家开始关注学生如何学习的研究。
在这个研究领域的一个重要问题,就是关于学习策略的研究。因此,学习策略成为第二语言学习的研究,成为外语教学研究的一个重要领域。经过四十多年的研究和实践,学习策略的研究已经从理论走向实践。我们说从理论走向实践,主要是指在20世纪70年代和80年代,主要研究关于学习策略的一些基本理论,比如说什么是学习策略,哪些因素影响学习策略,学习策略是如何培养的,以及各种不同的语言学习者所采用的学习策略。其中最早的人研究关于优秀语言学习者采取的策略和其他的语言学习者采取的策略有哪些不同。经过一二十年的研究,到了20世纪90年代的时候,学习策略研究逐渐地走向实践。所谓走向实践就是指在课堂教学中如何渗透学习策略,如何培养学生的学习策略。在这个背景下,学习策略已经成为语言教学实践领域的一个不可或缺的领域。所以在过去的三十多年里面,学习策略已经成为外语课程设计、教材编写、课堂教学的一个重要方面。很多国家和地区的外语教学大纲,或者外语课程标准,都把学习策略列为主要的课程目标之一。就我们了解的情况来看,从20世纪90年代到现在,大约二十多年的时间里面,很多国家在做外语课程改革的过程中,在重新制定教学大纲和课程标准的过程中,都把学习策略列为一个重要的领域。当然有的叫学习策略,有的可能还叫学习方法,或者有的地方有其他的名称。就我知道在香港制定的英语教学大纲,副标题就是learning how to learn,这里就是说强调学会如何学习,也就是学生在学校期间,学会如何学习。这在一定意义上可能比学习具体的知识,发展具体的语言技能更加重要。所以各个国家都非常重视学习策略使用能力的培养,或者说更广泛一些,就是自主学习能力和终身学习能力的培养。
2. 学习策略是英语课程的重要目标
我们国家在2001年制定的英语课程标准也把学习策略列为五个主要的课程目标之一。应该说,在十年前我们把学习策略列为课程目标是一个非常正确的举措。在当时也引起了广泛的关注。经过十多年的实践,大家对学习策略的了解更多。广大一线教师在课堂上实践学习策略的实践情况也越来越好。但是还是有一些认识不清楚的地方。
我们为什么要把学习策略列为课程的目标?十年前我们就这么做了,老师们也有一定的认识。但是现在还有一些模糊的认识。在这里我们再简单地研究一下学习策略的意义和价值。第一,大量的研究已经证明,学生使用学习策略能有效地提高英语学习的效果。从20世纪70年代开始,我们就在研究语言学习者的策略。主要的研究领域是使用学习策略比不使用学习策略效果更好。研究已经表明,不管是初级语言学习者,中级学习者,还是高级学习者,他们使用学习策略都对语言能力的提高有极大的促进作用。不仅是在西方国家,在西方以外的国家,也做过这样的实验。我们国家虽然起步晚一些,但是从20世纪80年代以来也有大量的研究,也证明了使用学习策略能够提高学习效果。就我看到的研究成果来看,有小学的,有中学的,也有大学的,有青少年的,也有成年人的,这一条应该是不可怀疑的。第二个原因是培养学习策略有利于实现个性化学习。什么叫个性化学习呢?就是我们每一个学习者都有自己的特点,有自己的学习目标,有自己的学习方式,有自己的学习方法,这就是个性化学习。既然每个学生,或者每个学习者都有自己的特点,那么他们采用的学习策略也应该是不一样的。由于个性学习的需求,我们每个人需要找到适合自己特点的学习方式,学习策略也正是对此能够有所帮助。因为学习策略实际上是每一个人根据自己的需要采取的策略。虽然说每一个人的策略不太一样,但是总体来讲,学习策略还是有规律的。所以我们在课程标准里面,在教材里面渗透学习策略,也能够帮助学习者逐渐地发展个性,具有个性化特点的学习方式、学习方法。第三,发展学习策略有利于学生形成自主学习和终身学习的能力。我们现在的教育非常强调自主学习和终身学习的能力。比如说香港地区,它特别强调在学校期间,学生要学会如何学习。终身学习能力也好,自主学习能力也好,它都建立在一定的学习方式、学习方法、学习策略的基础上。我们掌握了学习策略,就可能实现自主学习。也就是说,学生在没有教师的指导和帮助下,能够独立地学习,有了独立学习能力,或者自主学习能力,那么才有可能培养终身学习能力。所谓终身学习能力,就是说学生离开学校之后,进入社会、走向工作之后,还要继续学习,就是我们通常所说的“活到老,学到老”。这三者之间是密切联系的。学习策略的培养有利于形成自主学习能力,自主学习能力有利于形成终身学习能力。
3. 学习策略的定义
那么,到底什么是学习策略呢?或者具体来讲,就英语学科而言,究竟什么是英语学习策略?这里让我们看一看英语课程标准的定义。义务教育英语课程标准对学习策略的定义是这样的:“学习策略是指学生为了有效地学习和使用英语而采取的各种行动和步骤以及指导这些行动和步骤的信念。”应该说这个定义是比较全面的。在现有的文献中,关于学习策略的定义很多,有的很简单,有的很复杂,有的具有比较强的学术味道,有的比较通俗。考虑到课程标准这个文件的特殊性,我们既要使这个定义科学全面,同时也易于老师们理解,所以我们给出这样一个定义。在这个定义里面,我们希望老师们把握几个关键词。首先,这个定义中的关键词是“学生”,因为策略是学生在学习和使用英语过程中的策略,而不是教师,也不是其他人,所以我们要注意学生。这与学生的自主学习、终身学习是相关的,与学生的背景是相关的。学习策略研究的来源是从研究教师如何教转向学生如何学。也就是说,学生如何学是我们关注的重点。学习策略也是以学生为主体的,虽然我们强调教师在学习过程中的作用,但是学习策略主要是学生使用的策略。第二个关键词是“有效地学习和使用英语”,这里面其实又关系到三个关键词,“有效”、“学习”和“使用”。“有效”是指我们采取学习策略以后,我们的效率会更高一些。“学习”和“使用”语言,这里除了学习语言,还包括使用语言。老师们要注意,我们一般认为先学完英语,再去使用。其实这有点儿片面,学英语的过程,也是使用英语的过程。英语课程标准特别强调,在学习英语过程中要使用语言,同时强调在使用英语的过程中学习语言。所以我们这里特意强调学习策略。虽然在术语上讲叫学习策略,但是实际上它包括的意思是学习英语和使用英语的策略。第三个关键词是“行动和步骤”。对这两个词怎么理解呢?行动,可以是比较大的行动,也可以是微观的行动,步骤往往是比较微观的具体的做法。比如说我为了完成某一个事情,要采取某一个行动,这个可能是一个短期的,也可能是个长期的行动。步骤,就是我们做某件事情具体的程序,先做什么,再做什么。比如我们在阅读过程中,遇到生单词,我们可能去查词典,那么这就是一个小的行动。查词典本身有可能涉及很多小的步骤。比如关于词典的选择,查词典过程中,是查一个词全面的意思和用法,还是有选择性地了解这个词的用法,这都是一些小的步骤。第四个关键词是“信念”。策略可能是学生采取的行动和步骤,但同时也是信念,所以这个定义的最后一部分是“以及指导这些行为和步骤的信念”。信念就是思想,就是学习者对语言学习的一些看法、认识。我们每个人做任何事情都是有一定的思想前提的。也就是说,我们有什么样的想法,就可能采取什么样的行动。传统意义上的教学方法,一般是不包括行动后边的信念。学习策略则包括这样的信念。比如说,我认为学英语就需要大量的阅读,这就是一种信念,那么在这种信念的指导下,可能采取一些步骤和行动。因此,学习策略既包括学习者采取的具体的行动和步骤,同时也包括这些行动和步骤背后的信念。这是一个基本的定义,希望老师们在研究学习策略的时候,注意把握这个定义中的这几个关键词。
也许有些老师会问,学习策略和学习方法有没有区别。我也注意到,有的文献,包括我们国内出版的有关新课程的文献也经常提到,有的还专门阐述学习策略与学习方法之间的区别。虽然大家觉得这个区别并不重要,但是有的老师还是比较关心。这里我们简单地做一个讨论。通常学习策略是指学习者对学习的认识以及为提高学习效果而采取的步骤和行动。策略的概念比方法的概念更加全面,涵盖的内容更为丰富。传统意义的学习方法,就是做事情的一些具体的方式方法,包括技巧。当然这个方法在我们中国人的心里是一个广义的概念。它可以包括很具体的做法,也可以包括一种大的方法。但是一般情况下我们还认为方法就是做事情的方式、方法,但不包括信念、思想。学习策略是应该包括思想和信念的。所以说学习策略这个术语应该是比学习方法涵盖的内容更多一些。我们的课程标准之所以没有采用“学习方法”这个术语,而采用“学习策略”这个术语,第一是希望这个术语能够涵盖更多的内容,第二个也是与国际现有的学术文献,以及其他各个国家课程改革相关的内容接轨。据我们了解的情况,很多国家和地区都采用了“学习策略”这个术语。第三,应该指出的是,传统意义的学习方法也都属于学习策略,但是有些学习策略则可能不属于方法。比如刚才提到的,学习英语需要大量阅读这就是个信念,是一个策略,那么这个信念恐怕就不能叫方法。
为了使各位老师更加清楚地理解方法和策略的区别,我们再举一些例子请大家来看一看。我给大家呈现的这些陈述,到底是方法呢,还是策略呢?
1.每天早晨朗读课文。
2.应该通过大量阅读来增加词汇量。
3.根据阶段学习情况调整学习计划。
4.注意寻求各种英语实践机会。
5.在英语角主动与人交谈。
6.学单词时想象单词代表的物体的形状。
7.注意收集各种英语资料。
8.把新学的单词抄在笔记本里。
“每天早晨朗读课文”这是一个策略,还是一个方法呢?显然,很多老师会说,我们觉得这个是策略,也是方法。因为按照现在策略的定义,所有的方法都可以叫做策略。“应该通过大量阅读来增加词汇量”,这个是传统意义的方法呢,还是我们现在说的学习策略呢?根据我们刚才的分析,这句话算一个信念或者算一个思想。因为它认为应该通过大量的阅读来提高词汇量,关键是这个陈述里面有一个“应该”这个词,这就是一种思想,那么这种思想是一个学习策略。它本身并不是一个做事情的方式、方法,但是这句话所表达的含义可能影响我们做事情,影响我们做事情的方式方法,所以可以说是一个策略。第三个“根据阶段学习情况调整学习计划”,这个肯定是策略,同时也可以说是方法。传统意义的学习方法也包括做计划、注意寻求各种英语实践机会,它是注意寻求机会,并不是说真正的用英语实践,它是一种思想、一种态度,所以我们认为这个是策略。还有“在英语角主动与人交谈”,这个和第四个非常接近,应该也是学习策略。第六个,“学单词时想象单词所代表的固体的形状”。我们学习苹果apple这个词的时候,同时想一想apple代表的具体的物体,比如说它的形状、颜色、味道等,这毫无疑问是传统意义的学习方法,也是学习策略。第七个,“注意收集各种英语资料”,这个和第四和第五个是一样的,对“注意收集各种资料”有两种理解。一种是自己经常收集学习资料,可以说是具体的行为,同时也可能说是一种态度,比如说我“注意”,文中的注意表示重视,这也是一种思想,也是一种理念,这个应该是学习策略。第八个,“把新学的单词抄在笔记本里”,这是我们大家非常熟悉的一个学习行为,毫无疑问是学习方法,同时也是学习策略,但是这是一个比较微观的学习策略。我们从刚才举的这八个例子可以看到,学习策略与学习方法非常接近,但也有一些细微的差异。总体来讲,策略涵盖的内容可能更多一些。
4. 学习策略的分类
英语学习策略分类是学习策略研究的一个重要领域,也是现在的一个难题。之所以是一个难题,是因为分类的标准是多样的,不同的标准就会导致不同的类别。这里我给大家介绍几个常用的分类标准和常用的分类框架。对事物进行分类能够增进我们对事物的理解。如果很多事物堆在一起不分类,杂乱无章,我们看不出它们的规律,或者规律看得不够清楚。所以我们经常要对事物进行分类。
首先根据策略与认知过程的关系进行分类,那么这个分类标准就是策略与认知过程的关系。什么叫认知过程呢,认知过程就是我们人类认知周围世界的过程。由于我们认知事物的过程是多种多样的,或者是变化的,那么我们采取的策略也是不一样的。根据这个标准,我们把学习策略分为四大类:
第一类是认知策略。什么叫认知策略,就是我们认知事物的过程中采取的策略,也就是说,当我们人类在认知一个事情的时候,采取的角度和方式。比如说,我为了更好地记住某个事物的形状,颜色特征等,用一个具体的方式来加深印象,这就是认知策略。第二类是元认知策略。当然元认知策略这个术语本身学术成分比较高,很多老师不太欣赏,所以我们在课程标准里面有意回避了这个术语。但是这里我们还希望老师们能够理解。所谓的“元”,就是在原来的基础之上,提高了一个层次,那么原认知就是对认知本身的认知。比如说有一个方法,我就让他们做,但是我不去思考这个方法本身的效果,以及方法本身的科学性。假如某一天,我们对这个方法的效果产生怀疑,我们反思这些方法的使用情况以及这一方法的使用效率,这就是元认知。换句话说,对认知本身的认知。又比如说通过阅读来提高词汇量,这既是一个认知过程,也是一个学习过程,那么这个过程本身怎么样,它的价值如何,这可能需要从另外一个层面进行认知。如果我认为通过大量的阅读提高词汇量是很科学的,这就是对这个行为本身的一个评价,这个评价就是一个认知。基于这样的认知,基于这样的语言认知的策略或者思想,就叫元认知策略。
在这里再举两个例子说明认知策略和元认知策略的区别。我们在学单词的时候,为了更好地记住这些词,或者了解、把握这些词的意思和用法,往往采取把单词按词性进行分类的策略,这个分类过程就是认知过程,这个策略就是认知策略。那么什么叫元认知策略呢?我认为把单词按词性进行分类有利于加深记忆,这就是元认知。把单词按词性分类是一个具体的做法,是一个思想,是一个认知策略,我们又对这个认知策略进行“认知”,通过观察、实验,我们认识到这样做有利于加深对单词的记忆,也许另外有人认为它不利于加深单词的记忆,甚至有人认为,这样分类不利于理解单词,这也是一种思想,这也是一种策略。对策略进行认知的策略这就是元认知策略。如果老师们对它们之间的差别理解得很含糊的话,问题也不太大,因为这个定义的区别主要在学术界,与我们一般老师解释关系不是很大。
第三个是情感策略。我们很多老师对这个策略比较陌生。情感策略是什么呢?就是在学习过程中调整、调控、控制自己情绪情感的策略。人有丰富的情绪情感,外语学习者在学习过程中有很多情绪,那么这些情绪有积极的,有消极的,它们直接或间接地影响学习过程。紧张、焦虑是情感,高兴、动机、兴趣等也是情感。这些情感是积极的。我们如何尽量保持积极的情感,尽量控制消极的情感,这就需要采取策略,这就是情感策略。
第四类叫交际策略。交际策略就是在使用语言过程中,为了提高交际的效果,为了克服交际困难而采取的策略。我们在学单词mood的时候,mood这个词本身表示情绪,四个字母,mood。有的学习者为了对这些词理解得更深刻,记忆得更深刻,在写这个词的时候,故意把中间这两个字母o,写成两个人脸的形状,一个是高兴的表情,一个是沮丧的表情,那么这两个表情就能代表这个单词部分的含义,mood情绪的变化。有的学生通过这样做,对这个词本身的含义就加深了理解,这就是一个情感策略。
第二种分类方法是根据策略里语言学习领域的关系进行分类。语言学习领域包括很多子领域,比如说语音学习、语法学习、听力训练、口语训练、阅读训练等,按照这个角度可以把学习策略分为以下这些类别:听力训练策略、口语训练策略、阅读理解策略、写作训练策略、语感学习策略、词汇学习策略等。
第三种分类方法是根据策略使用者进行分类。有初学者,中级学习者和高级学习者,有成功学习者和不太成功的学习者,如果根据学习策略使用对象的背景进行分类,可以分成成功学习者与不太成功者的学习策略。这实际上是学习策略研究最早的一种分类方式。因为当时较多地研究成功学习者学习策略,用于指导不太成功的学习者。还可以分成初级学习者与高级学习者的策略。初级学习者不一定从年龄角度分,可能是从语言学习的水平,或者是阶段来分的。显然初级学习者和高级学习者采用的策略是不一样的。当然学习者本身不存在高级和初级的问题,而是指他们的学习水平。
5. 学习策略使用能力的培养
学习策略使用能力的培训也是课程标准非常强调的。学习策略使用能力是后天发展的,不是天生的,它的发展需要学生自己努力,同时也需要教师的指导,还需要同伴的帮助。学习策略能力发展的过程也比较复杂。根据过去几十年的研究,有的学生可能发展得快一些,有的则很慢,有的发展得比较有效,有的虽然经过努力,仍然不能有效地成为学习策略。所以关于学习策略的培训就成为值得大家思考的问题。这里谈关于学习策略使用能力培养的几个关键问题。
第一,有些策略属于认识或意识,对于这样的策略,主要通过引导和潜移默化的方式进行训练。一个人做某件事情,他肯定是有一些思想的,我们把这个思想叫认识,或者叫意识。认识和意识是人主动形成的,而且不易在短时间内改变。认识和意识往往还是看不见、摸不着的。这类策略有:积极与其他同学合作、注意听教师的指令、表达时不怕犯错误、在交际中注意到中外交际习俗的差异、积极参与课内外英语学习活动、积极培养对英语的好奇心等。这一类策略的特点就是都有认识或者意识在里面,有一些可能是具体性的,但是大多数都是关于一种想法的。这类策略应该如何培训呢?应该是解释、引导、鼓励,所谓解释,就是让学生知识这些策略的价值、策略的内涵;引导就是鼓励学生朝这些方向努力,鼓励学生形成这种认识;鼓励学生去努力去尝试,鼓励学生在这些思想的指导下,采取具体的行动。
第二,有些策略属于学习习惯、学习方式、学习方法和学习技巧。对于这一类策略可以通过介绍、示范等方式,鼓励学生大胆尝试。因为这一类策略比较具体,老师可以示范,学生可以模仿,老师还可以观察。有些策略与语言技能的训练密切相关,那么这类策略最好与具体的语言学习活动结合起来。在某种意义上讲,听力策略、阅读策略是一种听力技能和阅读技能。比如说,在阅读过程中,根据上面的内容猜测词义就是一个策略。它既是一个学习策略,也是一个阅读技巧。这一类的策略最好和具体的语言教学活动结合起来。这类策略有积极尝试、使用所学英语及表达、对所学内容主动复习和练习、制订简单的英语学习计划、对所学内容能主动复习并加以整理和归纳、经常与教师和同学交流学习体会、必要时借助母语知识理解英语。这些都是一些具体的学习习惯和学习方式、学习技巧。对于这类方式技巧,我们采取什么样的策略培训呢?主要是介绍示范。首先要让学生知道有这样的策略,或者让不太成功的学习者知道成功学习者经常采用这些策略,这是解释介绍。同时我们要示范,可以当场示范。比如说制订学习计划时,可以把其他同学的学习计划进行展示介绍,还可以请一部分同学向其他同学介绍他们的学习经验,这也是示范。再比如说“有效地借助母语理解英语知识”,这个是我们很熟悉的策略,不用示范学生也会做。
第三类是与语言技能相关的策略。这类策略有,语言表达时利用手势、表情;想象单词代表的物体的形状、颜色、味道,比如我们学习一个词汇的时候,学习一个表达法的时候,我们在听别人讲话的时候,我们都可能去想一想,他说的这个事情是什么东西,大概是什么形状;还有根据提示猜测单词的意思,利用图片等信息理解阅读我听到的内容。这一类策略主要通过示范和介绍来培训。当然这种学习策略的培训是很一个很复杂的过程,不像我们讲得这样简单。
最后我们强调几点,如果教师在课堂中渗透学习策略的训练的时候,应该注意几个问题。第一,学生的学习策略并不是整齐划一的,也就是说所有的学生,都可能采取不同的学习策略。不要希望,也更不能要求学生采取整齐划一的学习策略。不同学习者使用的策略有差异。学习策略是有差异的,主要是不同学习者他们采用的方式各有不同。第二,在不同阶段形成和使用策略也不同。这一条当然也是容易理解的。小学生、中学生、大学生,他们用的策略肯定不一样。初级学习者和中级学习者,高级学习者用的策略也不一样。所以要注意阶段性。第三,有一些策略是逐渐形成的,从简单到复杂,逐渐提高,也就是说,这些策略可能在初级阶段就有,中级阶段也有,高级阶段还有,但是呢,在不同阶段它们的内涵不一样,使用的频率不一样,使用的环境不一样,使用的目的可能也不一样。这些策略要逐渐形成,学生使用这些策略的能力,也是逐步地提高的。比如说猜测词义,小学生也可能猜测词义,中学生也可能猜测词义,就是大学生,也需要在阅读过程中猜测词义。第四,在实际学习过程中,策略的使用情况受学习目的和学习内容的影响。也就是说,策略本身可能具有普遍性,但是在具体的某个学习阶段,某个学习环节,学生使用的策略取决于学习目的和学习内容。
6. 学习策略使用情况的评估
为什么谈这个问题?因为我们要进行学习策略培训,首先要了解学生使用策略的情况,学生使用学习策略之后,我们也要对学习它使用的效率来进行评估。对学习策略使用情况评估一般包括以下几个方面。
第一,观察学生在学习活动中的行为表现。相当一大部分学习策略首先是学生采取的行动和步骤,其次是学生的认识。行动和步骤是可以观察的。教师可以在课堂上完成,也可以在课后完成,也可以通过学生之间的相互观察,还可以学生自己通过观察来完成。当然学生自己不能看见自己,但是可以通过自己的反思的方法进行后观察。
第二,分析学生的作业。有人说通过作业怎么能看出学生的学习策略呢?首先,通过学生作业我们可以了解学生在哪些方面学得比较好,哪些方面需要改进。这就间接地反映了他的学习策略。当然这里的学生作业是广义的,并不只是学生写的一篇作文,或者做的一道书面练习题,而是学生在课外课内做的各种各样的事情的集合。
第三,以小组形式交流讨论。我们可以通过师生小范围的座谈交流,或通过学生之间的交流,让他们相互介绍最近采取了什么样的策略,效果如何,等等。这都是小组的交流讨论。
第四,问卷调查或者叫自评表。目前的学习策略评估主要是通过问卷调查和自评表。
篇11:一次火车旅行的初中英语作文
全文共 484 字
+ 加入清单Last year, I traveled to Beijing by train. I was very fast. But, I like travel by train, because I like the feeling in the train. Besides, I can enjoy the scenery on the way. However, after the journey last week, I dont want to travel by train anymore, because it is too tired to have fun. It took me sixteen hours on the train. I was very tired and I had to spend a day to have a good rest. And it was boring on the train. Therefore, I think it should not travel by train if its far.
篇12:大学生活计划英语作文
全文共 1766 字
+ 加入清单How to Live in Harmony with your Roommates?Everyone has his answer.In my opinion,to Live in Harmony with your Roommates,one should:
Firstly, keep the same pace with roommates. There are usually four people or more in a room. It’s better to have a unified schedule. To maintain the order of the life, everyone should coordinate and abide by the schedule to reduce the disputes.
Secondly, don’t make little “squads” in the dormitory. You should treat every person equally rather than discriminating or isolating someone. We object to establish deep friendship under the cost of sacrificing the friendship’s width and breadth. It’s important to keep balance in the dormitory.
Thirdly, dont invade your roommates privacy. Everyone has their own secrets and eccentricities. We should not search roommates privacy. If someone has clearly made a field private, they must have special sensitive to this field and any subject attempting to break into this field will not be appreciated by them.
Fourthly, participate in dormitory’s collective activities actively. The activities of the dormitory is not only a simple activity, but also a way to contact with each other to share feelings. Dont be naive to think collective activity as boring and useless action which wastes time and money, and showing a pair of disparaging appearance for company. In fact, its all emotional investment, and indispensable.
Fifth, provide help and ask for help. Good roommate relationships is based on mutual help. When roommates meet with difficulties, we should voluntarily help. That’s obvious. So, when we have some trouble, is it appropriate to ask help from roommates? The answer is yes. Because sometimes asking for help show that you trust your roommates, which can deepen your relationship.
篇13:去上海旅行计划英语
全文共 616 字
+ 加入清单Tom is a boy of st week,it was his first trip in Shanghai.Although he only traveled Shanghai for one day,but he was very happy at all.First,he played in Changfeng Park.He had photos with dolphins and seals.Then he visited Yu Garden.It is a traditional place.He bought many small articals.After that,he traveled the most highest building—Oriental Pearl Tower.It is also the most highest building in Asia.In the tower,he knew a lot of things of Shanghai.Finally,he looked at the magnificent Huang Pu River.Tom was so excited in Shanghai,he said that he wanted to visit Shanghai again becaust he liked this morden city.
篇14:关于旅行的中学英语作文
全文共 768 字
+ 加入清单About Travel
There is a saying that “You can either travel or read,but either your body or soul must be on the way.” With the improvement of living standards, more and more people have time and money to travel. During traveling, one can meet various people, make new friends and experience various lifestyles of different places.
Almost everyone has their own favorite place to travel because of specific reasons, such as the people, climate or scenery of that place, the influence of friends or some beautiful memories and so on.
Nowadays, people do not have to think much about transportation. People can travel by car or driving themsleves to near places, or by train, plane to far places.So, if you have a place want to travel, just go and relax yourself.
篇15:我的国庆计划英语作文
全文共 1391 字
+ 加入清单When National Day comes, I Feel so excited, it is not because I will have a vacation, but also I have many plans. I have made some plans for the vacation, I want to relax myself and find some interesting to do. I learn that there will be a lot of people going out, but I will choose some places that are less people to go, anyway, I have two plans on the seven days’ vacation.
当国庆节到来的时候,我感到很高兴,不仅仅是因为我将要有一个假期,而且我有很多计划。我已经为这个假期制定了一些计划,我想要放松自己,并找一些有趣的事情来做。我知道会有很多人出去玩,但是我会选择一些没那么多人的地方去,无论如何,我在七天的假期中有两个计划。
First, I will go to visit my grandparents. My grandparents live in the countryside, and it is the place where I grow up. I miss the place so much, I want to spend more time with my grandparents, they are a little old now. I also like to see the countryside’s scenery, the trees are so green and the water is so clean, I enjoy the time when I stay with my grandparents.
第一,我会去拜访我的外公和外婆。外公和外婆住在乡村,那也是我长大的地方。我很想念那里,我想要花多点时间和外公外婆在一起,他们现在有点上年纪了。我也想要看看乡村的景色,树很油绿,水很清澈,我很享受和外公外婆呆在一起的时光。
Second, I will join my friend’s wedding. I received my junior middle school classmate’s wedding note a week ago, I feel so happy for her, she asks me to be her bridesmaid, I feel it a honor to be her bridesmaid.
第二,我将会参加朋友的婚礼。我已经在一周前收到了初中同学的结婚通知,我为她感到高兴,她邀请我成为她的婚礼伴娘,我觉得这是很大的荣幸。
I can’t wait for my vacation now, I have bought the ticket to go home, it will be a wonderful holiday.
我已经等不及要放假了,我已经买了票回家,这将会是一个美好的假期。
篇16:我的周末计划英语作文
全文共 524 字
+ 加入清单Usually, I am free at the weekends, but sometimes I also have something to do.
This weekend, I will be busy, because at Saturday, I am going to read a magazine in the morning. Afternoon, I will go to the zoo with my grandparents.
On Sunday, I will go to the bookstore to buy some books for reading. Afternoon, I will go to the train school to learn Kongfu.
At night, I will stay at home and have a good rest.
翻译:
通常,我在周末很空闲,但有时我也有事情要做。这个周末,我将会很忙,因为在星期六,我打算在早上读一本杂志。下午,我将和我的祖父母一起去动物园。周日,我要去书店买一些书阅读。下午,我要去培训学校学习功夫。在晚上,我将呆在家里,好好休息。
篇17:小学四年级寒假计划英语作文
全文共 1768 字
+ 加入清单Winter comes again, this is my fifth winter vacation since elementary school. Holiday that day, the teacher a lot of homework on the blackboard. Due to the winter vacation homework more, need reasonable arrange time to complete, so I made a plan for the winter vacation to learn.
Im going to put the winter vacation homework math and Chinese winter vacation homework do three surfaces. And in the winter vacation reading a good book, "we good word", "detective conan" and the "the practical abstract upper and lower edition watch. About a day at about 20 minutes. Finished winter vacation homework in the morning and after reading the rest of the time free activities. This is I use my mothers mouth. His work is. To sleep for an hour at noon, afternoon to learn Kim seng. Learned after a hour to go to school in the computer computer application knowledge, reading a an article "love education", and say what comments after reading this article, what is the feeling, what to do in the future, and so on.
Before sleeping to delve into a really, read an English composition, ha ha, this is "language, number and the three-no" by mistake!
The above is my study plan, winter vacation? My winter vacation plan is good! Oh, by the way, I also want to help my parents do some housework, because in this way can make mom happy. After listening to my plan, is you happy?
寒假又来了,这是我上小学以来的第五个寒假。放假那天,老师在黑板上布置了许多作业。由于寒假作业比较多,需要合理的安排时间才能完成,所以我制订了一个寒假学习计划。
我准备把《数学寒假作业》和《语文寒假作业》各做3面。并在寒假里看一本好书,《好词好句大全》、《名侦探柯南》和那本《实用文摘上、下版》看完。大约一天看20分钟左右。上午做完寒假作业和课外阅读后剩下的时间自由活动。这可是我在妈妈的嘴里使用了我的“大舌头功”才争取来的。中午睡觉一个小时,下午去学金声。学完之后在电脑上学一个小时的电脑应用知识,读一篇《爱的教育》的一篇文章,并说说读完这篇文章有什么心得体会,有什么感受,今后应该怎么做等等。
睡觉前再钻研一道奥数题,读一篇英语作文,哈哈,这真是“语、数、英三不误”啊!
以上就是我的寒假学习计划,怎么样?我的寒假计划不错吧!哦,对了,我还要帮爸爸妈妈做一些家务,因为这样才能让妈妈开心。听完我的计划,你们是不是很开心呢?
篇18:大学生活计划英语作文
全文共 1198 字
+ 加入清单My new college life is going to start, so I cannot help feeling excited. How many times I have dreamed my beautiful and meaningful university life!
When my new life begins, I think the first thing I should do is to focus on my study. I will try my best to learn as many subjects as possible. Besides, I think I will take part in some school activities to improve my comprehensive ability, such as communication ability and so on. At the same time, I am supposed to join some student unions or clubs to make my life colorful.
I know there are many differences between high schools and universities, so I will change my study habits. In high schools, it is the times of teachers forcing students to study, but in universities, we should arrange all the things by ourselves, so I will study by myself. I will make study plans such as time schedule or something like that by myself.
Of course, I will practice myself to be more independent. Independence is a rather curtail ability for future development, so if there are any problems, I will do my best to solve it personally, and wont ask someone at first as before.
This is what I arrange for my new life, and hope it will start soon. I am ready for it!
篇19:假期独自旅行英语
全文共 2289 字
+ 加入清单I think there is no one would say “no” to travel. People love travel, for it can make them relax and widen their vision. Some people like to travel with friends, because they want to share the pleasure of traveling, and they think the journey will be much easier for they can take care of each other. While some people like to travel alone, they can go anywhere in anytime. They don’t have to care about what the partner’s idea. In my opinion, I’m much preferred to travel with friends, but I always have an urge to travel alone.
我想没有人会对旅行说“不”。人们喜欢旅游,因为旅游可以使他们放松并开阔视野。有些人喜欢和朋友一起旅行,因为他们想要分享旅游的乐趣,他们认为旅行会变得更容易,在旅程中将他们可以互相照顾。有些人喜欢独自旅行,他们可以在任何时候去任何地方。他们不必在乎对方的想法。在我看来,我更喜欢和朋友一起旅行,但我总是有一种冲动想独自旅行。
Firstly, I was told that travel alone can help people to grow up quickly, and that’s what I really need. If you travel alone, you have to do everything by yourself in the journey, for instance, to buy a ticket, to book hotel, and ask directions. That maybe just a small case for extrovert, but for introvert, like me, it’s really a big challenge. I remember the first time I go to travel with friends and my little brother, they did everything, and I just follow and had fun. I even too shame to check into a hotel, and my little brother did it for me. I was humiliated for that. So, travel alone could force introvert to do the things that you don’t dare to do. It could help you to build an outgoing personality. For extrovert, travel alone could enhance your ability to handle emergence case.
首先,有人告诉我独自旅行能帮助人们迅速长大,这才是我真正需要的。如果你独自一人旅行,你必须在旅途中,自己做所有的事情,比如,买机票,预订酒店,问路。这些对于外向的人也许只是小事,但对于性格内向的人,像我,就是一个非常大的挑战。我记得我第一次与朋友和我的小弟弟去旅行的时候,他们把所有的事情都做好,而我只是跟着并寻找乐趣。我甚至太害羞而不敢到酒店登记,结果是我的弟弟为我登记的。对于这一点我感到很羞愧。所以,独自旅行能强迫内向的人做你不敢做的事情。它可以帮助你形成外向的性格。对于外向的人,独自旅行能提高你处理紧急情况的能力。
Secondly, travel alone gives you peace of mind. Image that, you walking alone in the beach, there are no sounds of human beings, just burst of sound waves. You close your eyes, enjoy the moment, you will feel peace.
其次,独自旅行可以让你心情平静。想象一下你一个人独自走在沙滩上,那儿没有人类的声音,只有浪花的声音。闭上眼睛,享受这一刻,你会感觉到平静。
In short, travel alone could be loneliness and dangerous, especially for girls, but it’s worth having a try for the beautiful scene in the journey, it seems like all the things are just exist for you.
总之,独自旅行可能会有孤独和危险,特别是对女孩子,但为了旅途中美丽的景色是值得一试的,似乎所有的事物都只为你而存在。
篇20:寒假计划英语
全文共 785 字
+ 加入清单Oh! The winter vacation! I finally can easily play! Can I ~ is that should not be so to play alone. I decided, I want to make the plan of this years winter vacation, I after a few minutes to finish this years winter vacation plan for (my plan is every day, the first half, second half!) , my plan is as follows:
The first half: 1, to get up at 7:00 every day.
2, after get up to eat breakfast, eat breakfast watch TV for a while.
3, each homework do 5 pages (language, number, Britain)
4, taking a nap in 2 hours.
5, in the afternoon, watch a little TV.
6 on page 3, each work.
7, go out with friends to play.
8, is playing computer, watching TV in the evening.
9, 9 to go to bed.
After the first half, the same time as the winter vacation homework has been finished. The second half is relaxed.