高考英语作文写作方法与技巧(汇集20篇)

在语文教学中，一直存在着两个问题，一是学生怕写作文，提到写作文便愁眉不展，唉声叹气；另一是教师怕改作文，改作文犹如“移山”，费时费力，效果并不明显。所以作文教学中写作质量是困扰语文教师的难题。

究其原因，不外乎以下两点：

一、教师作文训练的要求面面俱到。

一般来讲，每个教师在作文训练时总的出发点是写出一篇成功的作文。因此，作文训练时从文体、立意、谋篇到遣词造句面面俱到，而且字数不得少于600字。大多数学生完成这样一篇作文，要花费很多的心思和很多时间，能够当堂完成作文的人物寥寥无几。毕竟，学生的水平是有限的，还属于写作的练习阶段。在写作过程中，还存在诸多问题。这些问题束缚学生的手脚，限制学生的思路。要求学生作文面面俱到，往往使学生顾此失彼，难以兼顾。达不到良好的效果，学生很难取得成功。作文不成功，得不到老师表扬，长此以往，在多次失败的打击下，学生就会对作文产生厌倦害怕，甚至对抗心理，在这种消极情绪的支配下，不能写出好作文。

二、写作训练少。

中学语文教学，每学期仅6—8次作文。写作次数的有限，学生作文时满有“应官差”心理，凑合写一篇作文，够字数为目的，字数凑够，就算大功告成。这种心理循环反复，加之作文训练的重点不突出，缺乏针对性，学生的作文水平自然难以提高。

面对作文教学的现状，要想提高学生的作文能力，应从以下几方面入手：

（一）正确认识“作文”概念。

要走出作文教学的困境，必须重新认识“作文”这一概念。作文不是简单地写文章，而是语言表达能力、想象能力、思维能力等多种因素综合而成。故此，作文并不是单纯写一篇文字，而是学生综合素质的体现。从这一角度看，写作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事，必须经过有针对性的长期实践，反复练习。

所谓材料作文，是要求写作者根据所给的一段文字或图画等具体材料，按照作文命题要求，进行写作的一种作文形式。它的特点是读写结合。写作者要经过阅读材料、理解分析、提炼主旨、联想想象、筛选甄别、文字表达等步骤，才能完成一篇文章的写作。材料作文的类型有：根据文字材料作文、看图作文、扩写、缩写、改写、续写等。例如2005年中考作文题。

高考历年满分作文选

材料作文写作中需要注意的是：

1.要读懂材料。认真阅读材料，理清材料思路，明确材料指向，归纳材料要点，把握材料寓意，最终提炼写作中心。这是材料作文写作的关键，也是考场作文能否及格的第一步。

提炼中心练习。阅读所给文字，归纳写作要点：

小时候妈妈经常教育我们说：“滴水之恩，当涌泉相报。无论何时何地，都不要忘记别人对你的恩情，这才是做人的根本。”现在我也用妈妈这句话教育我的孩子，希望他做一个知恩图报、懂得感激的人。2002年6月的某一天，儿子放学回来，一进门就说：“妈妈，我们学校要给受灾地区捐款，这一次我捐100元。”“为什么？”“因为这次受灾地区有陕西省，我很担心周至县枣春小学的孩子们，还有我住过的老乡家是否被水淹了。妈妈，他们会被水淹死吗？还有那些可爱的小狗。”说着说着儿子的眼圈红了起来，我也被他感动了，于是从包里拿出100元递给他。他所说的地方是他2001年随星星河记者团采访过的地方。

这则材料只要找到点题句——希望儿子做一个知恩图报、懂得感激的人，即“感恩”，中心内容就迎刃而解了。

2.要联系实际。确定写作中心后，内容构思是要选择切入点，从身边小事、眼前情境、街头见闻等入笔，徐徐展开生活画卷，联系作者的学习、生活实际，写实事、抒真情、谈看法、说体会。

3.要力求出新。在文章观点无误的前提下，展开多角度的思考，突破思维定势，克服从众心理，独辟蹊径，力求写出人无我有、人有我新、摄人心魄的好文章。还是“感恩”的材料，一位同学的作文是这样开头的：

family，家庭。F代表爸爸，father；a代表和，and；m代表妈妈，mother；i代表我，I；l代表爱，love；y代表你们，you。把汉语的意思连在一起，就是“爸爸和妈妈，我爱你们”。

那晚，我和一个语文课代表，为了帮老师查点什么，晚上八点左右，才在同学们的关心声与道别声中，走出了校门。也就在此时此刻，我才想起我忘记把晚归的事情告诉给这个世界上最爱我，最疼我，最关心我的人——我那恩重如山的家人。

4.要锤炼语言，巧用修辞，力求使文章达到内容与形式的和谐统一。

5.避免材料作文跑题的方法是要注意开头、结尾的写法，做到首尾呼应，反复点题。

（一）采访是消息写作的基础

采访不仅是消息写作的基础、也是所有新闻体（尤指新闻报道体裁）写作的前题和基础，新闻消息的写作方法。要写消息，要写出好的、有新闻价值的消息，首先要求记者深入细致地采访，占有丰富、典型而真实的材料。这就要求记者要有较强的新闻敏感，善于获取新闻线索，掌握基本的采访方式、方法，有熟练的采访技巧。要求记者全身心地投入到实践中去，眼观六路，耳听八方，“上天”有路，“入地”有门，巧问详听，勤记细想，在有限的时间地进行成功的采访，为消息写作做好准备、打下基础。

采访和写作的关系非常密切。看起来是先有采访、后有写作，前者是认识实际的过程，后者是反映实际的过程，而实际上，采访能力强自然有助于写作效率的提高，而写作能力强，则可做到在采访中心中有数、心里有底、针对性强，从而提高采访的效率。

（二）消息的结构

消息的结构通常指两个方面的意思。一是指消息的构成，即一篇消息稿内容上的结构成分，一般由标题、消息头、导语、主体、背景、结尾几部分组成。二是指消息的结构形式，即作者对已过滤的新闻材料进行总体性安排或布局的方式。

消息的结构形式主要有以下几种：

1、倒金字塔式结构

倒金字塔式结构是一种头重脚轻，虎头蛇尾式的结构，它把最重要的材料放在篇首，最不重要的材料放在篇末，从导语至结尾按重要性程度递减的顺序来组织安排新闻材料。它的主要特点是：

（1）打破了记叙事件的常规，在材料的时间特征上，往往呈现以下公式：

首先是“总体性倒叙”。即将最后结果或后发生的却富有吸引力的材料，置于篇首。

其次是“局部性倒叙”（即“倒叙中的顺叙”）。即在局部性倒叙中又用顺叙说明过去一段时间内，“开始如何，后来又如何”。

最后是“总体性顺叙”。即“现在正在如何，进一步又如何”。

（2）它按重要性程度来安排材料，决定段落层次的顺序。常呈现为“重要”、“次重要”、“次要”、“更次要”、“补充”、“进一步交待性材料”的顺序。

（3）它的导语常是直叙型的部分要素导语，它包含了最重要的事实，又往往具有相对独立性，可独立成章，变成“简明新闻”或“一句话新闻”。

（4）对事件过程的叙述往往较简略，每段文字都很简要。

倒金字塔式结构便于受众迅速掌握全篇之精华，满足受众尽快获取最新消息之需求；便于记者迅速报道新闻，将最重要的新闻事实，最先发出去；便于编辑选稿、分稿、组版、删节，如在版面不够时，可从后往前删，无须重新调整段落。但它也易于造成程式化、单一化的毛病，而且，它比较适宜写时效性强、事件单一的突发性新闻，而用它来写非事件性新闻、富有人情味、故事情强的新闻，就不太适合。

例如：

中新社北京九月五日电

中国中青年新闻工作者的最高奖“范长江新闻奖”从今年开始进行评奖，以后每两年评选一次。

记者从中国记协和范长江新闻奖基金会今天举行的新闻发布会上了解到，凡在评选年度不超过55岁的中青年专业新闻工作者均可参加评选。评选范围包括正式批准登记的报纸、通讯社、广播电台、新闻时事类刊物和新闻电影等单位的新闻编辑、记者、播音员（包括节目主持人）以及从事新闻理论研究、新闻教育的专业人员，青年文摘《新闻消息的写作方法》。

首届“范长江新闻奖”最多评选采编人员10名，是否设提名奖待定。评选结果将在明年第一季度公布。

据悉，海外新闻工作者参加评选的办法另行拟定。

范长江新闻奖基金会主席、新华社社长穆青任评选委员会主任。评选委员会由新闻界专家和知名人士组成。

2、时间顺序式结构

此结构形式又叫编年体结构。也有的称其为金字塔式结构，其实并不准确。时间顺序式结构通常不一定有单独的导语，往往按时间顺序来安排事实，先发生的放在前面，后发生的放在后面。这种结构叙事条理清晰，现场感强，且很适合写那些故事性强、以情节取胜的新闻，尤适合写现场目击记。其缺点是开头平淡，难以一下子吸引受众；消息的精华也可能淹没在长篇的叙述之中。

例如：冻死的孩子重新复活

美国威斯康星州一个名叫麦肯罗的孩子，今年只有二岁半。一月十九日，在家里人没有注意的情况下，他穿着一身睡衣，只身来到零下二十九度严寒的室外。家里人发觉后把他抱回屋里时，麦肯罗的一部分血液已经‘冻结’，手脚也都僵硬了。当他被送往医院时，体温已下降到十五点五度。但是，在经过了包括使用心肺泵等先进设备抢救以后，麦肯罗竟然奇迹般地复活了。像这样处于低温状态下的人能够死而复生，在世界上是没有先例的，就是参加抢救麦肯罗的医生也对此感到惊叹不已。

现在，除了他的左手可能会留下由于冻伤后遗症引起的轻度肌肉障碍以外，其它恢复都很正常，估计三、四周内，即可恢复健康。

3、对比式结构

此种结构重在通过对比，揭示差异，从而突出新闻主题。如《人民日报》1982年7月18日关于顺义啤酒厂和青岛啤酒厂的报道就用的这种结构。此则消息首先用的是对比性的标题。

两个厂为什么建设一快一慢？

权力下放争主动dd顺义啤酒厂一年建成投产

婆婆太多难办事dd青岛啤酒厂扩建扯皮两年

然后是对比性的导语，在对比性的导语下，又用了两个对比性的小标题：

“顺义厂：地方有主动权，领导重视，各方配合”。

“青岛厂：婆婆太多，公文旅行，相互掣肘”。

最后，又有一个对比性的结尾：

“两个厂情况如此悬殊，发人深省。”

4、提要式结构

此结构通常把新闻中最重要的事实概括到导语中，然后将多项需并列出示的内容以提要形式，用数字程序一一分列出来。有时也可不用数字标示，而用“dd”引出各个要点。

5、问答式结构

此结构多用于记者招待会的报道。记者应善于组织问题，报道内容应忠于原意，行文时，也应注意内容的连贯和层次的明晰。

6、积累兴趣式结构

此结构通常在开始设置悬念，使受众逐渐增加对事件的兴趣，最后形成高潮。因其材料的趣味性从导语至结尾递增，故名积累兴趣式。又因其要求设置悬念，故又有人称之为悬念式结构。它尤其强调将最精彩的、出人意料的材料置于消息结尾。如：

婚礼唁电

新娘寻死觅活

春节前夕，解放军某部三连战士肖建军，收到“父病故速归”加急电报，匆匆赶回山西省临汾老家。

跨进门，却见室内张灯结彩，墙上贴着大红“喜”字，小肖一下愣住了。母亲将他拉在一边说：为能使你参加大哥的婚礼，我瞒着家里人发了封假电报，你可要保密。母亲的一片“苦心”，使小肖只好撒谎骗父亲和家里人说自己出差顺路回家。

2月8日哥哥结婚。婚礼程序完毕。亲朋好友正在推杯换盏，频频敬酒时，邮递员送来一封电报，小肖父亲接过连忙展开，只见上写：“闻建军父不幸病故，三连全体官兵致电表示沉痛哀悼。”其父气得浑身颤抖，遂质问儿子。在坐的新娘弄清原委，“哇”的一声大哭冲出门去，头撞墙寻死，多亏众人相劝事态才未扩大。其母悔恨地说：“都怪我荒唐行事，闯下大祸”。

2、散文式结构

就是吸收散文在结构和表达等方面的特点，材料和层次安排自由、灵活，语言表达不拘一格。如郭玲春写的《金山同志追悼会在京举行》一文即是如此。

俗话说写文章要“凤头、猪肚、豹尾”，就是要求开头精彩，内容充实，结尾有力。好的开头是成功的一半，所以小编给大家带来了高考语文满分作文开篇五大技巧，希望大家能抓住最后的机会。

1 修辞开篇，展示文采

修辞是语言运用中不可缺少的部分。生动而又贴切的修辞手法的运用常能使语言增添许多风采。在高考作文，你若能熟练运用修辞手法，定能使文章增色添辉。下面举例中，运用比喻、排比，使语言形象生动、气势畅达、音韵和谐。

例：千载风雨兴衰，你，静静地贮立于万千苍生之上，仰天长望，唯有无字碑留下了你的浩叹。抚摸着那凹凹凸凸的碑身， 沧桑而感慨，你，只是略略扬起那时柔时刚的嘴角。此时，风，依旧凛冽；苍穹，依旧浩渺，你无语，碑无字，却完整地记下了你的不凡，青史依旧为你长流，在那 看似空白的无字碑上，却无限延伸着你——那个唐朝女皇的博大与智慧。（福建高考满分作文《点点空白 悠悠情思》）

2 悬念导入，吸引读者

高考作文在开始写之前，不妨用3-6分钟精心构思，用悬念导入，这样容易抓住人们阅读时的好奇心理，吸引人们阅读，从而达到良好效果。

例：很小很小的时候，总是喜爱看妈妈穿白色的裙子，她那么美，那么快乐，被妈妈牵着小手好幸福好幸福！那时候，妈妈就是我心中的天使。然而妈妈却爱亲昵地叫着我：“安琪，你是天使！

我不是天使，要不被接进天堂的怎会是妈妈，而不是我呢？（广东高考满分作文《我是天使》）。

3 故事先行，引人入胜

高考作文故事先行，能引人入胜。举例中的“蚌育珍珠”是许多人都知道的故事，它具体形象，引人入胜，包含着一个经历艰辛困苦获得成功的道理。

作者叙写的这个故事很好地契合“雨燕减肥”这一话题的深刻寓意。标题中的“它”，正是困难、挫折、艰难险阻等的代称，突破它们，人生将变得壮美无比。作者以这故事先行，既能引人入胜，又切合话题。

例：夏日里的炎热炙烤着大地，不知不觉中，海边多起了游泳的人。向远处望去，几个小孩像在搜寻着 什么，带着好奇我走了过去，才知他们是在寻找珍珠……一颗小小的沙砾被蚌无意识地吞噬在嘴里，蚌觉得好痛，似乎有一把尖刀刺向它的喉咙。但一切都无可奈何，只能日日夜夜地把它磨小、磨亮才能将它吐出。终于有一天，蚌被海水冲上了海滩，一个小男孩发现了蚌嘴里的沙砾，把它取了出来，但它不再是粗糙的沙砾， 而是一颗灿烂夺目的珍珠，蚌感觉轻松了许多，重新回到了海洋中。蚌育珍珠从此为人们所知，于是它的故事被人们所传颂，生命从此有了夺目的光彩，每一次去海边，我都带着崇高的敬意注视着蚌的艰辛。（江西高考满分作文《穿过它，生命从此壮美》）

4 引用开头，突出主题

引用法是一种很常用的文章开头法，巧妙地借用诗歌、名言、典故、俗谚语开篇，能收到很好的艺术效果。当然，引用要突出主题，要准确、得体，切忌张冠李戴、弄巧成拙。举例以引用诗词名句开篇，从多方面多角度论述了“意气”，增强了论证效果，突出了主题。

例：“千磨万击还坚劲，任尔东西南北风”，是青翠的竹在向你昭示着它的意气，昭示着一种贯穿生命的不屈与坚韧；

“不爱沙滩擢贝子，扬帆击楫戏中流”，是浪顶峰尖的弄潮儿在向你昭示着他的意气，昭示着一种蓬勃于血脉中的勇敢和无惧；

“仰天大笑出门去，我辈岂是蓬蒿人”，是骄傲的行者在向你昭示着他的意气，昭示着一种托起生命、托起希望的坚定的信心。

意气，生命的支撑，成功的基石。（湖南高考满分作文《谈意气》）

5 设问开头，引人深思

高考作文开头围绕主题设问，有问有答，能引人深思，突出主题。看看下面的例题开头围绕“纵然面对的会是苦涩，但苦涩之后便会是甘甜”这一主题，通过一连串的“问”和“答”，开启了思绪，突出了主题。

高考作文开头围绕主题设问，有问有答，能引人深思，突出主题。看看下面的例题开头围绕“纵然面对的会是苦涩，但苦涩之后便会是甘甜”这一主题，通过一连串的“问”和“答”，开启了思绪，突出了主题。

例：倘若你是一粒种子，告诉我，你会怎样？是等待春天的召唤，还是迫于与寒冬挣扎？倘若你是一掬清泉，告诉我，你会 怎样？是任凭风儿的吹荡，还是勇于激起浪花？倘若你是沧海桑田中的一颗沙砾，告诉我，你会怎样？是受命于雨打风吹化成一缕尘烟，还是敢于摩擦出晶莹的珍 珠？……大凡成功之士都会选择后者，纵然面对的会是苦涩，但苦涩之后便会是甘甜。（江西高考满分作文《磨炼出与成功的默契》）

总之，采用怎样的文章开头，应根据文章的内容和风格来定。总原则是用上好的开篇，能使文章主旨更鲜明，结构更严谨，内容更丰富，材料更新颖，语言更生动。

随着越来越多的省市进行自主命题，开放式、半开放式作文愈加受到青睐。因为此种题型可以更准确地考查考生是否能使用英语准确表达自己的观点，充分体现了对实际解决问题的能力的考查。此类作文多为议论文性质，所以议论文的写作显得愈加重要根据议论文的特点，最好采用三段式论证法，第一段提出问题(总写)，即主题段，陈述自己的观点;第二段用论据进行正反两个方面的论证(分写)，即拓展段，摆出支撑论点的论据;第三段得出相应的结论(总写)，为总结段，总结自己的观点。类似中文里(总——分——总)的写法。这种写法可以使文章层次分明，结构清晰。

1.在议论文三段式里，首先要写好开头，好的开头是成功的一半。开头写得好，会给阅卷者留下美好的印象，有吸引力。任何一篇文章都应该做到主题鲜明，中心突出，提出论点要开门见山，紧扣题目。高考作文篇幅短小，因此开头不能冗长拖沓，务必要点题，即说清楚文章的人物、事件和作者的观点。

2.要深化中间段。中意部分是文章的主体，需要用具体的事例、细节来阐释主题句，因此中意的部分应该是具体的、详细的，不可泛泛而谈或点到即止，安需要围绕主题句的内容而展开，不能谈论与之无关的东西，即论述主题要具体而又有说服力。常用方法有：比较法、举例法、归纳法、推理法、对照法和驳论法。

3.把好结尾关，避免虎头蛇尾，使结尾缺乏力量。好的结尾会深化主题，进一步强化阅卷老师的良好印象。文章最后可以回到开头提出的中心思想上，达到再次肯定强调的效果;或者引用格言或名人名言总结全文，即言简赅又有较强的说明力;也可用几句话概括全文的内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者观点。

4.注意一些关联词的使用，使文章更连贯顺畅、条理清晰。

表因果的：as, as a result, because of, for, due to, owing to, thanks to, etc.

表意思的：in one’s opinion, have different ideas on, my idea/view is, it strikes me that, etc.

表比较的：unlike, in the same way, on the contrary, etc.

表结论的：in brief, to end/ sum up, in other words, in conclusion, in short, in summary, etc.

5.注意文章的层次和段落。

为了更好地考试中运用三段式的写作手法，考生在平时的学习中要进行严格、系统的训练，练习题材要丰富，选票质量要高，讲求写作效果，训练时要限时完成，只有严格的训练，才能确保考试中的超水平发挥。

【典例1】根据以下关键字，并谈谈你对学生在业余时间参加过多的补习和培训的看法。

【范文】

We want to have our own time.

As we all know, today students have more and more homework. They spend their spare time doing the homework and taking lessons. Therefore, students have no time for themselves. In my opinion, students should have more time to develop themselves.

First, students should have time to relax and play. It doesn’t mean that they will waste time. They also can study and learn from playing. After doing homework for a long time, it is necessary to have some time to relax. As saying goes, “All work and no play make Jack a dull boy.” We don’t want to dull boys. Second, we should have our own time in order to make our body strong enough. This can be helpful in our further study.

In short, I want to say, students should have their own time to develop themselves.

专家点评：这篇范文充分体现了议论文的三段式的精髓，从以下几个方面我们可以充分感受到它和闪亮之处。

1.结构合理，富有条理性。文章分为三段。第一段简要描述了图画内容，直接点题，观点明确;第二段提出了自己的观点并列瘵出论据支撑论点;第三段简明扼要地概括了自己的观点。

2、开门见山，没有在图画上费太多笔墨，简要描述后直接引入主题：Students should have more time to develop themselves.

3、文章描述得非常清晰，有层次感，逻辑性强。段落间和句子间连贯自然，过渡巧妙。作者充分地发挥了连词及副词的功能，例如：as we all know, therefore, in my opinion, first, second, in short等。

谋篇布局

1.仔细审题，确定体裁格式，选择文章主体时态，弄清中心人称。

2.确定文章的中心论点。

3.围绕中心论点列出提纲，选好论据。

4.选择合适的短语与句型表达论点与论据。

5.利用所列短语、句型组句成文，打好草稿。要避免出现汉语式的表达，根据自己所掌握的词汇，在比较有把握的情况下可以大胆使用较高级词汇，使文章增色。

6.将草稿写到卷面上并再次审视文章结构。

7.最后做一次全面检查，注意文章的文体、格式是否正确，要点是否全面，是否有明显的语法错误和低级的失误，是否有单词摭写错误，字母大小写是不是恰当，词数是否符合要求。

作文的开头是非常重要的，它对理清思路、引出下文、凸现文章的中心，都有着重要的作用。开头要引人入胜，激发读者阅读的兴趣。文章记叙了同学们帮洗鼻血这样一件事，从而揭示了同学们互相关心，团结友爱，生活在集体中多么幸福这一中心。

作文开头的方法，还有很多，像引用法，叙事法，故事引入法，提出问题法等等，不同体裁，不同内容的文章要行选用不同的开头方法，即使是同一篇文章，也可以有不同的开头方法。你看，同样一篇文章就有不同的开篇方法。因此，一篇文章怎样开头，采用哪种方法，一定要从文章中心表达的需要出发，适应不同体裁的特点做到新颖明快，言简意赅。

俗话说，良好的开端是成功的一半，我们只要掌握作文开头的方法和技巧，联系实际，勤于练习，就能写好开头，为写好全文打下基础。

开头的方法很多，常见有：

1．开门见山法。

这种方法是文章一开头，就直入正题，把文章所要叙述的主要内容直截了当地交代出来，让读者一看就知道这篇文章描写的是什么人、什么事、什么活动。这种开头一下子就能吸引读者的注意力，而且还不会跑题。例如《课间十分钟》一文开头：

下课铃响了，同学们快步走出教室，到操场上参加自己喜欢的课间活动，校园里顿时沸腾起来。这个开头就点明了时间——“下课”，地点——“操场上”，人物——“同学们”，事情——“课间活动”。非常直截了当。

2．提示中心法。

这种方法是一开头就点明全文的中心，使读者对文章的中心思想有一个明确的了解，我们看看下面的开头。

“生活在集体中间是幸福的，两年前，我深深地体会到这一点。”

这是《生活在温暖的集体里》一文的开头，

3．描写引入法。

描写人物和景物来开头，这种方法就是描写引入法。描写人物就是在文章的开头，对人物的肖像、服饰、神态、等进行描写，以达到人物在读者面前树立一个鲜明形象的效果，描写引入法中还有一种是以描写景物来开头，也就是在文章的开头对故事情节所处的自然环境或社会环境必要的描写，以起到交代背景、渲染气氛突出中心的作用。

4．设置悬念法。

在写事的文章中，我们常常把事情的结果或文中的某个片段放在开头来写，以引起读者的疑问，然后再记叙事情的起因和经过，这种开头的方法叫设置悬念法。这种方法可以激发读者强烈的兴趣，如《智斗奸商》一文的开头写到的：放暑假的第二天旱上，我和表姐一块儿去买菜。走到菜场的北口，我就看前面很多人。我和表姐紧走几步，也围了过去……

5．对比法。

在文章的开头，把不同的人和事物或同一个人和事物的不同时间，不同方面的情况作对比介绍。运用对比法可以使描绘的形象更为突出，增强文章的表达效果，给人留下深刻的印象。

6．回忆联想法。

由人、事、景、物、等引起回忆，联想、引出下文，展开情节，这种方法就叫回忆联想法。运用回联想法开头，给人一种亲切，自然的感受。

7．对话开头法。

以人物的对话开头。这种开头起笔自然，往往给人以新鲜的感觉。采用对话的形式开头，一定要把对话写得精彩有意义，紧扣中心。

导语：冰冻三尺，非一日之寒，练习英语写作也是一样，三天打鱼两天晒网是不行的，必须得持之以恒的练习，才会有进步。下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，校园里进行着广泛的争论。

52. By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。

53. Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必须承认，由于学费和书费日益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。

54. Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

因此，业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。

55. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。

56. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

现在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。

57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less

laborious.

人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。

58. At the same time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.

同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。

59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

60. In the second place, there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.

第二方面，失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。

61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.

成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

62. According to a recent survey, a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.

根据最近的一项调查，越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。

63. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.

通过以上讨论，我完全相信，随着现代社会的进步，幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。

64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.

近些年，国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。

65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.

许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。

66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.

但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。

67. As for me, Im firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制，理由如下：

68. In addition, in order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.

另外，为了吸引旅游者，大量人工设施被修建，这对环境是不利的。

69. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

由于缺乏独特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。

70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

近些年，父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。

71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。

72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。

73. In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。

74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。

75. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。

76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

当别的孩子在玩耍的时候，很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。

77. Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。

78. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管额外学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。

79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与玩耍的平衡，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

现在，父亲或母亲留在家里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。

81. Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。

82. However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

然而，这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑，他们指出，孩子总是呆在家里，和父母在一起，是不健康的。

83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力，但是必须承认，与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比，他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。

84. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出如下结论：尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的，但是这样做的缺点远大于优点。

85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园，这将对孩子，家庭，甚至整个社会产生深远的影响。

86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

只要一提起艺术和文化项目，一些政府领导就会兴奋不已，他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园，城市中心漂亮的雕塑，还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中，没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。

87. But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

这是真的吗?这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首位。

88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。

89. Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

然而，很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。

90. From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

通过以上讨论，我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面，基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。

91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点，将会付出他们无法承受的代价。

92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势，这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。

93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。

94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

必须指出，农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加，并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。

95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献，然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响。

96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场，他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。

97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences, information and knowledge with peasants, which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.

建议政府应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平;应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验，知识和信息，这些将有助于发展农村经济。

98. In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.

总之，我们应理智考虑这一问题，重视农民的生活。任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life, parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people, including teachers and experts in education, should pay considerable attention to this problem.

尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分，然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人们应该认真对待这一问题。

100. As for me, it is essential to know, at first, what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.

我认为，首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题。

121. on the one hand, it is indisputable that boarding schools are exerting a growing important effect, especially in last few years.

一方面，寄宿学校正在发挥越来越重要的作用，尤其是最近几年，这是无可争辩的。

122. students attend a boarding school would cultivate their independence as apart from their parents.

离开父母上寄宿学校的学生将会培养他们的独立性

123. whats more, living in school can save them a great deal of time on the way between home and school everyday, so they would be able to concentrate more time and energy on their academic work.

而且，生活在学校里能节省大量每天往返于学校和家的路上的时间，这会使他们有更多的时间和精力放在学习上。

124. on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored.

另一方面，日制学校的贡献是不能忽视的。

125. due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.

因为较高的学费，大部分普通家庭支付不起他们的孩子上寄宿学校的费用。

126. since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.

由于无需考虑学生的日常生活，日制学校可以将重点放在教学上而不是放在像宿舍和食堂管理这些方面。

127. furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.

而且，学生生活在自己家中，有舒适的生活，并有更多机会和父母交流，这对他们个性的培养是有利的。

128. from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论，寄宿学校和日制学校对我们社会培养年轻学生都是重要的。

129. there is much discussion over science and technology. one of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.

关于科学技术存在许多争论，其中一个问题是当国家发展现代科学技术时，传统的技术方法是否可能会消亡?

130. as for me, the declining of traditional technology and methods is not a bad thing; it is the natural result of progress of society.

我认为，传统技术方法的消亡不一定是坏事，这是社会进步的自然结果。

131. in the first place, some aspects of the traditional technology and methods are harmful and hampering the development of modern technology science.

首先，传统技术方法有些部分是有害的，并且会阻碍现代科技的发展。

132. although modern science and technology have proved that such methods are absurd, there are still millions of people use such methods in many remote places nowadays.

尽管现代科学技术已经证明了这些方法是愚昧的，然而在许多偏僻的地方，仍有成千上万的人们在使用这些方法。

133. in the second place, many values of traditional technology are out of date and should be replaced by modern science.

第二点，许多传统技术方法已经过时，应被现代科技所取代。

134. although many people tend to live under the illusion that traditional technology and methods are still playing extremely important role in peoples life, an increasingevidences show that it is less useful than many people think.

尽管许多人保持着传统观念，认为传统技术方法在人们生活中仍发挥着重要作用，但是越来越多的证据显示它并没有人们想象的有用。

135. from what has been discussed above, i firmly believe that time will prove that traditional technology and methods would die out with the development of modern science and technology. the maintenance of the traditionaltechnology and methods is futile.

通过以上讨论，我坚定地相信时间会证明传统技术方法将会随着现代技术的发展而消亡，坚持传统技术方法是徒劳的。

136. at the time when technology means ever more harmful carbon in the air we breathe, we need these forests now more than ever.

当技术的发展意味着我们会吸入更多有害气体时，我们比任何时候更需要森林。

137. nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

138. we cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

139. there is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

无可否认，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

140. it is universally acknowledged that trees are

indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

141. there is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问，我们的教育制度令人不满意。

142. an advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会产生任何污染。

143. the reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

144. so precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵，我们不能浪费它。

145. rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.

虽然我们的国家很富有，但是我们的生活质量却令人很不满意。

146. the harder you work, the more progress you make.

你越努力，你越进步。

147. the more books we read, the more learned we become.

我们书读得越多，我们越有学问。

148. to average people, they often tend to live under the illusion that english often means a good opportunity for ones career, is this really the case?

对于一般人来说，他们常常以为掌握英语就意味着一份好的工作，然而这是真的吗?

149. by taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

通过体育锻炼，我们能够始终保持健康。

150. listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.

听音乐能使我们放松。

151. on no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

我们绝对不能忽视知识的价值。

152. it is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

153. those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

违反交通规则的人应该受到处罚。

154. there is no one but longs to go to college.

人们都希望上大学。

155. since the examination is around the corner, i am compelled to give up doing sports.

既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃作运动。

156. it is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

157. summer is sultry. thats the reason why i dont like it.

夏天很闷热，这就是我不喜欢它的原因。

158. the progress of the society is based on harmony.

社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

159. we should bring home to people the value of working hard.

我们应该让人们知道努力的价值。

160. taking exercise is closely related to health.

作运动与健康息息相关。

161. we should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

162. the condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

我们的交通状况令人不满意。

163. smoking has a great influence on our health.

抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

164. reading does good to our mind.

读书对心灵有益。

165. overwork does harm to health.

工作过度对健康有害。

166. pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

污染对我们的生存造成巨大威胁。

167. we should do our best to achieve our goal in life.

我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

168. weather a large family is a good thing or not is a very popular topic, which is often talked about not only by city residents but by farmers as well.

家庭人口多好还是家庭人口少好是一个非常通俗的主题，不仅是城里人，而且农民都经常讨论这个问题。

169. as is known to all, fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers.

众所周知，假冒伪劣商品损害了消费者的利益。

170. today an increasing number of people have realized that law education is of great importance. in order to keep law and order, every one of us is supposed to get a law education.

现在，愈来愈多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。为了维护社会治安 ，我们每人都应该接受法制教育。

171. from what i have mentioned above, we can see clearly that violence on tv has great influence on youngsters behavior.

从上面我所提到的，我们可以清楚地看到，电视暴力对青少年的影响是极其深远的。

172. there are two reasons for the improvement in peoples living conditions. in the first place, we have been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy. secondly, there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy. furthermore, the birth rate has been put under control.

人民生活状况的改善原因有两点。首先，我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次，国民经济正在迅速发展，而且出生率已经得到控制。

173. my suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. to begin with, it is urgent to create nature reserves. secondly, certain rare wild animals that are going to be extinct should be collected, fed and reproduced artificially. finally, those who hunter them must be punished severely.

我对解决这个问题的建议如下：首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保护区。其次，有些濒临灭绝的珍稀野生动物应该收捕、人工喂养并繁殖。最后，对于捕猎珍稀野生动物的人必须严惩。

174. people differ in their attitudes towards failure. faced with it, some of them can stand up to it, draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfill what they are determined to do. others, however, lose heart and give in.

人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败，有人能够经得起考验，从失败中汲取教训，并努力去完成他们下定决心要做的事情。然而，另一些人却丧失信心并退却了。

175. it is desirable to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas and other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.

人们希望建立更多的医院、购物中心、娱乐中心、电影院和其他公用设施来满足人们日益增长的需求。

176. as a popular saying goes, "everything has two sides." now the public are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological inventions. on the other hand, the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble. people in many countries are suffering from public hazards.

常言道：事情总是一分为二的。如今人们从科技发明中得到越来越多的好处。另一方面，科技进步也给我们带来了许多麻烦。现在许多国家 的人民饱受公害之苦。

177. lets take cars for example. they not only pollute the air in cities, but make them crowded. furthermore, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents. the noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.

就拿汽车为例。汽车不仅污染城市空气，而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外，汽车造成许多交通事故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两旁的居民日夜不得安宁。

178. it is generally believed that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed countries is not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care.

普遍认为，在发达国家人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善使死亡率下降了。

179. there is no doubt that the increase in demand caused the rise in prices.

毫无疑问，需求的增长导致了价格的上涨。

180. additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)引发的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

due to darwins "evolution", man, willingly or not, has to admit that he is not descendents of adam and eve but rather a species equal to the monkeys, the cats and dogs in nature. although human beings claim to be the most sapient species, it is undeniable that they have a close kinship with the chimpanzees.in a word, we are animals, though more advantageous in mind than our wild or domesticated fellow living beings. but, is this a privilege of human beings to dominate the destinies of other spedes? sorrowfully, some people disregard the natural diversity and many species are in the danger of etinction due to human activities. no longer can the righteous people look on withouttaking an action.

human beings have always overrated themselves in that they assume they are superior creatures whose destiny is granted by god. in the early times, nature was antithetical to human activities. no longer can the righteous people look on without taking an action.

human beings have always overrated themselves in that they assume they are superior creatures whose destiny is granted by god. in the early times, nature was antithetical to human cultures. people set out to conquer nature: they plowed the soil for grains to feed themselves; they fought against storms and tornadoes to safeguard their properties; they made use of tools to eploit natural resources. this struggle against nature precludes the understanding that nature is so generous to humans and it is harmony rather than conflict that has made human lives so comfortable. if the ancestors had not found ways to cope with natural disasters and bucked up again and again in face of peril, it would have been likely that human race might have gone etinct on the way of evolution.however, as human beings get more and more used to the development in their own societies, they,on the contrary, contribute to a nature that is increasingly dissonant and hostile, where other co-eisting species are on the edge of etinction.

it is not the natural evolution, like the glaciers, that caused many species to disappear. it is human activities that is to beblamed. deforestation deprives many bird colonies of their habitat. water pollution destroys the natural environment of aquatic animals. unimaginable numbers of species have to migrate and in search of new habitat, and they die. gulls and other seabirds stranded in the crude oil from ships could not fly to collect food,they die. when furs and hides of cheetahs, rhinos, and crocodiles are sold at good prices on the international market, they die. the prosperity of human society is bloodily indebted to lives of other plants and animal species, yet human beings keep from saving the animals and plants. the money spent on protection of endangered species is money spent worthwhile. so is the effort and time. just imagine one day another intelligent species wearing the leather of human skin.

in the history of human civilization, people have always relied on nature to achieve something of value. fundamentally, we breathe the oygen released by the plants; we enjoy the ravishing beauty of nature in our arts;we even rely on animals to produce eperimental evidence in developing medicines. we owe too much to the plants and animals. it is high time that we did something to prevent the world from becoming a drab and colorless planet, with only the human species living in sheer loneliness.

新闻写作方法浅论

应该说，新闻业务论文写作是新闻工作者从事业务理论研究的一门必修课。近年来，随着我国职称制度的恢复和发展，写作并在公开出版的刊物上发表业务论文，又成为对新闻从业人员业务考评的一个必需的“要件”。

一、新闻写作的前期准备工作

1、了解你的受众

写作与编辑要把网络读者的需求与习惯放在心上。网络使用性研究表明读者往往只是浏览网站而不是专心地阅读。他们也往往比印刷品的读者或电视观众更活跃，搜寻信息而不是被动地接收你提供的东西。

考虑一下你的目标受众。因为你的读者正在网上获取他们的新闻，极有可能的是他们比电视观众或报纸读者对与网络有关的故事感兴趣，因此重视这样的故事是有意义的。另一方面，你的网站具有抵达全球的潜力，所以要考虑到你想把它做得可以让地方、国家或者全世界的受众都看得懂，写作和编辑要把这一点放在心上。

2、先思考——而且要思考得与众不同

在你开始报道和写一个故事的时候，考虑一下讲述故事最好的方法是什么，是否通过使用音频、录像、可点击的插图、文本、链接等方式——或一些组合。与音频、录像和互动设备的厂商进行合作。定一个计划并让它指导你新闻采集与生产的全过程，而并非只是报道一个故事，然后添加各种各样的元素。寻找可用到网上的故事—

—这些故事你能够讲得与其他媒介不同或者更好。

3、做好你的新闻收集工作

正如印刷品记者与电视记者采访的方式不同（因为他们在寻找不同的事物），所以网络新闻记者必须专为自身需要做好采访与信息收集工作。

印刷品记者倾向于寻找信息。电视记者倾向于寻找镜头上的情感、尖利的声音和与文字相伴的画面。网络新闻记者必须不断地以不同的要素和不同的要素如何完成与相互补充的方式进行思考：寻找与文字相配的影像、与音频、录像相配的文字、引进互动性的资料等。

记住照片在拍得或取得窄时看起来更好，流体录像在背景素朴、最小聚焦的情况下更容易观看。如果有人说那将会成为有力度的剪辑时，就尽可能把采访录制下来。寻找会成为有趣谈话嘉宾的名人。并且一直关注运用互动工具进行更有效传递的信息。

4、写得活泼而且紧凑

为网络写作应该是一个处于广播与印刷品之间的交叉口——比印刷品更紧凑和有力，但比广播写作文字性更强而且更细致。积极地写作，而不要被动地写作。努力用生动的散文，依赖有力度的动词和鲜明的名词。在你的文章中注入区别性的声音以助于把它和网上的多数内容进行区分。运用幽默。试着以活泼轻快的风格或态度来写作。网上对话风格发挥的作用尤其好。网络受众更易于接受非常规的写作风格。

同时，不要忘记传统的写作规则应用于网络这一点。不幸的是，

大多数网络新闻网站的写作水平参差不齐。故事遭受被动词、乱加从句的冗长句、混合的比喻和陈词滥调的困扰。这是由快节奏新闻采集、短期配备人员与无经验的记者造成的。这也是一个大错误。读者注意到粗心的文章，他们是并不会谅解的。他们将中止阅读故事并且不会回来看更多的内容。与地方报纸读者不同，网络读者有可选择的事物。

二、掌握新闻写作的基本技巧

1、如何发现新闻。没有的写是我们及一些通讯员，甚至记者常遇到的头疼问题。所以善于用新闻的眼光去发现新闻，是写出通讯报道的关键。

（1）“变废为宝”选角度。联保贷款推行多年了，再写就无新意了，成为新闻写作的废物。但如何变

（2）“吹糠见米“。举齐鲁晚报例子。

（3）“大海捞针”挖新闻

2、消息的写作技巧。在这里，主要介绍一下消息的写作，这是目前适用最广泛的一种新闻写作方式。对我们农村信用社的新闻报道来说，也是最常用的文体。因为通讯较消息篇幅长、覆盖面大，象我们这样的单位，一般很难被新闻单位采用。

（1）消息的构成：标题、导语、主题。（通常还可分为背景、结尾，这里所说的，已经包含在主题内）。

标题：也就是新闻的题目，象人的脸面一样重要。标题制作贵在醒目、得体、生动形象，能够吸引读者，起到画龙点睛的作用。一

篇报道，读者拿起来之后要先看标题，然后再决定看还是不看。新闻标题的结构方式、写法很多。但有一点是共同的，在标题撰写上必须下功夫。新闻界有“三分之一时间写标题、三分之一时间写导语、三分之一时间写主题”这一说法。

导语：导语往往是新闻事件的高度概括，使读者看过导语后，不用看下文，就能了解消息的主要内容，这种结构形式的特点避免了消息写作中把最重要、最新鲜的事实淹没在大量一般性事件各，突出了“新”字。陈述性导语。按事实发生的时间顺序来写，又叫“编年史式”，这种形式使消息情节步步推进，事件的高潮在后面出现，有引人入胜的效果。描写型导语。就是对消息中某一有意义的特殊场面作简洁而有特点的描写。评论型导语。就是在叙述事实的同时，立即对事情作出评价，提示其事物的现实意义。如写我们支持贫困学子上大学时，可以这样写：浮来农信社在做好当前支农工作的同时，筹措资金设立“专项贷款”重点扶持“金榜题名”的贫困农家学生顺利入学。（这是事实，然后再加以评论）此举，让浮来山镇考取大中专院校的考生及其家长们吃了“定心丸”。设问式导语。设问式导语就是在消息开头即提出一个尖锐的问题，然后加经解答，引起人们的关注和思想。如我们在推得联保贷款，解决了农民贷款难的问题。导语可以这样写：贷款像存款一样方便？对莒县农民来说，原来似乎不可能，如今已梦想成真。引语型导语。就是将消息中主要人物有新意、有特色、个性化的语言放在导语中，给人以强烈印象。如“凡是农民的正当需求，我们必须满足供应。”农

信社主任马德勤说的这句话，代表了农信社对全县百万农民的庄严承诺。

务实宣传，就是要紧紧围绕中心、准确站位全局，勇于担当、奋力先行，务实宣传，就是要注重以人为本、着眼民生民心，将实事办好、好事办实，务实宣传，就是要紧跟时代步伐、顺应发展要，与时俱进、创新创造；务实宣传，就是要切实转变作风、坚持关键在做，真抓实干、求实求效。务实宣传，体现了尊重事实、尊重科学、尊重规律的精神，理应成为当前和今后一个时期新闻宣传的总基调。

observe a child; any one will do. you will see that not a day passes in which he does not find something or other to make him happy, though he may be in tears the net moment. then look at a man; any one of us will do. you will notice that weeks and months can pass in which day is greeted with nothing more than resignation1, and endure with every polite indifference. indeed, most men are as miserable as sinners, though they are too bored to sin-perhaps their sin is their indifference2. but it is true that they so seldom smile that when they do we do not recognize their face, so distorted is it from the fied mask we take for granted3. and even then a man can not smile like a child, for a child smiles with his eyes, whereas a man smiles with his lips alone. it is not a smile; but a grin; something to do with humor4, but little to do with happiness. and then, as anyone can see, there is a point (but who can define that point?) when a man becomes an old man, and then he will smile again.

it would seem that happiness is something to do with simplicity, and that it is the ability to etract pleasure form the simplest things-such as a peach stone, for instance.it is obvious that it is nothing to do with success. for sir henry stewart was certainly successful. it is twenty years ago since he came down to our village from london, and bought a couple of old cottages, which he had knocked into one. he used his house a s weekend refuge5. he was a barrister. and the village followed his brilliant career with something almost amounting to paternal pride.i remember some ten years ago when he was made a kings counsel6, amos and i, seeing him get off the london train, went to congratulate him. we grinned with pleasure; he merely looked as miserable as though hed received a penal sentence. it was the same when he was knighted; he never smiled a bit, he didnt even bother to celebrate with a round of drinks at the "blue fo"7. he took his success as a child does his medicine. and not one of his achievements brought even a ghost of a smile to his tired eyes.

i asked him one day, soon after hed retired to potter about his garden,8 what is was like to achieve all ones ambitions. he looked down at his roses and went on watering them. then he said "the only value in achieving ones ambition is that you then realize that they are not worth achieving." quickly he moved the conversation on to a more practical level, and within a moment we were back to a safe discussion on the weather. that was two years ago.

i recall this incident, for yesterday, i was passing his house, and had drawn up my cart just outside his garden wall. i had pulled in from the road for no other reason than to let a bus pass me. as i set there filling my pipe, i suddenly heard a shout of sheer joy come from the other side of the wall.i peered over. there stood sir henry doing nothing less than a tribal war dance9 of sheer unashamed ecstasy. even when he observed my bewildered face staring over the wall he did not seem put out10 or embarrassed, but shouted for me to climb over.

"come and see, jan. look! i have done it at last! i have done it at last!"there he was, holding a small bo of earth in his had. i observed three tiny shoots out of it."and there were only three!" he said, his eyes laughing to heaven."three what?" i asked."peach stones", he replied. "ive always wanted to make peach stones grow, even since i was a child, when i used to take them home after a party, or as a man after a banquet. and i used to plant them, and then forgot where i planted them. but now at last i have done it, and, whats more, i had only three stones, and there you are, one, two, three shoots," he counted.

and sir henry ran off, calling for his wife to come and see his achievement-his achievement of simplicity.

1.细读材料，注意整体性。

材料作文的审题要有全局意识，要从整体着眼，材料的每一句话都要注意，这决定我们的立意是否贴切;如本次高考作文一："老腔何以让人震撼"其实与前面的散文阅读有比较密切的关系，老腔的震撼，在于其无关形式，直指心灵，在于它朴素的形式之下的，扣击心灵的激越，

2.关注到艺术的实质关注心灵的艺术与形式无关

这让我想到了诗经，《诗·大序》曰："诗者，志之所之也。在心为志，发言为诗，情动于中而形于言。言之不足，故嗟叹之。嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之。咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之足之蹈之也。"

乌斯：

题目一："老腔"何以让人震撼

老腔：老腔是陕西省非常古老的汉族戏曲表演形式。长期在华阴广泛流传，分老腔、时腔两个剧种，表演方法和全国大致相同，先搭好台子、撑好"亮子"，然后借助灯火，以竹签挑拨用皮革雕成的人物进行舞台表演。流传千年的老腔是中国首批国家级非物质遗产保护项目

震撼原因：内容、情感、曲调曲风、文化内涵等等

写作方向：作文题目以传统戏剧形式为载体，在了解老腔是什么的基础之上可以适当进行延伸挖掘。老腔当中包含着哪些中华传统文化的内涵?它的传承形式是什么样的?它的唱腔特点是什么?老腔是传统的文化，它与现代的生活又有着怎样的联系，作为传统文化的老腔能够给我们现代人带来怎样的震撼?这些都是可以思考和写作的内容与方向。

注意：行文要紧扣题目要求，避免偏题跑题的发生。延伸与发散要尽量围绕老腔和与之相关的内容进行。

夏丛生：

思考角度：

题目一：《老腔何以让人震撼》

1.地域文化的传承、朴素接地气的手法、迷失与消失给我们的困惑

2.黄土地的呐喊、原生态的呼唤、秦地老百姓的心情表达、简单纯朴执着

3.心灵呼唤，远离尘嚣的内心情感

刘持寅：

题目一：《老腔何以让人震撼》

这个作文题目提醒我们更多的关注传统文化，让传统文化更具有生命力，与之前的老规矩一样，从北京的老规矩延伸到陕西的传统文化，慢慢的渗透到中国文化的各个地方，题型我们每个人回归传统，回归诗意，回归文化之根对我们的心灵震撼!

汪东宏：

题目一：《老腔何以让人震撼》

"老腔何以让人震撼"这个作文题目立足于最本质、最质朴、最传统、最原生态的民间艺术。寻求的应该是一种对于传统文化和民间艺术的深思。立意上可以针对于当下传统文化的流失和消逝以及浮躁简单流行元素式艺术文化的泛滥的现象，提出对于最传统最本质的民间艺术形式的认识和看法，从而提出自己对于文化传承的思考以及对于原生态艺术如何生存和发扬广大。

"神奇的书签"是一篇想象文，主要建立在书签本来的作用以及想象中的书签会有哪些神奇的作用，针对当下快餐文化浮躁阅读的出现，这中文章可以书写自己通过这种书签而引发对于阅读的思考，以及他所给予的知识、文化以及他所带给你或所创造给你的精神世界。通过想象，在素材的选取上可以书写自己所读的一些书籍，认识到的一些作家，作品人物，通过与他们的交流和学习，达到自我精神的陶冶和洗礼。

杨小晴：

题目一发散思维：

一：是什么?--类比联想与"老腔"同类的艺术形式

1.基于生活本质的艺术：

古人的吟啸--嵇康在山谷的声声呐喊

船工的号角--拙劣的发声与语言

爱尔兰的踢踏舞"大河之舞"--传统的民族舞步

2.是传统唱歌艺术的根基，是民族文化发展的起点。

二：为什么?--现状如何?为何至此?

1.传统艺术传承上的困难--最传统的师徒传承、效率较低且时间成本高

2.传统文化"被高雅"化而导致的冷门化现象。--传播媒体的夸大其词

3.时代背景下社会的浮光掠影让我们忽略了很多传统艺术

三：怎么做?--正确的态度、身体力行的了解与宣传

谭国菊：

题目一：《老腔何以让人震撼》

老腔作为一种地方艺术形式，有着陕西民俗民风民族的心理积淀，强大的生命力基于人民的生活，表达人民的情感，连接人们心灵与心灵间的距离

雷雪：

题目一：《老腔何以让人震撼》

老腔的形成是基于黄河流域地区人民的日常生活和对生活的声音的发出，同时它的表达形式也是最原始和质朴的形式，以最淳朴的形式表达人民心中的声音，是艺术与生活，艺术与人民心灵的对话

内容摘要：江苏高考语文试题中作文分值占比最大，而作文指导也一直是中学语文教学中的难题。笔者从近年高考作文题出发，探究其中的内在规律，总结出新材料作文中存在的话题作文背景，以及试题中蕴藏的核心概念意识、具体语境意识、发散辩证思维等值得关注的命题指向。从作文命题的特点出发，为高中议论文写作指导提出建议策略。

关键词：江苏高考；语文作文；命题特点；教学策略

江苏作为教育大省，一向以其独特的教学模式以及教学理念在全国范围内备受瞩目，尤其是高考命题的独特性常常会引发教育界的讨论，但不可否认，江苏高考语文试题特别是作文命题对本省的语文教学有着深刻而积极的推动作用。自2004年始，江苏高考进行独立命题距今已经过去14个年头，高考作文试题也已然形成了稳中求变、开放创新[1]的稳健风格。因此探究近年来高考作文命题的特点是可能的，从命题发展脉络把握命题导向，进而积极指导学生写作，让高考作文发挥其“指挥棒”的正效作用[2]，并努力构建它与高中作文教学间的良性关系，也是十分具有意义的。

一.近年来江苏高考作文命题发展

近六年来，江苏高考作文均采取新材料作文的命题形式，所谓新材料作文，有老师将之归纳为三个新：“立意角度新、材料处理新、文体要求新”[3]，即给定一段材料文中给出关键词语、从多个立意角度出发、不限文体进行写作。这样的新材料作文看似带了一个“新”字，就其形式而言依旧离不了“材料作文”的背景，因为一旦脱离了材料就又回到了“命题作文”、“话题作文”形式去了。但就其内容又离不开话题作文的背景，自13年以来几乎每一次的作文试题中都有明显的关键词、核心概念，出题者本身并不是想让考生漫无边际地“跑马”，他们总希望找到一个内在的圈子将新材料作文给约束住，给出的材料看似是开放的，但实际上还是封闭的。以下将一一简述13年到18年来作文的具体形式和内容。2013年江苏高考作文以“蝴蝶与探险者”的故事开创了本省新材料作文的新纪元，此后五年，无一例外均采取这样的命题形式。当年的命题无疑是产生了巨大争议的，无论是命题者自身对于材料的改动，还是原作常识性的错误，均引发了相当程度的讨论。但是抛开这些问题，回到命题本身，应该能够发现其中蕴含的命题形式与内容上的指向性。第一，发散意识，这段材料是一则故事类的材料，故事中有多个要素，很明显命题者设置了多个角度，而并非旧材料作文仅有一个最佳立意。第二，全局意识，新材料作文固然有很多的立意角度，然立意必定有高下之分，那么立意必须要站在全局角度。第三，语境意识，新材料作文必然不是信马由缰，一定要在材料语境之中的思考，绝不是随意在文中挑选关键词就能够进行无限拓展的。13年的作文只是新材料作文的开端，其后几年的作文命题就显得更加成熟老道。以下将14到18年的作文进行综合对比阐述。五者均属于“名言”性质的材料，有明显的关键词与核心概念的导向：“青春、朽与不朽”，“智慧”，“说话、创新、个性”，“车”，“语言”。这样的命题带有我省一贯的话题作文的特色，看似是一段材料，其中内容又是有核心的，思维是需要发散与拓展的，但是又必须是围绕着中心词核心概念进行发散与拓展的，这对于学生的语境意识就有更高层次的要求。还有一点共通性就在于，考题呈现辩证特点，在名言类的材料之中，处处显现着辩证思维的痕迹，希望考生对核心概念进行演绎时要有辩证的逻辑思考，有界定有辩证地发散，而不是无章法无逻辑地自说自话，这是高考作文的内在指向要求。当然三者也有各自的倾向，“青春朽与不朽”的辩证意味浓，生活色彩浓，更加倾向于从个人的情致，志向，人生态度角度思考，十分贴近高中生，显得格外亲切。“智慧”更侧重于界定，发散，对于这一核心概念的界定是必须做的功课，以及围绕这样的核心概念的具体展开，忌讳以空对空。16年的题目，虽然给出了关键词但是由于题目本身有多个概念，也需要有针对性地进行阐述，也不能脱离材料任取关键词进行论述。17年有关于车的命题，其话题色彩更加明显，与前几年的辩证风不同，本则题目又转回到引语加话题的形式，尽管作者没有明确给出话题，但是隐含在其中最关键的话题就是“车”。一切的阐述都离不开这个“车”，真情，观念，哲思都是寄寓在“车”上，这种命题形式给套作、模式作文等等速成作文极大的打击。借鉴了美学角度的“移情”，也接近中国古代的托物言志，借物抒怀的写作形式，更考验学生从一粒沙中看出乾坤气象的思维，这样的思维在今后的作文中显得尤为重要。18年关于“语言”的试题，更类似于15年的“智慧”，概念十分宽泛，需要有界定，又要找到一个小的入口切入发散，且试题更显人文气息。

二.近年来江苏高考作文命题特点

以上简要梳理了江苏高考近年来作文试题的发展脉络，在脉络的梳理中，笔者发现了一些共通的特点并试图探究出一些普适性的规律，而这些规律或将成为指导中学生作文写作强有力的理论支撑。1.新材料作文形式与话题作文背景江苏近年来的作文，均采取新材料作文的命题形式，但不意味着话题作文就失去了指导意义，恰恰相反，话题作文对新材料作文的影响是巨大的。脱离了语境，脱离了背景的阐述的作文都有游离主题的危险，因此话题意识应该得到重视。更有教师提出“新材料话题作文”[4的概念，将这种作文形式界定在新材料与话题作文之间。不管怎样界定，话题意识将在未来的高考作文试题中一直延续下去。2.立意多元化与语境核心概念确立立意多元化是新材料作文的显著特征，但是多元不意味着包罗万象，乃至于信马由缰。纵观近年来的高考题，多数都有着核心概念的出现，这实际上就指引着学生的行文思路，既要发散但绝不能脱离材料中语境自由发挥。作文的立意有多个侧面，但绝不能断章取义，即使是从材料的某一侧面出发，也要兼顾到整个语境的具体内容，谈“青春”还是要回到“朽与不朽”的讨论，谈“经验”、“能力”、“境界”也必须建立在“智慧”这一核心概念上，谈“文化、文明”也离不开语言的载体，而不是漫无边际地从材料中任取一个词进行无限放大。立意的多元化应该是建立在对于语境核心概念的准确把握上，这与新材料作文中蕴含的话题意识是一致的。3.以小见大的发散思考与辩证思维近年来的高考作文题都比较接地气，都是生活中常见的一些词语“青春”、“智慧”、“个性、创新”、“车”、“语言”，核心概念的常见化是本省作文对于考生的最大善意，让考生有话可写，有理可论，有情可抒，也进一步打击套作、仿作等不明智的应试举动。当然这也需要考生了解生活，进行广泛而有深度的阅读，从小处着手去阐述人生大智慧，这是以小见大的思维，也是高考作文对于中学教学的有力引导。尽管近年来的材料趋于生活化，但是绝不意味着试题的简易化，扁平化，相反更考验学生的发散、辩证的思维，行文时对于材料的内在逻辑既要有整体的把握，对核心概念有较为深入的阐述，又能够进一步拓展进行联想与发散，绝不是简单贴标签就能处理的。这对于考生的思维水平有更高的要求，而这种思维能力也是中学应试训练中所缺乏的。

三.新环境下高中议论文写作指导策略

笔者在上文中简要分析了近年来江苏高考作文发展脉络，以及江苏高考作文共性上的一些特点，并将以此作为高中写作指导的理论支撑。据高考评卷结果显示，江苏高考全省近7成考生写的都是议论文，且优秀作文多数也都是议论文[5]。平时作文训练时，学生也倾向于选择议论文的样式，因此议论文写作指导也就显得尤为重要。作文的应对策略是一个综合的过程，从课外学生自我阅读、整理材料，到老师课上的讲评、训练，每一个环节都不可缺少，以下着重分析教师的指导教学。1.激发学生兴趣写作北大钱理群教授明确指出：“愿意写与有内容可写，这是写好文章的前提，是基础，我们要抓好作文教学，就应该溯本求源，先解决好这两个问题，并在解决好这两个问题的过程中，解决怎样写的问题。”[6]作文指导一直高中语文课堂上的老大难，唯有真正激发学生的兴趣方能写出真正的好文章，让学生爱上写作，最终在考场中写出优秀的文章来。2.推动构建核心意识高考作文有核心概念，作文素材准备时也可以有核心素材意识，当然这不是教学生去套作，这种核心素材意识是将一则素材进行多角度演绎，以不变应万变的写作意识。教师要学会指导学生构建自己的核心素材作文，作文依靠某一核心概念生发出去的，核心素材同样也需要有多重内涵。例如启发学生从绘画、音乐、京剧、昆曲等高雅题材中寻找出丰富的内涵，教师放手让学生阅读积累，适当引导学生进行构建，共同探究素材，逐步培养学生自主总结归纳意识，并实际运用到平时的片段写作以及考场作文中，形成良性循环。除了核心素材之外，作文教学指导也需要有核心话题倾向，高考作文说到底还是考的“人”的作文，一定会涉及到“人与自我”、“人与他人”、“人与社会”、“人与自然”等诸多有关“人”话题，从这些大的话题入手去寻找材料，运用材料时又从小处着手，深入到大的话题中去，这是培养逆向思维的好方法。3.课堂具体写作指导写作指导是有指向性的教学过程，应该分模块进行。首先是审题立意指导，所谓审题定生死，立意决高下，考场中一旦审题出现偏差就是前功尽弃。审题的训练，看重的就是核心概念的概括与阐述，教师绝不可用似是而非的观念去指导学生审题，对待审题必须做到一针见血。其次，结构与语言指导，这应该也是专题训练的内容，作文结构的多样化与语言的丰富性，这也是值得去讨论的。教师一定要注意，切不可盲目教学生追求语言形式之美，最终导致学生将作文写成散文不像散文，议论文不像议论文的“杂文”，毕竟一切结构技巧都是为作文的中心服务，游离了中心再多的技巧也是浪费。4.加强课外阅读拓展将课外阅读与考场作文结合，一向是高中教学的重点内容。教师应该贯彻好整本书阅读计划，与学生一同品读经典，这是培养学生多元思维与辩证思维的重要途径，对于教师而言也是进一步提升自我的契机。

四.结束语

总而言之，江苏高考作文绝对不是洪水猛兽，它是有规律可循的，笔者囿于水平或许未能做出更深层的探究，但是归纳出的江苏高考作文思路是明确的。近年来的高考作文都是以新材料为形式、话题为内容的“新材料话题作文”，且注重核心概念界定，注重材料语境，贴近生活，同时注重培养学生发散、辩证思维。今后中学语文作文教学更应该注意把握高考作文发展的内在指向，这样中学语文作文教学才能更上一个台阶。

参考文献

[1]刘忠.稳中求变开放创新———江苏高考自主命题十一年作文回眸与展望[J].语文知识,2015,(7):94-96.

[2]冯建玲.江苏高考背景下的高三作文教学研究[D]:南京师范大学,2013.

[3]朱亚芳.新材料作文的“前世今生”[J].语文知识,2014,(2):61-62.

[4]董健.新材料作文的话题化及审题技巧[J].语文建设,2017,(1):41-43.

[5]黄莉萍.高中新材料作文教学策略研究[D]:苏州大学,2015.

[6]钱理群.语文教育门外谈［M］.广西师范大学出版社，2003.

1、记“成功”之举

将教学过程中达到预先设计的目的、引起教学共振效应的做法；课堂教学中临时应变得当的措施；层次清楚、条理分明的板书；某些教学思想方法的渗透与应用的过程；教育学、心理学中一些基本原理使用的感触；教学方法上的改革与创新等等，详细得当地记录下来，供以后教学时参考使用，并可在此基础上不断地改进、完善、推陈出新。

2、记“败笔”之处

即使是成功的课堂教学也难免有疏漏失误之处，对它们进行回顾、梳理，并对其作深刻的反思、探究和剖析，使之成为以后再教时应吸取的教训。

3、记教学机智

课堂教学中，随着教学内容的展开，师生的思维发展及情感交流的融洽，往往会因为一些偶发事件而产生瞬间灵感，这些“智慧的火花”常常是不由自主、突然而至，若不及时利用课后反思去捕捉，便会因时过境迁而烟消云散，令人遗憾不已。

4、记学生见解

在课堂教学过程中，学生是学习的主体，他们总会有“创新的火花”在闪烁，教师应当充分肯定学生在课堂上提出的一些独到的见解，这样不仅使学生的好方法、好思路得以推广，而且对他们也是一种赞赏和激励。同时，这些难能可贵的见解也是对课堂教学的补充与完善，可拓宽教师的教学思路，提高教学水平。因此，将其记录下来，可以作为以后丰富教学的材料养分。

5、记再教设计

一节课下来，静心沉思，摸索出了哪些教学规律；教法上有哪些创新；知识点上有什么发现；组织教学方面有何新招；解题的诸多误区有无突破；启迪是否得当；训练是否到位等等。及时记下这些得失，并进行必要的归类与取舍，考虑一下再教这部分内容时应该如何做，写出“再教设计”，这样可以做到扬长避短、精益求精，把自己的教学水平提高到一个新的境界和高度。总之，写课后反思，贵在及时，贵在坚持，贵在执着地追求。一有所得，及时记下，有话则长，无话则短，以记促思，以思促教，长期积累，必有“集腋成裘、聚沙成塔”的收获。

对于中国考生来说，英文写作一直是最为头疼的事情之一。那么考生为什么会畏惧英文表达呢？为什么有些考生背了一两万个单词却仍然写不出好的文章呢？找到了这一系列问题的答案，就真正抓住了提高写作能力的关键。

英文写作困境可以归纳为三类：

困境1：面对一个题目，根本无话可说，即便用中文，也写不出内容。

困境2：有话可说，有内容可写，但英文表达支离破碎，完全不能用英文阐释清楚自己的观点。

困境3：有话说，也能用英文表达出要表达的意思，但写出来的语言“满篇尽带Chinglish（中式英语）”。

那么该如何走出困境，真正并有针对性地提高语言表达能力呢？答案很简单，只有两个字——素材！

面对一个话题，考生之所以无法写出连贯的文字，是因为缺少写作素材。那么素材是什么呢？其实也就是我们所说的“言之有物”中的“物”。无论是四、六级写作，还是考研写作，或是雅思、托福、GRE、GMAT、SAT写作，考生之所以无法取得高分，根本原因在于其日常积累的英文论证素材以及论据素材过于贫乏，根本无法将零星散落于大脑各个角落不成体系的素材组合起来，形成一篇逻辑严密、语言优美地道的文章。因此，英文素材的积累和素材库的建立可以真正帮助中国英语学习者和广大英语考生提高写作能力，走出英文表达困境。

正如前面所提到的，英语写作素材包含两类：一类是论证素材，即对于论点进行理论分析的素材。例如：论证竞争机制的重要性、论证环境保护的必要性、论证艺术的价值等。一类是论据素材，即可支持论点的相关事例。例如：“钻石教父”雷维夫与DeBeers公司的竞争促进了整个钻石行业的发展这一事例，可用来支持“竞争机制的重要性”的论证；引用美国政府参与环境保护的例子可佐证“环境保护的必要性”；贝多芬、巴赫、凡高的例子可说明伟大的艺术家们的艺术作品是如何推动人类文明发展的，并用以例证“艺术的价值”。

其实，只要多掌握适用于写作测试的英文写作素材（论证素材+论据素材），就已经为写出有理有据的文章打下了良好的基础，这也是写作的前提。因为，任何语言学习，或者说任何学习过程，都遵循“输入—输出”模式。如果没有输入，则永远不可能有输出；若没有好的输入，则永远不可能有好的输出。因此，语言学习有一条永恒不变的真理：不听永远不会说，不读永远不会写。这里的“听”和“读”就是输入环节，“说”和“写”就是输出环节；只有输入了好的英文素材，才能在需要的地方进行输出。

写人：

1．Our English Teacher

Our English teacher, Ms Huang, came to our school in 1970. She has been an English teacher for more than 30 years. She works hard and has been a model teacher for many years.

She is kind and friendly to us after class, but She is rather strict with us in class. She always encourages us to speak and read more English. She often says, "Practice makes perfect."

She is good at teaching and tries her best to make every lesson lively and interesting. She often gives us slide shows, teaches us English songs and helps us to put on short English plays.

She is not only our teacher but also our friend. We all respect and love her.

Tomorrow she is going to attend an important meeting, at which she will be given a medal for her advanced deeds.

2．My English Teacher

Our English teacher, Mr. Wang, is a strongly built thirty-year-old man, who is often simply dressed. He has been teaching us English ever since he graduated from the English Department, Beijing Normal University in 1993. He devotes all his time and energy to teaching, often working late into the night preparing his lessons. He is capable of making his lessons lively and interesting, and all of us like his lessons. He is very strict with us but he shows us great concern. He offers us help whenever we need it. We all consider him not only as our good teacher but also as our close friend. We all respect and love him.

B．写物：

3． Our school

Our school is located at the centre of Beijing, It is one of the largest schools in the city with over 2,000 students and about 200 teachers. Our school subjects include politics, Chinese, English, maths, history, geography, physics, chemistry and biology and so on. Most of us pay great attention to the study of English, Chinese and maths because they are very important subjects in the university entrance exam. We take special interest in English. We have spent much time on it, but we still find it difficult to learn the language well. In the afternoon when class is over, we enjoy staying at school for about one hour for some physical exercises before leaving for home.

4． My Home Village

My home village is a small one. Its in Yuxian county of Shanxi Province. Small as it is, its very beautiful.

There are many hills around my home village and they are more beautiful than some big mountains. In spring, we can fly kites which are made by ourselves on the top of the hills. The kites fly very high. In summer, the trees are green and the grass is green, too. It is green everywhere on the hills. There are so many wild apple trees on the hills. The wild applesare nice to eat. In autumn, the corns under and around the hills are ripe. So we eat them almost every day. In winter, when it snows, all the ground is covered with snow. We can play with snow and sometimes we eat the clean snow with sugar. In my hometown the sky is blue, the air is clean, the water is sweet and the people are very friendly. I love my hometown!

5．Changes in Our Life

Over the past twenty years or so, great changes have taken place in our life. Take my family for example. My parents contacted others mainly by sending them letters in the past. But now we call long distance at home. And once my parents listened to the radio for news and other information. But now we get the news by watching TV. Another big change is in my living conditions. When they got married about twenty years ago, my parents lived in a small room crowded with furniture. But now we have moved into a big new three-room apartment. In short, our life has become comfortable and convenient.

C．日记：

6．A Good Deed

Oct. 19th TuesdayFine

One afternoon, on my way home, I saw an accident: a car hit an old man!

I shouted to the pedestrians for help, but no one stopped. When the car driver saw this, he quickly closed the window Of the car and drove away. "What shall I do? The old man needs help." I thought.

At that time, a truck stopped and out came the driver. "Whats wrong with the old man, boy? What could I do?" the driver asked me. "Uncle, please help the old man. A car hit him and he is badly injured! "I said. "Well, dont worry. Let me take him to the hospital. the driver said.

A few minutes later, the driver took the old man to the hospital and I telephoned the police station. I told the whole story to the police and I also told them the number of the car. The police said to me, "Well done, boy! Leave it to us. He must be punished!" Then I went to the hospital to see the old man.

When I got home, it was 7:30. I think what I did was fight.

D．书信：

(1) 你堂兄建华在国外学习，你们经常用英文通信。他即将完成学业，不久前来信就是否回国工作征求你的意见。请根据下列提示回信。

1．建议他回国。

2．你的理由是：学有所用，就业容易；照顾父母。

注意：1．词数100左右；

2．行文应连贯，内容应完整；

3．开头语已为你写好。

Dear Jian Hua,

I m very glad to have received the letter you sent me two weeks ago.

To Jian Hua

Dear Jian Hua,

Im very glad to have received the letter you sent me two weeks ago. I ve been thinking about the question you asked me. In my opinion, you should come back after you finish your studies abroad.For one reason, what you are studying is badly needed nowadays in China. It will be quite easy for you to find a good job. In fact, I know a few big companies in our city are hoping to employ people like you. For another reason, I think it will be much more convenient for you to look afteryour parents as they are getting old. Therefore, I think its a good idea for you to return. So what are you waiting for?

Best wishes;

Ming Hua

(2) 2005年春季

Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.

你叫李宏，你校在为一批来自加拿大的交流学生征寻为期两周的住宿家庭。你有意申请，写封信说明你申请的理由。(包括所具备的条件)。

2005春季范文

Dear sir,

I hear that our school will welcome some Canadian students to stay with us for or two weeks. Students who want to invite them to stay can take part in it. I want to try.

First , my parents and I can speak English well. That benefits us to communicate with each other. Second, our house is big enough for he or she to stay. Furthermore , I live near the Huangpu River. It has a good view of Shanghai.

Last but not least , in my home, he or she will enjoy much China culture. My grandpa and grandma are good athandwriting. My grandma also has a good skill in Chinese painting.

I think our friendly will give him a both interesting and comfortable experience.

Thank you for your reading during your busy work.. I hope that you will agree with me .

Yours sincerely,

Li Hong

(3) 假如你是王华，18岁生日后，真的有种长大成人的感觉。于是你想就父母对你的关怀和你今后的打算，以书信形式同爸爸妈妈谈谈。信的开头如下：

Dear Mum and Dad,

How are you doing ?

范文

Dear Mum and Dad,

How are you doing ?

I?m writing to you about my gratitude for your having brought me up and my future plan.

Dear Mum and Dad, I am already 18 years old, which shows that I have grown up. Whenever I am thinking of this, I can?t help feeling grateful to you . It is you who first give me encouragement when I meet with difficulties, especially when I am not getting along well with my studies. Indeed, your inspiration seems to be a lamp, which offers me light of hope,courage and confidence. And more importantly, you are always teaching me to be good to others, and try to contribute to our society.

Dear Mum and Dad, I an now a senior three student , who is facing the competitive national college entrance examinations, So first of all, I ought to try my best to pass the exams. I am sure that through my great efforts I can and will be able to realize my beautiful dream of being a key university student. Then, I will strive to be an independent youth. The social situation I will be facing must be more competitive, so I will develop and prepare myself to be a youth with a strong sense of cooperation and competition. Believe in me, Mum and Dad, I will make a difference.

Best regards to you .

Yours sincerely, Wang Hua

(4)求职信

Dear Sir or Madam,

I have learned from an advertisement that your company is in need of a secretary. I would like you to consider me for the position.

My name is Li Min. I am twenty-three years old. I am studying business management in Xiamen University. I will graduate this summer. I am familiar with computer operation and office softwares, which can help me do the office work very well. And I have learned English for ten years.In the past two years, I have been an editor for the English Paper of my department. My grades come out top in my department. Whats more, I like office work very much and I also think that I can be competent for the job.If I could have the opportunity to get the job I will be quite appreciative.

Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully

Li Min

E．说明文：

How People Spent Their Holidays

As can be seen from the table, great changes took place in the ways that people spent their holidays over the period from the year 1990 to 1999. The proportion of traveling abroad and camping was increasing steadily, from 12% to 24% and from 10% to 36% separately, while that of staying at home and going to the seaside was decreasing year by year, from 38% to 31% and from 40% to 9% separately. Why were there changes? I think people can nowadays afford traveling.Also, people prefer to pursue a high-quality and colorful life. So we can see that people＇s living standard has been rising greatly.

F．议论文

(1) 最近，你校同学正在参加某英文报组织的一场讨论。讨论的主题是：公园要不要收门票?请你根据下表所提供的信息，给报社写一封信，客观地介绍讨论情况。

60％的同学认为:

1．不应该收门票

2 公园是公众休闲的地方

3. 如收门票，需建大门、围墙，会影响城市形象

40％的同学认为: 1．应收门票，但票价不要太高

2．支付园林工人工资 3．购新花木

注意：1．信的开头已为你写好。

2．词数：100左右。 3．参考词汇：门票---entrance fee

Dear editor,

I?m writing to tell you about the discussion we have had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks. 60% of us schoolmates think that an entrance fee do not meet people?s expectations, for a park is considered to be a place where the public can have a good time when they are not busy either at home or at work. If an entrance fee must be paid by the visitors for a park, it will be necessary to build a gate and surrounding walls. In the end a city will take on a bad look. 40% of us schoolmates think that an entrance fee can be accepted, but it must not be too expensive. The money from ticket selling can be used for paying the gardeners in the park and buying some other kinds of flowers and trees.

With regard to myself, I think an entrance fee is useful, for it can be used to protect a park. Do we share the same opinion, dear editor?

Yours truly,

Li Hua

Dear editor,

I?m writing to tell you about the discussion we have had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks. Sixty percent of my schoolmates are for the idea that an entrance fee should not be forced on the public. They believe parks are the place where the public enjoy themselves at their leisure. They think that a gate and wails are to be built if an entrance fee is to be charged. The city will not look so beautiful as it should

2005年英语考纲有重大变化，其中之一就是作文考查的变化，如何在短期内提高考研英语作文。新增加一篇小作文，使作文考查由一篇变为两篇，而原来的大作文的字数也由“不少于200字”调整为“150至200字”，满分20分。新增的作文是一篇100字左右的应用性短文，文体包括有信件、便笺、备忘录等，满分10分。既然是新增题型，就不会太难，但不好预测文体，这就要求考生复习时力求面面俱到，掌握写作规律及注意事项，尤其是对常见的应用文体如书信等

大作文的写作一般会给考生写作提纲，或图表，图画，或图文并茂。命题方式虽然多样，但题目涉及面往往是考生比较熟悉的内容，目的是测定考生语言的实际应用能力。要求表达清楚，文字连贯，中心突出，内容丰富，句式多变，句子结构和用词正确。

语言的应用能力不可能一蹴而就，必须厚积薄发，必须经过长期的实践锻炼。在提高英语写作能力方面，我觉得：一是要背大量的优秀范文，整段整篇地背，并转换为自己的语言，写作时自己能随心所欲支配。考试时避免套用以前死记硬背的几个范文，把一些不达意的词堆积在一起，没有统一性，无法很好地表现主题；二是要多动手。包括对背过的文章进行词语替换，句式转换，句子重组等，以及对某一主题展开写作。多动手才能提高笔下功夫，才能保证在考场上顺利写作。可以说背诵范文是培养语感，积累素材，掌握写作方法，动手写作是实践，是最终目的，这两者结合起来，就是“理论联系了实际”。另外，背诵范文应有针对性，写作训练也是一样，在训练中要掌握每一类型作文的写作规律，根据其每一类作文的写作特点——如提纲式作文就要求考生根据提纲提示的思路和规定的要点展开段落——全面训练，但不要带有押题的心理，靠背几篇范文就能应付考试的心态是不可取的。

下面说一下英语写作过程中的注意事项

一、认真审题

作文第一步是仔细审题，考生要仔细阅读试题要求及相关信息，如图表，图画，数字等，准确把握出题者意图。考研作文忌信手掂来，提笔就写，根本不审题，想到哪儿就写到哪儿，或完全凭自己想象编故事，置考试要求于不顾， “下笔千言，离题万里”。比如1998是一幅卡通画，老母鸡申明外加一首打油诗，讽刺一些企业把该尽职之事作为推销产品的承诺。如果考生说老母鸡很可爱，但爱自夸，然后说自己某个同学也爱自夸，这就偏离主题。2000年的作文“A Brief Histiry of World Commercial Fishing ”.它给出了两张图，从1900年的渔船和鱼量之比到1995年的渔船和鱼量之比的变化谈如何保护渔业资源，应从商业性滥捕鱼这一主题展开话题，有的考生却大谈环境污染，其它英语写作《如何在短期内提高考研英语作文》。这就偏离了主题，因为题中自始自终都没有谈到环境污染问题。

有的同学没有审题习惯，或担心时间不够草草审题，最后发现文不对题，草草收场，这就影响了英语成绩，同时也会影响后两门考试的考试心情。

二、列出提纲

考试规定的时间是很有限的，所以不能花太多时间准备一个详细的提纲，但关键词提纲或粗略提纲还是非常有必要的。对原始材料分析归纳后要形成一个基本的框架。文章打算分几段写，每段大概怎样写，自数控制在多少，开头段落是道破主题，点名要旨，引人入胜还是先给出主题一般的背景情况和对主题进行浓缩的陈述呢，中间段落和结尾有怎样写呢。这些都要心中有数。有的考生习惯用汉语构思文章，逐句翻译提纲，当碰到某个词卡住时就翻译不下去，僵在那里。要注意列提纲是为了更好更全面的表达主题。主题的表达可有多种形式，不一定非要寻找一个特定的词或句子。考试时考生要充分调动大脑，灵活运用以前所学知识。

三、开始写作

一篇文章往往由四部分组成，标题(title)，首段(opening paragraph),主体(body paragraph),结尾段( concluding paragraph)。标题要新颖，能引起读者兴趣，首段的内容根据文章的体裁而变化，比如议论文可以从一种现象，一种观点出发引出作者的观点。记叙文往往交代人物和故事背景。主体是文章的主要部分，通过合适的语篇模式表达一定的观点，考生要围绕中心按一定顺序分层次有重点的展开叙述，描写，议论。结尾段是对全文的总结，论点上要与前面的叙述一致和统一。写作时要注意以下几点。

1、要统一，连贯。

选择那些最能体现中心思想最具代表性的材料，这些材料要共同表达一致的信息。选材时切忌胡子眉毛一把抓。词语堆积，不伦不类。前后及段落之间在逻辑关系上要紧密衔接，不能把没有任何逻辑关系的词放在一起。可以用恰当的关联词把思想连贯的表达出来。

2、用词准确，语法正确

考试时要特别注意语法，此语，语气，标点符号等，为了避免太多单词拼写错误，语法错误，不要为了追求词语的华丽而堆积一些自己也没把握的单词，不要刻意追求长句而写一些自己不知对错的有多个从句组成的长句。考试时最好选择自己最有把握的词汇，短语，句式。

3、足够字数，卷面整洁

绝对不能字数不够，即使一句话颠来倒去说也要凑够字数。字数不够，即使写的非常精彩，也不能拿高分。

四、修改

英语写作时考生由于仓促，紧张等原因，很容易犯一些简单的，一眼就能发现的错误。所以考生一定要留出几分钟时间用于修改。不要大幅度进行修改，更不要因为修改破坏卷面整洁，影响阅卷老师心情。修改时可以从以下几点进行

1、语法

包括时态是否一致，主谓是否一致，名词单复数是否对应，被动主动语态是否错用等

2、词汇

包括连接上下句或段落的关联词，习惯用语，固定搭配，词类混淆，误用及物不及物动词等。

3、拼写和标点符号

通过分析近十年的四六级高分作文，我们归纳出了四六级作文中间段常用的写作方法。一般来讲，真正决定作文表达效果的还是中间段。为了紧扣题意，增强表达效果，中间段的写作可采用以下三种方法：

▌列举法

列举法是四级写作中常用的方法，一般用first, second等一系列标志词引出原因或者可能的影响等。列举法常用的素材有：

引出列举

1. There may be a combination of factors which contribute to/are responsible for/can explain ______. 也许有一些因素造成/可以解释______。

2. There are probably three/many/several/a variety of reasons for this dramatic/significant increase/decline in ______.引起______显著增长/下降的原因有三个/许多/几个/很多。

3. Some reasons can explain this trend. 一些原因可以解释这一趋势。

4. Why______ ?为什么______？

5. The causes of______ are varied. They include______ , perhaps the main cause is ______. 造成______的原因有很多，包括______,主要原因可能是______。

6. The reason for this is not far to seek. 这一问题的原因不难发现。

7. It is no easy task to identify the reasons for this phenomenon which involves several complicated factors. 要找出这一现象的原因并非易事，因为它涉及若干复杂的因素。

8. There are numerous reasons why ______, and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here. ______的原因有很多，这里我只想探讨其中几个最重要的原因。

9. There are many reasons responsible for this phenomenon, and the following are the typical ones. 导致这种现象的原因有很多，以下是其中比较有代表性的。

10. There are many reasons explaining this case. As for me, I regard the following as the typical ones. 有很多原因可以解释该问题。就我而言，我认为以下原因比较典型。

11. A number of factors could account for/contribute to/lead to/result in the change of ______. 引起______变化的因素有很多。

分条列举

1. In the first place, ______. In the second place______ .首先，______。其次，______。

2. First,______ . Second,______ . 首先，______。其次，______。

3. To begin with, ______. Secondly, ______. Last but not least, ______.首先，______。其次，______。最后但并不是最不重要的，______。

4. The first reason is that ______. The second one is ______. The third is ______. 第一个原因是______。第二个原因是______。第三个原因是______。

5. First of all, ______. Secondly,______ . Furthermore,______ .首先，______。其次，______。另外，______。

6. For one thing,______. For another, ______.一方面,______。另一方面，______。

7. Firstly, ______. Secondly, ______. Thirdly,______.首先，______。其次，______。再次，______。

8. Another reason why I disagree with the above statements is that I believe______.我不同意上述观点的另一个原因是我认为______。

▌对比法

对比法是指通过对比两种截然不同的观点来陈述其中的利弊，从而得出自己的结论。对比法常用的素材有：

1. The advantages gained in______ outweigh/are much greater than the advantages we gain from ______. 从______中获取的优势远远超过我们从______中获取的。

2.______ bear(s) a close/striking resemblance to ______.______与______极为相似。

3. On the one hand, ______. On the other hand, ______.一方面，______。另一方面，______。

4. Similarly/Likewise/In the same way,______ . 同样，______。

5. Although______ enjoy(s) a distinct advantage, ______.尽管______有明显优势，但是______。

6. Many students like ______. Among them there are two different attitudes to ______. Some of them think that . Others, however, don餿 think so. They feel that ______. 许多学生喜欢______。关于他们有两种不同的观点。有人认为______。而另外一些则不赞同这种看法。他们认为______。

7. Nothing/Few things can approach/equal/match ______. 没有什么能与______相比。

8. Indeed,______ carries more weight than______when______ is concerned.的确，就______而言，______的重要性要超过______。

9. Serious as the problem may be, it pales into insignificance by comparison with . 这个问题可能很严重，但与相比就微不足道了。

10. In comparison/contrast,______. 比较而言/对比起来，______。

11. Indeed/Certainly,______ play(s) a more/less important role when compared with ______. 当然，与______相比，______的影响要大/小得多。

12. Despite the fact that most of them like ______, I would like to choose to ______.尽管有许多人喜欢______，我还是倾向于______。

13. When the advantages and disadvantages are compared/weighed, the conclusion/finding is quite obvious/self-evident. 比较一下优缺点，结论就不言而喻了。

14. There is no consensus among people as to ______. Some people suggest that ______, while others argue that ______. I agree with the latter/former.人们并未就______达成一致意见。一些人建议______，而另一些人则争辩说______。我赞成后者/前者。

15. People differ greatly in their attitudes toward this problem. Some maintain that ______. Others, on the contrary, hold the opinion that ______. Personally, I stand on the side of ______. 人们对于这个问题的态度差异很大。有人认为______。与此相反，另外一些人认为______。就我个人而言，我站在______这一边。

16. For most people today, ______have/has become their main source of ______. But as for me, ______should be regarded as a better source. 如今大多数人将______作为______的主要来源。但就我而言，______应被看作一种更好的来源。

17. ______may be superior to ______, but it poses problems for those who ______. ______可能比______更好一些，但它会给那些______的人带来问题。

18. Different people have different ideas about ______. Some people take it for granted that ______. On the contrary, some other people think ______.关于______的观点因人而异。有人想当然地认为______。相反，其他人则认为______。

19. This case has aroused echoes throughout the country with more and more people following its lead, but ideas about it vary widely. Those who criticize/oppose/object to/are against it argue/hold that ______, but people who advocate/support/are for it maintain/assert/claim that ______. 随着越来越多的人加入它的行列，这一事件已经在全国引起了巨大反响。然而，人们对此的观点却迥然不同。反对者认为______，但支持者则宣称______。

20. People differ in their opinions on ______. Some of them believe that ______, while others deem that .人们对______持有不同的看法。有些人认为______,而有些人则认为______。

21. Many surveys show that people in increasing numbers are beginning to realize that ______. Meanwhile, many people still live under the traditional idea that ______. 许多调查显示，越来越多的人开始意识到______。同时，仍有许多人持传统观点，认为______。

▌举例法

所谓举例法，是指以恰当的事例来佐证自己的观点，例子应该典型、精炼。举例法常用素材有：

1. From my everyday experience and observation I can list several examples that defend the statement that ______.根据我的日常经验和观察，我可以举出几个例子来证明______。

2. There are many instances supporting my opinion. 有许多例子可以证明我的观点。3. Perhaps the most important example of______ is ______.有关______的最重要的例子可能是______。

4. A case in point is ______. 一个恰当的例子是______。

5. Take______ for example. 以______为例。

6. This is a concrete example that ______. 这是一个有关______的具体例子。

7. Nothing could be more obvious/apparent than the evidence that ______.再没有比______更明显的例子了。

8. I can think of no better illustration of this idea than the example of ______.要说明这个问题，______是一个最好的例子。

9. The latest surveys conducted by______ show/reveal/demonstrate/indicate that ______. 由______开展的最新调查显示______。

10. No one can deny the fact that . ______没有人可以否认______的事实。

11. Talking about ______, the first thing that may occur to you and me seems to be ______. 说到______，我们首先想到的似乎就是______。

12. A common example, which is frequently cited, is ______.一个被普遍引用的例子是______。

13. Instances of the same sort might be quoted easily, but this will be sufficient to show that ______. 类似的例子不胜枚举，但这一个就足以说明______。

14. History abounds with the example of ______. 历史上有许多______方面的例子。

一、含义

检讨书(也称认识)是犯了错误的个人或领导向当事人或组织写出的检讨错误、并保证绝不再犯的书信检讨书的结构及写作方法检讨书的结构及写作方法。检讨书是一种常用的日常应用文，检讨书的写作属于应用写作研究的范畴。

检讨书是指自己在学习或工作中出现了问题或过错，为了今后避免再出现此类事件的发生，要求自己以书面的形式，对出现的问题或过错作出的检讨。它一般包括出错问题、产生原因、改正措施或今后的打算。

二、检讨书的结构及写作方法

①标题。在头行正中写明 检讨书 字样即可;也有注明所犯错误范围或性质，如《关于违犯财经纪律的检讨书》。

②称谓检讨书的结构及写作方法文章。写明幢讨书呈报的组织、单位或个人。如 校党委 、 公司人事部 、 书记 等。

③正文。正文由三部分组成：所犯错误事实;对所犯错误的认识;改正错误的决心与措施。

④落款。写上检讨人的姓名或单位名称，落上年月日。

☆定语和状语（时间、地点等）都属于附加成分，在基本句型中一般都不列出。

☆时态包含于句子中，任何句子都有时态。

1主语＋谓语(不及物动词)：S+V

It will rain tomorrow.

He often runs in the morning.

They cried.

Tom exercises every day.

2主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语：S+V+O

I miss my mother very much.

She wants to go home now.

The English club is going to hold an English party.

They all love her.

3主语＋系动词＋表语：S+V+P

The music sounds wonderful.

The leaves have turned red.

She is a student.

We keep silent about that.

4主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语（人）＋直接宾语（物）：S+V+IO+DO

The teacher gave a book to him.=The teacher gave him a book.

They told me an interesting story.

The waitress offered me a bottle of wine.

My father will buy me a bike.=My father will buy a bike for me.

Miss Smith teaches us English.

5主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语：                                      S+V+O+C

They call me Xiao Wang.

I saw him swimming in the river.

We elected him monitor of the class.

应试作文的评分标准尽管描述语言不同，但都可以分为内容、组织和语言三个方面，如果是应用文，还要看语域和格式。新四级作文的评分标准也不能脱离以上三大方面：内容按照题目提纲扩展即可；组织除了要注意段与段之间的连贯与衔接之外，还要特别注意考生最容易忽略的句与句之间的逻辑性；最难提高的是语言，即用词的丰富性和句子的复杂性。要拿到新四级写作高分，就必须在语言上有所起色，语言是绕不过去的一个心结，那么语言突破之路，到底在何方呢？答曰：简单句。

这是从广大考生的实际出发给出的回答。因为学了很多年的英语，大部分考生还是能够写出一些东西的，最起码能够写出一些英语的简单句吧。简单句包括S+V，S+V+O， S+V+O+O，S+V+O+C， S+V+C，复杂一些的句子无不是由这些简单句演变而来的。

用简单句写复杂思想

学了这么多年英语，为什么还不能写出好的句子？原因在于想得太复杂了。我们可以将要表达的汉语思想，全部说成简单的句子，而简单句，在写作时是考生可以掌控的。之后再将简单句加以润色、组合，使之登堂入室，夺取高分。

例如写这句话：大学生刚刚毕业就想立刻找到高薪的工作是不可能的。看到这样的汉语句子，一般我们的反应是要用It is impossible for sb. to do sth.. 这样的句型，然后想着往里填词：在sb. 的位置填上刚刚毕业的大学生，在不定式的位置填上找到高薪的工作，如下所示：

提分技巧之一

从人生的体会方面去思考，写人一定要写出人生体验。写满分作文最重要的就是要有一种责任感，大的方面不说，自己对自己也是有责任的。其次是家庭责任感，再次是社会责任感，每个人在每个阶段的责任感是不一样的。对于人文精神这一方面的作文，人们会更加关注，也会更加容易得到阅卷老师的喜爱。

提分技巧之二

从哲理思辨角度去思考，要把作文写得有深度，就要带着辩证思维去思考、去挖掘，任何事物之间都是有一定的联系的，比如，成功和失败，它们在表面上看起来，是明显对立的，大家都偏爱成功而讨厌失败，但如果从哲理方面去思考的话，失败也未必就是那么痛苦，失败可以给人经验，让人从经验中再次找到成功的动力，并且时刻提醒自己，一定不能再大意。如果作文内容能够反弹琵琶，那说不定能够收到更好的效果。

提分技巧之三

结合时代特点，任何一个时代都有其自身的特点。所以，同学们在写作文的时候，需要在日常生活中多关注一些时事，看一些报刊评论等等，这样有利于同学们紧跟时代去思考问题。

提分技巧之四

作文素材的累积至关重要。不同的作文题材需要不同的作文素材。所以，对于情感、道德、科技、自然、文化问题等这些方面都需要积累一些。积累的多了，作文也就有题材了，这是满分作文形成的基础。