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1000介绍烟花的英语作文
全文共 850 字
+ 加入清单Setting off firecrackers whether be banned
Every barber knows that, is a way of expressing
,caused a lot of security Chinese festival in the Spring Festival,but due to set off firecrackers
issues.Therefore,Setting off firecrackers should be banned whether or not,becomestans a hot topic.
on the one hand,Have the Spring Festival firecrackers is the Chinese nation for thousands of years.As part of the Spring Festival Customs and Chinese civilization,and It must not be stopped.
On the other hand,Setting off substandard firecrackers and the operation is not standard it will cause an explosion,Resulting in injuries and economic losses,The gas it produces harmful to the environment,and Caused incalculable consequences.
In my opinion,We can set off some firecrackers,But we should pay attention to safety.only in this way,We can experience the fun of it.
更多相似作文
篇1:英语自我介绍·
全文共 889 字
+ 加入清单Good morning/afternoon, Ladies and Gentlemen,
It is my great honor to be here and have this interview.
First of all, may I introduce myself please. My name is ....I"m ...years old. And I"ve just graduated from ... High School. I"m an active and optimistic person in daily life, and I like singing, shopping and watching TV with friends very much.
And most impotantly, I would like to let you know that, I"ve been interested in universities/institues of International relations, espeically its majors and environments, since my first year in high school. and I"ve also tried to know some more about them in my free time. My total points of the university entrance examination might not be good enough for our shool, however, I"ll be grateful if I have the chance to be a student here, and I"ll do my best in my study and college life and be an useful person in the furture.
Thank you very much!
篇2:人物传记英语OurEnglishTeacher
全文共 1216 字
+ 加入清单Do you know our English teacher? Look! There is a young man standing over there. He isnt tall, and looks very thin. Who is he? He is our English teacher. His name is Sun Feng.
Our teacher is strict not only with himself but also with us. We all like him, because he is a good teacher and often helps us with our English.
My classmate Wang Haiyan was not good at Eng-lish at first. He often thought: "My English is poor, what can I do?" Mr Sun knew it and said to him: "Dont be disappointed, keep up with your classmates! I believe, you can. " With the help of our teacher, he decided to catch up with his classmates. So he began to put his heart into English and did better in English. At last, he took part in the English contest and got a prize.
Our English teacher works hard and he is as busy as a bee. He often prepares lessons and studies until late at night. In Grade three, we often have tests and have more English homework. Mr Sun always goes over it carefully.
Mr Sun gets on well with us. He likes singing very much. One day before classes began, he said to us: "Now, let me teach you an English song. "
We all like our English teacher. He is not only teacher but also our good friend. Dont you think so?
篇3:介绍城市环境英语citylife836字
全文共 1020 字
+ 加入清单Do you want to live in the city or the country?
I like to live in the country that the sun rises in the morning with the first golden light & the first sound from the cock.. All the animals & plants begin their life from this moment on and some of the animals begin their sleeping the new day. This is a very beautiful beginning in the world that you just can see all these in the country not in the city.
And for people , the people in the country are kind although they are ungrace-ful .that is not important that you will feel what is the realest in the friendship of people.
Are people kinder in the city or the country?
The people live in the country is kinder than the people live in the city . this is so sure that I just feel all this from my grandparents . My grandpatents both are country people. Their family is poor that they even do not have more money after they finish all their meals.but my mother was so so interested in studying. My grandparents got five children & gave the choice to study to allof them .
篇4:介绍动物英语作文
全文共 2737 字
+ 加入清单很多人多喜欢养一些小动物做宠物,那么你知道要怎么用英语介绍它们吗?下面小编为大家带来有关介绍动物的英语作文,欢迎大家学习! 介绍动物英语作文一:
Dog is my favorite animal. The reason why I like it most is because it’s very competent. Dog is the best friend for mankind. It is also the best companion for the old people. The dog can feel the human nature. So many old people will raise dogs if their children are not with them. The old can give their love for their children to the dog to make themselves feel warmly. I believe the seeing eye dog is very famous. They are special dogs. Those dogs will guide their owners whose eyes is blind to go the correct way. See, I say dogs are very competent. 介绍动物英语作文二:
My favourite animal is the giant panda. The giant panda or panda is a bear living in central western and south western China. Most pandas live in Sichuan province. Pandas are adorable because of their distinctive black patches around eyes, ears and across its round body. Pandas are China’s national treasures. They’re among the world’s most adored and protected animals. Pandas are the star attractions in the Beijing Zoo. Experts say that despite their sweet public image, pandas are capable of attacking humans, especially if they feel threatened. 介绍动物英语作文三:
My favorite animals are rabbits. Rabbit is very cute, chubby, hairy. Its head is small, two long ears, like two big fan ed in the head, as long as there is a little static and dynamic, it will be kept on the ears before and after the swing. It is particularly beautiful eyes. It also has an endearing three mouth, the above two, the following one. Jigen on both sides of the mouth are thin beard, it always put the two long vertical whiskers were straight, and appears to be very spirited. Small rabbits love to eat green vegetables, red radish, but it is still the most favorite carrot. Rabbit likes to play on the lawn, it danced on the lawn, never mind played with more fun. 介绍动物英语作文四:
I like many animals ,such as cats,monkeys,fishes and tigers. but my favorite animals are dogs.I keep a dog in my house .My family members call it "Wang Wang" .It is black and white .All of us like him.It is very cute ,friendly and clever .I often takes him out for a walk in the evening.It brings us joys and smiles.So I like it best. 介绍动物英语作文五:
My favourite animal is the giant panda. The giant panda or panda is a bear living in central western and south western China. Most pandas live in Sichuan province. Pandas are adorable because of their distinctive black patches around eyes, ears and across its round body. Pandas are China’s national treasures. They’re among the world’s most adored and protected animals. Pandas are the star attractions in the Beijing Zoo. Experts say that despite their sweet public image, pandas are capable
[介绍动物英语作文
篇5:介绍自己的英语
全文共 349 字
+ 加入清单Hello, everyone. Im glad to introduce myself to you. Im from Chongqing. I
am a teacher. I have many hobbies, such as taking notes, reading, listening to
music, dancing, singing, playing basketball and swimming. I think we should
treat everyday as the last day for us to live in the world. That is me. I like
making friends. I hope I can be your friends.
篇6:英语自我介绍
全文共 1527 字
+ 加入清单Very happy and we feel we are one together - young teachers heroic
feelings, My name is Ling, graduation Yidu teacher.
I was crying my choice too, have work for me sad too, because I embarked on
a career like I did not do a very poor teacher, I cry many times my choice, they
can In countless grief I have been comforted, when I saw both of that is full of
naive, but eager to swim in the ocean of knowledge a child, my sinking, floating
calm the mind, and slowly I also learn from practice feel the teachers pride,
he was like a Spring Silkworms, like the dedication of their own candles no
regrets, I have seen it countless teachers no regrets, and with their youth and
lives to defend the sanctity of the teaching profession, but also what they use
their own actions, with traces of life, inspired by those of us who come after,
I have reluctantly enamel reluctantly, by the reluctance to wholeheartedly love
this job, because I have seen that life will go beyond the utilitarian, although
meals for life, But the living is not for eating, living in the possession of
many small minded, short-term birth in eternity, while the teachers are such a
career.
I know that a teacher tired, bitter, but to their own ideal, I still would
like to pursue, to the surging waves of fighting, to sinister mountain climbing,
there may be storms, a storm, the road may be bumpy, but I still would use
laughter, with songs to fill ups and downs, I will meet with the merry laughter
of the rising sun, I will be flying the heart to face my work and life. Yes
ah!
篇7:人物介绍小
全文共 1369 字
+ 加入清单辛弃疾:文武全才真弃疾
“铁板铜琶,继东坡高唱大江东去,美芹悲黍,冀南宋莫随鸿雁南飞。”这是刻在铅山瓢泉瓜山山后的阳原山辛弃疾墓前郭沫若对他评价的楹联。在中国文学史上,辛弃疾是一位令人敬仰的文武全才。
中原失陷以来,表现对于民族耻辱的悲愤,抒发报国热情,已经成为文学的中心主题,辛弃疾的词在其中仍然有一种卓尔不群的光彩。这不仅因为辛弃疾生长于被异族蹂躏的北方,恢复故土的愿望比一般士大夫更为强烈,而且因为他在主动承担民族使命的同时,也在积极地寻求个人生命的辉煌,在他的词中表现出不可抑制的英雄主义精神。
辛弃疾,是开一代词风的伟大词人,也是一位勇冠三军、能征善战、熟稔军事的民族英雄。他的词作“大声镗鞳,小声铿鍧,横绝六合,扫空万古,自有苍生所未见”,已成为中国文学史上的瑰宝;而他作为南宋朝廷大臣而写的一篇文章《议练民兵守淮疏》,则表达了作者强烈的爱国主义感情,一位豪迈旷达的词人,根据不同的文体的需要,能够写出如此严谨、朴实的应用文,可见一位大手笔,在写作中是不能囿于一个狭窄天地中的,应该熟练地掌握几套笔墨,既有自己喜爱的体式,也能按不同要求写出不同体裁、不同风格的别类文章,就如同功夫高深的武术家,虽擅长一种兵刃,但对其他武器也能舞动一样。辛弃疾就是用了两种截然不同的文体,从不同方面来表达了他慷慨激昂的爱国感情,反映出忧国忧民“道男儿到死心如铁,看试手,补天裂”的壮志豪情和以身报国的高尚理想。平生以气节自负,以功业自许,一生力主抗战,所上《美芹十论》与《九议》,
条陈战守之策,显示其卓越军事才能与爱国热忱,又与南宋志士陈亮及理学家朱熹保持深厚友谊,与之砥励气节,切磋学问。抗金复国是其作品之主旋律,其中不乏英雄失路的悲叹与壮士闲置的愤懑,具有鲜明的时代特色。还以生动细腻的笔触描绘江南农村四时的田园风光、世情民俗。其词题材广阔,又善化用前人典故入词。风格沉雄豪迈又不乏细腻柔媚之处。在苏轼的基础上,大大开拓了词的思想意境,提高了词的文学地位。后人遂以“苏辛”并称。其诗文亦有足称道者,特别是其文“笔势浩荡,智略辐凑,有权书衡论之风”。
强烈的爱国主义思想和战斗精神是辛词的基本思想内容,这首先表现在他的词中,他不断重复对北方的怀念。另外,在《贺新郎》《摸鱼儿》等词中,他用“剩水残山”、“斜阳正在,烟柳断肠处”等词句讽刺苟安残喘的南宋小朝廷,表达他对偏安一角不思北上的不满。胸怀壮志无处可用,表现在词里就是难以掩饰的不平之情。他擅长的怀古之作中《水龙吟》,面对如画江山和英雄人物,在豪情壮志被激发的同时,他也大发英雄无用武之地的感慨。理想与现实的激烈冲突,为他的词构成悲壮的基调。辛词在苏轼词的基础上进一步扩大了题材范围,他几乎达到了无事、无意不可入词的地步。他将豪放词推帜至一个顶峰。
辛弃疾有许多与陆游相似之处:他始终把洗雪国耻、收复失地作为自己的毕生事业,并在自己的文学创作中写出了时代的期望和失望、民族的热情与愤慨。在文学创作方面,他不像陆游喜欢写作诗歌尤其是格式严整的七律,而是把全部精力投入词这一更宜于表达激荡多变的情绪的体裁。辛词是以境界阔大、感情豪爽开朗著称的,辛弃疾总是以炽热的感情与崇高的理想来拥抱人生,更多地表现出英雄的豪情与英雄的悲愤。因此,主观情感的浓烈、主观理念的执着,构成了辛词的一大特色。
[人物介绍小作文
篇8:英语自我介绍常用十句话
全文共 1221 字
+ 加入清单1. I have been for over five years in teh employ of an exporting company.
本人曾经前后五年被受雇于出口贸易公司。
2. I have been in the business for the last ten years, and worked as the superintendent in the personnel department.
本人在过去十年在商界担任人事部主任迄今。
3. I have had five years’ experience with a company as a salesman.
本人曾在某一公司担任推销员,前后有五年之久。
4. For the past three years, I have been in the office of the Brothers Trading Co., where I have been ad still am an accountant.
本人曾经在兄弟贸易公司服务三年,担任会计工作,现仍在职中。
5. I am twenty years of age, and have been employed for the last two years by the Green Trees Co., in teh general clerical work of the office.
我今年20岁,曾于绿林公司服务两年,担任一般文员工作。
6. I am 25 years of age, and have had two years’ experience in my present post, which I am leaving to better myself.
我今年25岁,已在目前的职位工作两年,兹为寻找更上一层楼,准备离开此职位。
7. I am nineteen years of age, female and have had two years’ experience in a company’s delivery office.
我今年19岁,女性。曾在某家公司担任收发工作两年。
8. I am just leaving school, and am eighteen years of age.
本人18岁,不久即可毕业。
9. I am twenty years of age, and am anxious to settle down to office work.
本人20岁,希望能找到一个公司,以便安定下来。
10. Since my graduation from the school two years ago, I have been employed in teh Green Hotel as a cashier.
两年前,自从离校后,在格兰酒店担任出纳员。
篇9:护理求职英语自我介绍
全文共 1073 字
+ 加入清单Good morning, my name is jack, it is really a great honor to have this opportunity for a interview, I would like to answer whatever you may raise, and I hope I can make a good performance today, eventually enroll in this prestigious university in september. now I will introduce myself briefly,I am 21 years old,born in Heilongjiang province ,northeast of china,and I am curruently a senior student at beijing XX university.
I will work hard in these fields ,patent ,trademark, copyright, on the base of my years study in department of p&p, my character? I cannot describe it well, but I know I am optimistic and confident. sometimes I prefer to stay alone, reading, listening to music, but I am not lonely, I like to chat with my classmates, almost talk everything ,my favoritepastime is valleyball,playing cards or surf online. through college life,I learn how to balance between study and entertainment. by the way, I was a actor of our amazing drama club. I had a few glorious memory on stage. that is my pride .
That s all. Thank you for giving me the chance.
篇10:介绍我家的小狗英语
全文共 1406 字
+ 加入清单My family had two lovely Bo Mei dog, one called toot, one called Bo Mei, toot is a brother, Bo Mei is the sister. They are very smart as long as we see the dogs necklace, we know to take them out to play, so it will be very happy to shake the tail. Bo Mei will be afraid of firecrackers, and occasionally he is not good, my father to learn the sound of the firecrackers scare it, it will be afraid to clip the tail, it is really a fun dog ah!
I read the dogs book, the dog wagged his tail to show pleasure; if the tail to sag, then expressed fear. I asked my mother, said: Why does the dog stretch his tongue? Mom told me that the dogs body without sweat, had no choice but to stretch his tongue to disperse the body heat. There are dogs before the pee will first smell, if there is a powerful dog than him, they dare not pee there, so each dog has its own fixed pee site.
When I was young, my brother was not born, every day to accompany me is toot and Bo Mei. Beep is the most loyal puppy, Bo is the most favorite puppy, Bo often grab my hands in the biscuits, we eat you a mouthful of me, toot more old, the teeth have been bite , So I did not take long time to heaven, and then a few years, Bo is also the United States, the family is no longer a dog, and really miss that good time.
My favorite animal is Bo Yang dog, although my family of two Bo Yang dogs are heaven, but I still miss their lovely look!
篇11:八一建军节的英语介绍
全文共 2012 字
+ 加入清单导语:八一建军节诞生于1933年,她的第一个节日庆祝活动,是在中央苏区首府——江西瑞金举行的。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文,欢迎阅读与借鉴,谢谢!
It is the Army Day of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army on August 1. It stems from the August 1 Nanchang Uprising which the Chinese Party members lead of revolutionary period of the peoples mainly main justice in China. The August 1 Nanchang Uprising for will it be August 1 1927 fire Communist Party of China arms resist the Kuomintang first rifle of reactionaries indicate China enters the Communist Party of China and leads the new period for revolution of arms independently mark the birth of the new peoples army of China.
Will it be July 1933 the republic temporary central government Soviet of Chinese determine to be tenable on commemoration day for the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army (the predecessor of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army ) on August 1. From then on August 1 became the Army Day of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army. During Army Day will concentrate on launching the activity of " support the army and give preferential treatment to the families of the armymen and martyrs support the government and cherish the people " all over China commemorate the birth of the peoples army.
Since the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army built up the Army goes through the innumerable hazards and hardships from small to large change from weak to strong develop into an army with synthetic multi-arm is advancing on the roads of the picked troops with Chinese characteristics courageously become the great wall of steel that China defends the peace and development.
【参考译文】
它是八月一日中国人民解放军的一天。它源于八月一日南昌起义,中国共产党领导的革命时期,人民的主要正义在中国。的八一南昌起义为将它是8月1 1927年,火共产党中国武器抵抗国民党反动派的第一枪,表明中国进入的中国共产党,领导新时期革命武装独立,标记的中国新型人民军队的诞生。
1933年7月,该共和国临时中央政府,中国苏维埃,确定以成立纪念日为中国工人和农民红军(前身中国人民解放军)8月1日。从那时起,八月一日成了中国人民解放军的一天。建军节期间,将集中开展“活动支持军队和优待军人、烈士家属,政府支持和珍惜的人”都在中国,纪念人民军队的诞生。
自从中国人民解放军建造的军队,去通过无数的危险和困难,从小型到大型,改变从弱到强,发展成军合成多臂,是推进中国特色勇敢精兵道路,成成为的钢铁长城,中国维护和平与发展。
1.有关建军节的英语作文
2.八一建军节的英语介绍
3.建军节的英语作文
4.八一建军节的英语作文
5.建军节英语作文带翻译
6.以建军节为话题的英语作文
7.建军节英语作文3篇带翻译
篇12:介绍云南英语
全文共 1507 字
+ 加入清单South is the province with the largest number of ethnic, apart from the Han, is inhabited by 26 people and the minority population of the province accounted for nearly one-third of the total population. Different nationalities have their own characteristics, so in Yunnan, you can enjoy the national and culture and nowhere else
Flowers of the town: Yunnan is known as "Kingdom of plants" said. Europe and the United States to cultivation of Rhododendron, Primula, camellia, orchid lily flowers, mostly from Yunnan, let alone the domestic cultivation of flowers. Yunnan eight flowers: camellias, azaleas, Magnolia, primrose, lily flower, gentian, Meconopsis, orchid. With Yunnan the four seasons such as spring weather, here is an ocean of flowers. Mountain bamboo forests, lush bamboo shoots.
Karst: Eastern Yunnan Guizhou Plateau, after two million years of erosion and weathering erosion, forming a unique magnificent primary karst landform, karst terrain, especially in the Lunan Stone Forest, Jiuxiang scenic area.
Tropical rain forest: Xishuangbanna is located in the northern regression line to the south edge of the tropical north, the tropical monsoon climate, year-round warm, sunny, rainy and humid is Tropic of cancer of the earth desert line with only a piece of green state, is Chinas tropical rain forest ecosystem preservation is the most complete, the most typical, area of the largest area, is now the earth on rare animal and plant gene pool, was hailed as one of the earths natural wonders.
篇13:关于英语的谚语介绍
全文共 892 字
+ 加入清单Love is sweet in the beginning,but sour in the end. 爱情先甜后来酸。
All roads lead to Roma.条条大道通罗马。
As you make your bed,so you must lie in it.自食其果。
Don′t count your chickens before they are hatched.切莫过于乐观。
Don′t judge a person by the clothes he wears.不能以貌取人。
Failure is the mother of success.失败是成攻之母。
It′s easy to be wise after the event.事后诸葛亮。
Labour is lihgt where love doth pay. 爱情付报酬,劳苦也轻松。
Learn to walk before you run.循序渐进。
Love is a sweet tyranny,because the lover endures his torment willingly. 爱情是可爱的虐政,情人们甘受它痛苦的折磨。
Love makes all hard hearts gentle. 爱情把一切冷酷之心变成温柔。
Love makes obedience easy. 爱情使服从变为易事。
Love makes one fit for any work. 爱情使人适合任何工作。
Love makes the world go round. 爱情使世界运转。
Love me little and love me long. 不求情意浓,但愿情义长。
Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。
Love needs no teaching. 爱情无需教导。
Love not at the first look. 切莫一见钟情。
Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。
When love puts in,friendship is gone. 爱情进入,友情完结。
篇14:2024感动中国十大人物梁益建颁奖词及事迹介绍:推诚结仁爱
全文共 396 字
+ 加入清单梁益建是国内首屈一指的极重度脊柱畸形矫正专家。他不仅为病人治病,还处处为病人省费用,更常为贫困患者捐钱、四处化缘募捐。2014年他的团队开始与公益基金合作,目前已帮助近200名患者!他用两根支架矫正患者的脊柱,一根是妙手,一根是仁心!
梁益建颁奖词:自谦小医生,却站上医学的巅峰,四处奔走募集善良,打开那些被折叠的人生;你用两根支架矫正患者的脊柱,一根是妙手,一根是仁心。
梁益建事迹介绍:梁益建,医学博士,四川省成都市三医院骨科主任 梁益建多年前学成回国,参与“驼背”手术3000多例,亲自主刀挽救上千个极重度脊柱畸形患者的生命,成为国内首屈一指的极重度脊柱畸形矫正专家近可能的为患者着想,是梁益建的工作守则。到医院求治的病人,很多经济条件都不好。为了让患者尽快得到治疗,他处处为病人节省费用外,还常常为经济困难的患者捐钱,四处化缘。碰到有钱的朋友,他会直接开口寻求帮助,甚至尝试过在茶馆募捐。
篇15:关于面试银行英语自我介绍
全文共 1246 字
+ 加入清单Good morning !
It is really my honor to have this opportunity for a interview,I hope i can make a good performance today. Im confident that I can succeed.
Now i will introduce myself briefly I am 23 years old,born in shenzhen .
I was graduated from shenzhen university. my major is electronic.and i will got my bachelor degree after my graduation in the year of 2008.
I spend most of my time on study,i have passed CET4/6 . and i have acquired basic knowledge of my major during my school time.
In July 2007, I begin work for a small private company as a technical support engineer in shenzhen city.Because Im capable of more responsibilities, so I decided to change my job.
And in August 2004,I left QingDao to BeiJing and worked for a foreign enterprise as a automation software test engineer.Because I want to change my working environment, Id like to find a job which is more challenging. Morover Motorola is a global company, so I feel I can gain the most from working in this kind of company ennvironment. That is the reason why I come here to compete for this position.
I think Im a good team player and Im a person of great honesty to others. Also I am able to work under great pressure.Thats all. Thank you for giving me the chance.
篇16:自我介绍英语含翻译
全文共 557 字
+ 加入清单My name is Yin Zhaoyi. Im nine years old. Im from Hengyang, Hunan. I love writing and reading.
I was a lively and cheerful girl, face, round eyes, long eyebrows, high nose, black hair, big mouth, short stature, long limbs.
Today is Sunday. I asked my mother if I could go to the library to read books. My mother said yes, I went straight to the library happily, and there were very few people in the library. I picked up a book and looked up. An hour passed, and two hours passed. Until 6 oclock in the evening, I found it was 6, and I ran home at full speed.
篇17:初二寒假英语日记:介绍广州塔
全文共 653 字
+ 加入清单Canton Tower,as a new landmark,located in the new CBD and the Pearl River landscape axis,lying in the geometric center of Guangzhou city.Canton Tower is 125 meters away from the south bank of Pearl River,facing the Haixinsha Island and Zhujiang New Town.In the year 2004,Information Based Architecture won the international competition,in which 13 of the worlds largest architectural offices participated,with a stunning and challenging design.IBA collaborated with Arup,the global design and business consulting firm developed the concept design.In later stages,IBA cooperated mainly with the local Chinese offices of Arup and a Local Design Institute.
篇18:三国演义的主要人物介绍
全文共 18528 字
+ 加入清单《三国演义》是中国古典四大名著之一,是中国第一部长篇章回体历史演义小说,全名为《三国志通俗演义》(又称《三国志演义》。下面是小编为你带来的三国演义的主要人物介绍,欢迎阅读。
诸葛亮
诸葛亮,字孔明,人称卧龙,汉末徐州琅邪郡阳都县(今山东沂南县)人,父诸葛珪曾为泰山郡丞,叔父诸葛玄为当时名士。诸葛亮兄诸葛不共戴天瑾仕于吴孙权,拜大将军、左都护,领豫州牧。亮从弟诸葛诞仕于魏,为吏部郎,累迁扬州刺吏、镇东将军、司空。兄弟三人“并有盛名,各在一国。于时以为‘蜀得其龙,吴得其虎,魏得其狗’”(《世说新语.品藻》注云:狗乃“功狗”之狗,虽非龙虎之比,亦甚有功之人,故曰并有盛名。)。
诸葛亮早年不得志,不为志向所屈,故结庐于襄阳城西隆中山中隐居待时。公元207年,思贤若渴的刘备三顾茅庐,请计于诸葛亮,诸葛亮精辟地分析了天下形势,提出了统一天下应走鼎足三分,联吴抗曹的道路,也称“隆中对策”。这是诸葛亮为刘备提出的一条正确的政治路线相军事路线,也是诸葛亮一生的行动纲领。从此,刘备的事业才出现了转机。
公元208年曹操率三十万大军南下荆州,诸葛亮以其大智勇出使东吴,说服东吴抗击曹操,取得赤壁之战的胜利,为刘备取得立足之地。刘备称帝后,谙葛亮任丞相。公元223年蜀后主刘禅继位,诸葛亮被封为武乡侯,领益州牧。他励精图治,赏罚严明,推行屯田政策,并改善西南各族与蜀汉的关系,有利于当地经济、文化的发展。他曾六次北伐中原。公元234年,因积劳成疾,病逝于五丈原,葬于定军山(今陕西勉县东南)。
诸葛亮的一生共两个二十七年。公元207年以前的二十七年,是他修身养性立志用世的准备阶段。他学有所成后没有北走曹操,也没有南归孙权,而是辅佐了“名微众寡”的刘备,这固然有客观原田,但也并非出于偶然。他之所以要选择兴复汉室的道路,说明他是一个维护封建纲常、崇尚儒家忠义道德的正统思想家。公元207年到234年的二十七年,是谙葛亮尽忠蜀汉的阶段。无论先主、后主都非常信任他。他没有恪守儒家教条,他尊王而不攘夷,进兵南中,和抚夷越,在三国中执行了最好的民族政策。他明法、正身、和吴、治军,以“鞠躬尽瘁,死而后已”的无私奉献精神战斗到生命的最后一息。他的忠公体国精神,生前就深受蜀人爱戴,死后更长期受到后人的敬仰,已成为中华民族传统文化的一份遗产。
庞统
庞统,刘备谋士。字士元,襄阳(今湖北省襄樊)人。外号“凤雏”先生,与诸葛亮齐名。庞统其貌不扬,却胸怀韬略,素有大志,他是东汉末年、三国之初可遇而不可求的怪才。庞统平日和司马徽、诸葛亮、崔州平、石广元、孟公威、徐庶是要好的朋友。庞统和诸葛亮在这些朋友中是出类拔萃的大才。世人称:“伏龙、凤雏,二人得一,可安天下”。
刘备领荆州时,任庞统为耒阳县令,在县官位上不理县事,后经诸葛亮、鲁肃再三推荐,被刘备任为副军师中良将。在建安十九年(公元二一四年)与刘备进取川中时,在卉县(今四川省广汉北)落凤坡被刘璋手下名将张任用伏兵乱箭射死,当时只有三十六岁。死后追爵为关内侯。后人对庞统之死作诗叹息:
古岘相连紫翠堆,士元有宅傍山隈。
儿童惯识呼鸠曲,闾巷曾闻展骥才。
预计三分平刻削,长驱万里独徘徊。
谁知天狗流量坠,不使将军衣锦回。
《三国演义》的庞统有更多的智谋表现。而史实的庞统则与法正先后为刘备在野战、军事方面的倚重的智囊。陈寿先生比法正为程昱郭嘉,比庞统为荀彧。
三国演义之蜀国主要人物介绍
赵云
赵云,蜀国五虎大将第三位。字子龙,常山真定(今河北正定)人,以勇敢善战著称。原为公孙瓒的部下,后归刘备。刘备被曹军打败于当阳长坂坡,赵云六进六出曹操百万军中,救出了甘夫人与阿斗。刘备东吴招亲,赵云领军护卫,后拦江截救阿斗,一杆长枪,神出鬼没,浑身是胆,一生征战无数,屡建奇功,后拜翊军将军,中护军征南将军,封永昌亭侯。公元二二七年随诸葛亮进攻关中,失利于箕谷,退回汉中,不久病死,享年七十三岁。后人有诗赞赵云说:
常山有虎将,智勇匹关张。
汉水功勋在,当阳姓字彰。
两番扶幼主,一念答先皇。
青史书忠烈,应流百世芳。
马超
马超,生于公元一七六年,死于公元二二二年,蜀国五虎大将第四位。字孟起,右扶风茂陵(今陕西省兴平县)人,出身于凉州豪强家庭。
东汉末年随父亲马腾起兵打仗,任偏安将军、封都亭侯。父亲马腾被曹操用计杀害后,领兵为父报仇。建安十六年(公元二一一年)进攻曹操,与许褚大战于潼关,后被曹操用反间计打败,逃回凉州,又被扬阜等杀败,逃往汉中归附张鲁。后投归刘备,攻取成都时立下大功,拜骠骑将军,领凉州牧,封?乡侯。用一杆长枪,有神威将军的美名,是三国时期的名将。勇有余,谋不足。后病死。
黄忠
黄忠,蜀国五虎大将最后一位。字汉升,南阳(今河南省南阳)人。最初在刘表属下任中郎将镇守长沙攸县。当曹操南下时,仍忠守长沙。后刘备派关羽攻长沙时,城破被困,降了刘备。刘备平荆南四郡后,随其进取四川,常打先锋,勇冠三军。建安二十四年,刘备取汉中时,黄忠在定军山用计斩曹军大将夏侯渊,大败曹军,被封为征西大将军。使一口大刀,箭法精良,百发百中,年岁虽大,却常不服老。刘备为汉中王后,拜忠为后将军,后赐关内侯。220年,黄忠病逝于营寨中,享年七十五岁。后人有诗叹道:
老将说黃忠,收川立大功。
重披金锁甲,双挽铁胎弓。
胆气惊河北,威名镇蜀中。
临亡头似雪,犹自显英雄。
魏延
魏延,蜀国名将。子文长,义阳(今河南省桐柏)人。关羽攻长沙时,魏延杀主献城,后随刘备入川,一路战功不少。任镇远将军,汉中太守。随诸葛亮平定南蛮,在陈仓力劈曹魏大将王双,迁升为征西大将军,封南郑侯。诸葛亮死后,与长史杨仪争兵权,被诸葛亮生前安排的马岱诛杀。擅用大刀,刀法熟练。
姜维
姜维,字伯约,天水郡冀县(今甘肃甘谷县)人。父姜炯,天水郡功曹,后死于战场,姜维任参军。公元228年,诸葛亮兵出祁山,夺取天水、南安、安定等郡,镇守天水的魏将姜维归附蜀汉,为仓曹掾,加奉义将军。公元234年,诸葛亮病死五丈代。从文字上看,古代“羌”、“姜”字形相近,一音之转。
《后汉书.西羌传》:“西羌之本,姜姓之别也。”可证,姜维是三国时期为数不多的少数民族“干部”之一。
姜维的一生为蜀汉政权的巩固和发展作出了重大贡献。他归附蜀汉后曾先后四次随诸葛亮出师北伐,立下了许多战功。诸葛亮逝世后,他从容镇定,有条不紊地整顿军马安全撤退。费祎死后,他总揽军权,曾先后多次出兵北伐,决心完成前人未竟事业统一天下。直到刘禅投降,西蜀灭亡后,他还想利用钟会复兴蜀汉,可见出他忠于蜀汉的坚定信念。
另外,姜维在继承相贯彻诸葛亮的“和夷”政策、改善民族关系、加强民族团结方面,也作了许多努力,有一定贡献。诸葛亮死后,姜维为凉州刺史。公元247年,汶山(今四川茂汶)变乱,姜维率兵前往平定。随后又出兵陇西、南安、金城一带,大战魏将郭淮、夏侯霸于洮西。这两次出兵,他都注意贯彻诸葛亮生前的“和夷”政策,安抚了少数民族,调整了民族关系,实现了民族团结的愿望。
有人说,诸葛亮特别器重姜维,除了姜维自身的才略之外,主要是因为姜维是少数民族将领,熟悉民族地区的人情世俗及自然形势。重用他不仅有利北伐,而且体现了“和夷”政策。这种说法有一定道理。
刘禅
刘禅,字公嗣,小名阿斗,刘备的大儿子,建安二十四年(公元二一九年)立为太子。刘备死后继位于成都,称帝时十七岁。在位期间,由丞相诸葛亮辅佐执政。诸葛亮死后,因信任宦官黄皓,致使姜维从北伐中原的前线撤回汉中沓中屯田开荒。炎兴元年(公元二六三年)邓艾领军从阴平险道奇袭成都,刘禅出位投降,被封为安乐公。后人作诗叹息道:
追欢作乐笑颜开,不念危亡半点哀。
快乐异乡忘故国,方知后主是庸才。
关平
关平,冀州关家庄关定的儿子。关羽千里走单骑寻找刘备时收为义子。跟关羽学习武艺,深得关羽刀法,一生伴随关羽。关羽被东吴吕蒙、陆逊用计袭取荆州后败走麦城,关平同往,后与关羽一同被俘,遭孙权杀害。
关兴
关兴,关羽的亲生儿子。关羽遇害后,随刘备东征伐吴,英勇杀敌。诸葛亮伐魏时,关兴是主要战将,屡建战功。后杀东吴潘璋,夺回关羽的青龙偃月刀。
张苞
张苞,张飞之子。为替父报仇,随刘备东征伐吴。用丈八蛇矛,打仗勇猛,武艺高强,与关兴是当时蜀军中的优秀将领。随诸葛亮伐魏时,在战事中不慎趺落山中,头部受伤,不久死去。
蒋琬
蒋琬,生年不详,死于公元二四六年,蜀国大臣。字公琰,零陵湘乡(今湖南省湘乡)人。刘备自任汉中王时,他为尚书郎。后在诸葛亮丞相府任长史,诸葛亮死后代其执政,为益州刺史、大将军、尚书,封字亭侯,大司马。
孟获
孟获,三国时彝族首领之一,建宁(今云南曲靖)人。刘备死后,他与地方军队起兵反蜀。公元二二五年诸葛亮南征,他被七擒七纵,最后心服口服,誓不反蜀。后到蜀国作官,为御史中丞。
马岱
马岱,马超堂弟,蜀汉名将。随马超作战多年,归附刘备后作战英勇,随诸葛亮平定南蛮,在七擒孟获时多次立功。诸葛亮见马岱忠勇,临死前授以密计,在魏延造反时一刀诛杀了魏延。
刘封
刘封,刘备义子。赤壁大战时率领水军作战。刘备入川称帝后与孟达一起守上庸。关羽兵败,廖化向孟达、刘封求救,孟达挑拨刘封拒不发兵。关羽被害后,刘封被刘备杀死。
马谡
马谡,生于公元一九○年,死于公元二二九年,马良之弟,蜀国将领。字幼常,襄阳宜城(今湖北省宜城)人。得诸葛亮器重,升为参军,刘备临死前曾告诫诸葛亮说“马谡言过其实,不可重用。”建兴六年(公元二二九年)违反诸葛亮的命令,未在街亭当道驻扎,被魏将张?打败,失了街亭,蜀军被迫退军汉中。被诸葛亮以违犯军法之名斩首。马谡死那年,只有三十九岁。后人曾作诗道:
失守街亭罪非轻,堪嗟马谡枉谈兵。
辕门斩首严军法,拭泪犹思先帝明。
刘巴
刘巴,字子彻,零陵烝阳(今湖南邵东)人。祖父刘曜,苍梧太守。父刘祥,江夏太守、荡寇将军。公元l90年,刘巴祸避零陵,为郡主记主薄。公元208年,曹操南下荆州,刘巴北上投奔曹操。赤壁战后,奉曹操之命回江南招降。刘备深恨刘巴。诸葛亮劝刘巴留下,刘巴不从。因无法复命曹操,刘巴便南下交州,改姓张,辗转进入益州,投刘璋麾下。公元211年,刘备取益州,刘巴归附备,为左将军西曹掾。刘备称帝的第二年,刘巴病逝。
刘巴也是三国时期第一流的才智之士,每当重大事件,他都能以敏锐的政治眼光作出准确的判断。早在跟随刘璋时,他就曾谏阻刘璋不要引刘备入蜀。这在当时对刘璋来说不失为良言。但刘璋昏聩,终致亡。随刘备后,刘巴也多有奇策良谋。刘备攻成都时,为鼓励士气,曾许诺城破之日不过问府库财物。所以成都城破,刘璋数年的积蓄被士卒一扫而光。后来,军用乏绝,刘备问计于刘巴。刘巴建议赶铸面值百文的大钱,把货物定出价格,开放市场。结果,那些被士卒抢走的财物很快就回收了。诸葛亮曾称赞说:“运筹策于帷幄之中,吾不如子彻远矣。”(《三国志.蜀书.刘巴传》裴松之注)
同时,刘巴也是个性格化的人物。他恃才傲物,轻视张飞。公元221年,刘备议称帝,刘巴竭力劝阻。这也是他在蜀汉没能有更多建树的原因之一。
三国演义之魏国主要人物介绍
三国演义之魏国主要人物介绍
徐庶
徐庶,字元直,豫州颍川郡人;本名徐福;自幼好剑击,早年因在家乡闯祸,化名单福,从此折节向学,遍访名师。徐庶的其中一位好朋友就是司马徽。
因慕刘备仁德之名投靠他,助刘备破初次南下的曹军。但由于年老母亲仍在许都﹝曹操势力主管﹞,并被曹操威协,徐庶不得不回许都,临行前推荐诸葛亮给刘备,更发誓不为曹操出一谋。
钟 会
钟会,生于公元二二五年,死于公元二六四年,魏国儒将。字士季,颍川长社(今河南长葛东)人,曹魏大臣钟繇的儿子。少年时博览群书,有才艺,志向远大,是司马昭的重要谋士、儒将,通晓兵法,机谋深远,景元四年(公元二六二年)与邓艾分兵灭蜀,与姜维结为兄弟。谋做西川王时,事发败漏被卫瓘领兵所杀。
邓艾
邓艾,生于公元一九七年,死于公元二六四年,魏国名将。字士载,义阳郡棘阳(今河南新野东北)人。曹操占荆州时,家迁汝南(今河南上蔡县西南),早年丧父,年十二随寡母移居颍川(今河南许昌市)。邓艾家世寒微,无祖荫可庇,且少孤贫苦,但他少年壮志,聪明好学,精通兵法,打仗善于利用地理,有谋略。任兖州刺史时,引兵在祁山多次与姜维交战,有功封为安西将军。景元四年(公元二六三年),率兵从阴平小路翻越峻岭,奇袭成都,灭了蜀国,创造了三国历史上划时代的战争奇迹。后被钟会诬陷谋反,与儿子邓忠一起被卫瓘杀害。西晋武帝司马炎泰始元年(265年)后得赦罪,冤案昭雪。
代表性战役:
1. 249 年,洮城攻防。
2. 255 年,毌丘俭兵变。110 回。
3. 255 年,洮西会战。110 回。
4. 256 年,段谷会战。111 回。
5. 257 年,长城之战。112 回。
6. 262 年,侯和会战。115 回。
7. 263 年,灭蜀汉战役。117、118 回。
典韦
典韦,陈留人。曹操名将。使一双铁戟,勇猛过人。曹操与张绣交战时,典韦驻守曹操大寨,奋力迎敌,终因铁戟被盗,受围断而死。在这一战中,曹操的长子和侄子也都战死了。事后,曹操亲自祭奠,痛哭失声。他对众将领说:“吾折长子、爱侄,俱无深痛;独号泣典韦也!”。
徐晃
徐晃,字公明,河东杨郡(今山西省)人。曹操手下名将,武艺高强。原为杨奉部将,时值汉献帝被李jue、郭汜劫持,保驾立功。后归附曹操,作战勇敢,兼有谋略,深得曹操喜爱。曹仁守樊城时,徐晃前往救援,不因与关羽有私人友谊而废公事,仍举斧与关羽大战八十余回合。孟达于新城谋反时,司马懿调徐晃急行军赶往新城,诛杀孟达,反被孟达一箭射中额头,回营后死去,享年五十九岁。
许褚
许褚,三国时魏国名将。字仲康,沛国谯(今安徽亳县)人。在曹操宛城战张绣时,因屡建战功,赐关内侯。后与马超大战于潼关,威名大振。因勇猛知名,军中外号“虎痴”。曹丕称帝时,封万岁亭侯,升为武卫将军,总督中军禁兵。曹睿即位后,又进封许褚为牟分侯。许褚病死后,被追赠为壮侯。
张郃
张郃,魏国名将,字隽义,河间县人。早先为袁绍手下大将,官渡之战后归曹操。有勇有谋,能征善战。诸葛亮伐魏时,他率兵追赶,被诸葛亮用伏兵射杀于木门道中。
张辽
张辽,字文远,雁门马邑(今山西朔县)人。先为并州刺史丁原部下担任从事,后来又归附董卓,董卓死后,张辽又带兵投靠了吕布,在吕布手下任骑都尉。后来,吕布在下邳被曹操和刘备打败,最终归附曹操。武功高强,有勇善谋,多次建立奇功。建安二十年(公元二一五年),孙权攻打合肥,他率敢死队八百余人守城,奋勇突击,大破吴军。吴军一听见张辽的名字,便人人胆寒,连吴国小儿夜间啼哭,一听说张辽二字便不敢哭了。魏文帝黄初三年(222年),曹丕亲征,三路伐吴。张辽与诸将大破东吴大将吕范军,遂因病死于军中,谥刚侯。
曹洪
曹洪,字子廉,曹操的堂弟,魏国名将。曹操起兵時与曹仁一起加入。弓马娴熟,武艺精通,成为曹军的中流砥柱。转战各地,表现活跃,曾救过曹操性命。曹丕即位后,历任魏国卫将军、骠骑将军。
贾诩
贾诩,三国时魏国大臣。字文和,武威女姑臧(今甘肃武威)人。善用计谋,先在李傕、郭汜帐中任谋士,后又成为张绣的谋士。张绣曾在宛城用他的计策打败了曹操,张绣兵败后他则归降曹操。曹操在官渡战袁绍、潼关破西凉马超、韩遂,都用他的奇计。曹丕称帝后,官封太尉、魏寿亭侯。死时七十七岁。
代表性章回:
1. 198 年,反击曹軍。18 回。
2. 199 年,劝降张绣。23 回。
3. 211 年,离开韩马联军。59 回。
4. 217 年,劝立曹丕。68 回。
5. 222 年,谏伐东吴;不纳。85 回。
曹操
曹操(155-220),东汉末年的政治家、军事家、文学家。本姓夏侯,字孟德,小名阿瞒,沛国谯郡(今安徽亳县)人,出生自一个大官僚地主家庭,长子。因其父曹嵩乃是中常侍曹腾之养子,故改姓曹。亦因这种关系,曹操自幼便有机会接触官宦子弟。日后的劲敌袁绍亦是曹操年少时朋友。曹操身长七尺,细眼长须。自幼放荡不羁,但很有才华,又足智多谋,善于随机应变。当年,汝南有个善于评论人物的名士,名叫许劭,评论曹操为:“治世之能臣,乱世之奸雄”。
汉灵帝死后,大将军以外戚身份把持朝政。但在诛杀殺宦官時,反被伏击。而此时有西凉之狼称号的董卓帶領大军接管京城。卓入城不久便改立少帝之弟刘协,是为献帝。大部份大臣纷纷逃出洛阳。曹操亦逃至陈留,集结义兵,声讨董卓。
初平元年,各路大将推举家世显赫的袁绍为盟主,西讨董卓。但因各将領心怀鬼胎,遂使义军失败。曹操在這战役中,初次见到日后的死敌——刘备。
初平三年,董卓为王允、呂布所杀。而二人又被卓部下李傕、郭汜所遂。獻帝乘亂與一眾大臣逃出長安,但被李、郭二人所追捕。而曹操接受荀彧、程昱所議,迎接獻帝至許昌。從此曹操便開始挾天子以令諸侯。
其後,曹操以獻帝名義東征西討。先後平定關東、關中一帶。而劉備亦曾成為其部下。接下來,曹操便要面對他的老朋友-袁紹。
當時袁紹盤據幽、冀、并、青四州,軍力雄厚,勇將如雲。雖然曹操己成中原霸主,但就兵力而言始終與紹有一定距離。
建安五年,袁紹大軍南下,與曹兵會戰於官渡。最後曹操用降將許攸之計親率五千騎兵偷襲袁軍糧倉。袁兵見軍糧被燒而大亂,曹軍乘勢出擊。袁紹敗走。官渡之役奠定了曹操在北方的霸主地位。
在官渡會戰勝利後,曹操用數年時間穩定北方,和追擊袁氏餘黨(紹兵敗後不久病死)。建安十三年,曹操親率大軍南征劉表。同年,劉表死,次子劉琮繼立。面對曹操如狼似虎的大軍,劉琮決定出降。曹操輕易地接管荊州。可能因為荊州得來容易,曹操決定趁勢東伐孫權。但權並非劉琮之流可比。
孫氏自孫策時已盤據江東,至今已人心歸順。加上長江天險,孫氏政權已有一個穩定基礎。當孫權收到曹操東來的消息後,曾召開多次軍事會議。會中主戰和主降派展開了激烈的爭辯。最後在周瑜和魯肅的分析下,孫權決定出戰。
建安十三年十二月,孫權大軍在赤壁迎戰曹軍。周瑜用計火燒曹操軍艦,曹軍大敗。從此曹操無力大舉南征。如果說官渡會戰決定了曹操在北方霸主地位,那麼赤壁兵敗便是曹操只可稱雄北方的一戰。
此後,曹操雖曾多次在東吳邊境挑起戰火,但雙方均互有勝敗。同時劉備西定益州,自封漢中王。三國鼎立之勢已成。連蓋世雄主曹操亦再無力改變這個事實。
建安二十一年,曹操進位為魏王。
建安二十五年,曹操病逝,享年六十六歲。
翌年,操子曹丕篡漢,建國號魏。追尊曹操為太祖武皇帝。
曹植
曹植(192-233)字子建。沛国谯(今安徽亳县)人。三国魏杰出诗人。曹操第三子,封陈思王。因富才学,早年曾被曹操宠爱,一度欲立为太子,后失宠。建安十六年(211年)封平原侯,建安十九年(214年)改为临淄侯。魏文帝黄初二年(221年)改封鄄城王。曹丕称帝后,他受曹丕的猜忌和迫害,屡遭贬爵和改换封地。曹丕死后,曹丕的儿子曹睿即位,曹植曾几次上书,希望能够得到任用,但都未能如愿,最后忧郁而死,年四十一岁。
文学史上的建安时期,是指建安至魏初的一段时间。这时期的文学,以诗歌的成就最为显著。有不少作品能从汉乐府民歌中吸取养料,反映出社会的动乱和人民流离失所的痛苦,体现了要求国家统一的愿望,辞情慷慨,语言刚健。后人以“建安风骨”称誉这些作品俊逸刚健的风格。但有些篇章表现了消极出世的思想。这一时期的代表作家有曹操、曹丕、曹植、建安七子等。曹植的生活和创作,以曹丕即帝位为界,分为前后两期。前期有少数作品写出社会动乱和自己的抱负,诗的基调开朗、豪迈。如《白马篇》、《送应氏》等。后期作品则反映其所受压迫的苦闷的心情,部分诗篇参杂较浓厚的消极思想。其诗善用比兴手法,语言精炼而词采华茂,比较全面地代表了建安诗歌的成就,对五言诗的发展颇有影响。也善辞赋、散文。他的《洛神赋》抒情优美,富于神话色彩,影响甚大,是建安时期抒情小赋的代表作品。散文也有名篇,如《求自试表》等。
曹植墓:位于东阿县城西南10公里鱼山西麓,依山而建。墓室分甬道、前室、后室3部分。1951年,平原省文物管理委员会曾清理出土文物132件,其中除玛瑙珠、玛瑙泡、青玉璜数件较精外,其他大部为陶制明器,象车、案、壶、盆、鸡、狗、鹅、鸭之类。1996年被批准为国家级重点文物保护单位。
曹 丕
魏文帝曹丕(187-226),三国时魏国的建立者。篡位废汉曹魏尊。公元二二○年至二二六年在位。字子桓,曹操的第二个儿子。建安二十二年,被立为太子。曹操死后继任为魏王,不久便废了汉献帝刘协,自己做了皇帝,国号魏,定都洛阳。爱好文学,为当时文坛领袖,现存有流传的诗歌四十多首,后人编辑出版有《魏文帝集》。
曹 睿
曹睿,字元仲,竞奢华曹睿早丧。他从小就很聪明,深得他父亲曹丕的喜爱。曹睿在位13年,死时年仅36岁。
曹奂
曹奂(246-302),是三国时魏国的最后一位皇帝。公元二六○年至二六五年在位。字景明,魏武帝曹操的孙子。甘露三年(公元二五八年),司马昭杀皇帝曹髦后即皇帝位,在位时,无可奈何成了司马昭的傀儡。咸熙二年(公元二六五年)被司马昭的儿子司马炎取代,被封为陈留王。
司马懿
司马懿,字仲达,河内温县(今河南温县西南)人,出身于东汉以来累世为二千石的豪强家庭,其父司马防官至京兆尹。司马懿早年为郡小吏,建安十三年被曹操辟为文学掾。建安二十二年,曹丕立为太子,司马懿任太子中庶子,与陈群、吴质、朱铄同列为曹丕的“四友”,是曹丕智囊团的主要人物。建安二十五年(220年)曹丕代汉,司马懿任丞相府长史,又为督军御史中丞。黄初七年(226年)曹睿继位,司马懿以顾命大臣迁抚军大将军,统领禁军。又任骠骑大将军,都督荆豫二州军事,坐镇宛城,主持荆州对吴攻战。景初三年(239年),魏明帝曹睿崩,太子齐王曹芳继位,司马懿、曹爽辅政。嘉平元年(249年),司马懿诛杀曹爽及其党羽,夷三族。次年司马懿病逝,其子司马师、司马昭辅政。公元265年,其孙司马炎以晋代魏,追尊司马懿为“宣帝”。
夏侯惇
夏侯惇,字元让,曹魏名将,沛国譙郡(今安徽亳县)人,他从小就学枪棒,到了十一、二岁时,武艺就已经很强。十四岁时,又拜师习武。有一次,有个人污辱了他的老师,性情刚烈的夏侯惇听说后,随即就把那人杀了,然后逃往外地。性情刚烈,武功高强。一生随曹操征战无数次,杀敌建功,最得曹操欢心,出入和曹操共驾一辆马车,而且可以不经通传,自由进入曹操的卧室。曹操死后,曹丕称帝,夏侯惇被封为大将军,数月后病死。
夏侯渊
夏侯渊,生年不详,死于公元二一九年,曹魏名将。字妙才,夏侯惇族弟,与曹操本是同族,勇力过人。曹操年少时在家乡犯了案,夏侯渊为他顶罪,曹操又设法把他拯救出来才免于难。为人颇重义气,有一年饥荒,夏侯渊为了养活死去弟弟的孤女,他放弃了自己亲生儿子。曹操起兵之后,夏侯渊一直追随曹操左右。曾随曹操平定庐江雷绪,于潼关攻马超、韩遂,战功较多,封为博昌侯,征西将军。建安二十三年,刘备军攻打汉中,被老将黄忠用计袭杀。
荀 彧
荀彧,字文若,豫州颍川颍阴县人;荀攸叔父。先为袁绍谋士,后投效曹操,参与军国决策,贡献颇大。后因反对曹操称魏公,被曹操忌恨,自杀身亡,被曹操追赠为敬侯。
荀彧是最早投靠曹操的主要谋士。曹操开始十分信任荀彧,不亚于汉高祖刘邦信任留侯张良。后来荀彧听说曹操有称王之志,才发现曹操不是忠贞的汉臣,他心目中的“明公”不是这个样子。这是荀彧个人的人生悲剧。后人对荀彧之死作诗表示感叹:
文若才华天下闻,可怜失足在权门。
后人休把留侯比,临没无颜见汉君。
郭嘉
郭嘉,字奉孝,颍川阳翟(今河南禹州市)人。他“少有远量”,自20岁起便隐形匿迹,不与世俗之士交往,暗中交结英雄豪杰,谈论时势。这为他的谋士生涯奠定了基础。为了成就功业,他先在实力较强的袁绍军中出谋划策。后来他发现袁绍“多端寡要,好谋无决”,遂受荀彧的推荐,归向曹操。曹操本对颍川贤达怀有特殊感情,他认定“汝、颍固多奇士”,所以对郭嘉也就格外器重。
郭嘉从十个方面分析了曹操的优势、袁绍的劣势,认为曹操有“十胜”:
第一是“道胜”。袁绍作为世族军阀,礼仪繁多而杂乱,为其形式所羁;曹操“体任自然”,因时因事而制宜,“道”高一筹。
第二是“义胜”。曹操“奉顺以率天下”,顺应历史潮流,合乎道义。
第三是“治胜”。郭嘉以政治家的眼光分析历史和现实,认为汉末大乱是统治者“政失于宽”,而袁绍以宽济宽,所以无以御下;曹操“纠之以猛而上下知制”,宽猛相济的治理措施是切合时要的。
第四是“度胜”。袁绍外表宽厚而内心多猜忌,任人唯亲戚子弟;曹操则“用人无疑,唯才所宜,不问远近”,在气度胸襟上胜过袁绍。
第五是“谋胜”。袁绍临事无策,优柔寡断;曹操机警果敢,“应变无穷”。
第六是“德胜”。袁绍沽名钓誉,喜受吹捧,“士之好言饰外者多归之”;曹操以诚待士;“不为虚美”,讲究实用,刑赏必诺,“与有功者无所吝”,那些忠正而有远见的并且务实的士人“皆愿为用”。
第七是“仁胜”。袁绍怀妇人之仁,见人饥饿,恤念之情形之于表,而对于自己见不到的,则“虑所不及”。这不是政治家的胸怀。曹操对于眼前小事或有疏失,而对于天下大事则“虑之所周,无不济也”,恩德施乎四海。
第八是“明胜”。袁绍惑于谗言,而曹操则明辨是非,“御下以道,浸润不行”。
第九是“文胜”。袁绍是非不分,曹操对于正确的“进之以礼”,不正确的则“正之以法”。
第十是“武胜”。袁绍用兵“好为虚势,不知兵要”,曹操则用兵如神,士卒有所恃,敌人闻而畏。
用现在的观点来看,郭嘉所指出的这十个方面,包括了政治措施、政策法令、组织路线及各人的思想修养、心胸气量、性格、文韬武略等多种因素,这都是关涉事业成败兴衰的关键。郭嘉为曹操总结这“十胜”,也可能是初来乍到之际对曹操的夸赞,也可能是对曹操的鼓励、要求,希望他能保有这“十胜”,完成统一天下之伟业,自己也便有出头之日。……任何推测都意义不大。无论如何,郭嘉能说出这“十胜”,说明他不仅仅是一个临事献策的谋士,而且还有成套的理论。无怪乎曹操听后赞不绝口,“使孤成大业者,必此人也。”遂“表为司空军祭酒”。
如同荀彧一样,郭嘉在重要关头也总是为曹操谋划。如:官渡战后袁绍病死,曹操乘胜进攻袁谭、袁尚,在黎阳(今河南浚县东南)“连战数克”。这时,有人主张加强攻势,彻底铲除袁军。郭嘉则主张缓兵以待其变。他认为谭、尚都深得袁绍宠爱,袁绍生前又无立嗣,兄弟二人之谋臣“必定斗其间”。如果我们攻之急疾,他兄弟二人将合谋图外;相反,“缓之而后争必生”,“不如南向荆州若征刘表者,以待其变,变成而后击之,可一举定也。”果如其言,曹军一摆出攻刘表的姿势,袁氏便出现内讧。曹军回兵各个击破,遂平冀州。郭嘉也被封洧阳亭侯。
建安十二年(207年),郭嘉随曹操平定乌桓。回兵途中郭嘉病重,不久去世,年三十八。谥贞侯。
郭嘉跟随曹操11年,“行同骑乘,坐共幄席”,君臣相得,亲密无间。郭嘉说曹操:“真吾主也。”曹操说郭嘉:“唯奉孝为能知孤意。”郭嘉病重,“太祖问疾者交错。”不幸而死,曹操“临其丧,甚哀”,并不无惋惜地对荀攸等人说:“诸君年皆孤辈也,唯奉孝最少。天下事竟,欲以后事属之,而中年夭折,命也夫!”拟交郭嘉以治国安邦之任,可见曹操是多么赏识其才。郭嘉死后不久,曹操上表朝庭,全面肯定了郭嘉一生的功绩,称赞他“平定天下,谋功为高”,述追赠郭嘉封邑。
郭嘉英年早逝,给曹操的统一大业以很大影响——至少是曹操认为这样。次年曹操赤壁失利,还深情叹道:“郭奉孝在,不使孤至此。”
后人有诗赞叹郭嘉说:天生郭奉孝,豪杰冠群英;
腹内藏经史,胸中隐甲兵。
运谋如范蠡,决策似陈平,
可惜身先丧,中原梁栋倾。
三国演义之吴国主要人物介绍
三国演义之吴国主要人物介绍
顾雍
顾雍,字元叹。吴郡吴县(今江苏苏州)人。幼时拜蔡雍为师,学习弹琴和书法。他才思敏捷,心静专一,艺业日进,深受蔡雍喜爱。蔡雍赠之以名。故顾雍与老师蔡雍同名。又因受到老师称赞,故字元叹。
顾氏为吴郡望族,顾雍以门第、才德见重于世。十几岁受郡吏表荐和推举,任合肥(安徽合肥)县令,后转为娄(今江苏昆山)、曲阿(今江苏丹徒)、上虞(今浙江上虞)等县令。孙权领会稽太守,以顾雍为郡丞。孙权因军事屯吴,未即任,便令顾雍代行太守。孙权封为吴王,顾雍历任大理奉常、领尚书令,封阳遂乡侯。黄初四年(225年),继孙邵为丞相。赤乌六年(234年),顾雍染病,是年十一月病故,孙权着素装亲自吊丧,谥曰肃侯。
顾雍是三国时期有影响的政治家,东吴重臣。他仕东吴为相19年,以德辅政,多进良言,使东吴邦内清肃,国富兵强。
顾雍在朝秉公执正,不为权势所屈,虽每每和颜悦色进谏,但不苟合取容。公孙渊背魏臣吴时,顾雍同张昭一样竭力谏阻孙权遣使封赏公孙渊,孙权不听,他追至宫中伏地叩首不起,继续进谏,“以死争之”。孙权令左右扶他出宫,他陈说不止。他以国事为重,忠心辅政,深得孙权及朝臣的信任和敬重。
顾雍淡于爵禄,廉洁自奉。孙权为吴王后,顾雍连连升迁,但他从不告诉家人属下。事后得知,都惊叹不已。孙权曾以堂女嫁顾家外甥,孙权请顾雍父子及顾雍长孙、选曹尚书顾谭欢宴以贺。顾谭大醉失态,不能自持。次日,顾雍厉声斥责之:你谦恭不足,日后必将毁我顾氏家族。
顾雍贵为国相而谦恭克己,给吴国以很大影响。他死后十多年(258年),景帝孙休下诏称“故丞相雍,至德忠贤,辅国以礼”,并封其次子承袭爵位为醴陵侯。吴国末年,陆凯称“汉有萧(何)、曹(参)之佐,先帝有顾、步(骘)之相”,比之汉萧何、曹参,可见顾雍之德在东吴历史上的影响。
周泰
周泰,吴国名将。勇猛有名,一生打仗伤痕累累,曾多次冒死救护孙权,很受孙权敬重。
徐盛
徐盛,吴国名将。身经百战,出生入死,战功不凡。
诸葛恪
诸葛恪,生于公元二○三年,死于公元二五三年。字元逊,诸葛瑾的儿子,从小就因聪明而知名。孙权很器重,曾任丹阳太守,封都乡侯。孙权死后由他辅立孙亮,任大将军,太子太傅。后因领兵攻魏失败,被孙峻所杀。
韩当
韩当,吴国名将。武艺高强,参加过多次重要战役,屡建战功,熟悉水战,勇猛过人。
韩当,字义公,幽州辽西郡令支县人,与右北平郡人程普都是幽州人。因为长于弓箭、骑术,膂力过人,韩当被孙坚赏识,追隨他四处征伐周旋,数次冒险犯难,攻陷敌人、擒拿俘虏。勤奋辛苦有功劳﹝注引《吴书》『以军旅陪隶,分于英豪,故爵位不加』段待译),成为别部司马。等到孙策东渡长江,韩当追随讨伐扬州的丹阳郡、吴郡、会稽郡,升迁为先登校尉,孙策授兵二千,马五十匹。再追随孙策征伐扬州庐江郡的太守刘勋,在荊州江夏郡的沙羨县击破黄祖,回师讨平了扬州豫章郡的鄱阳县,兼領乐安县长,山越畏惧心服。
后来以中郎将身分,与周瑜等抵抗攻破曹操。又与虎威将军吕蒙奇袭拔取了荊州的南郡(州治、郡治江陵),升迁为偏将军,遥领益州永昌郡太守。222年夷陵之役,与大都督镇西将军陆逊、昭武将军朱然共同在南郡的涿乡攻击并大破蜀军。转任为威烈将军,封都亭侯。曹魏的上军大将军曹真攻击南郡,韩当保守东南方,在边境身为将帅,激厉将士同心固守,又敬重督司,遵行法令,孙权称善。223年,封石城侯,升迁为昭武将军,遥领荊州冠军郡太守,后来又加都督的称号。统帅敢死及解烦营兵万人,讨伐丹阳郡贼寇,击破。旋即病逝。儿子韩综承袭侯爵、统领兵马。
程普
程普,吴国大将。字德谋,右北平土垠(今河北丰润)人。早年曾随孙坚剿灭黄巾军,讨伐董卓军。孙策死后,与张昭共同辅佐孙权,周瑜为右都督,他为左都督。周瑜死后,代领南郡太守,拜荡寇将军。
丁奉
丁奉,字承渊,庐江郡安丰人,吴国名将。智勇双全,武艺高强,身经百战,功绩卓著。晚年,吴王孙休为帝,孙楙图谋不轨,丁奉设计在腊日大会上诛杀了孙楙。
太史慈
太史慈,东吴名将。东莱黄县人,字子义。弓马熟练,箭法精良。原为刘繇部下,后被孙策收降,与曹魏交战时战死,死时才四十一岁。后人有诗称赞太史慈说:
矢志全忠孝,东莱太史慈。
姓名昭远塞,弓马震雄师。
北海酬恩日,神亭酣战时。
临终言壮志,千古共嗟咨!
甘宁
甘宁,吴国大将。字兴霸,巴郡临江(今四川忠县)人。起初跟随刘表、黄祖。黄祖兵败被杀后,归降孙权。为著名水军将领,勇猛过人,打仗常冲锋陷阵,一生建立战功无数。曹军进军濡须时,他率敢死队百人,夜袭曹营,大胜而还,未伤一人。刘备伐吴时,被番王沙摩柯一箭射死,死时树上有数百只乌鸦,围绕着他的尸体,也不飞走。孙权得到甘宁已死的消息后,悲痛不已,并立庙祭祀他。后人有诗叹道:
吴郡甘兴霸,长江锦幔舟,
酬君重知己,报友化仇雠。
劫寨将轻骑,驱兵饮巨瓯,
神鸦能显圣,香火永千秋。
黄盖
黄盖,吴国著名将领。字公覆,零陵泉陵(今湖南省零陵)人。能征善战,有谋有勇,擅长使铁鞭,作战极为勇猛,一生立过无数战功。最初任乡间小官,后被推荐为“孝廉”,追隨孙坚打天下;孙坚死后,便追隨孙策;孙策死后,便追隨孙权。赤壁大战时,建议用火攻,配合周瑜,行使苦肉计,并诈降曹操,率船火烧曹操水军,立下大功。赤壁大战后不久,黄盖被拜为武锋中郎将。后来,长沙郡益阳遭山贼攻打,孙权加封他为偏将军,前去讨伐。就在这次出征中,黄盖病死。
诸葛瑾
诸葛瑾,生于公元一七四年,死于公元二一四年,吴国大臣。字子瑜,诸葛亮的哥哥,孙权的主要谋士之一。曾多次前往蜀国为使,向刘备索讨荆州。孙权称帝后拜为大将军,领豫州牧。
张昭
张昭,字子布,东汉末彭城(今江苏徐州)人。年二十被举孝廉,辞不就。徐州刺史陶谦举以为茂(秀)才,仍不接受。陶谦认为他轻视自己,就收押了他。后经友人营救得释。张昭遂去徐州而避乱江东,得为孙策谋士。孙策拜为长史、抚军中即将。公元200年,孙策临终托弟孙权于张昭。孙权以为长史,待以师礼。公元221年,孙权封吴王,封张昭为拳侯。公元229年,孙权即东吴皇帝位,拜以为辅吴将军,改封娄候,邑万户。公元236年,张昭因病逝世,谥文侯。
张昭是三国时期的一个重要人物,他辅佐孙策、孙权兄弟二人开创并巩固了东吴政权,是东吴的开国元勋和决策人物。他少而好学,博览群书,长而有谋,才冠当世。作为东吴谋士,张昭最值得提及的是他忠直敢谏,刚正不屈。
张昭性情直爽,敢于犯颜谏诤,从不偷容取合。孙权好田猎,常冒险射虎。张昭谏曰:作为君主应“驾御英雄,驱使群贤”,而不应驰逐于原野,校武于猛兽。又孙权嗜饮酒,在武昌钓台饮酒大醉,“权使人以水洒群臣曰:‘今日酣饮,惟醉堕台中,乃当止耳’”。张昭愤而离席,孙权使人召,张昭正言谏曰:从前殷纣王,“为糟丘酒池长夜之饮”,你和他没有二致。
孙权创业之时尚能从谏如流,即东吴皇帝位后,就对张昭冷眼相看。但张昭依然故我。赤壁战前张昭主和,孙权当时只批评他“几误孤大事”,却一直耿耿于怀。孙权称帝后大会群臣,盛赞周瑜、鲁肃力主抗曹之功。张昭不失时机地举笏致贺,未及出言,孙权就说:“如张公之计,今已乞食矣。”可见,孙权早就对张昭不满。但张昭忠诚未减,刚正如初。他对孙权说:“昔太后、桓王不以老臣属陛下,而以陛下属老臣,是以思尽臣节,以报厚恩……志在忠益,俾命而已。若乃变心易虑,以偷荣取容,此臣所不能也。”
君臣冲突最严重的一次是公元232年10月,辽东太守公孙渊叛魏臣吴,孙权大喜,遣使大加封赏。张昭等认为其降有诈,谏阻孙权。孙权不能忍受,按刀大怒说:“吴国之士入宫则拜孤,出宫则拜君,孤之敬君亦为至矣,而数于众中折孤,孤尝恐失计。”张昭泪流满面,重念太后、孙策遗诏顾命之言,据理力争。孙权当时虽“掷刀致地,与昭对泣”,但仍拒谏不纳。张昭称疾不朝。孙权知其所以,益“恨之,土塞其门”。张昭更为气愤,便从里面也以土封门,表示决不再出。不久,公孙渊杀吴使。事实证明张昭判断准确,孙权后悔不纳张昭之言,故“数慰谢昭”。张昭不出,孙权“过其门呼昭”。张昭辞以疾笃。孙权放大火烧其门逼他出来,张昭仍不出,孙权急忙救火,久候门外。张昭终被儿子扶出,“权载以还宫,深自克责。”
晚年的孙权志衰昏愦,猜忌群臣,宠信佞人,刚愎自用,残杀忠良,张昭不会不知。但他屡屡犯颜谏诤,置性命于度外,这固然因其地位特殊。但这只是客观原因。更主要的还是他忠君爱国的思想和刚正不阿的性格,这是非常难能可贵的。
陆逊
陆逊,字伯言,吴郡吴县(今江苏苏州)人。陆逊出生于世宦之家,他的祖父陆纤官至城门校尉,父亲陆骏,任九江(今安徽寿春东)都尉。陆逊年十岁丧父,十五、六岁时就肩负起家庭生活的重担。公元204年,被孙权征召为掾属,历任东西曹令史,后出为海昌县屯田都尉,并代理县令职务。后,又因讨伐山越暴动、讨平鄱阳地区尤突等人的暴乱,被授予定威校尉。公元219年,受吕蒙举荐为荆州督。因巧夺荆州有功,升为右护军、镇西将军,封娄侯。公元221年,刘备称帝后,发动了夷陵之战。孙权拜陆逊为大都督,率兵五万西击刘备。次年六月,陆逊用火攻获胜。孙权加拜陆逊为辅国将军,领荆州牧,改封为江陵侯。公元229年,任上大将军、大都护,镇守武昌(今湖北鄂城)。公元244年,代顾雍为丞相,次年二月病逝。
陆逊是东吴继周瑜、鲁肃、吕蒙之后的又一个声望颇高、功绩卓著的将领。他智勇兼备,武能安邦,文能治国,并且品质高尚。孙权把他比做成汤之伊尹和周初之姜尚。
陆逊的军事才能主要表现在他足智多谋善于用兵。在讨伐山越暴乱时,他巧设疑兵,多建部队番号,乘夜进入山谷,到处鸣起军号鼓角之声,造成有干军万马的声势,从心理上瓦解了叛军。然后一鼓作气勇猛进击,终于用很少的兵力平息了几万人的山越暴乱。
巧夺荆州一战,他利用关羽骄傲自大的弱点,以卑下的言辞写信吹捧关羽。使关羽完全丧失警惕,全力对付曹操。这样,吕蒙才得以兵不血刃轻取荆州。
夷陵之战时,陆逊则又根据敌强我弱的实际情况,采取了诱敌深入、疲敌师志的战略方钎。刘备十万之众来势凶猛。陆逊则主动放弃大片土地和战略要地,把五、六百里的山区让给蜀军。待蜀军锐气顿减之时,陆逊巧用火攻大获胜利。从指挥艺术上说,作为一军之帅,陆逊的确是善于审时度势,做到了知己知彼,能准确捕捉战机,出奇制胜。
陆逊虽置身行伍,却还有一套治国安民的谋略。他任海昌屯田都尉时,政绩明显,深受百姓拥戴。他从当地土地贫瘠且连年干旱的实际出发,一方面开仓赈济贫民,一方面“劝课农桑,鼓励生产”,“百姓蒙赖”,称他为“神君”(《世说新语.方正》注引《吴书》)。他还曾上书孙权,对国家的严法苛刑提出批评,指出:“峻法严刑,非常王之隆业,有罚无恕,非怀远之弘规。”(《三国志.吴书.陆逊传》)他建议孙权要象西汉刘邦那样轻刑便民,用黄老之法治理国家,要尽量少动干戈,务以养本保民为要,只有与民休息轻徭薄赋才能富国强兵,统一天下。这些主张说明陆逊并非“一介武夫”,而是一个文武兼备的政治家、军事家。
吕蒙
吕蒙,生于公元一七八年,死于公元二一九年,东吴国大将。字子明,汝南富陡(今安徽阜阳)人。少年时不读书,后接受孙权劝告,读了许多兵书、史书,智勇双全。跟随孙权打仗有功,官拜虎威将军。鲁肃死后,掌管东吴军事,率军暗袭荆州,擒杀关羽父子,名扬三国。杀关羽后不久病死。
鲁肃
鲁肃,字子敬,临淮东城(今安徽定远县)人。从小丧父,靠祖母抚养。他少有大志,轻财好施,喜欢习武骑射,所以,在当地颇有名,袁术在寿春(今安徽寿县)称帝,特任命他为东城长。鲁肃辞不受命。周瑜任居巢(今安徽桐城)长,曾请鲁肃资助军粮。鲁肃慷慨地指给他一个装有三万斛粮食的大粮仓。周瑜感激不已,遂结为知己。
公元200年,鲁肃在周瑜的引荐下归附孙权。孙权非常器重鲁肃,与他“合榻对饮”,议论时事。鲁肃劝孙权“鼎足江东,以观天下之衅,……然后建号帝王以图天下”。(《三国志.吴志.鲁肃传》)孙权很佩服他的才能。公元208年赤壁大战时,鲁肃为赞军校尉。他首先向孙权提出了联刘拒曹的战略方针,并出使刘备处,以促成孙刘联盟。公元210年,周瑜病逝,鲁肃被任命为奋武校尉,领周瑜军,驻扎在江陵。后来,转屯陆口,被授予汉昌太守、偏将军。次华(214年),转横江将军。公元215年,驻兵益阳(今湖南益阳市)。公元217年,鲁肃病逝。
鲁肃也是三国历史上的一个重要人物。他一生的最大功绩是倡导、促成并终身不易地竭力维护孙刘联盟,使三足鼎立之势能够形成。
赤壁之战,孙刘两家以弱胜强,打败了曹操,这在很大程度上归功于鲁肃和诸葛亮的精心谋划。赤壁战后,曹操的实力仍然比刘备、孙权强大。作为一个高瞻远瞩的政治家,鲁肃对此非常清楚。他认为,无论是东吴孙权还是占据荆州的刘备,都不足以与曹操抗衡。摆在两家面前的有三条路:一是联合抗曹;二是各自为战;三是不战而降,归附曹操。只有走联合抗曹的道路,才是正确的选择。所以,他终生不渝地坚持这一战略方针,并为之竭尽全力。
公元215年,刘备取益州,孙权令诸葛瑾找刘备索要荆州。刘备不答应,孙权极为恼恨,便派吕蒙率军取长沙、零陵、桂阳三郡。长沙、桂阳蜀将当即投降。刘备得知后,亲自从成都赶到公安(今湖北公安),派大将军关羽争夺三郡。孙权也随即进驻陆口,派鲁肃屯兵益阳,抵挡关羽。双方剑拔弩张,孙刘联盟面临破裂,在这紧要关头,鲁肃为了维护孙刘联盟,不给曹操可乘之机,决定当面和关羽商谈。“肃邀羽相贝,各驻兵马百步上,但诸将军单刀俱会”。双方经过会谈,缓和了紧张局势。随后,孙权与刘备商定平分荆州,“割湘水为界,于是罢军”,孙刘联盟因此能继续维持。
这次“单刀会”,经戏剧家、小说家敷衍,关羽成了英雄,鲁肃反成了鼠目寸光、骨软胆怯的侏儒。那是艺术家的创造,并非历史。鲁肃一手促成了孙刘联盟,并为之“守之终身而不易”(王夫之语)。所以,刘备、孙权都逐渐强大,建立了与曹魏抗衡的蜀、吴二国,中国历史上才出现了三国时期。
周瑜
周瑜,生于公元一七五年,死于公元二一○年,东吴大将。字公瑾,庐江舒(今安徽访庐江东南)人。出身官宦之家,仪表英俊,聪颖过人,多谋略,人称周郎。孙策死后与张昭共同辅佐孙权,任大都督。建安十三年(公元二○八年)在诸葛亮的帮助下,吴蜀联合,火烧赤壁,大破曹军,名传华夏。后进取南郡时,被曹仁的伏兵射伤。为人器量狭小,阴狠刻毒,见诸葛亮比自己高明,便处处加以暗算。后被诸葛亮三次激怒,箭疮发作而死。
孙皓
孙皓,公元二六四年至二八○年任吴国皇帝。字元宗,又名彭祖,孙权的孙子,孙和的儿子。在位期间,专横残暴,奢侈荒淫无道,不得民心。公元二八○年司马炎出兵六路攻打吴国,王浚水师到建业时,仿照刘禅的前例,投降称臣,司马炎封他为归命侯,令他在洛阳居住。当了16年皇帝的孙皓于283年在洛阳病死。
孙权
孙权,字仲谋,吴郡富春(今浙江富阳)人。父孙坚,自称为春秋时大军事家孙武之后。曾任长沙太守,封破虏将军。兄孙策,为讨逆将军,封吴侯。
孙权15岁被举为孝廉、秀才,任阳羡(今宜兴)长,代行奉义校尉。公元200年其兄孙策遇害,孙权承父兄之业,保有江东。曹操表权为讨虏将军,领会稽太守。公元203、205年,先后两次出兵镇抚了山越(即秦汉时的百越),稳定了江东六郡的局势。公元208年,率大军亲征黄祖,夺得江陵,复与刘备联合,获得赤壁之战的胜利。公元211年,移治于秣陵,次年改为建业(今南京市)。公元211年,刘备为报关羽之仇,亲率大军伐吴。孙权一方面以陆逊为大都督迎战,一面向魏文帝曹丕称臣,被曹丕拜为吴王。次年三月大破蜀军。公元229年,曹丕死,孙权即正式建立吴国,称帝,都建业。公元252年病逝。
孙权是三国时期一个重要的政治人物,智勇兼备的英雄。他从兄长孙策遇害身亡之日起,在五十多年的时间内据有江东。其最大功绩就是开发了东南地区,促进丁东南地区经济的繁荣发展。
和曹操一样,孙权也很重视农业的生产。大约在建安七、八年间,他就开始推行屯田。东吴的屯田分为军屯、民屯两种,采用军中编制,设置典农校尉、典民都尉、屯田都尉等官职管理屯田事务。屯田兵且耕且战,屯田户只种田,免除役事。公元226年,孙权还采纳陆逊的建议,扩大屯田面积,并将自己驾车的牛由八头减为四头,用于耕地。他还身为士卒先,亲自耕田,“与众均等其劳”,这些作为大大鼓励了士农的情绪。
孙权还注意兴修水利。他在建业开凿东渠,宽五丈深八尺,把玄武湖水倾泻入秦淮河里。他又在句容开凿破岗渎运河,通往云阳(今江苏丹徒)。这些水利工程,既便于内河航运,又可供灌溉农田。
为了长江水战和江海交通的需要,孙权还大力发展造船业。他设置官员,监督工匠和罪犯造船。其造船技术已达到较高水平,船的规模也相当可观。有了理想的江海交通工具以后,为了扩大势力,东吴的对外联系也扩大了范围。公元230年,孙权“遣将军卫温、诸葛直将甲土万人,浮海求夷州、禀州。”吴军达夷州(即今台湾岛),开始书写大陆与台湾岛交往的历史。孙权还进一步巩固了对交州的统治,积极派人与海外的扶南(今柬埔寨)、林邑(今越南南方)谙国建立了友好关系。以后,又派交州刺史出使南洋诸国,与印度建立了联系。
同时,为恢复和发展生产,孙权还多次宽赋息调。夺取荆州后,他曾下令诸将,“尽除荆州民租税”,并加强武备,崇尚节俭。公元226、231年都曾下诏,放宽催收农夫所欠租税,不要再征租赋。
这些措施促进了东南地区经济的发展,提高了东吴的综合国力,在客观上也有利于农民生活的稳定和逐步改善。
孙坚
孙坚,字文台,吴郡富春(今浙江省富阳)人。中平元年(公元一八四年),与朱隽一起剿灭黄巾军。官职为别部司马、议郎、长沙太守等,并参加过诸侯联合讨伐董卓之战。公元一九二年袁术派他前去攻打荆州刘表,被刘表部将黄祖射死,年仅三十七岁。公元229年春,孙坚的二儿子孙权正式登基称帝后,追谥他的父亲孙坚为武烈皇帝。
孙策
孙策,字伯符,孙坚的大儿子,孙权的哥哥。小时候与周瑜关系友好。孙坚死后依附袁术。公元一九四年率领一支人马去江南,铲平当地地方军队,成为江南最大的豪强。建安五年(公元二○○年),曹操与袁绍打仗,孙策想秘密出兵袭击许都,尚未出兵,反被吴郡太守许贡手下的门人刺伤而死,年纪只有26岁。孙权登基称帝后,追谥孙策为长沙桓王。后人有诗称赞他说:
独占东南地,人称“小霸王”。
运筹如虎踞,决策似鹰扬。
威振三江靖,名闻四海香。
临终遗大事,专意属周郎。
篇19:介绍别人的英语作文
全文共 1060 字
+ 加入清单The cute boy is my little cousin, the youngest of my aunt and also her most beloved. He is almost five this year in preschool(the school year just before elementary school in my city).
I shared my summer vacation with him this year,and it turned out to be quite pleasurable and funny. I will pic up a scene for you;it is at the swimming pool. That day, my sister, he and me went to the swimming pool near my home and i bought the tickets. My sister, my cousin and i, then, made for the changeroom. When we got to the door, he stopped and was hesitant,murmuring,"i am not entering it,its for girls." All of a sudden, my sister and i bursted into laughter. So, i had to give his swimsuit to him. He ran for the mens and stopped outside. After looking into the room for a moment, he walked in it. A while later, when we two girls were finished, he was waiting for us outside.
He was a green in swimming. Instead of being afraid, he was filled with exitment,showing his little tight teeth, while my sister and i held his arms firmly.
What an cute angel my cousin was.
篇20:介绍山西的英语
全文共 2346 字
+ 加入清单Shanxi Province got its name due to its location to the west of Taihang Mountain.Shanxi neighbored on Hebei,Henan,Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia & Autonomous Region.It is located to the east of the Yellow River,and is also known as Hedong.Shanxi belonged to Jin State in Spring and Autumn Period,so it is abbreviated in Jin.Shanxi occupies an area of 156,000 square kilometers (about 60,000 square miles) and has a population of over 32 million,including its minority ethnic population.Its capital is Taiyuan City.
When to go
Being at a high altitude,Shanxi Province has a cold and dry climate and has an annual rainfall of between 400-600 millimeters.The province is also frequently plagued by sandstorms,especially in the spring,so it is often useful to bring along both sunglasses and a hat when visiting.Generally speaking,the provinces climate is the best between May and October.
History
Shanxi is one of the birth places of Chinese civilizations with a long history and traditional culture.As early as one hundred million years ago,the ancestors of the Chinese lived and propagated in this region.Legend tells us that the Yellow Emperor,founder of the Chinese nation,once lived in Shanxi for a certain period.Today,many Neolithic sites from that period can still be seen dotted across the vast expanse of the province.
What to see
Shanxi is endowed with an abundance of cultural sites from its long history.Most of the ancient structures were built before the Liao and Song Dynasties.So it is the reason why Shanxi is often called the Chinese Ancient Architecture Museum.The more obvious of these include:the Buddhist wonder of the Yungang Grottoes in Datong City,the ancient city of Pingyao which was listed as a World Cultural Heritage site by UNESCO in 1997,the oldest and tallest ancient wooden pagoda in China,the Wooden Pagoda of Yingxian County and the remote Shuanglin and Jinci Temples,which are well worth the long journeys for the visitors.
Of course,there are a number of natural magnificent and beautiful places that can also be seen in Shanxi.The most famous of them include Wutai Mountain with the longest and most prestigious history in the four most well-known Buddhist holy lands of China,the whistling rage of the Yellow Rivers Kettle Spout waterfalls (Hukou Waterfalls) and one of the Five Sacred Mountains in China - Mt Hengshan.