高考英语写作高频词汇(热门20篇)

导语：当前的社会经常听到很多关于不负责任的事件发生，比如临时工……下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的以责任为话题的高考写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

只要你留心，你就能发现一个现象。很多人做事的时候大多是敷衍了事，不负责任。而且这种现象在社会上十分普遍。从媒体曝光的含瘦肉精的猪肉，到超市里出现的有毒的馒头。在这类事件中，相关的执法部门形同虚设，不能起到真正的监管作用。更有甚者，不但不去监管，还要同违法犯罪者狼狈为奸，共同作恶。这也是有目共睹了事实。

不负责任的根源在于责任不明确，监督不到位，没有严格的处罚标准。一切事情都是凭一时的冲动，而没有长效的机制。大家的事情，在做的过程中，没有人认真去做。在现实生活中，什么法都有，但什么法都是随着人为的掌控来不断地改变着，不是就事论事，更多的时候是就人论事。再加上监督的严重缺失，不负责任有时候比负责任的结果要好。在这种情形之下，大家在处理事情的时候，总是瞻前顾后，相互推诿。

从国家的机构设置来看，应该有的全有，一样不差，相比其它国家来说，还多的一套机构。正如一架机器一样，所有的零件都是齐备的。应该说这架机器是能够正常运转的，而且是和谐协调地工作着。理论上成立的事情，在具体的实践中未必就能行的通。有时候总是不尽人意。人应该是聪明的，对于自己所操控的机器，在了解其性能之后，应不断地改进其结构，使之更加合理，更加省时省力，效率更高。而有的人却在做事上不考虑效率，只注重形式。为了保持原来的模式不变，不但不对某些不起作用，有时甚至起反作用的部件采用剔除的方法，而是另外增添一些新的部件来使之保持正常的运转。其结果是机器的部件增多了，运转起来更加的复杂而且繁琐，伴随着问题也是层出不穷地出现着。这就是中国社会目前的困境。机构繁多而且重叠，效率低下，人浮于事的现象是比比皆是。其结果导致社会生活更多的是无序而且混乱。

当年三鹿奶粉出了问题，最后的结果是如日中天的三鹿企业倒闭了，成千上万的工人失业，许多经销商、奶农破产，许多儿童饱受病痛的折磨。三鹿的一些主要负责人以及制假、造假的个别人受到惩罚。政府中的相关人员也受到撤职、记过、警告等不同的处分。看上去政府的举动可谓是雷厉风行的，有一查到底，绝不姑息的意思。实际上是壮士断腕，不得不为之的无奈之举。最后也就不了了之了。如果深究下去的话，三鹿的问题不是三鹿自己做大的。而是政府失去了监管，在利益的驱动之下，有意无意地为企业的违法开了绿灯。政策的倾斜，监管的缺失，让三鹿走上了不归之路。相关地方的党委和政府是难辞其咎的。但最后，只是几个无关紧要的人物作了替罪羊，其它人物则相安无事。这也给更多的人提了个醒，只要不出问题，不出人命关天的大问题，一切都好说。谁出了事，不是因为他负不负责任的问题，而是他的运气好不好的问题。与责任无关的结果，就是更多的人不再负责任地做事情。

三鹿事件，让中国的形象在世界上受到重创。也为食品的安全敲响了警钟。而结果呢?问题不仅没有什么大的改观，反而是愈演愈烈。三鹿剩余的毒奶粉频繁地以各种名目出现，而且是屡禁不止。现在又是瘦肉精事件，让另一个知名的品牌企业双汇又陷入其中，损失惨重。实际上这瘦肉精的问题不是今天才发现的，早几年就有过报道，而且也做过处罚的。为什么那么多的地方监管部门在如此长的时间里就没有发现呢?这瘦肉精不比三聚氰胺，三聚氰胺是肉眼无法看出来的，同时也不是简单的仪器能测出来的。而这喂瘦肉精的猪就不一样，光凭肉眼就可以看出来的。可结果是那么多的检疫、检查人员竟然睁着眼睛却楞没发现，这是何等的咄咄怪事。再说上海超市里的有毒馒头，这么长的时间里，就没有人对馒头的质量进行过化验检查。食品检验部门到底是做什么的呢。难道只是为了罚款而设置的吗?

俗话说，出来混，迟早是要还回去的。食品的问题，生产企业是有过错的。但要是监管到位的话，出问题也只是个别现象，而不是整个行业。而现在要么不出问题，一旦出了问题，可就是整个行业里的大问题。要么企业倒闭，要么企业损失惨重，元气大伤。更主要的是让政府本来就已经很低的信任度更是丧失殆尽了。监管的缺失，监督的缺失，形成了在具体工作中，没有人去负责的情况出现。出了问题，造成的损失是大家的。真的出了问题，大不了找几个人承担下来，免职了事。等到风头过去，还可以东山再起。这是有很多先例可以加以证明的。

在各级政府的会议上，我们经常看到一个个领导是那样神采飞扬激情洋溢地做着各种各样的报告。在报告里，对每一件事的安排是那样的细致周到，有的时候连一个个细小的步骤都考虑到了。可实际上没有人去认真的执行过。这种只注重形式而不见有具体行动的行为，其恶劣的影响是无法估量的。最后的结果是政府工作人员不做具体事务，办事效率低下。很多单位在上班的时间找不到人。来上班的不是炒股就是上网玩游戏。

这个社会是大家的，工作也应该大家来做。不要去报怨每一个人。因为民众的不负责任，与政府是有关系的。首先要有一个负责任的政府，再去要求民众负起责任来。

某海滨游泳场从今年夏天起对外宾开放,请你根据下列内容为海滨游泳池(Swimming Pool)用英语写一份“游泳须知”(Swimming Rules)。(字数：100左右)。

1.游泳者不得越过红线;

2.所借的游泳衣、救生圈(life-buoy)、太阳伞(sunshade)、椅子不得损坏或带走;

3.不准乱扔废弃物,请放入垃圾桶;

4.下午6点前必须上岸;

5.不准在游泳区钓鱼。

游泳者必须遵守以上规定，违者处罚金(fine)5~200元。

【参考范文】

NOTICE

Swimming Rules

Swimmers are required to obey the following rules. Anyone who breaks the rules will be fined 5~200 yuan.

1.Nobody is allowed to swim beyond the red line.

2.Swimming suits, life buoys, sunshades and chairs borrowed from here are not to be destroyed or taken away.

3.Don’t throw waste things everywhere .Put them into the dustbins.

4.Swimmers must get out of water before 6 p.m.

5.Fishing is not allowed here.

写作是考研英语的第二大重头戏，仅次于阅读。但是这部分又经常被考生忽略，考前不动手，依赖临考模板，很难写出高分作文。那么，如何准备2018考研英语写作呢?一起来看下。

对于考研英语写作，最基本的要求是考前必须动笔写出35篇文章，其中十篇应用文，二十五篇图画作文。注意：动笔写的文章最好是有范文的题目。写作应分为五步：

NO.1 写作

写作写作，第一步首先是写!一定要动手写，你看多少，背多少，都没有动手写来得实在，建议同学们拿考题多加练习。

NO.2 仔细对比

第二个就是仔细对比，写完后对照范文从三个方面去研究：第一个是内容，也就是构思和原文有何区别;第二个是语言，也就是用词、用句和原文有何区别?第三个是结构，就是你的行文思路和原文有什么区别?这是第二个步骤，写作的区别其实就是写作的弱点。

NO.3 背诵

第三步骤就是背诵：也就是可以去背诵一些范文。有的同学说了，范文我背过了，但是写作的时候还是不会写。有两个原因，第一个原因是你背得不熟，背得结结巴巴，还不如不背;第二个原因是没有练过，只是死记硬背。

所以为什么背了还不会用，有两个原因，第一背不熟，第二没有练过。背到什么程度，有12个字“滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善。”要背到不需要去想，不需要去动脑子!如果背一篇文章还需要去想，那就证明还背得不熟。大家上考场，如果能想起平时的70%，那已经是相当不错了。所以一定要背熟，这就是第三个步骤。

NO.4 默写

第四个步骤就是默写：背熟后把书合上，把这篇文章默写下来。默写后，做一个工作：仔细对比原文发现写作弱点，你会发现你默写的文章和原文会有一些出入，包括拼写、语法、标点等，这种错误就是你写作的弱点，最好能够把这些错误用红笔标出来。大家为什么写作拿不到高分，根源只有一个——错误太多。很多错误自己都不知道。

NO.5 仿写

第五个步骤就是仿写：什么叫仿写?就是模仿你背过的文章再写出一篇新文章。在背完一篇文章后，要想想这篇文章有什么精彩的词组、词汇和句型可以使用。然后换一个话题，把这篇作文用一下，用里面词汇、词组和句型去构思另一篇文章。

写作的注意点和技巧：写作首要的是，一、不跑题;二、字数达到要求;三、字迹整洁工整;四、少有语病。

这些是很基本的要求，考试的时候就要好好落实。比如，拿到作文题目后要审题。在写的过程中注意字数的限制，不要写太多，会扣分的，字数不够也会扣分。所以实在不行就写完一段话，停下来数一数字数。字迹工整可能短期内提高不了。只要你比平时稍慢一点写字母，就会写得比较整洁。要知道老师的印象分是很重要的。病句的避免技巧就是，凡是你想的过程中感觉别扭的句子，多半就是病句。干脆不要写出来，换一种形式去表达。不要追求好词，要追求准确性。

在考前，小作文的提高是非常快的。方法就是分析小作文的类型。应用文写作部分(小作文)考查内容包括投诉信、咨询信、道歉信、求职信等信函类应用文，而且涵盖报告、通知、海报等告示类应用文。不同类型的作文，要自己总结模版。小作文是完全可以准备模版的，其作用也是常明显。一定要注意：总结出自己的模板。

标签： 环保 社会 健康 时评

近年来，随着大气污染防治日益被重视，雾炮车也火了起来。据报道，国内多地采购了这一新型工具上路，采购方多是当地环保局、市政公司，每台均价近70万元，其中河北鸡泽县环保局出手最大方，中标价为130多万元。但专家表示，说雾炮车能除霾并不科学，实际上就是个洒水的东西。

一个“洒水的东西”，不仅耗费了巨额公共财政资金，还被地方有关部门吹得神乎其神，似乎有此一“神器”，就可以克霾制胜，澄澈大气，确实是够神奇的。

仅仅是不知情、不了解吗?恐怕未必。从媒体报道可知，地方政府并非真的相信雾炮车可以除霾，刊登在媒体上的相关降霾指标，也都是经由厂商之口发布的，监测部门并无具体数据。既如此，为何还会笃定相信这样的“神器”?甚至显得比卖家还有信心?

一方面，雾霾之下，地方政府往往焦头烂额，上有严厉的环保督查，下有民众纷纷扰扰的吐槽，而出于经济指标以及政绩的考量，若要真正“壮士断腕”去产能、谋转型，又难以割舍。情急之下，只好弄出一些奇招、怪招作为一种应对之策。不管是不是能真的解决问题，不妨先把架势拉开，场面功夫做得足一些，总强过无所作为。

这也可以解释，为什么一些地方有动力去在空气监测点附近做文章，要么给空气探测器戴个口罩;要么把监测点设在植物茂密、环境相对更好的公园，并不间断洒水除尘，等等。这些做法的本质其实都是一样的，那就是以小修小补来应付上面的问责与下边的口碑。

另一方面，也与一些部门的利益冲动有关。当下，大气污染治理已经成为很多地方的重要工作，相应地，政府在财政投入上也往往不遗余力，这也使得以往的财政软约束变得更软，只要是与治霾相关的投入，价格并不成问题。这样，当政府的大手大脚与企业的逐利行为相遇，必然会迅速形成共识。这也可以解释为什么会有那么多企业投身所谓的“环保产业”。

按道理讲，环保产业本身并无问题，经济发展到一定阶段，环保产业自然会发展起来。但这里边的前提是让市场的归市场、政府的归政府，不能以治霾之名，滥用公共财政。据报道，某镇级政府在购置雾炮车时，制定的技术标准怪异，有专门为了满足某一企业而设计的嫌疑。此类招标造假的背后，不排除存在利益输送的可能。

其实，当下各地雾霾的形成，应该是长期的工业化污染物超量排放的结果，而治理之策，既要下大力气根除污染源，也要从调结构、转方式等基础性工作做起，等不得，但也急不得。任何试图立竿见影、一蹴而就的想法和做法，都是不切实际的。与其急功近利，还不如踏踏实实地做好手头的工作，点滴寸进，久久为功。

至于那种寄希望于“神器”的拍脑瓜决策，更是一种行政虚妄。此举非但不能根治雾霾，反而会将关系民众切身利益的环境治理搞成权力的生意。

作者：胡印斌(媒体评论员)

年届四十遭遇下岗的普通中国工人，在8年间创造了一段颇有传奇色彩的财富佳话。

下岗谋生，推销电风扇赚了1000元

1975年参加工作，在电讯元件厂工作了近20年的侯晓军下岗了。

对于已经习惯在工厂干活、从工厂拿钱的侯晓军来说，离开工厂怎么生活，20年来从未想过。

此时，正好侯晓军的一位朋友处有一批积压的落地电扇，每推销一台可以赚10元。侯晓军对推销一无所知，但还是硬着头皮接过了这一业务。

冒着炎炎烈日，侯晓军一家商场一家商场地问，流汗不怕，让他受不了的是不断遭遇的拒绝和白眼。转机出现在解放路的一家商店里，一个小伙子很热情地说：“等一下，老板马上就来。”受够冷眼的侯晓军非常激动，更让他感动的是老板爽快地要了100台风扇。这个上午，侯晓军淘到了自己的“第一桶金”—————赚了1000元。

但这样的机会毕竟太少了。等到身上仅剩600多元钱的时候，侯晓军想，我必须去寻找新的机会了。1995年10月，他踏上了南下深圳的火车。

深圳淘金，淘出15%工厂股份举目无亲，侯晓军整整60多天没有找到一份工作，兜儿里家里人凑起的1000元钱已经所剩无几了。

“尽管没挣到钱，可我从没有放弃的念头，总想着会有机会的。”

终于有一天，一张招聘电子玩具厂厂长的广告吸引了他的视线，侯晓军毫不犹豫地找上门去毛遂自荐，“大概是我的勇气和十几年当装配工的经历起了作用，这位老板当场决定聘用我负责生产流水线的设计和工程安装。”

侯晓军没日没夜地泡在车间里。半个多月后，满手水泡的他竟然一个人完成了简易玩具流水线的设计和安装。

这段经历给了侯晓军从无到有开办企业的完整经验。不久，他又在一家只有几十人的彩印厂找到了工作。

有了从前的推销经验，侯晓军这次老道了许多，在其他同事疲于寻找一次只能印一两盒的名片、包装纸、包装盒的时候，侯晓军却拉到了大批瓶装水商标印刷业务。这一回，侯晓军独辟蹊径的生意灵感获得了可观回报：彩印厂老板决定，将厂里15%的股份划给侯晓军个人，参与年底分红。

这段苦乐经历磨练了侯晓军的经营意识。终于有一天，他决定回西安，自己创业。

1997年春节，侯晓军怀揣着在深圳打工挣来的5万元创业资本，回到了西安。

古城创业，做汽车装饰的领头羊

1997年5月，侯晓军的“猴王汽车装饰公司”第一家店开张了。

侯晓军心里明白：买车的人一般都到大的销售公司，图的就是一个信誉，要做汽车装饰，肯定也会更相信这些销售点。另外，要能让买主把买车和装饰装修就近一次完成，不跑第二次，肯定也会赢得不少生意。

于是，侯晓军试着找到陕西当时主要的汽车经销商长征机电公司，要求在他们的销售大院里租一块地方设立分店，公司售出新车后，自己的装饰公司就能及时为车主提供装饰装修业务;而机电公司觉得侯晓军的装饰服务有利为自己吸引客户，双方一拍即合。

侯晓军这一招把对了市场的脉，开店第一个月，收入就达到4000元。

随后，侯晓军继续通过或租房或交管理费的形式，先后进入陕西5大汽车经销点。这种“服务跟进销售”的经营方式，使侯晓军在后来竞争日渐激烈的西安汽车装饰业中脱颖而出。

为了扩大业务，1999年夏，侯晓军开始涉足旧车装修业。在当时一些汽车装饰店“来一个宰一个”，用伪劣产品冒充高档次产品的时候，侯晓军坚持保证质量，同时在服务上下功夫。他率先在西安同行中引入CIM管理，将所有顾客资料集中管理，与客户建立长期经常的联系。这使他的公司逐渐飙升到陕西汽车装饰装修行业领头羊的地位。如今，侯晓军已经开到了6家分店，有员工160多人，总资产超过千万元。

我们来看看句子吧。如果说单词是句子的灵魂，那句子就是文章的基石，而句型则是不同品质的基石，可以让整篇文章充满多样的色彩，读起来让人很有兴趣。虽然句型的变化很多，可是针对TOEFL文章的特点，一篇接近300字的议论文，IBT在注重文章的完整性和一致性的同时，也需要文章有精彩的内容。可是文章篇幅有限，我们仅仅需要熟练地应用几个不同的句型，就一定会给评分人留下很深刻的印象了句子中的修辞

我们看看下边的几个例句：

1. Knowledge will never lie。

知之为知之，不知为不知，是智也。

这个句子使用了拟人的修辞手法，赋予了knowledge生命，形象化了知识的严谨性，同时也避免了直接翻译的繁琐冗长。

2. That information comes very impressively to everyone in the job market。

那一信息使所有正在找工作的人为之一震。

这个句子也间接使用了拟人的手法，人性化了Information这个词，come可以把人们接受信息的过程表达的更生动。

3. Confidence never fails to play a significant role in your entire life。

自信在你一生中扮演极其重要的角色。

这个句子中never和fail表示双重否定，用以加强肯定的成分。

这几种句子中的修辞手法都可以使句子的意思表达起来更生动，让人读起来容易接受，同时也避免了直接翻译的很多缺点。

强调句的应用和举例说明

孔子《论语》中的这个经典语句可谓家喻户晓，一句“有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎”道出了中华民族作为礼仪之邦的特点。在托福中，这句话可以应用在关于friendship的文章，这句话直译过来说的是：有朋友从很远的地方来看你难道不是一件很开心的事情吗?通过中文理解，我们知道这句话所强调的部分是：一件很开心的事情。“开心”有很多词汇可以选择，常用的有happy和glad，高级一点的有enjoyable和pleasant，再高级一点的还有incredible和delightful。应用到实际写作中，可以使用it is 做一个强调句来凸显这句话的特点，例如：

It’s delightful to have friends from distant lands。

在这个句子中，除了deightful以外，其他句子成分都很平常，每个人都会写，所以即使是评卷人看到这个句子也不会觉得稀奇，那么作为强调句，恰好是delightful这个词，代表了一种发自心底的喜悦和开心，让读过这个句子的人都有眼前一亮的感觉，这也就达到了强调句的作用。然而happy和glad也都有快乐之意，但是和delightful相比就显得不够级别了，明显高兴的程度不一样，delightful更能显示一种喜悦带来的兴奋，迎接千里迢迢来访的朋友这样的表达最恰当不过了。可以起到强调作用的句型结构有很多，我们能够用到的同位语从句和倒装句都有这样的作用，例如：

It is an undeniable fact that human activities harm the Earth。

这句话中that后边引导的就是要强调的内容，即an undeniable fact. 为了突出harm the Earth是一个不可否认的事实，做成这样一个句子。

Only through effective measures can the government resolve the dispute。

这句话强调的就是only后边的effective measures，而且翻译过来是只有同过有效的措施，强调的唯一性，无二法门。

为什么要倒装

从字面上解释，倒装句子的特点就是把句子倒过来说，这样的解释过于直白但却很实际。根据英语(论坛)句型结构特点，因为要强调才会选择去倒装。我们看看下边的两个例子：

1. So severe is this problem that we have no alternative but to take some feasible measures to deal with it。

2. So amazing are these crewmembers that they have successfully accomplished space walk。

句子中划线的部分就是倒装结构的重点强调所在，关于倒装句的作用，前边已然讲过，这里就不多说了。在TOEFL的具体应用中，我们需要在写作实践里进行检验。

Only through education can we rise in the world。

Only by receiving education can we rise in the world。

从句什么时候使用

在托福写作中，从句句型还是应用比较广泛的，常用的主语、宾语从句，定语从句，还有我们讲过的同位语从句。我见过的托福写作范文中，包括CBT和IBT的两类作文，段落中从句出现的频率都是很高的，尤其是第一段introduction中，一般做背景介绍的时候都会使用宾语从句，例如：some people claim that… 在文章的主体部分中，为了体现句式的变化，各种从句交替应用就显得很重要;即使在iBT导入了first draft的概念之后，对文章的内容要求也没有改变要求，需要体现完整性和统一性。有一点值得注意，从句虽好，但不宜过多重复，这就好像美酒虽好，但不要贪杯的道理一样。好钢用在刀刃上，从句的优点是简单句不能比拟的，但只有简单句结合从句，才能体现句子的多变性;也只有全部的句子都为主题句服务，文章的整体性才会更好的体现。以下是议论文写作中比较好的一些从句例子：

1. Many experts claim that people should positively participate in garbage recycle。

宾语从句，一般出现在首段背景介绍部分。

2. Horror movies, in which there might be bleeding and terrifying scenes, are not recommended for children。

定语从句，一般在主体部分中比较常见，用以解释说明，达到简化句子的目的。

3. As long as you are a student, you should always behave yourself。

状语从句，让步状语从句比较常见的使用although或者though来引导，这里介绍一个使用as long as来引导的句子，这个例句可以解释成做一天和尚撞一天钟。

4. When it comes to psychology, most people believe that it is a behavioral study。

时间状语从句，例句中的应用表示了“当谈到…的时候”，这是一种美式英语中经常出现的句式，口语和书面语都可以使用，推荐各位掌握。

The trickle of water was crystal clear, accompanied by the sound of the "ding dong" of the spring. The undulating mountain stands erect, majestic and overwhelming; The green trees, towering above the tops of the mountains, are not afraid to be afraid; The wild flowers, which are in the top of the mountain, are full of beauty and beauty, and the fresh flowers are pleasing to the soul. But that was all have become memories, is facing a murky water, batteries, plastic bags have polluted the land, industrial waste gas, automobile exhaust pollution the air, trees and flowers are hard to meet again, only can see is just a weak looking trees flowers and plants, all everything has disappeared, the earth on a red alert. The presidents of all countries have been together for three days and three nights... "The whole people moved to the moon," they were consulted, and they issued such an order. According to the scientists observed earth damage is too severe, human will not far from the end of the world, if you dont leave the earth, mankind had to count the days such as dead. The present moon, which has been constructed by human ancestors and modern humans, has been transformed.

The lush woods, the crystal clear water, the blue sky, and the various shapes of flowers and animals. "Wow! This is like a new earth, and it brings us back to the old days." people dont sigh. Yes, the moon has now and once the earth is almost the same as the air around the moon, the moons gravity, and thick atmosphere around the moon, everything seemed to go back to the once upon a time, people are living down here... "Wow! There are so many trees here! ", "wow! There are so many rivers here!" Greed once again led the human hand into the abyss...

For a long time, the moon returned to the earth and the earth was devastated, and everything on the moon was dead. All the pollution to the moon, the atmosphere became thin almost close to zero, tragedy staged again, once upon a certain day a diameter of 40 kilometers meteorite broke into the moon, because the moons atmosphere is too thin, almost no resistance, is this meteorite is easy to break into the moon, because there is almost no resistance, meteorite impact force is very big, hit ground surface cracked a big hole, the hot, liquid mass of molten rock from cracks in shock... Facing death of that a moment, human beings finally wake up, but the wake up, now is just unable to struggle, ridiculous human this time really redeemed himself again. The world has been destroyed, mankind has perished.

中考即"初中毕业和高中阶段招生考试"，是选拔考试，但又是建立在义务教育基础上的选拔;中考要考虑初中学生升入高中后继续学习的潜在能力，但高中教育还是基础教育的范畴。yuwenmi小编提供一些中考英语写作必备句子给大家，欢迎借鉴!

1.People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer .

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

2. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

3. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

4. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

5. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

6. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

7. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

8. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

9. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

我同意后者，有如下理由：

10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

11.There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem :the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12.An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13.A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time .In fact ,it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study .As an old saying goes :All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话:只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14.Any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

16.When it comes to education ,the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

17.The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills ,which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18.It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to fact the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冬的痛苦生活。

19.Although this view is widely held ,this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点任何年龄进行。

20.No one can deny the fact that a person’s education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否人这一事实:教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21.According to a recent survey ,four-million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟相关的疾病。

22.The latest surveys show that Quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

23.No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明象互联网同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

24.People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

25.Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

26.Nowadays ,many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately ,for most young people ,it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

27.In view of the seriousness of this problem ,effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

28.Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

29.An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city .However ,this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents ,who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，象犯罪和卖淫。

30.Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus ,which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

书面表达是英语写作的重要组成部分，有不少学生觉得用英语写作很难，不知从何练起。笔者教学实践发现，首先要具备扎实的基础知识，抓住课本教学来培养学生的写作能力，立足教材，由易到难，由浅入深，采取多种形式来加强书面表达训练，这样英语写作水平才能得到提高。

一是通过词汇教学训练写作能力。要写好文章不是一朝一夕就能达到的，必须从最基础的词汇入手。教学中，教师要注意加强词汇方面的训练，力求给学生交代清楚每一个词语的具体用法。对一些重点的、核心的词汇讲清，讲透每个词语的单独用法和搭配用法。为了更有效地与课本结合起来，每学完一个单元，根据本单元的单词、短语造句，举一反三，帮助学生扩大词汇量，使学生词不离句，强化写作训练。

二是通过一句多译练习训练写作能力。就七年级学生而言，他们虽然接触英语学习时间不长，但教师还是要注重引导学生多做一些一句多译练习，这样有助于启发学生的写作思路。考试时选择自己有把握的句子灵活地表达同一内容，减少失误，提高得分率。通过做汉译英练习，暴露出学生受母语影响的问题，对这些问题我及时进行讲评和纠正。这样，有利于培养和规范学生的英语表达能力。

三是结合课文进行各种体裁的写作训练。目前，信息来源的渠道多种多样，学生课文中有记叙、日记、通知、便条、书信、广告和说明等多种体裁，文中还有大量的插图，教师可利用图片让学生进行看图写作。要学好英语写作就必须从课文练起，从一些常见的文体练起，由短到长，由浅入深，循序渐进地进行。

四是通过背诵训练写作。培养学生的英语写作能力，以课文为中心训练写作能力非常重要，因为课文中的句子就是规范的英语范文。因此，每学完一篇课文或对话，教师就要要求学生背诵，然后默写。这样使学生把词语放在句型、段落、篇章中去理解、记忆和体味，以至于能够仿写、改写。

五是通过仿写和改写训练写作能力。仿写也是提高英语写作能力行之有效的方法，模仿写作中，格式、构思、表达方式等方面都可模仿。但要提醒学生注意灵活变通，语句要通顺，符合英语表达习惯。仿写前要从时态，句型，内容选材等方面对学生加以辅导，指导学生怎样模仿，特别提醒学生注意时态。

另外，改写也是一种很好的方法，改写就是对文章材料的文体、式样、句式等进行改编的一种训练方式。无论是改人称、改时态，还是改对话材料为叙述文字，这都有助于学生复习巩固所学知识，又能培养学生所学知识的迁移运用能力，还能起到提高学生的写作能力。

总之，要提高学生的英语写作能力，就要培养学生养成良好的学习习惯。即：重视词、短语、造句，优秀的对话和课文要背诵，多做翻译练习，练习改写和仿写，结合课文进行各种体裁的写作训练。只有坚持不懈，持之以恒，才能写出准确、地道、规范的英语文章。

高考给每位考生的压力又是顾名思义的，来自老师家长还是自身亦或是在这个特定的时间和环境下，要高质量地在规定时间内完成一篇好作文，实属不易，确实是高考。许多在平日里能写好作文的同学也很有可能会由于种种原因而临场发挥失误，头脑空白，抓不住主干，导致作文背题。也许还会在考试中间出现突发状况，这都是很正常的，如果遇到了我们该怎么办呢?下面我们就来为大家一一作出总结：

首先要强调的是，临场作文如果出现了一下几种情况，我们首先要保持冷静，切不可乱了套路，得想方设法去弥补挽救。

1.当你看到作文题目犹豫不决、举棋不定，难以下笔怎么办

应急方案：快斩乱麻，速建文骨。

由于情境的特殊性，一些平时作文成绩优异的同学也会出现“卡壳”思路断线等情况，越是在这种情况下你要做的是冷静了再冷静，别考虑太多，用“蒙太奇”的手法，快速将文章的骨架搭起来，然后填充成文。所谓“蒙太奇”，就是电影中把分切的镜头巧妙地组接起来。借用到作文上来，就是把几个能演绎共同主题的材料集中在一起组合成一篇文章。它有三个优势：一是材料没有时空的限制，非常的灵动;二是离题的可能性要小得多，如果不放心，再在首尾处巧妙地点一下题;三是省事，不必太费心思去考虑中间的起承转合，而且看起来条理非常清晰，让阅卷老师一目了然。这样既避免了不能及时下笔完整写就，同时又有“潜在高分”的可能性。

2.一时不知如何拟题

应急方案：(1)用切合文章主题的诗文名句做标题。(2)暂定一个题目，等文章写好后再做修改，以免最后忘拟题目。(3)用文章的观点做标题，语言要简洁。(4)从话题材料中找一个关键词或关键句作为标题，最好是能反映材料的主旨。

3.中心不明确怎么办

应急方案：用主旨串起材料，变一盘散沙为一线穿珠。

文章的含蓄与隐晦不是同一个概念，不能为追求含蓄而滑向了晦涩。况且，高考作文批阅有其特殊性，阅卷老师没有多少时间细细推敲或是探究考生文章中的微言大义。有了好的材料，要时时想到材料是为了印证或是阐释话题的，好材料犹如珍珠，要用从话题中抽出的主旨做线索，将颗颗珍珠串联起来。

4.发现立意偏差了怎么办

立意偏差是考生在临场发挥时最容易出现的一个问题，也是最头痛的问题，因为出发点出现了问题，后面的问题就会越来越大，得高分的希望是极其渺茫的。而此时时间又很紧张，不宜动“大手术”。

应急方案一：及早切断，转向正途。

如果是刚写了一两段就发现文章的立意有偏差，就要停下笔来冷静地审视一下已经写完的部分。如果这一部分虽然立意出现偏差，但后面还有挽回的余地，就要当机立断，利用有用部分努力向正确方向靠拢;如果仔细审视之后发现已写部分没有利用价值，就一定要忍痛舍弃，重新开始，这是不得已而为之的办法。

应急方案二：稍做过渡，强行扭转。

如“牵挂”这样的命题作文，由于没有注意到“牵挂”这个词语是有时间限制的，“牵挂”更多的是写现在的心理状态，而那些作为牵挂缘由的回忆充其量只能有机地穿插，如果写到一半篇幅的时候，你发现自己一直在回忆离世的外婆对自己种种的好，不经意间写成了“幸福” “感动”等作文了，怎么办呢?可以先用一句“外婆，知道你住院后，我每天都牵挂着你，我恨不得能飞到你的身边”简单过渡之后，就强行地往“牵挂”方向转，在剩下不多的篇幅里用排比段落来证明自己是如何“牵挂”病中的外婆：半夜做梦，梦到外婆病好了带着自己去看戏;在走廊尽头，一个人呆呆地想着外婆，不禁潸然泪下;折了很多千纸鹤，为外婆祈祷。最后再用抒情方式进行点题。看上去至少有三分之一的篇幅在写“牵挂”，虽然详略还是欠妥，但是它至少避免了继续写成 “幸福”或者“感动”的可能，而且让前面的种种“感动”和“幸福”成了后面牵挂的缘由，让人信服。

应急方案三：见缝插针，自圆其说。

如果说写了一半就发现偏题了还好处理的话，等到快结尾时才发现离题是最糟糕的了，但是也有办法，那就是看哪里有空，就往哪里穿插一些能紧扣题旨的抒情或者议论性的句子。虽然看起来修补的痕迹有些浓，但是至少比因为详略没有处理好任其离题要好得多。

希望以上的内容能够帮助到那些即将要高考的同学们，一颗冷静的心态很是关键，其次平时也要积累一些题材，有闲暇时间多做一些阅读，总结出一些万能的题材，方便在考试的时候可以随时的运用上。

关于信念

尼可洛·帕格尼尼是意大利小提琴家、作曲家，被人称为“独弦琴上练出来的小提琴家”。他的艺术道路坎坷不平。他生于一小商人家庭，据说，曾因为政治犯罪坐了20年牢。但即使是身陷囹圄，他也不曾灰心，而是坚持狱中学习。他在狱窗边，用一把只剩下一根弦的提琴，坚持苦练，几十年如一日，终于在演奏技巧方面达到了出神入化的境地。他的创作和演奏，奔放不羁，富于激情，对同时代的浪漫派作曲家有较大的影响。

关于合作

希尔顿集团在当今世界旅店业中可称是扬名五洲，200多幢巍峨壮观的高楼大厦遍布世界各都市，希尔顿集团能在激烈的竞争中立于不败之地，其原因中最值得称道的是希尔顿集团上下团结一致，唐拉德?希尔顿曾这样说过：“我可能是得克萨斯州最幸运的，是福中之人，这种福来自于友谊，来自于志同道合的伙伴，我希望我的一生能永远与同僚相处愉快，合作无间，因为我的福来自于他们。”

关于大爱

懂得关爱别人的人是受世人尊敬的。以前有个加拿大科学家在做实验时，不小心使两块铀移动了，并且相互冲了过去。若这两块铀相接触，其威力不亚于一颗小原子弹的爆炸。就在这危急的时刻，科学家用自己的双手，硬是把这两块铀掰开了。一次危机渡过了，可这位科学家也因受到太多辐射，而不幸以身殉职。政府为了表彰其伟大的博爱精神，而授予了他“用手分开原子弹的人”的称号。他用他伟大的爱，无私地关爱别人，关爱全人类，他赢得了人们对他永恒的敬佩和赞叹。

关于心态

在许多国人眼里，海尔这个成功企业已经很强大、很了不起了。然而，一位跟踪报道海尔多年的记者却说，在他接触到的诸多企业中，海尔的“忧患意识”是最强的。海尔集团首席执行官张瑞敏时常挂在嘴边的一句话是：“战战兢兢，如履薄冰。”一个16年平均年增长速度达81。6%、年销售收入已突破400亿元、不仅在国内而且在国外都有较高知名度的企业能有这样的意识，很值得我们深思。按照张瑞敏的说法，他们进军中国的战略非常简单：赢家通吃。他们的目标就是不给你留任何一点市场和地盘。毋庸讳言，我们的许多企业，不要说弱势企业，就是像海尔这样的佼佼者，与世界500强相比也还有一段差距，也不敢有丝毫放松和懈怠。实事求是地正视挑战的严峻性，充分估计到竞争对手的力量和困难的一面，向最坏处着想，向最好处努力，这样较为有益，而较少有害。

关于孝道

王祥，琅琊人，生母早丧，继母朱氏多次在他父亲面前说他的坏话，使他失去父爱。父母患病，他衣不解带侍候，继母想吃活鲤鱼，适值天寒地冻，他解开衣服卧在冰上，冰忽然自行融化，跃出两条鲤鱼。继母食后，果然病愈。王祥隐居二十余年，后从温县县令做到大司农、司空、太尉。

俗话说“千里之行始于足下”。英语书面表达能力的形成不是一日之功，必须从平时的课堂学习一点一滴抓起，持之以恒。

一篇优秀的英语作文在内容和语言两方面应是一个统一体，任何一方面的欠缺都会直接影响到作文的质量。然而，很多考生在写作中或者由于粗心大意，或者由于基本功不扎实而经常出现名词不变复数、第三人称单数不加s，前后不一致，以及时态语态、句子完整性等方面的错误。

1. 审题不清

如2004年中考作文要求写一项最喜欢的课外活动，有些考生将作文的主题定位为“我最喜欢的活动”，偏离了“一项、课外活动”这一主题。依据作文的评分原则，若文章内容不切题，则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确，都会被判为零分。

2.拼写错误

拼写是考生应该具备的最起码的基本功，但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。有拼写错误的作文肯定会被酌情扣分，而且有大量拼写错误存在的作文不仅体现出语言基本功差，同时也直接影响内容的表达，通常会降低作文的档次。

3.名词单复数问题

误 my father and my mother is all teacher。

正 my father and my mother are both teachers。

[中考英语作文写作常见的三个错误

对于考研英语的应用文写作来说，考生平时复习时不仅要注意应用文写作特点、格式要求，还要有意识的掌握各类应用文的写作方法。考研辅导专家建议广大考生不要简单认为应用文的复习就是复习相应的格式，格式只是应用文写作的最起码要求，除了应用文特定的格式外，还要背诵一些经典的套话，在平时的写作训练中培养迅速构思成篇的能力，注意词句的多样性和准确性训练。下面，我们就针对应用文写作中的私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告几种形式介绍一下写作技巧。

一、私人和公务信函

信函是很重要的一种应用文。私人和公务信函是用以交涉事宜、传达信息、交流思想、联络感情、增进了解的重要工具，与同学们的生活、学习比较密切，也是以后工作中用的最多的一种沟通方式。所谓私人信函就是给家人、朋友或者同学等写信，谈事情的同时又交流感情，是四级考试(专业课历年考研试卷)中常见的一种信函，研究生英语考试(专业课历年考研试卷)中常考的是公共信函。所谓公务信函就是给亲朋好友之外的人写信，主要是为了办事，比方说给老板或是客户写信都属于公共信函。

信函一般都是由写信时间、信内地址、称呼、信的主要内容和信尾几个主要部分组成。收信人地址要写在左上角，寄信人地址要写在右上角，寄信人地址也可以不写，姓名写在地址上面，地址排列顺序依次为门牌号、街区名、城市和国名。在信的开头人名前一定要加Mr.,Mrs.,Dear等比较尊敬的称呼，信的结尾注意使用常用的客套话如：sincerelyyours,faithfullyyours或者yourssincerely,yoursfaithfully。英文书信写作要遵循五个原则，即正确、清晰、简洁、礼貌和体贴。

正确是指信中所谈的事情要准确、具体，不用含糊抽象的词如：本月、明天等。清晰要求的是主题要明确，层次要清楚，让读者看后了然于心。简洁是现代英语发展的一大趋势。书信写作要做到行文简洁流畅，避免迂回冗长的长句，使书信尽可能写得明白清晰。书信交往，同样需要以礼待人，因而在写信过程中，要避免伤害对方感情，措辞上多多使用would,could,may,please等词，要自然得体，彬彬有礼。体谅对方也是写书信时要注意的一个原则，不能以自己为中心，要尊重对方的习俗爱好，即便是拒绝，也要委婉而不失去友谊。书信的写作也要注意格式，避免语法、拼写、标点错误，信中所引用的史料、数据等也应准确无误。

二、备忘录

备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文，主要用来提醒、督促对方，或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。包括书端、收文人的姓名、头衔、地址，称呼，事因，正文，结束语，和署名，备忘录上一定要说明什么时间，谁写的？写给谁？什么事？并且正文、结束语和署名等项与一般信件的格式相同。

三、摘要

接着谈谈摘要。摘要分成两种，一种是文章摘要，一种是论文摘要。

文章摘要就是给一篇文章让写一个摘要，文章摘要是对文章主要内容的简练概括，内容上要涵盖全文，语言上要尽量简练。写摘要前一定要仔细阅读全文，弄懂文章大意；摘要涵盖原文的主要观点并与原文的观点保持一致；摘要应该简明扼要，字数在规定的字数范围内；摘要最好不要照搬原文，应该用自己的话概括原文的主要观点；并且注意千万不要照抄，也千万不要评论，只需要写出中心思想或者段落大意即可。

第二种摘要是论文摘要。比方说是大家写一篇学术论文，硕士博士论文需要写一个英文的摘要。相对来讲我们认为考论文摘要的可能性稍微大一点。写这种摘要时要注意时态和语态。叙述研究过程，多采用一般过去时；说明某课题现已取得的成果，宜采用现在完成时。摘要中多数情况下可采用被动语态。但在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，又常用主动语态。英文摘要有一些常用句型，比如表示研究目的，可以用Inorderto……Thispaperdescribes……Thepurposeofthisstudyis……，表示表示结论、观点或建议可以用Theauthors[suggest/conclude/consider]that……。

四、报告

最后一种是报告。报告其实也分为两种，第一种是读书报告。比如读一本书或者看一本小说写一个读书报告。读书报告中首先要交代背景知识，比如作者生平，时代简介等，接下来对书的内容做一个简单的概括，与摘要不同的是读书报告最后一段可以发表评论。与摘要相同，读书报告也要注意时态，比如像科普类的知识应该用现在式。另一种报告就是书面报告，书面报告考试(专业课历年考研试卷)的可行性和可能性更大一些。书面报告与备忘录的写法很类似，所不同的就是书面报告一般是下级写给上级，它也需要交代清楚四件事：什么时间？谁写的？写给谁？什么事？

当然，应用文写作能力的提高必须经过长期的实践锻炼。在复习阶段，首先要熟悉不同类型的应用文写作格式，注意事项，写作特点等。其次要背诵大量的优秀范文，要整段整段的背，不仅是背会而且要脱口而出，并且转换成自己的语言，写作时可以随心所欲支配。再次，是要多动手写作，要写出属于自己的文章，多动手写作才能快速写出好文章来。写好的文章要注意检查，看有无语法错误，有无用词不当，能否用其他的句式表达相同的意思，可以让同学帮忙检查，让同学提一些宝贵的意见和建议。总的来说，虽然大家对应用文的写作还比较陌生，但是只要认真对待，只要花时间背范文了，花时间写文章了，就一定能取得理想成绩。

不少同学在问了，英语作文怎么写?如何写好英语作文，下面是小编为大家收集的初中英语作文的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

初一英语写作题，题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说，不同的写作题材，它的人物，时间，写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面结合一些常见的题型介绍一下写作的注意事项以及写作技巧。

各地的评分标准略有差异，但是都包括以下几个方面：整体印象、语言表达、词数规定等几方面内容。我们在写作中要尽量避免扣分，争取有加分点。当然用英文写作不同于用母语那样得心应手，常常会受到生词、语法、惯用法的限制，只要同学们平时注意两种语言的异同性，抓住写作要点，也可妙笔生花。

1、为了保证文章层次分明、条理清楚，要把时间固定下来，如：记叙一件事要用过去时;写经常发生的事或对人物的描写，要用一般现在时。整个文章中的人称要一致，首尾呼应，不要随意改动，以免造成误解。

2、不要为了追求“一鸣惊人”而去找一些生冷的词汇，对这些一知半解的词你不会用，不知道如何搭配，结果可能适得其反，使文章显的生硬、不协调，甚至错误百出，所以要使用有把握的词，避免不必要的失分。比如说发生了一起意外事件，我们通常用“have an accident ”来表示，不要错误的使用“have an incident”。

3、注意不同语言的表达习惯，也是写好英语作文的重要环节，如“我的理想是做一名歌手”，很多同学写成“My ambition is to do/make a singer，” “to do”表示“做”或者“干”，“to make”表示“制作”，而“做一名歌手”则表示“成为一名歌手”应该用“be/become a singer”;又如“看书、看报”应用“read a book/newspaper”，而不是“see a book/newspaper”。因此，平时应该注意不同语言的表达习惯，切忌望文生义或一味生搬硬套。

4、有些同学因怕出错而只写短句或简单句，写出的文章过于幼稚、空洞乏味。要使文章有血有肉就要把平时学的知识用进去，如：定语从句、宾语从句、非谓语动词和比较等句型，关键时用上一、二个，就能使文章不同凡响，更有文采，特别是对关联词的使用，如“so that”、“not…but ”“not only...but also”等，会使你的文章逻辑结构紧密、层次鲜明、条理清楚，更能显示出你的英文功底，但要做到这些并非一日之功，要靠平时的不断训练和积累。

5、最简单的增分点就是认真的书写。工整漂亮的书写会给评卷老师留下美好的第一印象，在扣分时自然会“手下留情”，而且很多地区都在写作上有1分的书写分。只要平时多下点功夫，得到这一分并不难。

注意事项

最后将英语写作的基本步骤和技巧归纳为以下几个环节：

1、细心审题细读题目中每一项提示或观察所给的每一幅画，明确文章的中心思想，弄清题意，确定写作体裁，掌握所要表达的要点做到心中有数，避免随心所欲，文不对题。

2、理顺要点在所给提示或图上标出要点，然后按事件先后的顺序或各要点之间的内在联系排序，分出层次。如果是看图作文，则要按图构思，这样做既可避免要点遗漏，又可使表达内容条理清楚。

3、构成框架将理顺的要点或每幅图画的含义加以连贯，构成写作的整体框架，进一步定人称、定时态语态、定顺序、定段落、定开头结尾。基本框架构成后，写作就有了把握。

4、组织句子用自己最熟悉的短语或句型将理顺的要点逐句表达出来，多用简单句，用有把握的复合句。要扬长避短，避难就易。若遇到表达障碍，可换一种说法，将一句变成两、三句，只求达意。

5、串句成篇将写好的句子连贯地组织起来，注意上下句的逻辑关系，适当采用递进、让步、转折、因果等关联词语，使短文浑然一体，层次分明，过渡自然。6、检查修改文章草成后，默读1～2遍，检查修改，尤其要注意人称、大小写、拼写、习惯用语、格式有无错误，要点有无遗漏，文句有无语病，词数是否恰当，行文是否连贯。

英语写作水平的提高是一个渐进的过程，只要同学们在平时多加训练，多读文章，做一个有心人，就能在英语作文中取得理想的成绩

导语：在写记叙文时，如果要使文字内容更具体，不空泛，一定要把叙述与描写结合起来。那么如何才能结合好呢?我们首先需要了解一下这两者的基本概念和作用。

叙述和描写。是作文中两种不同的表现方式。我们这里说的叙述是指把人的经历行为或事件的发生、发展变化表述出来的一种表达方式，它常常把分散的场景，片断的故事和人物的身世，地位，经历，事迹等贯穿起来。它要求做到头绪清楚，脉络分明，有条有理，重点突出。

在记事、写人、状物的文章中，叙述是不可少的，尤其是在介绍人或事物变化为主的文章中叙述的作用更大，甚至有的文章专以叙述为长。我们本讲选的优秀作文《男班长，女班长》就是一个很好的例子。文章中描写部分很少，介绍事件发展过程的叙述占了很大的篇幅，如开头对男女班长来自何方的介绍，女班长对男班长的观察，正副班长必须合作的现实，以及同学们的揶揄，思想的顾虑，同学开玩笑不断，“收到副班长纸条”，到结尾“男女班长仍然合作着处理班里的事务”。这篇文章用很短的篇幅，以叙述为主，把一波三折的事件按发展轨迹清晰有序地介绍出来。对发展过程虽是梗概地介绍，但文章的思想内涵却非常丰富，也可以说在写法上是比较巧妙的。

叙述在按事件发生发展、人物经历的时间来划分，可以有顺叙，倒叙、插叙、补叙等方式，我们在写文章时，可以根据表达的需要去选择叙述的方式。

描写是对人物，事物和环境所作的具体的描绘和摹写，描写是再现描写对象状态的一种表达方式。描写需要采用绘声绘色的办法，把事物的状貌、神采和动态，具体地、真切地饱含情意地勾画出来。写人要使其声可闻，其容可睹;写物要使之可见，可闻，可触，可感;写景要意境鲜明，使读者产生仿佛置身其间的幻觉。

在我们学过的课文中，传神的描写是很多的。如《天山景物记》中对天山深处的描写，“山色逐渐变得柔嫩，山形也变得柔和，很有一伸手就可以触摸到凝脂似的感觉。这里溪流缓慢，萦绕着每一个山脚，在轻轻荡漾着的溪流的两岸，满是高过马头的野花，红、黄、蓝、白、紫，五彩缤纷，像绵延的织锦那么华丽，象天边的彩霞那么耀眼，像高空的长虹那么绚烂。”这段描写抓住山色、溪流、野花这三种最能表现天山特点的事物，重彩浓墨，绘声绘色地把天山美景表现出来。既能使读者如身临其境，也增添了作品的文采。我们在作文时，如果能恰当地运用描写来表现形象，借以表达某种强烈的思想感情。文章的感染力就一定能有所增强。

叙述和描写在记叙性的文字中都是不可缺少的表现方式。叙述着重于一般情况过程的交待，描写则着重形象的描摹和刻画;如果说叙述是纵的绵延，那么描写便是横的扩展。一篇文字若无叙述，就会显得杂乱无章;没有描写，则会干瘪枯燥，毫无生气可言。

实际上，成功的作品中，常常是叙述与描写交错在一起的。我们所选优秀作文，《奶奶与花》就是叙述与描写交融在一起的，近似于一线串珠式的一篇记叙文。

文中以时间为序，先从小时候家门前有一个很大的“花园”叙述开始，然后再描写人物行为语言、花的形态、气味。从而表现我“深深地爱上花”的过程。接着叙述自己病中见到花的情景，描写花的形态，写出自己感受到“花能给人一种强盛的生命力”。接着是叙述“随着年龄的增长，这种认识愈来愈深”又通过对“死不了”“仙人球”的描写，感悟出“花，让我感到一种无尽的生命力，一种明亮的期望”。第五自然段叙述自己养花的过程。这里又运用描写的方式，描绘出花园的美丽，各种花的特点，表现出花可以陶冶情操的作用。这段描写是比较突出的，描写了花的各种色彩，各种形态，用排比、比喻的手法绘色绘形，有丰富的想象力。为了把文章写得曲折有致，第七段、第八段叙述搬进高层楼房前、后我与奶奶对花的珍爱，对小花园的怀念，这里又有对人物的心理、动作的描写，为“小花园”遭到破坏，我和奶奶沉痛心情做了铺垫。

这篇文章用叙述的方式。介绍了事件发展曲折过程，使文章头绪清楚，脉络分明，重点环节突出。这是文章的一条线。在每个重要环节上，作者都生动形象地描绘了人物的行为、场景、物态，内容丰满。叙述和描写有机地结合在一起，深刻地表达了文章的主题思想，增强文章的感染力。

在作文时，恰当地运用叙述与描写，做到有机结合，要注意以下几点。

一、要熟练掌握叙述与描写的功能，注意二者之间互相依存、互相交通的关系。根据作文内容和思想表达的需要，交错运用。

二、在描写范围比较大、内容比较丰富的地域景物或事物状貌时，(例如《天山景物记》等一些游记式的文章)需要有一条贯穿始终的线索，有一个逐步转移、推进的过程，那么这个线索或过程就要依靠叙述来表现。如我们常讲的“移步换景”的写法，其中对“移步”的交代，往往需要叙述。用时间推移来描写事物或人物的发展变化时，对每个阶段的交代，一般也是要运用叙述来完成的。在这种情况下描写的条理性要依靠叙述来体现。

三、在写故事情节比较强文章时，人物的语言，行动往往是构成情节的重要因素、情节又要依靠叙述来展开，这就需要描写人物语言行动与铺叙故事情节同时进行，也就是说要把叙述故事融化在描写中，或把描写融化在叙述情节中。我们仔细玩味一下作文《奶奶与花》，其中有些地方就是把描写与叙述这样融合在一起的。

我们就应当多选读一些优秀作文或名家的文章，刻意体味一下的相依关系，学习二者的结合形式。使自己的作文能更加条理清晰，情节曲折跌宕，内容丰富有致，更具有感染力。

导语：《绿化树》是张贤亮的《感情的历程――唯物论者启示录》系列小说中的第二部，它是是中国当代文学史上最优秀的作品之一。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

“在清水里泡三次，在血水里浴三次，在碱水里煮三次。”阿·托尔斯泰在《苦难的历程》第二部《一九一八年》的题记中，曾用这样的话，形象地说明旧知识分子思想改造的艰巨性。当然，他指的是从沙俄时代过来的资产阶级知识分子。

然而，这话对于曾经生吞活剥地接受过封建文化和资产阶级文化的我和我的同辈人来说，应该承认也是有启迪的。于是，我萌生出一个念头：我要写一部书。这“一部书”将描写一个出身于资产阶级家庭，甚至曾经有过朦胧的资产阶级人道主义和民主主义思想的青年，经过“苦难的历程”，最终变成了一个马克思主义的信仰者。

这“一部书”，总标题为《唯物论者的启示录》。确切地说，它不是“一部”，而是在这总标题下的九部“系列中篇”。现在呈献给读者的这部《绿化树》，就是其中的一部。

大车艰难地翻过嘎嘎作响的拱形木桥，就到了我们前来就业的农场了。木桥下是一条冬日干涸了的渠道。渠坝两旁挺立着枯黄的冰草，纹丝不动，有几只被大车惊起的蜥蜴在草丛中簌簌地乱爬。木桥简陋不堪，桥面铺的黄土，已经被来往的车辆碾成了细细的粉末。黄土下，作为衬底的芦苇把子，龇出的两端参差不齐，几乎耷拉到结着一层泥皮的渠底，以致看起来桥面要比实际的宽度宽得多。然而，车把式仍不下车，尽管三匹马呼哧呼哧地东倒西歪，翻着乞怜的白眼，粗大的鼻孔里喷出一团团混浊的白气，他还是端端正正地坐在车辕上，用磕膝弯紧夹着车底盘，熟练地、稳稳当当地把车赶过像陷阱似的桥面。牲口并不比我强壮。我已经瘦得够瞧的了，一米七八的个子，只有四十四公斤重，可以说是皮包骨头。劳改队的医生在我走下磅秤时咂咂嘴，这样夸奖我：“不错!你还是活过来了。”他认为我能够活下来简直是个奇迹;他有权分享我的骄傲。可是这几匹牲口却没人关心它们。瘦骨嶙峋的大脑袋安在木棍一般的脖子上，眼睛上面都有深窝。它们使劲时，从咧着的嘴里都可以看到被磨损得残缺不全的黄色牙齿。有一匹枣红马的嘴唇还被笼头勒出了裂口，一缕鲜红的血从伤口涔涔流下，滴在车路的沿途，在一片黄色的尘土上分外显眼。

但车把式还是端坐在车辕上，用一种冷漠而略带悒郁的目光望着看不见尽头的远方。有时，有机械地晃动一下手中的鞭子。他每晃动一下，那几匹瘦马就要紧张地抖动抖动耳朵。尤其是那匹嘴唇破裂了的枣红马更为神经质，尽管车把式并不想抽打它。我理解车把式的冷漠与无动于衷：你饿吗?饿着哩!饿死了没有?嗯，那还没有。没有，好，那你就得干活!饥饿，远远比他手中的鞭子厉害，早已把怜悯与同情从人们心中驱赶得一干二净。可是，我终于忍不住了，一边瞧着几匹比我还瘦的牲口，一边用饥荒年代的人能表现出来的最大的和善语气问他：

“海师傅，场部还远么?”

他分明听见了，却不答理我，甚至脸上连一点轻蔑的表情也没有，而这又表示了最大的轻蔑。他穿着半新的黑布棉裤褂，衣裳的袢纽很密，大约有十几个，从上到下齐整的一排，很像十八世纪欧洲贵族服装上的胸饰。虽然拉着他的不过是三匹可怜的瘦马，但他还是有一种雄豪的、威武的神气。

我当然自惭形秽了。轻蔑，我也忍受惯了，已经感觉不到人对我的轻蔑了。我仍然兴致勃勃。今天，是我出劳改队走上新的生活的第一天，按管教干部的说法是，我已经成了“自食其力的劳动者”了。没有什么能使我扫兴的!

确切地说，这只是到了我们前来就业的农场的地界，离有人烟的居民点还远得很。至少现在极目望去还看不见一幢房子。这个农场和劳改农场仅有一渠之隔，但马车从早晨九点钟出发，才走到这里。看看南边的太阳，时光大概已经过中午了吧。这里的田地和渠那边一样，这里的天更和渠那边相同，然而那条渠却是自由与不自由的界线。

车路两边是稻田。稻茬子留得很高。茬口毛茸茸的，一看就知道是钝口的镰刀收割的。难道农场的工人也和我们一样懒，连镰刀也不磨利点?不过我遗憾的不是这个，遗憾的是路两边没有玉米田。如果是玉米田，说不定田里还能找出几个丢失下来的小玉米。遗憾!这里没有玉米田。

太阳暖融融的。西山脚下又像往日好天气时一样，升腾起一片雾霭，把锯齿形的山峦涂抹上异常柔和的乳白色。天上没有云，蓝色的穹窿覆盖着一望无际的田野。而天的蓝色又极有层次，从头顶开始，逐渐淡下来，淡下来，到天边与地平线接壤的部分，就成了一片淡淡的青烟。在天底下，裸露的田野黄得耀眼。这时，我身上酥酥地痒起来了。虱子感觉到了热气，开始从衣缝里欢快地爬出来。虱子在不咬人的时候，倒不失为一种可爱的动物，它使我不感到那么孤独与贫穷——还有种活生生的东西在抚摸我!我身上还养着点什么!大车在丁字路口拐了弯，走上另一条南北向的布满车辙的土路。我这才发现其他几个人并不像我一样呆呆地跟着大车，都不见了。回头望去，他们在水稻田后面的一档田里低着头寻找什么，那模样仿佛在苦苦地默记一篇难懂的古文。糟糕!我的近视眼总使我的行动非常迟缓。他们一定发现了可以吃的东西。我分开枯败的芦苇，越过一条渠，一条沟，尽我最大的力气急走过去时，“营业部主任”正拿着一个黄萝卜，一面用随身带的小刀刮着泥，一面斜睨着我，自满自得地哼哼唧唧：

“祖宗有灵啊——”“祖宗有灵”是劳改农场里遇到好运道时的惯用语。譬如，打的一份饭里有一块没有溶化的面疙瘩;领的稗子面馍馍比别人的稍大;分配到一个比较轻松而又能捞点野食的工作;或是碰着医生的情绪好，开了一张全休或半休的假条……人们都会摇头晃脑地哼唧：“祖宗有灵啊——”这个“啊”字必须拖得很长，带有无尽的韵味，类似俄国人的“乌拉”。

我瞟了一眼：他手中的黄萝卜不小!这家伙总交好运道。“营业部主任”也是“右派”，但听他诉说自己的案情，我却觉得他不应属于“右派”之列，似乎应归于“腐化分子”或“蜕化变质分子”一类才恰当。他自己也感到冤枉，私下里说是百货公司为了完成“反右”任务，把他拿来凑数的。当在“生活检讨会”上，他知道我的高祖、曾祖、祖父、外祖父都是近代和现代的稗官野史上挂了名的人，父亲又是开过工厂的资本家时，会后曾悄悄地带着羡慕的口气对我说：

“像你，才是真正的‘资产阶级右派’哩!浪过世面，吃过香的喝过辣的!像我，从小要饭，后来当了兵，他妈的也成了‘资产阶级右派’!熊!哪怕让我过一天资产阶级的日子，再叫我当‘右派’也不冤哩……”

可是，他并没有从此对我态度好一点，相反，还时时刻刻带着一种刻骨的忌恨嘲讽我，以示他毕竟有个什么地方比我优越。他年龄比我大得多，比我更为衰弱，一脸稀疏肮脏的黄胡须，鼻孔常常挂着两条清鼻涕。他不敢跟我斗力，却把他的外援和好运道在我面前炫耀，以逗引出我的食欲和馋涎。他知道这才是最有效的折磨。我对他也有一种直觉的反感，老想摆脱他却摆脱不了。因为都是“右派”，分组总分在一起。这次释放出来，他也由于家在城市，被开除了公职，又和我一同分到这个农场就业。

这是一块黄萝卜田。和青萝卜田不一样，黄萝卜田里是没有畦垅的，播种时就和撒草籽似的撒得满田都是。撒得密的地方黄萝卜长得细小，挖掘的时候难免有遗漏下的。但这块田已不知被人翻找了多少遍，再加上地冻得梆梆硬，我蹲在地上用手指头抠了许多有苗苗的地方也没找到一个。

“营业部主任”刮完了泥，站在离我不远的地方，和嚼冰糖一样把萝卜嚼得嘎巴嘎巴响，有意把萝卜的清脆、多汁、香甜用响亮的声音渲染得淋漓尽致。

“这萝卜好!还不糠……”他趁咽下一口时，这样赞扬。

这种萝卜只有在田被冻得裂了口的裂缝中才能抠得出来。我是有经验的。我又顺着裂缝细细地寻找了一遍，还是没有找到。那必须是裂缝中恰恰有个黄萝卜，也就是说恰恰有个遗漏下的萝卜长在裂缝中，可想而知，这样的概率非常非常之小。“营业部主任”的好运道就表现在这里!

然而我今天却毫不气恼。我站直腰，宽怀大度地带着勉强的微笑从他面前走过去，斜斜地抄条近路去追赶那辆装着我们行李的大车。

对照式结构(互补严密美)的文章主体由两个部分构成，两个部分构或正反对比，或转折补充，或辨正分析,论证严密全面。下面是小编为你带来的2017年高考作文写作之对照式结构，欢迎阅读。

对照式结构(互补严密美)的文章主体由两个部分构成，两个部分构或正反对比，或转折补充，或辨正分析,论证严密全面。

《让纪念闪耀理性光芒》

(7号文，正反对比式议论文)

纪念是内心情感的涌动，但又不是感情的无节制挥霍;纪念需要行动来升华，但又需要理性的引导。真正的纪念是心灵的回响，是历史的回音;它审视过去，启迪未来……

黑格尔曾经自夸德国人天生就是哲学家。然而就是这样一个天生严谨自律 的民族，就在一个狂人的引诱下，陷入了战争的渊薮。60年前的那幕惨剧:生灵涂炭、妻离子散、血流成河……生者在对往者的审视中找到道德的标杆，也找到了 纪念的理由。德国人用尽一切方法阻止时间淡褪那血色、稀薄那呼声:修建集中营纪念馆，全力处理战后的善后问题，还有那德国总理在犹太人纪念碑前的惊世一 跪!德国人在60年里不断地反思，不停地纪念，终于完成了灵魂的自我救赎。德意志民族向世界展示了理性的力量，也赢得了世人的尊敬!

可见理性的纪念才是正确的纪念，理性让纪念闪耀出人性的光辉。

但纪念一旦脱离理性的制约，它就会变成不可控制的魔鬼。 日本在60年前那幕惨剧中同样扮演了不光彩的角色，作为亚洲地区的主要刽子手，日本犯下的罪行罄竹难书。往者已矣，大和民族的纪念却是如此这般:右翼势力 大肆鼓吹“中国威胁论”，还妄图为二战罪行翻案;不顾史实修订历史教科书，文过饰非，美化侵略罪行;更有首相一年一度的靖国神社“拜鬼”……日本这种偏离 理性范畴的“纪念”活动，自然得到各国人民的一致谴责。有句话说得好:“跪着的德国人比站着的日本人更高大!”

中国在抗日战争中付出巨大的代价才取得胜利，中国人民自然无法容忍这 种倒行逆施的行为。于是各地都掀起了声势壮大的抗议和纪念活动。但近来这些纪念活动在少数激进分子的鼓动下出现了打砸抢日货商店的不理智举动。群众爱国的 赤子之心可以理解，但纪念并不是感情的挥霍，非理性举动无益于解决问题。我国领导人多次表达出严正立场，但同时并不关闭中日会晤的大门，“前事不忘，后事 之师;以史为鉴，面向未来”无疑就是对过去痛苦最理性，也是最深刻的祭奠。

人不能忘本，“忘记过去意味着背叛”。而高贵的心灵在铭记苦难，咀嚼苦难过后，方能理智地纪念苦难。当纪念的洪波涌动时，勿忘用理性的“闸门”控制情感。(05，纪念)

《星星发光，张扬个性》

(8号文转折补充式议论文)

所谓“无规矩不成方圆”。这个圆使我想到了循规蹈矩，稳定，规范。有人认为这样就是死板，由于偏爱后一个图形，认为这才是个性的张扬。

什么是个性的张扬呢?周杰伦手舞双节棍唱着“哼哼哈兮”是一种个性;女子 十二乐坊站着拉二胡是一种个性;凡高的《向日葵》又是另外一种个性……其实，个性就是展现自我的风采，展现自我的才华，展现自我的见解……我们应当承认， 个性张扬有利于个人的发展，也有利于社会的进步。然而，时下却有一些人一味地去模仿别人，追求所谓的‘时尚”：一个“酷”的表情，一个“炫”的姿态，这些 在我个人看来，并不是个性的张扬，而是一种肤浅的作秀罢了。试想一下，走在大街上，每个人都和周杰伦—样留着一小把胡子，再戴个墨镜，摆出一脸的“个 性”，那么我们周围必定是单调、黯淡无彩的了，这便又回到了“圆”的图形，达成了共性。一味盲目地去模仿别人，便会失去一些原本属于自己的真我风采。其实 社会大舞台上本来就是丰富多彩的。何必要穷根究底，去争论红楼中的花魁呢?不正是有了宝钗的端庄，黛玉的优雅，湘云的开朗，妙玉的清高，熙风的泼辣，还有 那睛雯的俏丽，紫鹃的聪慧，平儿的细致，大观园才得以流光《红楼梦》才得以溢彩么?不正是有了这么多性格迥异的人，才构成了这个多元丰富的社会太舞台的 吗?所以，我们所提倡的“个性张扬”必须是针对自我的内在和潜能。只有真诚，诚实地绣出自我，张扬个性。才能像第二幅图那样，变成一颗耀眼璀璨的星星，升 起在人生大舞台上。

然而，光主张“个性张扬“是不够的。个性的张扬又必须受” 圆”这个道德与法律的制约。就像高中规定我们女生不能留长发，这其实是对张扬个性的抑制。但试想一下，眼前一片红发、金发，甚至绿发，发型各异，那还叫什 么校园啊。学校之所以制止，是因为这样“个性的张扬”是不符合“高中生的个性”的。所以。个性还必须符合特定的时代、背景，而这便要受到“圆”这个规矩的 限制了。当然，“圆”的制约还应当合情合理，赋予“人性”有关“圆”的规定还应根据时代的改变，周围环境的改变而做出调整，只有这样。个性的张扬才得以理 解，得以支持。只有这样。社会大舞台才得以发光。丰富多彩，升起的星星才得以与日月同辉!

风，从水中掠过，留下粼粼波纹;阳光，从云中穿过，留下丝丝温暖;岁月， 从树林中走过，留下圈圈年轮，……那么朋友，我们从时代的大舞台上走过。又该留下点什么呢?我们应当留下青春的骄傲，寻梦的足迹;我们应当留下真我的风彩 与个性的张扬：我们应当留下无悔的演绎和星光的灿烂!(05福建，关于两图片的材料作文)

导语：英语作文是最容易拿分，也是最容易丢分的题型。写作上面有什么技巧呢?下面是yjbs作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望能够对您有所帮助。

一：开头

句子的开头方式，不要一味地都是主语开头，接着是谓语、宾语，最后再加一个状语。可以把状语置于句首，或用分词做状语等。

〔原文〕We met at the school gate and went there together early in the morning.

〔修正〕Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together.

〔原文〕The young man couldn’t help crying when he heard the bad news.

〔修正〕Hearing the bad news， the young man couldn’t help crying.

二：经过

2.在整篇文章中，避免只使用一两个句式，要灵活运用诸如倒装句、强调句、主从复合句、分词状语等。

①强调句

〔原文〕I met him in the street yesterday.

〔修正〕It was in the street that I met him yesterday.

It was yesterday that I met him in the street.

②由with或without引导的短语。如:

He sat in a chair with a newspaper in the hand.

③分词短语。如:

Satisfied with the result，He decided to go on with a new experiment.

④倒装句。如:

Only in this way can we achieve our goal.

Never before have I seen such a wonderful film.

Not only should we study in the college, but also learn how to be a decent person.

⑤省略句。如:

If so，victory will be ours.

You can make some changes wherever necessary.

3.通过分句和合句，增强句子的连贯性和表现力。

〔原文〕He stopped us half an hour ago. He made us catch the next offender.

〔修正〕He stopped us half an hour ago and made us catch the next offender.

〔原文〕We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced.

Some told stories. Some played chess.

〔修正〕After a short rest， we had great fun singing and dancing， telling jokes and playing chess.注意使用不同长度的句子，要结合使用，不能只用短句或只用长句。

4.学会使用过渡词。如:

①递进: then(然后)， besides(还有)， furthermore(而且)， moreover(此外)等。

②转折: however(然而)， but(但是)， on the contrary (相反)， after all(毕竟)等。

③总结: finally(最后)， at last(最后)， in brief(总之)， in conclusion(最后)等。

④强调: indeed(确实)， certainly(一定)， surely(确定)， above all(尤其)等。

⑤对比: in the same way(同样地)， just as(正如)， on the one hand…on the other hand(一方面……另一方面……)等。

相似的比较： similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较： on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …,

5.注意使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。如:

〔原文〕A new railway is being built in my hometown.

〔修正〕A new railway is under construction in my hometown.

6.避免重复使用某一单词或短语。如:

〔原文〕I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

〔修正〕I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

I like reading while watching television appeals to my brother.

三、 结尾

1、 All in all, what really matters is, in fact, that……(比如说到和谐社会 All in all, what really matters is, in fact, that we should build our society a harmonious society.)

2、 Therefore, it’s not difficult to draw a conclusion that……

3、 As a result , we should take effective measures to do sth.(我们必须采取一些有效的措施来做些什么)

4、 From what has been discussed above , we may conclude that ……

5、 Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

大家都知道，一篇高分作文在达到文章内容明白，通顺，句式完整的同时，还要求语言生动，形象，而生动形象这就涉及到了对于词汇的选择。各位同学在写作的

时候，切不可盲目地追求大词和生词，让阅卷老师感觉到晦涩难懂。因此，正确选择词汇就显得非常重要了。那么，如何做到用词的标新立异呢？

首先，为了避免简单重复，尽量使用同义词和近义词去表述。例如，增加可用increase,rise,grow,climb,go up,soar等；重要可用

important,critical,vital, significant,crucial等。但要注意词汇的准确性，即必须还要考虑适合的语境。例如：眼睛大，很显然great,large,huge,vast,

titanic, enormous etc,这些大修饰眼睛是不恰当的，而只能使用big来修饰。

其次，多使用词性变化来丰富自己的表达手段。和汉语一样，变化词性也是丰富英语表达的重要途径，是提高英语水平的重要标志。如果能够用to voice some

different opinions 来替代to give/express some different opinions; 或to double/triple 来表示翻倍或增加三倍则会使文章在表达上更为形象而生动。

最后，多使用派生形式来点缀文章亮点。英语的构词特点就是使用前缀、后缀来完成灵活多变的语言特色。例如，It is of great

importance/help/use/significance来替代it is very important/significant/helpful/useful 本身就是英语水平的一个综合展示。另外，作文中如果能够出现

not unnecessary/not unimportant 来表达非常重要或者必要，则更能显示我们的英语功底。

广州，简称穗，别称羊城、花城，古称任嚣城、楚庭、番禺，广东省省会，位于广东省中南部，东江、西江、北江交汇处，珠江三角洲北缘，濒临中国南海。

从秦朝开始，广州一直是郡治、州治、府治的行政中心。两千多年来一直都是华南地区的政治、军事、经济、文化和科教中心。广州是国家历史文化名城，是岭南文化分支广府文化的发源地和兴盛地之一。

广州是国务院定位的国际大都市，国家三大综合性门户城市之一，五大国家中心城市之一，与北京、上海并称“北上广”。

广州从3世纪30年代起成为海上丝绸之路的主港，唐宋时期成为中国第一大港。明清两代，广州成为中国唯一的对外贸易大港，是中国海上丝绸之路历史上最重要的港口。有“千年商都”之称。加上外国人士众多，也被称为“第三世界首都”。