高考英语写作高频词汇【20篇】

【示例一】

①With the rapid advances of ________ in recent years, ________has ________(引出现象). ②However, ________has ________, as ________(提出问题). ③As a result, ________(指出影响),which has aroused close social attention from all walks of life.

【示例二】

①With the rapid development of science and technology (electronic industry/higher education), more and more people come to realize that ________(引出现象). ②It is estimated, over the past decade, that ________(用具体数据说明现象).

我们来看看句子吧。如果说单词是句子的灵魂，那句子就是文章的基石，而句型则是不同品质的基石，可以让整篇文章充满多样的色彩，读起来让人很有兴趣。虽然句型的变化很多，可是针对TOEFL文章的特点，一篇接近300字的议论文，IBT在注重文章的完整性和一致性的同时，也需要文章有精彩的内容。可是文章篇幅有限，我们仅仅需要熟练地应用几个不同的句型，就一定会给评分人留下很深刻的印象了句子中的修辞

我们看看下边的几个例句：

1. Knowledge will never lie。

知之为知之，不知为不知，是智也。

这个句子使用了拟人的修辞手法，赋予了knowledge生命，形象化了知识的严谨性，同时也避免了直接翻译的繁琐冗长。

2. That information comes very impressively to everyone in the job market。

那一信息使所有正在找工作的人为之一震。

这个句子也间接使用了拟人的手法，人性化了Information这个词，come可以把人们接受信息的过程表达的更生动。

3. Confidence never fails to play a significant role in your entire life。

自信在你一生中扮演极其重要的角色。

这个句子中never和fail表示双重否定，用以加强肯定的成分。

这几种句子中的修辞手法都可以使句子的意思表达起来更生动，让人读起来容易接受，同时也避免了直接翻译的很多缺点。

强调句的应用和举例说明

孔子《论语》中的这个经典语句可谓家喻户晓，一句“有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎”道出了中华民族作为礼仪之邦的特点。在托福中，这句话可以应用在关于friendship的文章，这句话直译过来说的是：有朋友从很远的地方来看你难道不是一件很开心的事情吗?通过中文理解，我们知道这句话所强调的部分是：一件很开心的事情。“开心”有很多词汇可以选择，常用的有happy和glad，高级一点的有enjoyable和pleasant，再高级一点的还有incredible和delightful。应用到实际写作中，可以使用it is 做一个强调句来凸显这句话的特点，例如：

It’s delightful to have friends from distant lands。

在这个句子中，除了deightful以外，其他句子成分都很平常，每个人都会写，所以即使是评卷人看到这个句子也不会觉得稀奇，那么作为强调句，恰好是delightful这个词，代表了一种发自心底的喜悦和开心，让读过这个句子的人都有眼前一亮的感觉，这也就达到了强调句的作用。然而happy和glad也都有快乐之意，但是和delightful相比就显得不够级别了，明显高兴的程度不一样，delightful更能显示一种喜悦带来的兴奋，迎接千里迢迢来访的朋友这样的表达最恰当不过了。可以起到强调作用的句型结构有很多，我们能够用到的同位语从句和倒装句都有这样的作用，例如：

It is an undeniable fact that human activities harm the Earth。

这句话中that后边引导的就是要强调的内容，即an undeniable fact. 为了突出harm the Earth是一个不可否认的事实，做成这样一个句子。

Only through effective measures can the government resolve the dispute。

这句话强调的就是only后边的effective measures，而且翻译过来是只有同过有效的措施，强调的唯一性，无二法门。

为什么要倒装

从字面上解释，倒装句子的特点就是把句子倒过来说，这样的解释过于直白但却很实际。根据英语(论坛)句型结构特点，因为要强调才会选择去倒装。我们看看下边的两个例子：

1. So severe is this problem that we have no alternative but to take some feasible measures to deal with it。

2. So amazing are these crewmembers that they have successfully accomplished space walk。

句子中划线的部分就是倒装结构的重点强调所在，关于倒装句的作用，前边已然讲过，这里就不多说了。在TOEFL的具体应用中，我们需要在写作实践里进行检验。

Only through education can we rise in the world。

Only by receiving education can we rise in the world。

从句什么时候使用

在托福写作中，从句句型还是应用比较广泛的，常用的主语、宾语从句，定语从句，还有我们讲过的同位语从句。我见过的托福写作范文中，包括CBT和IBT的两类作文，段落中从句出现的频率都是很高的，尤其是第一段introduction中，一般做背景介绍的时候都会使用宾语从句，例如：some people claim that… 在文章的主体部分中，为了体现句式的变化，各种从句交替应用就显得很重要;即使在iBT导入了first draft的概念之后，对文章的内容要求也没有改变要求，需要体现完整性和统一性。有一点值得注意，从句虽好，但不宜过多重复，这就好像美酒虽好，但不要贪杯的道理一样。好钢用在刀刃上，从句的优点是简单句不能比拟的，但只有简单句结合从句，才能体现句子的多变性;也只有全部的句子都为主题句服务，文章的整体性才会更好的体现。以下是议论文写作中比较好的一些从句例子：

1. Many experts claim that people should positively participate in garbage recycle。

宾语从句，一般出现在首段背景介绍部分。

2. Horror movies, in which there might be bleeding and terrifying scenes, are not recommended for children。

定语从句，一般在主体部分中比较常见，用以解释说明，达到简化句子的目的。

3. As long as you are a student, you should always behave yourself。

状语从句，让步状语从句比较常见的使用although或者though来引导，这里介绍一个使用as long as来引导的句子，这个例句可以解释成做一天和尚撞一天钟。

4. When it comes to psychology, most people believe that it is a behavioral study。

时间状语从句，例句中的应用表示了“当谈到…的时候”，这是一种美式英语中经常出现的句式，口语和书面语都可以使用，推荐各位掌握。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

一、形成性评价的概念

形成性评价(Formative Assessment)是美国评价学专家斯克里芬在1967年在其所著的《评论方法论》里提出来的。所谓的形成性评价是相对于传统的终结性评价(Summative Assessment)而言的，指的是对学生日常学习过程中的表现、所取得的成绩及所反映出来的情感、态度和策略方面的发展做出的评价，这种评价是通过对学生学习的整个过程持续观察、记录和反思之后得出来的。

形成性评价的目的是为了激励学生学习，帮助学生调控自己的学习过程。让学生获得成就感，增强其自信心和团结合作精神，让学生从被动接受评价变成一个评价的主体和积极参与者。形成性评价能够帮助教师了解学生的学习情况，从而制定下一步的教学计划。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价不只以考试成绩来衡量学生的学习情况，它更加灵活方便，也更加科学有效。形成性评价注重对学生学习行为和表现的评估，能够有效发挥学生的主动性和创造性，有利于培养学生的学习兴趣，也能够有效提高学生的自信心。

在英语口语教学中运用形成性评价，能够让学生在课堂中互相评价，增强学生参与课堂教学的积极性，在提高英语口语能力的同时体会到成功的快乐，形成一个教师与学生、学生与学生之间良好互动的课堂。形成性评价注重开发学生的创新能力和思考能力，而要培养这些能力就必须依靠坚持不懈的学习和运用来完成。

二、形成性评价的方法与工具

首先，一般而言，形成性评价的方法大致分为：自我评价、同伴互评和教师评价。

自我评价是指学生在学习的过程中就自己学习进程中的某个阶段性成果的总结和评价。自我评价是形成性评价中尤为重要的评价方法，只有通过自我评价才能尽力发挥其的主观能动性，积极主动地参与课堂教学活动。只有主观积极地参与课堂，就自己不同阶段的水平，才能更好地定位自己进一步的目标，并在课程初期、中期及末期分别给予自己相对客观中肯的评价，以促进下一阶段的学习。

同伴互评是指在课堂活动中，就某一活动进行同学之间的评价，评价包括学习态度、学习能力及学习方法的评价。在同伴互评的过程中，学生们可以相互探讨学习方法、交流学习心得、提出改进的建议和意见。同伴之间相互比较、竞争，相互取长补短，既增强了合作精神又促进了学习能力和学习效率的提升。同伴互评作为形成性评价重要的方法之一，其评价形式既增强了课堂的趣味性又增强了学生的学习自信心和学习热情。

课堂学习的主体是学生，但是学习评价的主体却是教师。形成性评价侧重过程教育，在教学过程中，根据需要调整教学计划和内容，该评价尤其重视学生与教师在课堂的共同参与度，而非教师“一言堂”。首先，教师在教学过程中设定好学生自我评价与同伴评价的量化标准，列好学生自我评价和同伴评价的核查表；其次，学生根据核查表才可有的放矢，对照核查表所列的内容一一检查，每节课后，客观公正地给予自己和他人中肯的评价；最后，结合学生自我评价和同伴评价的反馈结果，教师针对学生课堂上的表现，纵向对比某一特定学生评价前后的差异，或者横向比较某一特定组别在同一活动中每位学生各项指标的完成情况，同时，以多种形式反馈给学生并提出整改意见。因而，在教学的不同阶段，根据学生的能力发展状况，教师可适时调整评价方式，不断改进教学方法和教学手段。

只有将自我评价、同伴评价与教师评价结合在一起评价方式才能保证较好的教学效果，才能促进教育改革的进一步深化，真正达到以素质教育培养复合型人才的终极目标。

其次，形成性评价的行为评估工具有课堂观察、学生档案、座谈、问卷调查、访谈和对话周记等。如何运用以及怎样运用这些评价工具要根据所授课程、课程目标和授课对象等诸多因素做适当调整。

课堂观察是教学行为和技巧的基本方式。根据Genesee and Upshur(2001:79)的观点，教师在观察的基础上，可以评估学生已掌握和未掌握的内容。换言之，教师应该评估促进或阻碍学生学习的策略。与此同时，教师还可评估一些特定的教学策略的有效性，确定学生们欣赏哪些课堂活动和形式。课堂观察有助于教师更好地了解课程设计和学生需求的契合度。通过正式或非正式的观察，教师可掌握大多数学生对于教学安排的可接受程度，根据学生的需求改进或调整教学安排等，以提升教学效果。

“questionnaires and interviews can all be thought of as conversations between students and teachers”（Genesee and Upshur，2001:136）。如上所述，问卷调查和访谈都可被看作教师和学生间的对话，访谈和问卷调查是相似的，但决定使用访谈或者问卷调查可依据不同的教学目的。无论是哪种方式，都是老师和学生之间相对正式的会谈，这非常有利于老师对他的教学效果进行评估,诊断学生在英语学习遇到的困难，为学生寻找合适的解决问题,获得良好的学习策略和学习得到更多的进步。访谈和问卷调查设计应该根据学生的个人需求并符合教学目标。

对话周记作为教师和学生沟通的另一种方式，深受学生的喜爱。因课程设置和班级规模的不同，课堂观察、问卷调查及访谈都相对比较片面，而对话周记则可以关注到每个学生的不同需求。师生间定期通信，既增加了教师和学生之间的相互了解，增强彼此的信任，又能解决学生的个案问题，做到因材施教；同时，为了促进“教学相长”，学生可及时反馈教师的课堂教学，对于教师的教学提出较好的建议和意见。

学生档案是一个综合各项评估功能于一体的评估工具。它可以记录学生的成长、课堂变化且兼顾多种需要。如今，众多评价工具只把学生作为评价的对象，而评估的责任和任务的则落到了教师身上。但事实上，几乎没有一种评价工具能很好地管理学生活动并对其课堂行为负责。相比之下, 建立学生档案，需要学生亲力亲为；本着自我负责的原则，他们要更好地自我监督和控制，同时，在建档案的过程中，学生可以见证自己的进步与成长，增强学习的自信，提高学习的效果。

三、形成性评价对于英语口语教学的重要性与紧迫性

众所周知,教育评估在大学英语课程改革中扮演着相当重要的角色。英语教学的重点已从传播知识转移到培养能力。多年来，在中国，人们只注重英语写作和阅读的能力的提升，而一直忽视英语口语交际能力。多年来，教学评价已经被狭义理解为量化教学，而后进一步局限于教学测试。考试作为教学的终极目的，期末考试的成绩也就成为教师评价学生的最重要的依据。而对于口语课堂，单一的这种评估方式和依据增加了大多数学生的心理压力和少部分学生侥幸心理。考试成绩给学生很大压力，危害学生的发展，评估过程中，学生一直被动地参与，无法调动其积极性。当课程结束时，教师将得不到及时准确的学生反馈，无法改善评估方法以助于提高学生的英语口语能力。

“形成性评价源于诊断性测试。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价通过教学过程中多方面的评价发现问题，解决问题，强调过程性、目标性和学生学习的主动性。” (魏薇，2005) 鉴于终结性评价在口语测试评分中的片面性和主观性，大学英语口语表达能力的培养还是受到了这种终结性评价的制约。在大学英语口语教学中，形成性评价最重要的任务的是帮助教师监控学生英语口语的学习过程，提高学生的英语口语学习。如能将形成性评价的理论引入大学英语口语课堂教学与测试中，建立大学英语口语课程与形成性评价相结合的评估模式，则会推动大学英语口语教学和测试的改革进程。

鉴于口语课堂的特点，为了克服传统终结性评价对于口语课堂的制约性，形成性评价与大学英语口语教学相结合有其不可忽视的重要性和紧迫性。

首先，由于口语表达能力除了包含最基本的发音、词汇、语法能力还有语用能力、文化知识储备力等多项复杂的技能，而所有的这些技能无法在某一次测试中完全体现出来。因口语学习的最终目的是运用到相关学科、为了更好地促进国际交流。

而形成性评价尤其注重过程教学，这种评价将教学过程分成了诸多阶段，学生可在每个不同的阶段就自己的学习态度、发音、语言运用的准确性、流利程度以及课堂活动参与的积极性进行横向的同学互评和纵向的自我比较。一方面，横向比较可以找到彼此间的差距，互相帮助已达到各方面的提升；另一方面，学生可在整理学习档案的过程中，纵向比较自己前后阶段的学习情况，时刻了解自己在每个阶段的学习状况，在教师和同学的辅助下，运用不同的学习方法和策略，逐项提高自己的口语能力。 另外，教师在学生进行评价的过程中，可真实地参与并记录学生在各方面的真实水平。

其次，口语课堂实际上是教师与学生、学生与学生之间的互动交际。教师需要花费大量的时间设计口语活动、鼓励学生参与活动、监控课堂活动、诊断学生的需求和问题、记录学生的表现等。学生则在各种学习任务和活动中不断地练习、发现问题、纠正偏差。

与传统的终结性评价不同，形成性评价的最显著特征是评价的主体是学生，学生和教师共同参与课堂，缺一不可。根据多数学生的关注点，学生参与确定研究目标、评分标准和英语口语的性能评估。因而，他们了解每一项活动的任务和目标，他们可合理运用各种评价方式和工具，课前认真准备，课堂上积极参与，能与教师积极互动，课堂上客观地评价自己、同伴和教师。这不仅是一种评价过程，更是学生回归自我认同感的方式。学生增加了学习自信，在评价过程中不断积累经验，逐步获得学习成就感。教师亦可在与学生互动的过程中，更好地了解学生的知识掌握和课堂反馈情况，根据反馈适时调整教学方法。如此良性循环，既增强了课堂的趣味性又提高了学生的学习效率。

四、结语

形成性评价，作为正常教学和学习过程的有机部分，可以全面、客观、科学、准确地提供与其学习目标相关的重要信息，它有助于促进学生的个性化发展和外语教学质量的根本性提高。形成性评价其中的一个重要作用是培养学生良好的英语学习习惯。将英语形成性评价与口语教学紧密地结合在一起，能提高学生学习的兴趣并及时、准确、客观地反映学生的真实水平，使学生的英语口语能力稳步提高。通过采用具体的形成性评价方式，发展学生的自我评价与学生间相互评价的能力，以促进学生的自我反思与自我管理能力。从而提高学生自主学习意识与自主学习能力，并为他们养成终身学习的意识与习惯打下基础。

请根据以下提示，并结合具体事例，用英语写一篇短文。

Small things make a big difference。 The small things we do can make us a responsible member of the society。

注意：①无须写标题;

②除诗歌外，文体不限;

③资料务必结合你生活中的具体事例;

④文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称;

⑤词数不少于120，如引用提示语则不计入总词数。

范文：

It isn’t hard to grow up into a responsible member of society。

I can well remember an incident that happened on a rainy Sunday afternoon。 I was on my way to the bookstore and was waiting for the green light at a crossing when a girl of about ten was knocked down by a passing car， which drove off quickly。 A man immediately rushed to the girl to give her first aid and I joined in without hesitation。 Luckily she was not badly injured and we sent her to the nearest hospital。 Compared with the escaped driver， I am proud of what I did。

As a member of the society， I am aware that being responsible is what it takes to make a better society。

on the whole总的来说

On the whole the outlook appeared bright .

总的来说，前景看来是光明的。

in conclusion总之

In conclusion , education will spread more and more online .

总之，在线教育波及的范围会越来越广。

in a word一句话

In a word , practice is far more important than book knowledge .

一句话，实践远比书本知识重要。

to sum up总而言之

To sum up, success results from hard work .

总而言之，成功是艰苦努力的结果。

in brief简言之

In brief , the study claims that they improve mental sharpness .

简言之，该研究宣称甜食让你的头脑灵敏。

in summary总之

In summary , when leaving a position, keep your good-ayes short and sweet .

总的说来，离职的时候，要保持温馨而简短的告别。

to conclude最后

To conclude , city A is my preference for living , as it provides the comparably nicer surroundings and better safety .

总之，A城市是我选择居住的首要选择，因为相对来说环境更好，也更安全。

to summarize概括来说

To summarize my point: Not eating enough calories results inmuscle loss, dehydration, slower fat burning, and your bodywill always adapt to a lower calorie intake.

概括来说，不摄入足够的卡路里导致肌肉的减少，脱水，减缓脂肪燃烧，身体将总适应低卡路里摄入量。

in short 总之

In short , just because people have more choice does not mean they will opt for more obscure entertainments .

总之，正是因为人们有了更多的选择不意味着他们会选择更多的冷门娱乐产品。

[高考英语作文万能句整理

面对中学生“出国热”，社会对此有不同的看法。请你以Studying Abroad为题，根据以下提供的信息，谈谈自己的看法。

Advantages Disadvantages

1.良好的语言环境，更利于语言学习。

2.拓宽视野，学习国外先进的科学技术。

3.传播各民族间的不同文化。 1.年纪小，缺乏生活经验，自理能力差。

1. 情感孤独，思乡。2. 生活学习费用高。

注意：1）第一句已为你写好，不计入总词数。 2）词数100 左右。

3）参考词汇：媒介，中间人 mediator

Studying Abroad

In recent years, studying abroad has been popular.________________________

Studying Abroad

In recent years, studying abroad has been popular. Tens of thousands of Chinese students have gone to foreign countries to study. Many people are trying their best to apply to go abroad.

There are many advantages in attending schools abroad. First, students who have studied abroad can act as mediators between people of different cultures. Second, we can learn much more advanced knowledge of science and technology from foreign countries. Third, we can learn foreign languages more quickly.

However, there are some disadvantages. Most of the students are too young to live by themselves without any living experience. Besides, being far away from their home country, they may feel lonely and homesick. Of course the costs are much.

[高考英语作文素材

导语：2016年高三开学已经一个星期了，高三的同学们是不是又投入了紧张的高考一轮复习中，下面小编整理了一些高考满分作文写作技巧，供大家鉴赏!

1、拟靓标题

题好一半文。标题是文章的眼睛，是让阅卷老师慧眼为之一亮的第一点。遇到“题目自拟”的作文话题，最好不要直接引用话题做标题，要尽力展示个人才华，尽量拟出让阅卷老师“一见钟情”的好标题，为获取高分奠定基础。好的标题应该是准确、简洁、新颖、别致，耀眼夺目，富有文采。拟题方法主要有①巧用修辞，如《让孤独飘飞》。②引用诗词、歌曲，如《我心中，你最重》。③改装名作，如《道德苦旅》。④术语嫁接，如《心灵比色卡》。⑤妙用标点，如《学生上网：喜耶?忧耶?》。⑥巧用数字，如《父爱“二十三”》。⑦巧借公式，如《天赋+努力=成功》等。但不论怎样拟写，都要注意锤炼词语，切合主旨。

2、合理选材

在作文中，材料往往承载和反映作者的思想、情感、观点，因此，应选择具有文化气息、蕴含人生哲理、闪耀情感光华、积极健康、引人向善、启人心智的材料。具体来说，应做到两点。一要精当。所谓“精当”，是指所选用的材料能有效地恰如其分地表现主题，没有偏离之感，没有叠加之嫌，更没有虚假之疑。二要“新颖”，即所选材料应具有时代气息，能反映社会的“热点”与“亮点”，有生活色彩，有个性特征，有独到的发现等。从范围及方式上，选材可收揽古今、链接中外、紧扣时政要闻、钻探书籍、“播放”影视、“过滤”生活。总之，要根据话题，用大视野去搜寻，大浪淘沙般筛选，选出有深意、典型、鲜活、切合主旨的材料进行写作。

3、巧妙布局

布局关系到文章的整体质量，所以写作时应认真勾画文章经纬，做到“结构完整”，力求“构思精巧”。①可采用“题记+正文”的形式，结构全文。好的题记具有意蕴丰厚、情味绵长、语言精美等特点。巧设题记可以开宗明旨，可以创设情境，也可以展露才情，它能一下子拨动阅卷者的心弦，对你的文章顿生好感。②可采用“母题+标题”的形式。把一个大的话题或意旨切分成三至四个既有内在联系又各具独立性的部分，并配以精当的小标题，既可以收到化整为零、各个击破的写作实效，也可以给阅卷者以结构清晰、脉络分明的良好印象。③可采用“引言+正文”的形式。好的引言，能升华思想感情的火花、生活哲理的闪光和人生意义的感悟，起到画龙点睛的作用。④也可采用数字化分节，一目了然，自然流畅。此外，语段上要错落匀称，长短相间，也能使文章体现一种建筑美。

4、精心开篇

古人云：“通篇之纲领在首段，首段得势，则通篇皆佳。”因而，我们必须精心开篇涂彩，力求让阅卷老师一见倾心。作文毕竟是个认识美、发现美、感悟美和创造美的过程及其具体的体现，阅卷老师只有从你文章的开篇中获得审美意趣，才能在这种情感的作用下给你高分。开头方法常见的有：①开门见山，开宗明义。②描写环境，引出人物。③特写镜头，勾人心魄。④设置悬念，引人入胜。⑤编述故事，饶有情趣。⑥设疑发问，促人深省。⑦欲扬先抑，步步为营。⑧巧引名言、歌词、谚语等。但无论哪种开头，都要以新颖独到、别致小巧的简约文字，提纲挈领，自然引起下文。

5、审准话题

审题是作文成败的第一关，差之毫厘，谬以千里。应试时应慎重。审题准确，作文就有可能踏上成功之路;审题失误，写得再好，最多也只能得一半左右的分数。就近几年的“话题作文”而言，审准题意就是要对作文试题上展现的“材料、提示语、话题、作文要求”(即通常所说的背景语、启发语、话题语、强调语)的各个部分仔细审读揣摩，全面确切地理解文题的所有含意，这是理解话题作文的关键。具体方法为：第一步，读“背景语”和“启发语”，巧借“启发语”的提示，弄清“背景语”的隐含意义，弄懂题目要求写的就是“话题语”。第二步，弄清“强调语”有哪些要求，即弄清立意、文体、拟题、字数等要求。第三步，应围绕“话题”组材、选材，扣住话题的实质。为确保“符合题意”，在写作时，尽可能在开头点，中间提，结尾扣，这样，写就平稳的扣题文应该不成问题。

6、选妥文体

“文体自选”，不是多种文体的综合，而是为考生提供选择最擅长文体的自由。一旦选择了某种文体，写出来的文章就应该具备这种文体的特征，从而做到“符合文体要求”，而不是“四不像”。那么怎样选择文体呢?这就要根据作文的“提示语”和“要求”来考虑。若需要通过自己忆、记、闻，或涉及写人物、事件、景物、场面时，一般应选择记叙文;若需要介绍、说明事物的形状、性质、成因、关系、功用时，就应选择说明文;若需要阐述主张、表明观点，自然选择议论文。如果有的内容兼用几种体裁都可以时，就要根据自己的实际需要确定采用的文体。但不管采用什么样的文体，都要因文而异、因人而异，要充分发挥自己的优势，展示自己的才华。比如，擅长形象思维，会编故事，善于记叙、描写的同学，可选择记叙文，甚至可以选小说、童话等文学体裁;擅长推理，逻辑思维强的同学，则可选择议论文。

7、立意创新

古人云：“意高则文胜。”高考作文立意，正确是前提，但要达到我们所说的“成功”，则还要力求“深邃、高远”。判断一篇作文的立意是否深邃、高远、有创新，可从以下几方面来看：①文章有没有在深度上有所建树，在某个方面或某些方面是不是有超越大众化的见解，甚至创见。②有没有对自然、社会和人类的关注。③有没有深远的历史感与现实感。④有没有预见性。⑤有没有健康的审美情趣与高尚的情操。⑥有没有哲理性的思考……考生要在考场上写出令人耳目一新的佳作确非易事。文章要想出新，立意必须新奇。首先，要有超越一般的眼光，有时代责任感，意志坚定，情趣高尚。其次，要有历史感和预见性，能透析事理，升华哲理。再次，要从多角度联想，对同一事物从不同角度进行思考，寻求多种答案，从中选择最新最佳的角度来立意。

8、写好结尾

“编筐编篓，重在收口”。作文也一样，不可轻视。写得不好，会使文章结构松散，黯然失色;写得好，则可以使文章结构严谨，大添异彩，从而收到“回眸一笑百媚生”的效果。总的来说，文章结尾应简明有力，留有余韵，让人流连忘返。就内容而言，可采用启迪人心的结尾、诗情画意的结尾、促膝谈心的结尾、照应开头的结尾、激励号召的结尾、卒章显志的结尾等;就形式而言，可采用问句式、引用式、抒情式、点睛式、呼告式、比喻式、反复式、排比式等不同形式的结尾。具体要根据文体、内容和需要决定。但不管使用什么样的结尾，都要使主旨更鲜明，结构更严谨，内容更富有文彩、更有创新意识，使文章更具魅力、更吸引人。

9、美化语言

语言不仅是作文思想内容的载体，更是阅卷者产生美感的契机。语言是否有亮点，是否有出彩之处，将直接影响印象分的判给。所以，在写作中要用自己最好的语言，让阅卷者在愉悦中对你的作文产生一种“偏爱”。怎样的语言才是最好的语言呢?活泼的、有灵气的、富有表现力的，能给人以审美享受的，能感染人打动人的语言才是最好的语言。美化语言的方法主要有：①可用修辞手法装扮，使之富有韵味。比喻、排比、对比、夸张、比拟等修辞手法的综合运用，可以收到新颖含蓄的奇妙功效。②可用变化的语言装扮，使之摇曳多姿。如采撷新词新义为文章增添鲜明的时代气息;创新语言，在汉语语言规则允许的范围内作新意搭配，使语言显得奇崛;变动语序，加强表达效果，令语言焕然一新;变换句式，长长短短、整整散散、节奏变化，语言的韵律美自然生成……③可用流行话语装扮，使之灵动活泼。同时，能起到化平淡为神奇的功效。④可用智慧的话语装扮，使之更有内涵。智慧的话语(包括幽默的话和蕴含哲理的话)，在作文中恰当运用，不但使文章增添分量，更让埋头苦批的阅卷老师开心笑一回，实实在在地轻松一回，从而会不经意地给你记上一功。⑤可用古诗词装扮，使之尽显才气。可直接引用穿插在行文中，为文章增色添辉;或间接变用，机智地使它适合行文的要求;也可在它触发下写出诗情画意或意蕴深厚的文字来。

10、注重文面

文面是给评卷者的第一印象。作文卷面情况的好坏，直接影响着评卷老师的情绪。有的考生文章写得不错，卷面却东拉一下、西抹一下，让人见了就没有好感，无形中加大了失分因素。所以我们在写作中必须注重文面质量。具体地说做到“三清”、“三适”、“三要”、“三不要”。“三清”就是卷面清洁，字迹清楚，笔画清晰;“三适”，就是书写认真，快慢适可;字写在方格中间，大小适中;均匀落笔，轻重适度。“三要”，就是时间要控制在一小时以内，每小节前要空两格，字数要达到规定要求。“三不要”，就是用吃得准的字，不要写错别字;用规范字，不要写繁体字或不规范的简化字;标点符号应灵活运用，不要一逗到底。

home to a strong earthquake, the people working outside xinjirufen. their first thought is that their loved ones are safe » how home-like » rush to return home as soon as possible, to participate in the rescue and rebuild their homes. but natural disasters which blocked the railway, the train decommissioning, long-distance truck capacity shortage, more than 10,000 from around the convergence of sichuan province to xian transit workers in disaster areas anxiously awaiting the return home!

qualcomm situation in the heart, blood is thicker than water. migrant workers in the disaster areas to return home affect the way the hearts of the people of xian. provincial party secretary zhao leji, governor yuan chunqing the first time made important instructions, xian municipal government immediately made arrangements to mobilize all the forces can be mobilized quickly organized the citys capacity to the fastest speed sending migrant workers to go home.

to the secretary, to the mayor, to the commander and political commissar of the past, public security, traffic, traffic police and health departments to the person in charge. migrant workers came to the middle, wenhanwennuan, a certain commitment to send them home as soon as possible, so that migrant workers have been anxious the warm comfort. metro, the mobilization of yanta, who conscientiously fulfill their duties; bureau of transportation, bus companies to mobilize, they transferred the bus in good condition; xian tourism groups to mobilize, they prepared the way migrant workers the necessary food and drink; policemen mobilized, they clear their task is to maintain order and cleared the way by police escort; oil companies to mobilize, they ensure that the fuel is sufficient; mobilization of the health system, ambulances and medical staff accompanied all the way to the bao kang; our troops mobilized, they built the road vehicles and all the necessary supplies. a few hours, xian on the mobilization of the 268 long-distance bus, eager to return home to the migrant workers send home the road.

no valentines love in the earthquake. party committees at all levels of xian, the love, the urgency of radical workers, migrant workers would like to think, to handle the affairs of migrant workers in the hearts. xian love in all walks of life, their real actions, another interpretation of "a difficult one, p plus assistance," the traditional chinese virtues.

家乡遭受强烈地震，在外打工的人心急如焚。他们的第一个念头就是，亲人可安全?家园怎么样?尽快赶回家，参加抢救，重建家园。但灾害使铁路受阻，火车停运，长途车运力不足，一万多名从各地汇聚到西安中转的四川灾区民工在焦急地等待回家!

情通于心，血浓于水。灾区民工的回家之路牵动着西安人民的心。省委书记赵乐际、省长袁纯清在第一时间作出了重要指示，西安市委、市政府立即作出了部署，要求动员一切可以动员的力量，迅速组织全市运力，以最快的速度送民工返乡。

书记来了，市长来了，司令来了，政委来了，公安、交通、交警、卫生等各部门的负责人来了。来到民工中间，问寒问暖，承诺一定尽快送他们回家，让焦急的民工得到了温暖的抚慰。新城、雁塔政府动员起来了，他们认真履行着自己的职责;交通局、公交公司动员起来了，他们调来了状况良好的大客车;西安旅游集团动员起来了，他们备好了民工路上所需的食品饮料;公安干警动员起来了，他们明确自己的任务是维持秩序，并用警车开道护航;石油公司动员起来了，他们确保的是油料充足;卫生系统动员起来了，救护车和医护人员一路相随为的是保康健;我们的部队动员起来了，他们自带车辆和路上所需的一切给养。短短的几个小时，西安就调集了268辆长途客车，把急切返乡的民工送上了回家的路。

地震无情人有情。西安各级党委、政府有情，急民工所急，想民工所想，把事情办在了民工的心坎上。西安各行各业有情，他们用实际行动又一次诠释了“一方有难，八方援手”的中华传统美德。

一、最后一课：

哲学家在草地上给弟子上最后一课，问：“如何除掉这些杂草?”弟子甲说：“用铲子铲。”乙说：“用火烧。”丙说：“撒上石灰。”丁说：“连根拔去。”哲学家说：“都试一下。如果没有除掉，一年后再来此相会。”一年后，都来了，哲学家未来。但他的弟子看到满地茂盛的庄稼而无一根杂草，终于悟到了一个真理：欲无杂草，必须种上庄稼。

审题参考：这个故事让人明白：欲无必有，欲有必无。那么，要心中有真善美，必远离假恶丑。这必须经过选择、鉴别和心灵的“巷战”，才会让一个退出，另一个占据。提示“无”与“有”是两个抽象的概念，材料中要“无草”，则要“有庄稼”，这是含义深刻的比喻，草喻生活中的假恶丑，庄稼喻真善美，此类题目审题时要注意化抽象为具体，联系实际。

二、两只小鸟：

有两只小鸟，一只关在笼子里，一只放飞在野外。在笼子里的小鸟三餐无忧，在野外的小鸟自由自在。两只小鸟经常交谈。笼里的小鸟羡慕野外小鸟的自由自在;野外的小鸟则羡慕笼里的小鸟的安逸。一日，一只小鸟对另一只小鸟说：“咱们换一换吧!”另一只小鸟同意了。于是笼子里的小鸟飞进了大自然，野外的小鸟飞进了笼子里。从笼子里飞出来的小鸟高高兴兴，在大自然里拼命地飞呀飞呀;飞进笼子里的小鸟也十分兴奋，因为不用为寻找食物而发愁了。但不久，两只鸟都死了。一只是因饥饿而死，一只是因忧郁而死。从笼子里出来的小鸟获得了自由，却没有同时获得捕食的本领;飞进笼子里的小鸟获得了安逸，却失去了自由。

审题参考：本来两只鸟都生活得很幸福，各得其所，相安无事，但是，它们却这山望着那山高，欲壑难填，结果把那小命都搭上去了。这个悲剧告诉人们：知足者常乐。

三、头顶樱桃树的小鹿：

在森林里住着一个猎人。有一次，他在打猎途中遇到了一只美丽的小鹿，可是子弹打光了，于是他顺手把几粒吃剩的樱桃核放进了枪膛。枪响了，头部受伤的小鹿很快消失在密林深处。奇迹就由此发生了。第二年春天，人们惊奇地发现，森林里出现了一只头顶上长着樱桃树的小鹿。樱桃小树在小鹿头顶上茂盛异常。在收获的季节里，小鹿摇落鲜红的樱桃果，把果实分给森林里所有的居民，包括那个射伤她的猎人。小鹿由此赢得了大家的喜爱与敬佩。

审题参考：人生就要像小鹿那样，敢于鼓起直面困难的勇气，把袭来的子弹仔细珍藏，在血和泪的浇灌下让她它长大、开花、结果。漫漫人生路，几多风雨，几多坎坷，所以我们一定要学会坚强，要笑着面对挫折和打击，并最终把它们转化成前进的动力。此外要学小鹿，像她那样以仁慈为怀，以德报怨，化敌为友，这样才能建立一个和谐的环境。

四、擦亮心窗:

有一位女士，多年来总是嘲笑对面的女邻居懒惰：“你看她衣服永远都洗不干净，晾着的衣服上面总是有斑点!”有一天，这位女士的朋友到她家做客，听见她嘲笑对面的女士时，就仔细地观察起来。结果细心的朋友发现了问题所在，于是拿起一块抹布，把女士家的玻璃窗上的污垢擦干净，然后说：“你再看看，对面的衣服还脏吗?”原来是这位女士自己家的玻璃窗脏了。

审题参考：自己的玻璃窗脏了，透过这样的窗户看任何东西恐怕都是脏的。自己的心灵晦暗了，那么看任何人都是污浊的，有问题的，甚至是邪恶的。同时告诉人们，当你说别人不是时，应首先反省反省自己。

五、别让心脏了:

有一次，一位朋友拿给他一叠复杂的插图让他描画，当然报酬很高。他一面干一面对我说，这些插图都这么难画，一定是那个朋友把容易描画的都选了去，让他啃“骨头”，于是他就对朋友心生不满，并敷衍了事。几天以后，那位朋友来取插图，同时还带来了更多需要描画的插图，而且都比先前的那些插图容易描画。原来那个朋友是想让他先描画难画的，如果他能胜任那么容易画的他就更能胜任了。然而朋友看了他描画的插图后，没再留下那些容易描画的插图。事后那位朋友遗憾地告诉我：“本来我是想帮他牵上这条线，好让他以后一直帮这家出版社做下去的，可以固定地挣一笔‘外快’，谁知他不能胜任。”

审题参考：其实读了这篇短文后，我们不难知道，其实并不是文中我的亲戚的能力不能胜任，而是他的心不能胜任，他的心脏了，所以他总也看不清事实的真相，总以错误的眼光看待一切，最终贻误的是自己，只好眼睁睁地看着那煮熟的鸭子飞走了。这叫聪明反被聪明误。

在整一张语文卷当中，作文占的比例分数是最高的，下面是小编为大家整理的高考满分作文的写作方法，希望能帮到您！

第一：全

全即文章的结合呼应，给人完整感。阅卷人的心理，对文章的开头、中间、结尾很看重，特别是结尾的结构呼应或者主题升华的语言等等。

第二：亮

亮就是试卷上的亮点。亮点是多方面的，字迹端正、卷面整洁是其中第一要着。文章无错别字，没有明显的病句，没有明显的涂改痕迹，行款漂亮等等，都会让阅卷老师一翻到试卷就精神大振，产生好感，不忍心打低分。

第三：显

由于时间关系，高考阅卷老师不能细细揣摩文章，也不能明晓考生的作文功底，考生要特别讲究一个“显”字。

首先，文章的主旨要明了，平时作文，有学生喜欢写些含蓄的文字，以求文学的含蓄美，也得到了老师的青睐，甚至发表了不少的文章，但是高考场上不能这样做，太含蓄了，就会使文章走进隐讳的死胡同，短时间内难以让人读懂，就很容易被阅卷老师误认为离题打入冷宫。

其次，文章的分论点最好用分段的方式明确摆出，开头、中间、结尾都要顾及体现自己中心思想的语句，最明显的方法就是把它们放在段首，好让阅卷者一目了然。

第四：虚

虚就是虚构。高考作文能写实固然好，但由于我们长期处在学校——家庭两点一线的生活方式，很难发现生活中真实动人的故事。高考作文要求有创新，必然把原本平淡无奇的事情编得生动曲折。

第五：简

简即简笔勾勒。高考的一般议论文也好，一般记叙文也好，最好需要多种材料的荟萃，这样信息量大，以符合“内容充实”的要求，因而不欢迎一些时间、地点、人物、发生、发展、高潮、结局俱在的材料啰嗦记叙。

如果在高考作文的时候，能够很好的把握上面五个字，那高考作文将有可能获得满分。

Dear Jeff,

Im Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. I m very happy to learn that youre going to stay with my family while youre in Beijing.

To Jeff

Dear Jeff,

Im Li Hua from Beijing I-Iongxing Middle School. Im very happy to learn that youre going to stay with my family while youre in Beijing.

While you are here, well provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV. Youll also have your own bathroom. Our school is quite close to our home. So we could go to school together by bike. At noon well eat at the school dining hall. Im sure youll like the delicious Chinese food there,and enjoy talking with friends over lunch. Classes in our school usually finish at 4 in the afternoon. You can then join other students in playing ball games or swimming. Itll be a lot of fun.

If you have any questions or requests, please let me know. Well try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience.

[高考英语满分作文写给杰夫的一封信

导语：高考英语作文是高考英语中比较重要的一部分，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理了优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1) 主语+ cannot emphasize the importance of … too much.(再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。)例如：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

2)There is no need for sb to do sth. for sth.(某人没有必要做……)，例如：There is no need for you to bring more food. 不需你拿来更多的食物了。

3)By +doing…，主语can …. (借着……，……能够……)，例如：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

4) … enable + sb.+ to + do…. (……使……能够……)，例如：Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

5) On no account can we + do…. (我们绝对不能……)，例如：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

6) What will happen to sb.? (某人将会怎样?), 例如：What will happen to the orphan? 那个孤儿将会怎样?

7)For the past + 时间，主语 + 现在完成式…. (过去……年来，……一直……)例如：

For the past two years，I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

8)It pays to + do….(……是值得的。)例如：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。

9)主语+ be based on….(以……为基础)，例如：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

10)主语 + do one’s best to do….(尽全力去……)，例如：We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标

注意：“尽全力”在英语中有不同表达，例如：We should spare no effort/make every effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

11)主语+ be closely related to …. (与……息息相关)， 例如：Taking exercise is closely related to health.做运动与健康息息相关。

12) 主语+ get into the habit of + V-ing = make it a rule to + V (养成……的习惯)，例如：We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

Owing to/Thanks to sth… (因为……)，例如：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

13)What a + 形容词 + 名词 + 主语 + be!= How +形容词+ a +名词+ be!(多么……!)，例如： What an important thing it is to keep our promise!= How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

14)主语 + do good/ harm to sth.. (对……有益/有害)，例如：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

15)主语 + have a great influence on sth. (对……有很大的影响)，例如：Smoking has a great influence on our health.抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

16) nothing can prevent us from doing…. (没有事情能够阻挡我们做……), 例如：All this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims.这显示了没有事情能够阻挡我们实现目标。

17) Upon / On doing…, …. (一……就…….) ，例如：Upon / On hearing of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn’t say a word. 一听到这个出乎意料的消息，他惊讶到说不出话来。

注意：此句型一般可以改为如下复合句句型，例如：As soon as he heard of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he ….

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他刚来，她就开始抱怨。

No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain. 他刚来，就下雨了。

18) would rather do…than do…(宁愿……而不……), 例如：I would rather walk home than take a crowded bus. 我宁愿步行回家也不愿做拥挤的公交车。

注意：此句型可以改为prefer to do…rather than do…句型，例如：

I prefer to stay at home rather than see the awful film with him. 我宁愿呆在家也不愿意和他去看那部恐怖电影。

19) only + 状语， 主句部分倒装 例如：Only then could the work of reconstruction begin. 直到那时，重建工作才开始。

20) be worth doing (值得做)，例如：The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。

21)Owing to/Thanks to sth, …. (因为……)，例如：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

以下为复合句高级句型：

22)主语+ is + the +形容词最高级+名词+(that)+主语+ have ever + seen(known / heard / had / read,etc)例如：Liu Yifei is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen in my life. 刘亦菲是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Liu is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 刘老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

注意，比较级也可以用来表达最高级的意思， 例如：I have never seen a more beautiful girl than Liu Yifei in my life. 在我生活中我从来没见过比刘亦菲更美的女孩。Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。

23)There is no denying that + S + V….(不可否认的……)，例如：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production. 不可否认的事实是，新的管理方法已经极大提高了产量。

24)It is universally acknowledged that +从句(全世界都知道……)，例如：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

注意，全世界都知道还可以改为以下句型：As is known to us/As we all know, …. (众所周知，……)。例如：As is known to us/As we all know, knowledge is power.众所周知，知识就是力量。

25)There is no doubt that +从句(毫无疑问的……)，例如：There is no doubt that he came late. 毫无疑问，他来晚了。There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 There is no doubt that you will be helped by others if you have any difficulties.毫无疑问，你有困难时，会得到别人的帮助。

26)(It is) No wonder that.... (难怪……)，例如：No wonder that he fell asleep in class. 难怪他在课堂上睡着了。

27)So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 从句 (如此……以致于……)，例如：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

28)形容词+ as +主语+ be，主语+ 谓语(虽然……)，例如：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

29)The + 比较级 +主语+谓语， the +比较级+主语+谓语(愈……愈……)，例如：The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。The more, the better. 越多越好。

30)It is time + 主语 + 过去式 (该是……的时候了)例如：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

注意：此句型可以转化为简单句句型：It is time for sth./for sb to do….例如：

It is time for lunch. 该吃午饭了。

It is time they were taught a lesson. 他们该接受教训了

31)To be frank/ To tell the truth, …. (老实说, ……) , 例如: To be frank/ To tell the truth, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice.老实说，不论你喜不喜欢，你别无选择。

32)it took him a year to do….( 他用了1年的时间来做……), 例如：As far as we know, it took him more than a year to write the book.到目前为止我们所知道的是，他用了1年的时间来写这本书。It took them a long time to realize they had made a mistake. 过了很久，他们才意识到犯错了。

33)spent as much time as he could doing sth.(花尽可能的时间做某事)，例如：He spent as much time as he could remembering new words. 他花了尽可能多时间记新单词。

34)Since + 主语 + 过去式，主语 + 现在完成式，例如：Since he went to senior high school， he has worked very hard.自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

35)An advantage of… is that + 句子 (……的优点是……)，例如：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

36) It was not until recently that….( 直到最近, ……) ，例如：It was not until recently that the problem was solved. 直到最近这个问题才被解决。

37) We will be successful as long as we…. (只要我们……，我们就会成功的) ，例如：We will be successful as long as we insist on working hard.只要我们坚持努力工作，我们会成功的。

38) No matter + wh-从句，…, 例如：No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it.不管英语有多么难，你都应该尽你最大的努力来学它。No matter what he asks you to do, please refuse him. 不管他让你做什么，请拒绝他。注意：此句型一般可以改为疑问词+ever引导的从句，+主句，例如：Whatever he asks you to do, please refuse him.

39)It’s useless/ no good / no use doing sth. (做……是没有用的) , 例如：It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。

40)It’s + a shame / nice/ kind + to do (做.....真惭愧/好)，例如：It’s a shame to lose the match. 输了比赛，真惭愧!It’s nice of you to tell me the truth. 你太好了，告诉我真相。It’s your turn to look after the young trees. 该你照顾这些小树了。

41)It is obvious/clear that + 从句 (…是明显的)，例如：It is obvious that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

注意：此句型中it是形式主语，其后谓语可以有不同变化。例如：

It’s certain that he will win the election. 他肯定会赢得选举。

It is true that we must make our greater efforts; otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries.是真的，我们要作出更大的努力，不然/否则，我们不能赶上发达国家。

It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each day.很难想象爱迪生每天是怎样工作20小时的。

It’s hard to say whether the plan is practical.这个计划是否实际很难说。

It is a common saying that where there is a will ,there is a way.俗话说，有志者，事竟成。

It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population. 一定要指出的是国家基本政策之一是在提高人口质量的同时控制人口增长。

It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work. 一定要记住的是成功的秘密是努力的工作。

It can be seen from this that there is no difficulty in the world we cannot overcome.从这里可看出，世上没有克服不了的困难。

It has been proved that his theory is right.已经证明，他的理论是对的。

42)It is/ was ….that… (强调句型), 例如：It was on the desk that you put your book. 你把书放桌子上了。It was the doctor that inquired what had happened. 医生询问了发生的事情。

43)I don’t think / feel/ suppose that… (否定前移)，例如：

I don’t think that we shall finish it on time. 我认为我们不能按时完成(工作)。

44)The reason why + 从句 is that + 从句 (……的原因是……)，例如：

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

The reason why the river is polluted is that the factory has poured much waste into it.这条河受污染的原因是那家工厂向里倾到了很多垃圾。

注意：表示原因还可用以下句型。请比较：That is the reason why …. (那就是……的原因)，例如：Summer is very hot. That is the reason why I don’t like it.夏天很热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

45)It will (not) + 时间段 + before…(……需要很长时间), 例如：It will be a long time before everything returns to normal. 一切恢复正常需要很长时间。

46) I think / feel/ find it + important/ our duty + to do… (我发觉做……重要/是我的责任),例如：I feel it our duty to help the old. 我觉得帮助老人是我们的职责。

47)Those who…. (……的人……)，例如：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

注意：此句型还可以转化为one/a person who…, 例如：

As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.俗话说，世上无难事，只怕有心人。In a certain sense, a successful scientist is a person who is never satisfied with what he has achieved.在某种情况下，一个成功的科学家就是一个绝不满足于自己已取得的成就的人。

在外语四项技能中，写作对学生的要求是最高的，它要求学生具有以外语思维方式谴词造句，熟练掌握拼写、标点等写作的基本知识的能力。小编收集了提高英语写作水平的方法，欢迎阅读。

英语教学的目的在于发展学生的英语语言技能，培养学生良好的英语交际能力。《英语新课程标准》中语言技能包括听、说、读、写四项基本技能及这四种技能的综合运用能力，四者之间密切联系，相互渗透，互为基础。听、读是领会和理解别人表达的意思;说和写是用言语表达思想。写的能力要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高，而写的训练又能进一步提高听、说、读的能力。

在外语四项技能中，写作对学生的要求是最高的，它要求学生具有以外语思维方式谴词造句，熟练掌握拼写、标点等写作的基本知识的能力。还需要学生有创造性、有合乎逻辑的表达思想的能力。目前的小学英语教学中，极其重视“听、说、读”的能力训练， “写”的教学基本一直停留在“抄写”阶段，没有开始真正意义上的写作教学。

一.写作准备阶段

(一)消除恐惧心理

自英语普及后，根据社会要求，杜绝“哑巴英语”，大多数的学校都从一年级就开设英语课程，到了四年级，学生的口头表达能力都很好，笔头方面就相对弱了。进行英语写作，他们就会觉得不自信，觉得自己水平达不到，能力也够不上。针对这点，就得需要教师在教学中，根据学生的实际能力安排教学。学生是教学的主体，要想教学有效果，就必须发挥学生的主动性。学生怕写作，一方面是觉得自己的所积累的词汇量和句子不够多，教师在教学中注重适量的拓展和培养积累单词，词组的好习惯，对句子进行举一反三的说。另一方面学生怕在写作中犯错，怕会因为一些小错误就受到老师的批评，就这方面，教师在指导时应多给予鼓励，只有让他们认识到了错误，改正了，才会减少错误，在鼓励中增强学生的自信心，从而消除他们对写作的恐惧感。

(二)创设写作环境

环境是非常重要的因素，人的成长需要好的环境，写作当然也要求有个好的环境。况且，写作是个复杂的思维过程，环境在此更显其重要性。在教学中，教师可以精心为学生创设一个积极、合作和富有鼓励性的环境，使他们乐于写作，充分发挥自己的思维能力。比如，在中年级的英语教学中可以安排学生对练习册上的短小语段摘抄下来，读读背背，培养语感;在高年级的英语教学中，可以安排写英语日记，一组的学生的共用一本日记本，每天由一位同学带回家写英语日记，内容及多少都不限制。老师每次都得对日记进行认真批改和给予鼓励性的评价。学生可以传阅，在其中他们能分享成功的喜悦，也扩大阅读量。

(三)传授基本知识

写作就像盖房子一样，有了材料，要把这材料以一定的形式堆放在一起才能形成房屋，这都需要老师的指导。英语写作技能的难度较大，学生也不能很快接受，提高英语写作质量也不容易，教师在进行英语写作教学时，要特别注意教学目标与学生特点，采用适当的教学方法，传授基本的写作知识。

1.科学指导学生对单词的识记，提高单词拼写的正确率，减少不必要的拼写错误。教师可以引导学生在阅读过程中和其他课内外学习中养成记单词的好习惯，同时也要鼓励学生注重词组及常用句型的积累，同时也要给与适合的场合让他们输出。

2.语法是英语学习中非常烦琐，枯燥的一项，小学生很难接受，但在教学中适当得进行句法结构操练还是必要的。让学生自然地接受语言结构，以便他们在写作时能正确地表情达意。

3.汉英表达存在着差异，如Ilikeit,too.中文的正确表达是：我也喜欢它。不会说成：我喜欢他，也。这就是中文和英文在词序上的不同，也是一种习惯表达的不同。没有特定的规律，这就需要学生多阅读，培养好的语感。

4.标点符号虽是小问题但不可忽视，教师应对此进行讲解，把两种语言中的标点符号的用法不同进行比较，阐明正确使用标点符号对正确表达思想十分重要。如，在表示一个人说话，汉语中用冒号和双引号，在英语中是没有冒号的，要表示一个人说话，得用逗号和双引号。

二.写作训练阶段

写作包括能用所学词汇、语法和句型造简单的句子、回答问题、改写课文、看图写话、依照学过的题材写小短文。这些需要循序渐进，要从最简单的语言和言语练习开始，从基本要求做起，由易到难，逐步提高要求，每一步都要有具体要求，切实可行。

(一)句的训练

词连成句，造句是英语写作教学的主要练习形式之一。可以先由教师提供词素，让学生学会连句，熟悉句子结构，为以后造句打下基础。教师也可以在教授一种句型结构时让学生改句子。而后，让学生自己造句，教师常常可以为学生造句提供一个结合实际生活的情景，这样可以避免注重语言形式，忽视内容，脱离一定的情景与主题。

句型转换也是训练形式之一，让学生在不改变语言意义的前提下进行句型转换练习，理解表达同一个意思可以采用不同的句型，这样可以避免写作时句型的单调与重复。

(二)段的训练

句连成段，可以进行看图写作，教师出示一幅图，让学生对其进行描述写成小段。看图写作有其长处，可以在写作过程中可以增加图片与英语思维、表达的直接联系、培养想象力、减少对中文的依赖。为了使学生更多地参与写作教学，激发他们对写作的兴趣，看图写作的图画老师可以让学生自己根据喜好，选择适合他们水平的图画或照片，带到课堂上使用。图画生动多样，大大激发了他们的写作兴趣，可以选一部分优秀的进行展示，评价，相互学习，这样能提高学生的整体水平。

(三)短文的训练

提供学生一些生活化的话题，选择的话题材料要接近学生的现实生活和学习。比如学生可以写自我介绍，写最喜欢的动物，学生会很活跃地思考，用最简单的句子表达他们的意思，表达他们的感情。

同时，也可以是对书本内容进行的扩充，如《牛津小学英语5B》，Unit4中出现了writeane-mail，在这里可以补充教授书信的格式，通过网络让学生学会用电子邮件发信，教师可以让学生结合自己的实际，与自己的朋友写e-mail,但要做到有信必回，这样才是有效的训练。如6B讲到seasons时可以给他们一个topic：Whichseasondoyoulikebest?Why?这样的话题是他们自己切身感受，学生们可以畅所欲言。

(四)阅读的训练

俗话说：读书破万卷，下笔如有神。阅读是写作的基础，大量的，广泛的阅读，能加强学生理解和吸收书面信息的能力，有助于巩固和扩大词汇量，增强语感丰富学生的语言知识。教师可以指导学生读一些相同水平的文章、故事，记忆背诵一些典型的范文也是可以的。让学生在大量的阅读中积累词汇、句子，形成良好的语感，为学生更好的写作打下坚实的基础。

三.如何评价写作内容

学生的作文要及时地批改，对学生在写作中出现的错误，可以用一些柔和的方式指出，并给予他们指导，告诉他们怎么错了，订正在边上(订正在原位会使他们忽略他们的错误)，知道正确答案，再加以鼓励。这样，他们会慢慢积累知识。即使有学生的错误很多，也不要说“写得不行，不好”之类的话，打击他们的积极性，可以给予他们一些建议，给予他们多些指导这样会更好。

对于写的好的，可以当场给予表扬和鼓励，把好的文章读给大家听或者展贴出来，其余学生可以一起分享。俗话说“乐此不疲”，要学好一种东西，兴趣是至关重要的。它是获得知识进行创造性创作的一种自觉动机，是鼓舞和推动学生创作的内在动力，也是提高写作水平的重要途径。因此，在写作教学中要鼓励学生创作，培养他们创作的兴趣，好的作品可以将它们推荐到小学生学习报刊、杂志。这样，学生的积极性就调动了，他们也觉得有成就感，也更乐于写作了。

写作在英语教学中是不可忽略的一项，也是学生最难接受的。“宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来。”“滴水穿石非一日之功，冰冻三尺非一日之寒。”教师合理教学，学生长期持之以恒，做生活的有心人，做勤劳的小蜜蜂，多思考，多练笔，一定能对写作产生浓厚兴趣，提高英语写作能力。为今后的英语学习打下结实的基矗

导语：年年祭扫先人墓，处处有犹长春风，学习先烈革命精神，为振兴中华建功立业，不忘烈士抛忠骨，民族复兴中国梦，清明节到了，今天是无数革命先烈用鲜血和革命换来的，下面是小编为大家整理的清明节纪念英烈的句子锦集，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

清明节纪念英烈的句子锦集【1】

1.革命先烈，永垂不朽!

2.没有先烈血与泪，哪有吾辈安和康?

3.网上祭英烈，英雄永垂不朽。

4.没有先烈血与泪，哪有吾辈安和康?

5.祭奠先烈，不忘忠魂，努力实现中国梦!

6.怀着崇高的敬意，去祭奠革命先烈，向他们学习。

7.缅怀革命先烈，为中华民族的复兴而努力奋斗!

8.向为国捐躯的烈士们致敬，为实现“中国梦”而努力!

9.缅怀革命先烈，继承革命传统，好好学习，天天向上!

10.缅怀先烈，继承传统，立志勤学，爱我中华。

11.今天的幸福生活来之不易，莫忘先烈功勋!

12.革命先辈为了民族独立解放，国家繁荣富强而做出牺牲，他们是中国的脊梁、民族的骄傲。我们纪念革命先烈，勿忘他们的卓著功勋。

13.铭记革命先烈光荣事迹，不断增进爱国情感，努力学习，立志为实现民族复兴“中国梦”而奋斗!

14.多少英雄为祖国抛头颅洒热血，他们为祖国的繁荣昌盛，用自已的生命谱写了“义勇军进行曲”，他们用自己的鲜血染红了五星红旗。作为他们的后代，我们要使红旗更鲜红，五颗星星更明亮。

15.年年祭扫先人墓，处处有犹长春风，学习先烈革命精神，为振兴中华建功立业，不忘烈士抛忠骨，民族复兴中国梦，清明节到了，今天是无数革命先烈用鲜血和革命换来的，没有你们，我们的祖国也不会繁荣昌盛，我要好好学习。没有你们的英勇献身，就没有我们今天的幸福生活!是你们用铮铮铁骨，托起明天的太阳!是你们用不屈不挠的大无畏，铸就祖国的辉煌!你们的英名永垂不朽，你们的精神万古长青!向你们致敬!向你们学习!

清明节纪念英烈的句子锦集【2】

1.为了伟大的中国梦，你们付出了太多，甚至是生命，向你们致敬。

2.历史不会忘记他们，共和国不会忘记他们，我们更不会忘记他们。

3.网上祭英烈，悼念烈士英灵，振兴中华，建设富强社会，民族复兴中国梦!

4.革命先辈为了民族独立解放，国家繁荣富强而做出牺牲，他们是中国的脊梁、民族的骄傲。我们纪念革命先烈，勿忘他们的卓著功勋。

5.铭记革命先烈光荣事迹，不断增进爱国情感，努力学习，立志为实现民族复兴“中国梦”而奋斗!

6.没有无数革命前辈的抛头颅，洒热血，建立新中国，哪有我们幸福的生活。在此，我们深切地缅怀，愿他们的精神永存，激烈着后来人不断前进!

7.向为圆中华民族伟大复兴梦而甘愿抛头颅、洒热血、慷慨赴死的革命先烈致以崇高的敬意!先烈热血不能白流，革命遗志当代代相传。人人实干敬业，祖国早日腾飞!

8.在百年中国梦的实现历程中，先烈抛头颅洒热血实现了民族的独立，而今我们正在民族复兴的大道上奋勇前进，感谢你们为我们铺平了道路，相信未来的中国在我们的手中一定能圆中国梦。

9.向革命英烈致敬!努力工作，以建设富裕、繁荣、强盛、民主的社会主义大国来告慰他们。

10.拥有今天的幸福，不能忘记昨天的苦难，永远祭奠为了中华民族伟大复兴而奉献一切的先烈们。

11.不忘牺牲为国殇，而今民富国强盛。巍巍青山作见证，鲜红旗帜血铸成!

12.祭英烈于网上，念英烈于心中，民族复兴中国梦在于行动!

13.“英烈”，看到或者听到这个词的时候，一种内心深处的敬意油然而生。前辈为了实现梦想流血牺牲，我们生活在和平时期的人们没有理由懈怠，更要为了中国梦努力奋斗。

14.为了中华人民的幸福生活，你们努力战斗。今天，你们的努力成功了。

15.没有前人的奋斗哪来我们今天的和平、幸福生活!请让我们以及我们的孩子们永远记住先辈们，记住和平来之不易!

清明节纪念英烈的句子锦集【3】

1.先烈们的热血让国旗更红，先烈们的壮举让祖国屹立，珍惜我们今天的幸福生活，不忘缅怀先烈。又是清明时节，向英烈们致以崇高的敬意!

2.中华人民共和国万岁，永远不忘那些在战场上飞洒热血的革命烈士们!

3.让英烈见证我们的成长，洗礼我们的灵魂，我们今后的道路己有了方向。向烈士们一样，坚持奋斗，永不放弃，永不言败，绝不向困难屈服，思想永远昂扬，灵魂永不跪倒，步伐永远坚定。

4.不忘烈士抛忠骨，民族复兴中华魂!伟大不屈的灵魂，您的英明于事迹...素年锦时 菊花 为中国献身的烈士们 千百年的风雨都不可磨灭的是你们辉煌的功绩...!

5.英烈们，在您们艰苦的奋斗之下，我们祖国繁荣昌盛，今天的美好的生活，是靠的您们的鲜血换来的，我们现在要好好学习，将来成为祖国的有用之才，为国家做贡献，您们人虽然牺牲了，但是依然活在我们的心中，我向您们致敬!

6.英勇的烈士们，安息吧。虽然你们已经离开，到了另一个世界，但你们的灵魂，你们的精神依然活在我们的心中。人民英雄永垂不朽!

7.我仿佛看到了先辈在枪林弹雨中与敌人拼杀。倘若没有他们抛头颅、洒热血，就没我们今天的美好生活。

8.当年，有多少英雄好汉牺牲在枪林弹雨中，他们的鲜血染红了大地，染红了我们的五星红旗!倘若没有他们的付出，哪来的中国?向烈士敬礼!

9.用现代的手段记住过去，记住那些为我们创造幸福生活的英烈们，成就中国梦!

10.名字刻在纪念碑上，是革命烈士英雄的一生，光辉的一生，他们给我们留下了宝贵的财富，那是中华民族的传统美德，是我们中华民族的民族精神。先烈们用鲜血和生命告知世界，我们是不可侵犯和战胜的。

11.“网上祭英烈”，不忘烈士抛忠骨，民族复兴中国梦!

12.立足根本，稳步发展，以强大的实力祭奠为我们创造美好生活的先烈们。

13.4月5日的清明节就快要到了，为新中国奋斗而牺牲的革命烈士们，在我的心中，是永远不会磨灭的。

14.在中华大地，无数革命先烈、仁人志士，为了人民的幸福、民族的解放和国家的富强，在硝烟弥漫的战场上，英勇战斗，直到流尽最后一滴血，永远长眠在我们脚下的这片热土上。正是他们用殷红的鲜血，书写了爱国主义最壮丽的诗篇。在清明节到来之际向所有先烈致敬!

1、开门见山，开篇迅速入题

议论文的开头应如“凤头”，小而好看，即三言两语，摆出观点，以引发读者的喜爱和思考。

2、选材要新颖、典型

选举的事例要有时代性，如果是旧材料则要“挖”出新意。举例要准确无误，有代表性，能充分证明自己要表达的观点。

3、分析、举例相结合

一般的初学议论文的学生总是叙大段事例来证明自己的观点，缺乏分析，不能做到人们常说的摆事实，讲道理。

4、合理使用结构形式

议论文一般使用并列，递进式、对比式、总分式几种结构形式进行论证。考生应根据论点的特点及自己的写作需要选取论证结构形式，也可以综合运用两种以上的结构形式。

5、注意结尾回应题目，总结全文

好的结尾是短而有力，既照应了中心，回应了题目，使全文浑然一体，又能给人以深深的思考，留下回味的空间，收到非凡的成效。

导语：舍弃是一种痛苦，更是一种智慧，不经历雕琢，石头不能成佛。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

有一个小和尚耐不住禅院的寂寞，老觉得修行太慢，感觉不出自己的长进，甚至他怀疑自己究竟能不能修成正果。有一天，他再也没法忍受了，就向老禅师发牢骚，说自己没有慧根、缺少佛性，对自己失去信心了。老禅师微微一笑说：“山腰的工地上，石匠们正在为本寺加工佛像，你反正也静不下心来，就跟他们去劳动吧，做个帮手，学点手艺……”小和尚一听，居然特别高兴，心想，终于可以出去透透风、乐呵乐呵了。分数线信息，可查看：新浪微博@高考倒计时

可是，三天以后，小和尚来找禅师，他满脸歉疚：“师傅，我还是回来修行吧，连四角八棱的粗糙岩石都能在工匠的雕琢下变成仪态万方的石佛，何况我是一个人呢?”老禅师舒心的笑了。

上面材料引发了你怎样的思考?请选择一个角度构思作文，写一篇不少于800字的文章。

要求：①选好角度，确定立意，不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文;②自拟标题;

③除诗歌外，文体自选;④不要套作，不得抄袭;⑤用规范汉字书写。

【立意分析】

这是一则寓言作文材料，故事内涵丰富。在作文时要找准切入点，才可以准确构思立意。这则寓言中有三个主要形象：老禅师、小和尚、“佛像”。因此作文构思立意可以从这三个主演的具象去切入。

从老禅师的角度，可以概括出“教育一定要讲求方式方法”“正确引导的效果要比一味的说教要好”“给与亲身体验的教育，远远胜过那些空洞的说教”“教育是一门充满智慧的科学”等。

从小和尚的角度切入，可以概括出“凡事情半途而废，常常是没有恒心所致”“信心是成功的关键所在”“要走向成功，不仅需要信心，还需要持之以恒的毅力”“欲速则不达”“领悟真理，往往需要源于实践的体验…‘只有认清自己，才能树立雄心，激励斗志，从而走向成功”“先要有心灵的顿悟，而后才能有正确的抉择乃至成就事业…‘舍弃中选择，选择中舍弃，人生就是不断舍弃和不断选择的过程”等。

从佛像的角度切入，可以概括出“在走向成功的途中，一定要懂得舍弃”“舍弃是一种痛苦，更是一种智慧”“不经历雕琢，石头不能成佛;不经过磨练，人不能成就大业”等。

摘要：整洁美观的文面令人爱不释手，令人平心静气，切忌字迹潦草，涂涂改改，段落不明，这样的作文只能让人头昏眼花，令人烦躁不堪一读。

每一年的高考语文科目结束之后，对于作文题的评论和争议总是会引起社会各界的关注。作文，向来是高考语文部分的重中之重，甚至不仅仅是对于语文科目而言，在整个高考，语文作文都发挥着举足轻重的作用。因为没有其他任何一道题有它这样大的分值，也没有一道题需要这么长的时间来完成。所以，写好这篇可能决定你命运的考场作文至关重要。那么，如何算是一篇好的考场作文呢?怎样才能让它在众多考卷中发出独特的光芒，让阅卷者眼前一亮，一见钟情?下面就针对如何写好一篇考场作文从而拿到高分甚至满分，赢得这个重中之重，总结如下几个“亮”点：

亮出一件漂亮的外衣——文面

阅读一篇考场作文犹如第一次看一个人。如果把考场作文的内容，即正确的观点和典型的材料等比作一个人的内涵，那么其外面的形式——整洁的文面，则好比是一个人漂亮整洁的外衣。衣体互衬，相得益彰，定会使人眼前一亮。

爱美之心，人皆有之。“文面”，是应试作文给阅卷者留下的第一印象。如果第一印象很好，干净整齐流畅的行文，会令阅卷者心头怦然一动，那种清爽的感觉不亚于六月天的冰茶，一扫机械式阅卷的疲倦和燥热，使阅卷者心情舒畅地看下去，带着这样的心情审阅，阅后的分数能低吗?尤其是在一摞混乱不堪、“龙飞凤舞”的考卷中，出现一份字体隽秀，行文如流水般的篇作，可想而知，高分舍我其谁!即便在阅卷时偶或发现一些不尽人意之处，也会手下留情，一俊遮百丑嘛!所以，字体一致，大小适中，墨迹统一，考生务必给你的作文披上漂亮整洁的外衣。整洁美观的文面令人爱不释手，令人平心静气，切忌字迹潦草，涂涂改改，段落不明，这样的作文只能让人头昏眼花，令人烦躁不堪一读。

亮出一双智慧的眼睛——标题

正所谓题“目”题“目”，一篇文章的标题，就好比一个人的眼睛，“题”为文之“目”。有了衣着的第一印象，人与人接下来的交流，首先感触到的就是人的眼睛。一对智慧的双眼总会让人觉得和蔼可亲，难以忘怀。近些年，时髦的话题作文、材料作文等，多半要考生自拟题目。如果一味以话题为标题，会造成千篇一律，令阅卷者望而却步。可是，如果能创意求新，使之生动形象，便可点睛传神，让人心中为之一震。综观语文教材及报刊杂志上的文章，不难发现好的标题犹如一面鲜艳的旗帜，吸引人的注意力，引领人们步人胜境，让人迫不及待的想去品味这是怎样的一道佳肴。

好的标题首先应做到“准确精炼”。标题不能有歧义，更不能脱离文章本身使文不对题，也不能写成一大长句，嗦嗦让人生厌。其次好的标题要“新鲜生动”，给人一种耳目一新的感觉。有时巧妙引用诗文或歌曲等，往往能使标题生动形象。郑板桥说过：“题高则诗高，题矮则诗矮，不可不慎也”。这是诗人兼画家郑板桥的现身说法，揭示了标题与诗境的辩证关系，诗文同理，所以不仅“不可不慎”，而且要慎之又慎。

亮出一张迷人的笑脸——开头

良好的开端，是成功的一半，写文章亦是如此。这就意味着对于一片文章，其开头是相当重要的。开好一篇文章的“头”，就好比书法绘画的落笔、吹拉弹唱的定调一样，影响之后的走势和旋律。所以，我们应该反复斟酌，仔细推敲，力求恰到好处。

换个方式来想，文章的开头，就好比一个人以什么样的面孔和你打招呼。是友好的还是狰狞的，是笑容满面的还是眉头紧皱的……不一样的表情会给人不一样的感受。所以，一定要像化妆师或造型设计师一样，认真打扮，精心“包装”，把文章开头这张“脸”扮得靓丽无比，力争让阅卷者“一见钟情”，感觉“相见恨晚”。阅卷者眼前为之一亮，心情为之一振，然后……“好运”可就来啦!

作文开篇的方法很多，比如可以设疑悬问，吊胃口;单刀直入，步正题;运用修辞，入佳境;抒情直攻，扣心弦……俗话说“万事开头难”，正因为“难”，我们就更应刻去克服，去攻打，找到适合自己的写作方法，化难为易。

亮出一颗富于内涵的心灵——主体

主体是文章的核心，文心如人心。要真正的了解一个人，不仅要知面，更要知心。这里所说的主体，是指文章除开头、结尾以外的部分，我们应不惜笔墨，精心勾勒。那么，什么样的主体，才能赢得阅卷者的青睐呢?什么样的内心表达，才能打动阅卷者，才能引起共鸣，才能得到高分?

首先，讲究形式，有层次，有结构美。黑格尔说：“美的要素可分两种：一种是内在的，即内容;另一种是外在的，即形式”。“任何具有审美价值的东西都是内容和形式的统一体。无论是没有内容的形式，还是没用恰当地表现内容的形式，都是不可取的。”虽然作品的内容决定着形式，但是形式对内容也有反作用。好的内容要有好的形式。结构属于形式范畴，它作为文章构造的外部形态，是一篇文章大骨架，所以是十分重要的。文章的内容再好，如果外部形态有缺陷，会让人感觉很不舒服。所以，写文章的人总要在布局、谋篇上面先推敲一番，务求有自己的构思。文章结构是外在形式的一种，是为“心灵”服务，为了更好地表达文章的思想内容。因此要巧妙地安排结构，使之完整、严谨、匀称，写出结构美。

基于此，我们在写文章的时候就要做到这样几个方面：段落具有完整性;各个段落之间要有联系或过渡;分段要匀称得当，长短相宜。总之，主体部分的段落安排要根据内容和形式的表达需要，该长则长，该短则短。无特殊需要，主体部分的段落一般不要太长。特别指出的是下面这几种段落构建就是主体部分的败笔，有人把它们总结的很形象，在这里引用来给大家以提醒：一是全文三大段，各段平均使用笔墨，主次不分，单调乏味;二是“蝌蚪式”，开头几页，结尾一两行，头重脚轻根底浅;三是“松鼠式”，与前面相反，主体部分开头草率，后面拖泥带水，前紧后松，让人眼花缭乱看不清楚。总之，好文章的主体部分应层次清楚，匀称和谐。

其次，要重试写作规则，毕竟这是考场作文，不要一味在形式上翻新，出现怪异文体。话题作文虽不限文体，但仍应遵循写作规律。比如写议论文，一定要有明确集中正确的观点，要以分析问题、解决问题为行文的主要内容，围绕观点选择典型新颖而充分的论据，善于运用论证方法，避免在文中一味堆砌材料而不进行有针对性的分析论证等等;还有些同学另辟蹊径写戏剧，写诗歌，对这样的选择本无可厚非，但是任何时候只追求形式创新而忽略本质内容都无异于舍本逐末，为了芝麻丢了西瓜。还有就是，绝不能抄袭套用。一些同学将考前背下的佳作生搬硬套，往往造成张冠李戴或偏离题意的现象。当然，要是背诵一些漂亮或有哲理的语句，或是套用一些好的构架模式，这都是可以的。但是千万不能把作文当作赌博，不能把成败寄托在弄虚作假上，此关前途大事，劝君还是不要冒险的好。

还有的同学在作文中编写的故事情节不合生活常理和生活逻辑，显得幼稚可笑。高考作文虽然允许编故事，但反对脱离生活、不合情理的胡编乱造。有的考生编故事一味追求情节曲折离奇，这样容易误入歧途，而且编造的情节都有悖于生活实际，也很容易被阅卷老师识破。所以一定要注意，故事要来源于生活，反映生活，表达真情实感，这样才会有一定的内涵和感染力。要解决“用材不当、不合情理”这一问题，关键在于平时的积累。积累材料主要包括名人故事、成语典故、寓言、童话，名人名言等内容。有选择性有针对性的去读去记，久而久之就会积少成多，写作材料就会丰富起来。把丰富的写作材料应用到文章中，就会增加文章的文化内涵和思想深度，文章就会因丰富而美丽，因美丽而打动人心。

再次，要讲究语言的雕琢，力求语言优美，富有表现力。我们说一篇文章有文采，包括语言生动，句式灵活，善于运用修辞手法或联想，文句有意蕴等等。例如，要写出议论文中的形象美，可以采用形象化说理的方法，即将抽象而深奥的道理寓于生动具体的形象之中，把不易讲清楚的问题讲得具体、生动、可感。选择那些生动具体的形象还需要广泛联想。联想是由一个事物想到另一个事物的心理过程，它是一种创造性的心理机制。联想能引导作者更好地进行分析和综合，促进推理更充分地展开，将论证引向深入。比如凭借时间和空间上接近的事物所形成的相近联想;由具备相似特点的事物形成的相似联想;由存在对立关系的事物形成的对比联想;由存在因果关系的事物形成的因果联想等等。

所以，即便考生的行文内容略有偏离题意，优美的语言仍然可以在一定程度上拯救你。我们所写的文章虽然是以散句为主，但散句中要尽可能地夹杂以对偶、对仗、排比句等这些庄重有力、匀称谐调的整句。这样整散结合，参差错落，读起来抑扬顿挫，才会有流畅的旋律和铿锵的节奏。不会使语言显得单薄空泛，而是给人一种形象美。这样的遣词造句之功若能恰如其分地运用于考场作文，定能成为文章一大亮点，夺人眼目。

最后，要深入思考，予情予理。思考，即进行比较深刻、周到的思维活动。思考能充实文章的思想内容，加强立意的深度，挖掘材料的内蕴，表达深邃的思想。这里所说的“予情予理”是指赋予文章兼具感性和理性的思考。有思想，写出哲理美;有情感，写出人性美。

面对丰富多彩的大千世界，要观形思神、观物思理，要思出一般的规律，更要思出所蕴含的哲理。要想思考得深入，首先，要运用分析、比较、综合概括等思维方法对客观事物进行由感性到理性的认识。对写作材料进行去粗取精，去伪存真由此及彼，由表及里的思考，发现材料所蕴含的意义、社会价值和人生哲理。其次，要学会辩证思考。在对立统一的思维规律前提下，按具体问题具体分析的原则，实事求是地分析对象本身的各个方面、层次间的关系和基本矛盾，掌握对象的对立和统一性。更要用发展的眼光看待问题，不能孤立、静止、片面地看待事物。

思想是语言的前提，是行文的根基，是一篇文章的生命力!通常，判断一篇文章价值高低的一个重要标准就是看作者能否表达出独具匠心的思想，能否用自己的理性思维给人带来深刻有益的启示。因此，培养这种敏锐超卓的思考能力也是提高作文水平的好方法。这就需要我们在平时广积累，勤动脑，对任何事物都要积极主动地进行思考，这样才能培养成熟的思维习惯，并能自然而然地运用于自己的写作之中，这样写出的文章才会具有很强的逻辑性和说服力。

下面语文迷网为大家带来了5个高考英语写作中的高频句型，一起来看看吧。

1. It is important for everyone to learn English well in our rapidly developing world.

在这个迅速发展的世界里，对每个人来说，学好英语是非常重要的。

同样句型包括：

It is important/(necessary, difficult, convenient, possible) for sb. to do sth.

例句：It is necessary to shake hands when you first meet someone.

与第一次见面的人握手是非常必要的。

2. The harder you work at it, the more progress you will make.

你工作越努力，你取得的进步就越大。

1)The+比较级..., the+比较级...

2)比较级+and+比较级(The world is getting smaller and smaller.)

3. If everyone makes a contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful.

如果每个人都为保护环境做出贡献，世界会变得更加美好。

类似的句型还有：If necessary…, they can…

4. The job was hard, which made me so tired that I almost quit half way.

这份工作太辛苦，差点使我半途而废。

1)直接使用：so… that…

例句：The job was so tired, boring and seemed endless that I almost quit half way.

这份工作太累、太无聊，而且没完没了，这使我差点半途而废。

2)能够增加句子层次的高级连词还有：

(Not only …but also…)、(Because…)、(because of…)、(As long as…)、(so long as…)

5. Good habits are the crosscut to success.

好习惯是成功的捷径。

春节不同时代有不同名称。在先秦时叫“上日”、“元日”、“改岁”、“献岁”等;到了两汉时期，又被叫为“三朝”、“岁旦”、“正旦”、“正日”;魏晋南北朝时称为“元辰”、“元日”、“元首”、 “岁朝”、 “岁首”等;到了唐宋元明，则称为“元旦”、“元 ”、“岁日”、“新正”、“新元”等;而清代，一直叫“元旦”或“元日”。

春节是中国民间最隆重最富有特色的传统节日，也是最热闹的一个古老节日。一般指除夕和初一，是一年的第一天,又叫阴历年，俗称“过年”。但在民间，传统意义上的春节是指从腊月初八的腊祭或腊月二十三或二十四的祭灶，一直到正月十五，其中以除夕和正月初一为高潮。在春节期间，我国的汉族和很多少数民族都要举行各种活动以示庆祝。这些活动均以祭祀神佛、祭奠祖先、除旧布新、迎禧接福、祈求丰年为主要内容。活动丰富多彩，带有浓郁的民族特色。在天津过春节还有挂中国结的习惯，大年30之前天津人有到天津古文化街乔香阁请中国结的习俗，取乔香纳福之意。

春节是汉族最重要的节日，但是满、蒙古，瑶、壮、白、高山、赫哲、哈尼、达斡尔、侗、黎等十几个少数民族也有过春节的习俗，只是过节的形式更有自己的民族特色，更蕴味无穷。

春节不同时代有不同名称。在先秦时叫“上日”、“元日”、“改岁”、“献岁”等;到了两汉时期，又被叫为“三朝”、“岁旦”、“正旦”、“正日”;魏晋南北朝时称为“元辰”、“元日”、“元首”、 “岁朝”等;到了唐宋元明，则称为“元旦”、“元 ”、“岁日”、“新正”、“新元”等;而清代，一直叫“元旦”或“元日”。

2006年5月20日，“春节”民俗经国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。

Nobody knows what time is like, for we cannot see it, nor can we touch it.

没有人知道时间是什么样的，因为我们看不见它，也不能碰它。

Time is abstract, which we can only imagine in our mind.

时间是抽象的，我们只能想象在我们心中。

But we do know that time passes very quickly. Some students, however, do not know the value of time, nor do they know how to make the best use of it, for they waste it in going to films, playing games and doing other useless things.Why do we go to school early in the morning? Why do trains run so fast? Why do most people prefer taking buses instead of walking? The answer is very simple: we wish to save time because time is precious.

但我们知道时间过得很快。一些学生，但是，不知道时间的价值，他们也不知道如何充分利用它，因为他们浪费在电影，玩游戏和做其他无用的东西。为什么我们去学校早在早晨？为什么火车跑这么快？为什么大多数人喜欢坐公交车而不是步行？答案很简单：我们希望节省时间，因为时间是宝贵的。

Today we are living in the twentieth century. We know that time is life.

今天我们生活在第二十个世纪。我们知道时间就是生命。

When a person dies, his time has ended.Since life is short, we must devote our time and energy to our studies so that we may be able to serve our country and the people. But since time is invisible, we often neglect it. Lazinss. is the thief of time, for lasiness not only brings us a lot of harm, it also brings us failure. If it is necessary for us to do some work today, let us do it today and not leave it until tomorrow. Remember that time is more valuable than money.

当一个人死了，他的时间已经结束了，因为生命是短暂的，我们必须把时间和精力投入到学习中去，这样我们就可以为我们的国家和人民服务。但由于时间是无形的，我们经常忽视它。懒惰。是时间的盗贼，它不但给我们带来许多危害，也会使我们失败。如果我们今天做些工作是必要的，我们今天就把它做，而不是把它留到明天。记住时间比金钱更宝贵。

英语口语考试必要吗？Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary？

六级作文题：

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? The first sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 120 words, and bas your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:

1. 很多认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是......

2. 也有人持不同意见，......

3. 我的看法和打算

Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?

A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET).

时间胶囊 Time capsule

Everyone dreams about the future. I also have a dream about my life in 20 years. I will live in Shanghai with my family because we like it very much. It will be more beautiful. I will teach in a middle school. I will be a good English teacher. I will love my students, and my students will love me, too. We will be good friends. I will do sports with my students every day. Swimming and running will be my favorite sports. I will be healthy and strong. There will be more robots everywhere. They will help us do many things. I believe we will have more time to study and play. This is my future dream. What do you think of it?

每个人对未来的梦想。我也有一个梦想，我的生活在20年。我将和我的家人住在上海，因为我们非常喜欢它。它将更加美丽。我将在一所中学教书。我将成为一个好的英语老师。我会喜欢我的学生，我的学生也会喜欢我的。我们会成为好朋友。我每天都会和我的学生做运动。游泳和跑步是我最喜欢的运动。我将是健康的和强大的。到处都会有更多的机器人。他们会帮助我们做很多事情。我相信我们会有更多的时间去学习和玩耍。这是我未来的梦想。你觉得怎么样？

世界上最重要的东西是什么呢 What is the most important thing in the world.

The Most Important Thing in the World

Directions：

A)Title：The Most Important Thing in the World

B)提示：有人认为，世界上最重要的东西是“钱”。许多人不同意这个看法。

请就这个问题谈谈你的意见。

C)Time limit：30minutes

D)Word limit：150～200words

E)Your composition must be written clearly on the Composition Sheet.

The Most Important Thing in the World

世界上最重要的事情

In my opinion，the most important thing in the world is TIME.However long one may live，his life consists of a certain number of years，and a year has only12months，a month30days and one day24hours.Once you waste one hour，you can not get it back no matter how much you would pay for it.

在我看来，最重要的是时间。只要一个人活了，他的生活是由若干年，一年有only12months，一month30days一day24hours。一旦你浪费一小时，你不能拿回来，不管你会付多少钱。

Even though you are the richest person in the world，you can not afford to waste your time，because it means that you are wasting your life.Even though you are the most powerful person in the world，one hour has60minutes for you just as for everyone else who struggles at the bottom of the society.

即使你是世界上最富有的人，你不能浪费你的时间，因为这意味着你在浪费你的生命。即使你是世界上最强大的人，一个小时has60minutes你就像每个人挣扎在社会底层的人。

Some people think that the most important thing in the world is money.In their opinion，if you have enough money，you will have everything you want.I would like to ask them a simple question：Can you buy time?

有些人认为世界上最重要的是金钱，在他们看来，如果你有足够的钱，你会拥有你想要的一切，我想问他们一个简单的问题：你能买时间吗？

The only thing with which we can win more time is efficiency.If you work with high efficiency，you can do more in a certain period of time than other people.

我们可以争取更多的时间是效率，如果你工作效率很高，你可以在一段时间内做更多的工作，而不是其他人。

Warm flowers 温暖的花