应用文写作英语四级考试计划【汇编20篇】

The new semester began, I was determined, early planning for the new term.

First, learn to preview.

On what they have learned lessons before the teacher speak new lesson prepare carefully. See which words, dont understand which sentence, standard notation. To listen to the teacher, think carefully, and in this way, can accomplish know fairly well.

Second, learn to listen.

Before the teacher, dont know how to take notes. After the teacher speak, such as mind a blank. The new semester, I must listen earnestly, the emphases and difficulties of the teacher speak in a timely manner is written in the notebook. If you dont understand, ask the teacher. In this semester grade can take an examination of more than 90 points. Teachers and parents hope that I can be in the top three, I must control.

Third, learn to read.

"Books read hundreds of times, its righteousness." I determined to use their spare time and read more useful to the elementary school students extracurricular reading, efforts to improve the level of his own composition.

Fourth, learn to do housework.

I have grown up, must do mom and dads little helper, do some can do housework, reduce the burden of mom and dad.

This is my new terms new plan, what are you going to what is new? To write a write at once!

新的学期开始了，我下定决心，为新学期早做打算。

一、学会预习。

在老师讲新课之前，先对所学课文认真预习。看看哪个词、哪个句子不懂，标上记号。到老师讲课时认真听，仔细想，这样，就可以做到心中有数了。

二、学会听讲。

以前老师讲课时，不懂得如何记笔记。等老师讲完后，脑子里一片空白。新的学期，我一定要认真听讲，把老师讲的重点、难点及时写在笔记本上。如果没有听懂，就向老师请教。争取在本学期各科成绩都能考90分以上。老师和家长都希望我能进入前三名，我一定要争气。

三、学会阅读。

“书读百遍，其义自见。”我决心利用课余时间，多读对小学生有益的课外读物，努力提高自己的作文水平。

四、学做家务。

我已经长大了，一定要做爸爸、妈妈的小帮手，做些力所能及的家务活，减轻爸爸、妈妈的负担。

这就是我新学期的新打算，你的新打算是什么?赶紧来写一写吧!

英语写作中有不少短语和表达大家会经常用到，下面我们就总结了100条常用的短语和表达句子，希望能给大家一些参考。

1. 经济的快速发展 the rapiddevelopment of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长theremarkableimprovement/ steady growth ofpeople’s livingstandard

3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw publicattention

8.不可否认 Itis undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题 a controversialissue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少 be indispensableto …

19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychologicalburden

30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质 comprehensivequality

37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

38.加大了…的可能性 increase the chances of

39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40. 应当承认 Admittedly

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43.可靠的信息源 a reliablesource of information

44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I

46.方便快捷 convenient andefficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection /environmentallyfriendly

49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of scienceandtechnology

51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue

52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of theformer/latteropinion

53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the followingreasons/evidence

54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way

55. 理论和实践相结合 integratetheory with practice

56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…

57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition

58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest

59.长远利益. interest in the long run

60.…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantagesanddisadvantages

61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorableconditions andavoidunfavorable ones

62.取其精髓，去其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。

63.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to

64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information

65.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreastwiththe latest development of …

66.采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth。

67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …

68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。(不推荐用。。。) No gardenwithout weeds。

69.对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person。

70.重视 attach great importance to…

71.社会地位 social status

72.把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…

73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scopeof knowledge

74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally

75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…

76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal

77. 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, hold the opinion/beliefthat

78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relievestress/ burden

79.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth。

80.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with

81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。

82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of 大写)

83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water

84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities

85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress

86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…

87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutualunderstanding

88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of

89.承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure

90.保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity ofoursociety

91.更多地强调 put more emphasis on…

92.适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society

93.实现梦想 realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true

94. 主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:

95. 首先 First， Firstly， In the first place, To begin with

96.其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place

97. 再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally,Moreover,Furthermore

98. 最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,

99. 总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,

100.我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go

My holiday life was busy but wonderful.I got up at 7:00 every day.I did my homework in the morning so that I could finish my homework on time.I sometimes went shopping with my mother in the afternoon.But most of the time I did sports in the afternoon,such as,swimming,playing football,playing table tennins,going out for a walk and so on.I also went to Beidaihe with my parents and we spent three days there.I visited my grandparents and stayed there for a week.I read books,went to the movies,surfed the internet ,went to the library and visited my friends.I also helped my parents do the housework.Whats more,I went to a tennis couse and learnt how to play tennis.So my summer holiday life was very intesting.

1、重视增加阅读量是提高英语写作的途径之一

目前，考生在进行大量阅读的同时，应注重所读材料的文章结构以及连接词的运用(ontheotherhand，however，furthermore)、作者的表达方式(词汇、习惯用语和典型句子的使用)、作者是如何进行叙述和议论的。

2、在教师的指导下，平时应勤写多练

练习写作应从基本功抓起。在中译英翻译训练过程中，加强积累适量的词汇、词组和增加各种类型句子的运用。把握好各种句型和词汇的搭配，并从各类题材和体裁着手，多阅读好的范文。然后模仿写作，作文写好之后，一般都要修改。

第一遍收笔后，先看一看结构，然后从字词上推敲，使文章“充实”起来。更重要的是经老师修改过的作文一定要仔细地看一至两遍，然后再认真地抄写一遍，收获将会很大。

3、英文写作“四步走”

由于时间限制，考试时必须在所限定的时间内完成英语作文。英语作文步骤如下：

（1)作文动笔之前一般都要先打腹稿。在确立中心上、运用材料上、篇章结构上，充分酝酿。

（2)考虑好想写多少句子，该用哪些动词和词组等。

（3)边写边思考内容的连贯性，语言和句子的准确性。

（4)写完后一定要再细看一遍。

how time flies，unconsciouslthe next winter vacation will soon come.in order to improve myself awell aenjoa happholiday,i made the winter vacation plan.

firstli want to continue with mstudy,i think studia life process,so no matter what the situation i am in,i will look for chanceto continue it.i have bought several new book,including those bookon mmajor(专业)and some novel,i will trto finish reading them in the holidaand write notes. j

secondly,since it ithe holiday,i will share it with mfamiland friend.you know the spring festival will soon come, i believe i would chatting and plagamewith mfriendand famil.i think i will enjothe vacation.

My name is xxx from beautiful "jiangbei city"-liaocheng. Now study in hometown of Confucius-qufu normal university.

My personality stable, also do not break again cheerful. Good at making friends, make more friends.

My hobby is widespread: listen to music, photography, playing computer, of course, the most like or physical exercise, basketball, ping pong, football, and so on, this is why I choose the cause of professional sports.

Now in college, I want to in the university study hard, and actively participate in school activities and occasionally to do a part-time job.

As for the future, after four years I may continue my professional, use

professional knowledge to find work, perhaps I will choose my own business.In a word, I will use my hands and ability to create life without regret.

1.有很多同学早晨上学不吃早餐，这是一个不好的习惯，对身体有很大的危害。请根据提示写一篇短文，指出不吃早餐的危害。70个词左右。?

提示：1.不吃早餐对身体有害;2.不吃早餐会影响上午听课。

Every morning we

have to go to school very early, so many of us don’t have breakfast. It’s very

bad for our health. In the morning we usually have four classes. It’s a long

time before lunch. If we don’t eat anything for breakfast, we may feel hungry

and we can’t listen to the teacher carefully. We need energy very much while we

are growing. I really think that we should have a good breakfast.

2

. How to keep healthy

If we want to keep our

bodies healthy, we must have a good habit. We should get up and go to bed early

and sleep at least eight hours every day. Do more exercise, such as walking,

swimming, playing balls and so on. We should also eat healthy food——more fruit

and vegetables and less meat. If you don’t feel well, you’d better see a doctor

at once. And we should wash our hands before meals and drink enough boiled

water every day. It’s necessary for our health.

We should not throw

litter about, keep long fingernails and smoke etc. It’s also very important.

3.假如你的爸爸是个医生，曾参加了2003年的非典防治工作，虽然非典已经过去了，但是他对一家人的健康仍然很重视。请你写一篇60词左右的短文，讲一下只要预防得当，疾病并不可怕。

参考词汇：personal health个人健康 spit吐痰

overwork使……过于疲劳 food and drink饮食

Keeping healthy

3.My father is a doctor. In 2003,

he took an active part in the battle against SARS.

He said,“We don’t have

to be afraid of catching the illness. If we have good habits, we can keep the

illness away.”

My father and I like

running in the morning. We keep the windows open so that the air in the room is

clean and fresh. We wash our hands before meals. We have healthy food and

drink. We don’t spit here and there. He told us not to overwork because too

much work will make us tired and make it easy to get sick.

时间就像海绵里的水，只要愿挤，总还是有的。下面是语文迷为大家提供的关于时间的英语谚语，希望对你有帮助。

Time is money.

(时间就是金钱或一寸光阴一寸金)

Time flies.

(光阴似箭，日月如梭)

Time has wings.

(光阴去如飞)

Time consecrates: what is gray with age becomes religion.

(时间考验一切，经得起时间考验的就为人所信仰)

Time reveals(discloses) all things.

(万事日久自明)

Time tries all.

(时间检验一切)

There is no time like the present.

(现在正是时候)

Take time by the forelock.

(把握目前的时机)

Time is a file that wears and makes no noise.

(光阴如锉，细磨无声)

Time stays not the fools leisure.

(时间不等闲逛的傻瓜)

Time and I against any two.

(和时间携起手来，一人抵两人)

Time is life and when the idle man kills time, he kills himself.

(时间就是生命，懒人消耗时间就是消耗自己的生命。或时间就是生命，节省时间，就是延长生命)

Time spent in vice or folly is doubly lost.

(消磨于恶习或愚行的时间是加倍的损失)

Time undermines us.

(光阴暗中催人才。或莫说年纪小人生容易老)

Time and tide wait for no man.

(岁月不待人)

Time cannot be won again.

(时间一去不再来)

Time brings the truth to light.

(时间使真相大白。或时间一到，真理自明。)

Time and chance reveal all secrets.

(时间与机会能提示一切秘密)

To choose time is to save time.

(选择时间就是节省时间)

Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today.

(今日事，今日毕)

Procrastination is the thief of time.

(拖延为时间之窃贼)

One of these days is none of these days.

(拖延时日，终难实现。或：改天改天，不知哪天)

Tomorrow never comes.

(明天无尽头，明日何其多)

What may be done at any time will be done at no time.

(常将今日推明日，推到后来无踪迹)

Time works wonders.

(时间可以创造奇迹或时间的效力不可思议)

Time works great changes.

(时间可以产生巨大的变化)

Times change.

(时代正在改变)

Time is , time was , and time is past.

(现在有时间，过去有时间，时间一去不复返)

Time lost can not be recalled.

(光阴一去不复返)

Time flies like an arrow , and time lost never returns.

(光阴似箭，一去不返)

Time tries friends as fire tries gold.

(时间考验朋友，烈火考验黄金)

Time tries truth.

(时间检验真理)

Time is the father of truth.

(时间是真理之父)

Time will tell.

(时间能说明问题)

铭仁园高三话题类作文常用短语与句型荟萃(一)----旅游&交通

本话题主要包括：1.旅游；2.描述一次旅程；

针对本话题，高考命题人员可能会从以下角度来命题。

1.描述个人旅游经历 2. 谈旅行中的不文明现象 3 .太空旅游、生态旅游 4.度假方式的变化及其原因5.旅游计划的拟订、准备及注意事项 一、话题常用单词

1. travel/journey/trip/tour n.旅游，旅行 16. a group/organized tour n. 团体游

2. travel agency n. 旅行社 17. a self-driving tripn. 自驾游

3. guiden. 向导，导游 18. destinationn. 目的地

4. flight ticketn. 机票 19. sceneryn. 风景，景色

5. passport n. 护照 20. disadvantage n. 不利条件

6. visan.签证 21. insurancen. 保险

7. identity card(ID) 身份证 22. interesting/ funny/ exciting adj 有趣的

8. tent n. 帐篷 23. enjoyable令人愉快的

9. camp n&vi. 露营 24. memorable 令人难忘的

10. hoteln. 旅馆 25. attractive/fascinatingadj 迷人的

11. necessity n. 必需品 26. boring/dull/tiringadj.无聊的

12. schedule n. 计划表，日程表 27. well-organized adj 组织有序的

13. tourist attractions/places of interest 28. convenient adj 方便的，便利的 /scenic spots/sights旅游景点 29. crowded adj 拥挤的

14. DIY tour n. 自助游 30. severe/seriousadj 严重的 15. space tourism n. 太空旅游

二、话题常用短语

1. go on a wildlife tour/a hiking trip

参加野生动物之旅/去远足

2. be on holiday/a trip to sp 去某地度假/旅行

3. see sb off 送行

4. pay a visit to sp/sb 参观某地/拜访某人

5. show sb around 带领某人参观

6. set out/off 出发，启程

7. check in 登记住宿

8. check out 结账退房

9. have a good time/enjoy oneself/have fun 玩的开心

10. broaden one’s horizon/mind 开拓视野

11. eich one’s knowledge丰富知识

11. experience foreign culture 体验国外的文化

12. join a tour group参加旅游团 三、话题常用句型

1. He who travels far knows much. 远行者见闻多。

2. Travelling can eich our knowledge.旅游可以丰富我们的知识。

3. Travelling enables us to learn a lot that we cannot get from books 旅游可以使我们学到很多在书本上学不到的东西。

4. It’s my pleasure to tell you how to get to the Great Wall. 我很乐意告诉你如何到达长城。

5. Welcome to Sichuan. I feel it an honor to be your guide. 欢迎来到四川。我很荣幸能够担任你的导游。

6. I will keep you company to visit numerous places of interest.我将陪你去参加许多的名胜古迹

7. A visit to Sichuan will be an unforgettable experience. 到四川旅行将会令人难忘。

8. There are many places of interest in Sichuan, such as…四川有很多名胜古迹，比如…

9. Sichuan is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest.

四川有很多景点，并且享有很有世界著名的名胜古迹。

10. However, travelling may cause some problems. 然而，旅行可能会造成一些问题。

11. Great changes have taken place in the ways that people spend their holidays in the past decades. 在近几十年内，人们的度假方式已经发生了巨大的变化。

四、佳作欣赏

nick,将于八月来四川旅游，特来询问，有关旅游景点的情况，请根据，提供的要求写封回信，表示盼望他的到来

要点：1.旅游资源：许多世界著名的风景名胜，如九寨沟（海子：清澈见底，色彩斑斓）；都

江堰水利工程（2000年的历史，仍发挥作用） 2.相关信息： 气侯适宜，交通方便。

Dear Nick,

Im glad to hear that youre coming to Sichuan in August. Youve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation Projcet.

Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes, of which the water is clear and looks colorful. It can excite visitors imagination. Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation Project. It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. Im sure youll have a good time. Im looking forward to your coming.

假设你是李华，父母答应你今年高三毕业后去美国进行为期10天的观光旅游。请你给美国网友Lucy 写一封电子邮件，咨询以下事情：1. 不随团旅游的食宿、交通等问题。2. 必看景点与时间安排 3. 邀请她到中国观光。

Dear Lucy

How are you doingMy parents have just promised me to make a 10-day tour of America after my graduation from senior high school this summer, which will be a good chance for me to experience American culture and practice my oral English.

As I don’t like to join a tour group, could you please offer me some advice on where to stay, what to eat and how to travel in such a short timeI would appreciate it if you could tell the must-see attractions and the time arrangement. Your advice will surely make my visit enjoyable and worthwhile.

Welcome to China at your convenience. Looking forward to your early reply.

范文二：文明旅游

有些旅游景点的文物景观遭到了严重的破坏，致使最近文明旅游的倡议越来越受重视，因此就“游客可付费在仿造长城上涂写留言”发表看法。

内容包括：(1)谈谈对某些人喜欢在旅游景点随便涂鸦留言的看法;

(2)对专门修一段仿造城墙让游客付高价留言的做法你是赞成还是反对，并简要陈述你的理由。

It is reported that tourists to China’s Great Wall can now leave their mark on a fake(伪造的) wall recently built near the real wall in Badaling if they pay 999 yuan.

In China, many visitors have the hobby of carving graffiti on places of interest, especially on some famous cultural relics. Last year I went to the Great Wall and found many people had left names and ugly words on the Wall, which destroys many historic bricks. In my opinion, such people should feel ashamed of leaving their marks on the great relics which were created by our ancestors.

So personally, I quite agree with this brilliant project though it has caused criticism from some people. The Great Wall would be ruined one day if we didn’t take any steps to protect it. The fake wall is a really good idea because it will protect our relics as well as making profits from the project

俗话又说：一言既出，驷马难追。诚信是立足之道，为人之本。下面请看语文迷为大家整理的关于诚信的英语名言，希望对你有帮助。

believes really is to link the intelligent bridge up , to be expert in the people who cheats , to arrive at forever the bridge another one holds without end. The sincere message, is one strands of Qing Quan诚信是沟通心灵的桥梁，善于欺骗的人，永远到不了桥的另一端。

Heres the rule for bargains "Do other men, for they would do you." Thats the true precept.Charles Dickens. British novelist这里有一条交易法则：“欺骗他人，因为他们也欺骗你。”这是真正的经商之道。英国小说家 狄更斯 C

it will wash away Augean stable cheating , lets everyone the world corner be flowing cleanly.诚信，是一股清泉，它将洗去欺诈的肮脏，让世界的每一个角落都流淌着洁净。

Economy the poor mans mints; extravagance the rich mans pitfall.Martin Tupper. American economist.节约是穷人的造币厂，浪费是富人的陷阱。美国经济学家 塔珀 .M。

the sincere message is the most beautiful overcoat of person , is an intelligent the holiest and purest fresh flower.诚信是人最美丽的外套，是心灵最圣洁的鲜花。

the sincere message is your no humble price shoes , traverses the length and breadth of a journey filled with numerous difficulties and dangers, mass cantrespondtoeternalinvariable.诚信是你价格不菲的鞋子，踏遍千山万水，质量也应永恒不变。

Did you ever expect a corporation to have a conscience, when it has no soul to damned, and no body to be kicked?Edward Thurlow, British Lawyer公司既没有灵魂可以被诅咒，又没有躯体可以被踢翻，难道你指望它有什么良心吗?英国律师 瑟洛杉矶 .E.

If Enterprise is afoot, wealth accumulates whatever may be happening to Thrift; and if Enterprise is asleep, wealth decays, whatever Thrift may be doing.John Maynard keynes British economist如果企业在进展，不论节俭不节俭，财富也在衰落。国经济学家 凯恩斯 .J.M.

the sincere message is a road, with the fact that pioneers step extends; The sincere message is wisdom , seeks rope accumulation with having a wide knowledge of a scholars; The sincere message is successful , persons going all out approaches with advancing bravely; The sincere message is the wealth seed , is therefore likely to find the key opening a state treasury as long as your sincere desire moves downwards kind.诚信是道路，随着开拓者的脚步延伸;诚信是智慧，随着博学者的求索积累;诚信是成功，随着奋进者的拼搏临近;诚信是财富的种子，只要你诚心种下，就能找到打开金库的钥匙。

sincere message resembles a mirror , break in a single day, crack will appear over your personality.诚信像一面镜子，一旦打破，你的人格就会出现裂痕。

is sincere for message glorious , breaking faith disgraceful. That诚信为荣，失信可耻。

Busineunderlies everything in our national life, including our spiritual life, Witnethe fact that in the Lords prayer the first petition is for daily bread, No one can worship God or love his neighbor on an empty stoach.Woodrow Wilson. American President生活包括精神生活的基矗不容置疑的事实是，在主祷文中向上帝祈求的第一件事是让我们天天有面包。没有人能饿着肚子敬奉上帝或热爱他的邻居。 美国总统 威尔逊 W.

the sincere message is foundation of conducting self , base of starting ones career.诚信是做人之根本，立业之基。

establishes up sincere message campus , sets up up sincere message style of study , becomes the sincere message student.创起诚信校园，树起诚信学风，成为诚信学子。

诚信的英语作文

What is integrity? Integrity is a good quality of being honest. It is a fine virtue for everyone. A man of integrity is loved by all. Without integrity, he will lose the best friend.

Integrity is especially important for students. We should finish our homework independently. We must return books when it is due. We should listen to the teacher carefully no matter what kind of lesson it is. If we promise to do something, we should try our best to do it well.

为了考一个好的成绩，为了给这学期的学习画上一个圆满的句号，同学们都在紧张地筹备着考前复习工作。我也不例外。

我的复习工作是这样的：上好复习课。在复习课上认真参与，开动脑筋与老师一起总结归纳知识规律，进行有目的的练习。掌握老师所讲的内容，并及时消化，做做好巩固工作。

敢于提问。如果感到自己哪方面的知识不过关、有疑问一定要提出来，问同学、问老师、问家长，弄懂以后还要多练习两次，直到真正学会为止。

认真完成作业。复习期间，老师会根据知识的重点难点布置作业。按老师要求，认认真真地做好作业，只有这样才能达到事半功倍的效果。

自我复习。对自己的知识结构进行认真的分析，找出自己知识上的落后环节，自己制订计划，有选择性地进行自我复习。

自己定一些时间限制。连续长时间的学习很容易使我们产生厌烦情绪，这时可以把功课分成若干个部分，把每一部分限定时间，例如一小时内完成这份练习、8点以前做完那份测试等等，这样不仅有助于提高效率，还不会产生疲劳感。

从改正错题开始，当初做错的题都暴露出学习上的隐患或漏洞，错题改过后进入知识归纳、题型归类、查漏补缺、巩固提高阶段。

立足课本。问渠哪得清如许，为有源头活水来。对课本中基本概念、基础知识掌握不到位是学习中好多问题的根源，所以应从源头抓起。但这绝不是简单地把课本看一遍，做例题就比看例题效果好，做题后发现问题及时看书就比单纯地看书效果好。

要注意适当锻炼，合理休息，劳逸结合。只有休息好，才能学习好，讲究效率才是最重要的。

这就是我的期末复习计划，希望同学们能够互相学习，取得优异的成绩!

Desire for No Examination

I have a lot of aspirations。 But what I desire most is to have no examinations。

We are always told that examinations aim to check what we have learned。 But I dont think so。 Examination is not the best way， especially in the primary school。 Examinations， composition examinations in particular， will bring students， teachers and parents a great deal of pressure。 To cope with the examination， some students just remember the model essays by rote。 It will do no good to the improvement of writing。

The students scores can be measured by their daily in-class study and by the completion of their everyday homework。 If we do in this way， all the students and teachers will have a pleasant time every day。

渴望不考试

我有很多愿望，但我最渴望的就是不要考试。

我们总是被告知考试的目的是为了检测我们学到了什么，但是我不这么认为。考试不是最好的方式，特别是在小学。考试，特别是作文考试，会给学生、教师、学生家长带来很大的压力。为了应付作文考试，一些学生仅仅是死记硬背范文，这对提高学生的写作没有什么好处。

学生的成绩可以通过课内的日常学习和每天家庭作业的完成情况来衡量。如果我们用这种方法检查学习效果，所有的学生和教师每天都会度过愉快的时光。

1.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology.

2.经济的快速发展the rapid development of economy

3.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard .

4.面临新的机遇和挑战be faced with new opportunities and challenges.

5.人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention.

8.不可否认It is undeniable that…/There is no denying that …

9.热烈的讨论/争论a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题a controversial issue

11.完全不同的观点a totally different argument

12.一些人…而另外一些人… Some people… while others…

13.就我而言/就个人而言As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in …

18.对…必不可少be indispensable to …

19.正如谚语所说As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外…be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive/ negative effects on …

22.利远远大于弊the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.

23.导致，引起lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感/成就感sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26.竞争与合作精神sense of competition and cooperation

27.开阔眼界widen ones horizon/ broaden ones vision

28.学习知识和技能acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担financial burden / psychological burden

30.考虑到诸多因素take many factors into account/ consideration

31.从另一个角度from another perspective

32.做出共同努力make joint efforts

33.对…有益be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质comprehensive quality

37.无可非议blameless / beyond reproach /above (或beyond) reproach

39.致力于/投身于be committed / devoted to…

40.应当承认Admittedly

语文:重点在诗句背诵和字形字音.选择题这类的硬性分..赏析,课外阅读大家都难,而且范围太广,所以复了也不见的作用大..

数学:最常用的选择和运算题型,因为就算改动一下也几乎是千篇一律的了,大题不会的话就抄些已知下去,然后看到已知能想到什么就写什么,大概也会拿到1,2分知识点..

英语:背好单词,作文的地方尝试多引用刚学完的短语和句型,会令文章加分..一切注意好时态!

物理:公式要背好,能够读题马上会判断用什么公式,例如欧姆定律之类就小心分辨干流支流的不同,选择题分高,仔细点..

政治历史都是要背的了,分清一些易混淆点,政治开卷要结合材料,可以用语文角度答题,写得尽可能谨慎,避免绝对化,历史要记住重要事件..

好了..天道酬勤.祝你顺利吧我知道,期中考水平重点还是基础呢!

The longing summer vacation is approaching, it is the best part of the school year for me. I cannot let the holidays elapse (逝去) meaninglessly, my vacation should be a phase (时期、阶段) of harvest. The events in my plan should give me a sense of infinite potential.

The following plan may reveal the intensity of my desire to travel, work and study in this vacation. In the first few days I want to climb Mount Hua Shan with several friends to refresh ourselves. Then I tend to visit relatives, senior school teachers and former classmates(老同学). Besides, to find out the best ways to cultivate my abilities, I will find a part time job and conduct some social investigation.

In short, I want to do interesting things in the summer vacation. Whatever I do, the goal is the same: to get necessary experience, acquire knowledge and broaden my horizons. Though the six week vacation will pass away at lightning speed, its influence is bound to last long.

暑假即将来临的渴望,这是最好的学年的一部分给我。我不能让假期流逝逝去)无意义地,我的假期应该是一个阶段的丰收。发生在我身上的计划应该给我的无限潜力。

下面的计划可能揭示我渴望旅行的强度,工作和学习在这个假期。在头几天我想爬华山山和几个朋友来刷新自己。然后我倾向于探亲,高中老师和以前的同学。此外,找出最好的方法来培养我的能力,我将找到一份兼职工作,进行社会调查。

简而言之,我想在暑假做一些有趣的事。无论我做什么,我们的目标是一样的:获得必要的经验,获得知识,开阔我的眼界。虽然六周的假期将过去以闪电般的速度,其影响必将持续很长时间。

We live in a world full of competition. And the examination is one of the tools to exam whether we meet the standard or not. If we want to enter the key university, we have to get high marks on the College Entrance Exam；if we want to have a good job, we will go through a series of interviews and tests；If we want to drive a car, we have to pass the driving test. Some people complain that there are too many exams in our lives, and these exams cannot truly or fully reflect a person’s ability. Unfortunately, our fate and future are depending on these exams. We cannot avoid them.exam is very important。

It’s true that the examinations can only test what we remember instead of what we know. A student with a good memory may find it very easy to get high marks before the examinations. All he needs to do is to remember the knowledge from the textbooks. In this situation, it’s quite unfair to evaluate the students only through exams. What’s more, some unexpected accidents may happen to the students such as a high fever or a sudden headache; this will affect the final marks. Since no one can performs stable all the time.

Sometimes, luck plays a vital role in the examinations. The student may guess an answer right although he doesn’t work hard on the course. If the student has a good handwriting, he may get higher marks than others. There are many subjective factors that may affect the outcome of the exams.

In a word, it’s not enough to use exams to evaluate the students. If the schools want to assess the students, they shouldd use different ways. Only in this way, the result may be fair.

我们生活在一个充满竞争的世界。而考试，是检测我们是否符合要求的工具之一。如果我们要进入重点大学，我们就得在高考中获得高分；如果我们想要找份好工作，就得通过一系列的面试和考试；如果我们想开车，就得通过驾照考试。一些人抱怨生活中有太多的考试，而这些考试并不能真正全面的反映一个人的能力。可不幸的是，我们的命运和未来都取决于这些考试。我们不能摆脱考试。

考试能检测到的只是我们所记得的，而不是我们真正了解的知识。一个拥有好记性的学生会发现在考试之前拿高分是件很容易的事情。他所要做的就是把课本上的内容记住。在这种情况下，仅仅通过考试去评估一个学生是不公平的。更何况，一些意想不到的事情可能会发生，例如考生可能会发高烧或者是突然的头痛。这样会影响到考试的结果。毕竟没有人会一直保持稳定状态。

有时候，运气也在考试中扮演重要角色。没认真学习的学生也有可能猜对答案。如果考生写得一手好字，那他的分数也有可能会比其他的同学高。很多主观的因素也会影响最终的分数。

一句话：只用考试来检测学生远远不够。如果学校要评估学生，那就应该用不同的方式。只有这样，结果才公正。

导语：高考英语书面表达想拿高分并不容易，首先你要避免一些在学生中比较常见的几种错误才行。下面小编为大家整理了高考英语写作常见的错误，希望大家在考试中能够避免。

有的同学对于否定的概念模糊，不知如何否定，有时会写出不合规则或有异义的句子。

1. 我认为没有必要买大的。

误：I think its not necessary to buy the bigger one.

正：I don’t think it is necessary to buy the bigger one.

析：有些动词如think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, fancy等的主语是第一人称单数且一般现在时，表示否定的观点应用I don’t think…，而I think… not则属于汉语式表达习惯。

2. 我们直到天全黑了才到家。

误：We arrived home until it became completely dark.

正：We didn’t arrive home until it became completely dark.

析：此汉语句子里面尽管没有否定词，但until用于肯定句时意为“直到…为止”;用于否定句时，其意为“在…以前”。因此，表示“直到…才”用not…until。

3. 如果没有受到邀请的话，我是不会去参加舞会的。

误：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m not invited.

正：I’ll not go to the party unless I’m invited.

正：I’ll not go to the party if I’m not invited.

析：unless“除非”、“如果不”，常可用if…not来替换。误句中的条件状语从句双重否定表示肯定，结果与原句意思相反。

4. 那孩子不够大不能去上学。

误：The child is not old enough not to go to school.

正：The child is not old enough to go to school.

正：The child is too young to go to school.

析：这是学生最容易写错的句子。enough to“足以、足够”。原句中“不够大不能去上学”意思是“不够上学的年龄”，故应译为not old enough to go to school。

5. 他们两个都不说英语。

误：Both of them don’t speak English.

正：Neither of them speaks English.

析：中国学生特别对于all…not 和both…not等这种部分否定结构，很容易理解成全部否定。两者全部否定用neither, 三者以上用none。

6. 开车时再小心也不过分。

误：You can be too careful in driving a car.

正：You can not be too careful in driving a car.

析：cannot…too“无论作…也不过分”。

1)做模版：拿几片范文，找几句比较拽的结构型句子，拼凑出一个你自己顺手的框架即可。不用到处找，也不用找很多，一个框架即可，当然，准备一些可以替换的词：比如recommendation替换conclusion.漂亮句子很多，但若水三千，我只掬一瓢饮。

2)找出主要的错误类型，每种写出一道两句经典的表述即可。

3)考时30分钟分三个阶段：一)12-15分钟，写出完整的第一段，三个征文段的topic sentence，和完整的末段。写第一段的同时就构思topicsentence,末段无非是重复结论和三句topic。这样的好处是结构已经完整了，你不用慌了。。二)13-10分钟，完成三段正文。我以前觉得这个很困难，后来想通了。无非是把这层意思说清楚就行。3句话就够了。也够长了。三)5分钟check.还一个作用时，是在前面没有完成，还有一个buffer,也不至于弹尽粮绝。

4)非常措施：考试万一时间不够，首段就抄原句;如果时间还不够，末段就cut-paste首段和topic 的文本，稍加修改即可。但是，结构是完整的。

5)ok作文法的精髓和适用范围：精髓：看上去很美。适用范围：不想得6分的人(因为想的6分的人追求的是实际上也很美。如果运气好，可以的5分，运气不好，可以的4分。

This time, the main destination is Australia, a country which is in the Southern Hemisphere. I want to feel the opposite climate, see never-seen scenery and experience the land and its people and live a quite new life for 7 days.

So I have chosen a travel agent to help me with my journey. They offer Qantas flights the entire journey with free meals and three-star or four-star hotels for accommodation.

The first day:

I will take the Qantas Airways non-stop international flight (QF106) to Sydney, the capital of South Wales and Australia’s oldest largest city and port, to star the trip to Australia, overnight on board.

The second day:

Upon arrival, I will take a bus to visit St. Mary’s Church, Hyde Park and other interests. Then, I will visit the world-famous, Australia’s most beautiful building----the Sydney Opera House. There will be professionals conducting a detailed explanation in the House. By the

evening, I can visit the well-known Darling Harbor; enjoy the Sydney Bridge and a western-style dinner on board.

The third day:

After the breakfast, I will start from Sydney to Wollongong by bus. We drive to the Sea Cliff Bridge, the most beautiful and special part along the road. I can visit in accordance with steep cliffs and built up to 655 meters of overhead bridges to appreciate the beauty of the Pacific. Then I’d go to the cleanest beach of the New South Wales State; visit the first brewery in Wollongong and have lunch there. In the afternoon, I plan to go to Flagstaff Hill and enjoy the quiet and beautiful environment. At last, return to the urban area.

The forth day:

I will take a flight to Cairns, a city which is rounded by palm trees. It’s a tourist city, where there are magnificent mountains, dense rain forests. The forests are the world’s oldest, largest tropical rain forest. I can novel amphibious vehicles traveling around the forests, experience exotic enjoyment. What’s more, I can watch the indigenous people’s wonderful dance performance.

The fifth day:

Take a bus to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Terminal and take a ship to the world-famous Reef. Located off the coast of the north-eastern Australia, it is the world’s largest coral island, which stretches over 2000km, including thousands of coral reefs and shoals, known as “the eighth wonder of the world”. I would watch the colorful sea view, taking a submarine. And I have enough time to enjoy a wide range of water sports. (Including a buffet lunch on the island)

The sixth day:

I would fly to the capital of Queensland----Brisbane. Then I’ll take a visit to the South Bank Parkland where the 1988 world exposition had been held. Go to the City Hall located in the King George

Square. It is the central symbol of Brisbane. Then I will drive to the Gold Coast, which is known as a paradise for tourists. After arrival, I’d visit the Fool Terminal.

The seventh day (the last day):

After breakfast, I will go to the Warner Movie World, which is a theme park of an area of 1.68 square kilometers. I can enjoy the

roller coaster and see a different film production process, great

effects and super performance and a lot of cartoon characters. Then I will go to a farm to pay a visit. There I can experience a real farm life and get close to the koala, kangaroo and take photos with the cute creatures. (I need to pay for the lunch.) At last, I will take the QF505 to Sydney and the QF105 back to Hangzhou.

It is my plan to have a journey abroad. It will cost about 12000 RMB for the agency and I need another sum of money to support my self-consumption and other costs. Now I am excited about my upcoming travel to the very place that I have longed for for a long long time. I can not wait to go there .With my well-prepared plan, I firmly believe that I will have a wonderful journey in Australia.

[7天出国旅行计划英语作文

Where possible, reduce the use of "which," "who" "that" "whom" "whether... or not" etc.

少用关系代词

学会运用关系代词是你学习英文过程中的一个重要的阶段。学会少用它们则表明你取得了更大的进步。在校对你的作品时，仔细检查一下所有的which’s, who’s that’s和whom’s是否必要。删除不必要的关系代词会使你的文章更精彩。

Example:

Unnecessary: It is a truth that is universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

(用两个 that’s，读起来很别扭)

Better: It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

-- Jane Austin

注：被动语态修饰的名词通常不须用关系代词。

Unnecessary: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, which was built with American assistance.

Improved: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, built with American assistance.

Unnecessary: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation which was undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Improved: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Unnecessary: Justice theories have a long tradition, which goes back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Improved: Justice theories have a long tradition, going back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Unnecessary: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million that she made by tap dancing which made her famous in the movies.

Improved: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million she made tap dancing her way to fame in the movies.

Unnecessary: We told them they were the victims who deserved sympathy the most.

Improved: We told them they were the victims, most deserving of sympathy.

Unnecessary: Only a person who is oblivious* to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Better: Only a person oblivious to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Unnecessary: Not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea, whether it contains caffeine or not.

Better: With or without caffeine, not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea.

Unnecessary: Usually the Washington family married people who were socially better off than themselves, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Better: Usually the Washingtons married their social betters, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Unnecessary: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach the person to whom the letter is addressed.

Better: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach its intended receiver.

导语：应用文是机关团体、单位或个人在日常工作、学习、生活中用以处理事务、沟通关系的具有一定的惯用格式的文体。它强调处理事务、沟通关系方面的直接的实用价值，因而在写作上有其特定的要求。

应用文写作的基本要求，可以概括为“明确、完备、合式、得体”八个字。

一、明确，是说行文的主旨要明确。

“主”是基本、中心;“旨”是主张、宗旨。应用文的主旨，就是一篇应用文在提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的过程中所表达出来的基本内容与中心观点，是作者具体的行文目的的体现。

写一篇应用文，不但自己要明确行文的目的与中心，明确为什么要写这一篇应用文，主要反映什么内容;而且要让读者能迅捷而准确地明了你行文的意图，了解你的观点、要求，了解你提出的主要问题，了解该文所涉及的事务与关系。不能让读者在读了你的来文后仍不明不白，无法了解问题的主次轻重，甚至对发文者的意图、观点产生误解。

例如某校团委为组织登山比赛活动向党委申请活动经费所写的一份《关于组织登山比赛活动的请示》，文中详细地说明了组织该项活动的目的、比赛的时间、地点、活动的具体内容、经费开支情况等，却没有明确提出“请予拨款”的要求，加上标题又没有明确反映出申请经费的意思，这就使收文者看不出发文者是在申请经费、要求拨款，而理解为发文者已有这笔经费，只是行文请求党委批准他们使用这笔经费组织一次登山比赛活动。

像这样的应用文，其主旨就是不明确的。行文要实现主旨明确，首先要求作者对发文的目的、意图有清醒的认识;其次要求作者对行文的中心、，内容的基本方面、问题的主次轻重做到心中有数;再次，要求作者在行文时还要做到“立主脑，去枝蔓”，在确定主旨、中心以后，应紧紧围绕中心、主旨来选择有关的材料，组织有关的内容。

二、完备，是说内容要素要齐全。

所谓内容要素，指的是一篇应用文在处理事务、沟通关系上必不可少的内容因素。

应用文写作总是直接地与具体的事务相联系的，旨在解决工作、学习或生活中的某些具体问题，最讲究现实的效益。内容要素完备这一要求，正是应用文实用性这一特点所决定的。看一篇应用文的内容要素是否齐全完备，关键就看其能否满足处理事务、沟通关系的实际需要。一篇应用文之所以缺乏实用价值，一个很主要的原因就是内容要素不完备。

例如，某单位向当地石油公司请求增拨石油，理由讲了不少，可到底要求增拨多少石油却只字未提，以致石油公司无法作出答复与安排。内容要素不完备，有时还会造成主旨不明，从而影响应用文的实用价值。

如上面谈到的那份“请示”，就是由于缺少了“请予拨款”这一项内容以致收文者对发文者的发文意图作了别解，使该请示失去了实用价值。不同的应用文体有其不同的内容要素。

例如，计划，其内容要素是制定计划的“目的”、“依据”(这两点虽不一定要见诸书面，却是制定计划时不可不加考虑的内容)、“任务要求”、“方法措施”、“进程与时序”;而经验总结的内容要素则为“总的工作成绩”、具体的“做法”、“效果”及“经验、体会”等;经济合同则有“标的”、“数量与质量”、“价款或酬金”、“履行的期限、地点和方式”、“违约责任”等主要条款。即使是同一文体的应用文，因其处理的具体事务不同、写作目的不同等原因，其内容要素也会有所不同。

就拿经济合同来说，其主要条款，除上述五条外，“法律规定的或按合同性质必须具备的条款，以及当事人一方要求必须规定的条款，也是经济合同的主要条款”(见《中华人民共和国经济合同法》第二章第十二条)。可见用于不同事务的经济合同会有不同的条款，甚至因当事人不同，同类合同也会有不同的条款。

这些不同的条款，也就是不同的经济合同各自应具备的内容要素。再拿调查报告来说。即使是反映同一调查对象的调查报告，因报告的目的不同，其内容要素也会有所不同。

例如《上海市街道集体企事业的调查》(载1979年2月8日《文汇报》)。其旨在帮助上海市街道集体企事业排除障碍、健康发展，因此报告的重点就放在这两个方面：

一是上海市街道集体企事业的作用和贡献;

二是上海市街道集体企事业在继续发展方面存在的障碍。

前者写出了该调查对象继续发展的必要性，后者则写出如何扶持其发展。没有前者，看不出调查对象有无继续发展的必要，这就很难激发有关部门对帮助其发展的兴趣和积极性;无后者则看不出该对象在继续发展上还存在哪些障碍，有关部门就难以有的放矢地去解决问题以保证其健康发展。可见这两点都是这篇调查报告的内容要素，缺一不可。

假如这篇调查报告的目的是为了给其他城市的同类企业树立样板以指导它们多作贡献、健康发展，那么该调查报告就应着重反映上海市街道集体企事业如何开展工作、取得成绩，如何健康发展等方面，从而使该调查对象工作上的成绩、做法、效果、经验、体会等项成为这篇调查报告的内容要素。

因此我们写作应用文，一定要从实际出发，考虑该篇应用文有何非写不可、必不可少的内容，努力做到内容要素齐全完备。

三、合式，是要求符合所用应用文体的程式性要求。

程式性是应用文的又一大特点，它主表表现为具有一定的惯用格式。这一点，法定的行政公文与电报表现得极为突出。

拿公文来说，标题、发文字号、主送及抄送抄报机关名称、正文、附件标注、发文时间、秘密等级、缓急程度等项的写法及其书写位置等都有特定的要求，甚至连文字的书写排印、用纸的规格及装订等都有严格的规定。

有些应用文虽无明确规定其书面格式、书写体例，但一般都有其较常用的结构形式。

如调查报告，其写法虽比较灵活，无固定的书写格式，但在写作中却常常采用“三部式”的结构方式：前言部分概述有关的基本情况(反映基本情况的调查报告多写关于调查活动方面的基本情况，如调查的时间、地点、范围方式、基本过程;调查的对象、目的、项目、总的调查结论等。

总结典型经验的调查报告则着重写关于调查对象方面的基本情况，如调查对象的历史、现状、组织结构、基本的工作及成绩、总的经验体会等);主文部分则根据报告的目的写出调查中形成的有关观点及说明这些观点的具体的调查材料;结语部分则对主文部分作必要的概括、总结或补充。

就一般的文章写作而言，格式大致包括以下三个方面的内容(或者说主要反映在三个方面)：

一是行款格式，主要指文字的书写排印的规定;标点符号的书写规定;标题、署名等位置的规定等等。

二是内容表达的书面形式，如分条列项式、篇段合一式、分部切块式、表格式等等。

三是正文的组织结构方式，包括行文顺序、开头结尾的安排等等。再具体到应用文的格式来说，则还有一个重要的方面，即“结构要素”方面。所胃结构要素，指的是构成一种应用文体的各个部分和项目(它不同于内容要素。内容要素是就正文部分的内容来说的，而结构要素则是对于全文的结构来说的。相对于内容要素来说，结构要素具有一定的直观性与外部性。

一篇应用文的内容要素是否完备，往往一眼看不出来，必须结合处理事务的现实需要，深入到文章的内部，通过对正文的内容作认真分析后才能了解。而一篇应用文的结构要素是否完备，则一般可以从文章的外部形式上把握，往往可以一目了然)。

应用文的结构要素，可以分为“一般结构要素”与“特殊结构要素”两类。“一般结构要素”指的是一种应用文体中的所有篇章都必须具备的。

例如公文中的“标题”、“发文字号”、“主送机关名称”、“正文”、“印章”、“发文时间”等等，这是每一篇公文都要具备的部分。至于“特殊结构要素”则不是一种应用文体中的所有篇章都必须具备的，而只是其中某些或某一篇章为了满足某种特殊的需要所特别具备的。仍以公文为例，除了上述那些“一般结构要素”外，秘密公文要标明秘密等级;紧急公文要标明缓急程度;有附件的公文要在正文之后注明附件名称与顺序;上报国务院的公文应注明签发人;会议通过的文件要在标题之下、正文之前注明会议名称与通过日期。这秘密等级、缓急程度、附件标注、签发人姓名、会议名称与通过日期等等，便是公文的“特殊结构要素”。应用文的结构要素，有如一部机器的零部件。少了一个零部件往往会影响机器的组装与正常运转。

一篇应用文的结构要素残缺不全，也会影响到结构的完整，影响到应用文正常的处理，会损害其现实效用。可以说，结构要素乃是应用文格式的主要方面。对应用文的“一定的惯用格式”，应着重从上述这几个方面去了解把握，以便使自己写出的用文达到“合式”的要求。应用文的程式性也是由应用文的实用性所决定的。

应用文作为信息的载体，其程式性掌握利用得好，有利于迅捷、准确地传递、接收与处理信息，有利于稳妥、及时地处理事务、沟通关系。否则容易影响接收者对信息的处理、贮存，甚至贻误大事。例如一大学生去信国外，因不懂该国书写信封的习惯、体例，照我们的习惯去写，结果信给退了回来。因此，我们不能把应用文的程式性理解为纯属形式主义的东西、而无视应用文写作“合式”的要求。

四、得体。所谓得体，就是得当、恰当。

得体对于应用文来说显得十分重要，因其往往直接影响到应用文处理事务、沟通关系的现实效益。得体的要求是多方面的。就应用文写作而言，主要反映在三个方面：

一、文体的选用方面。

不同的应用文体有不同的功用，反映了不同的行文目的和要求，有的还反映了收发双方之间不同的身份关系。这就有一个使用文体是否得当的问题。例如向非上下隶属关系的有关部门请求批准，就应用“函”而不能用“请示”，否则便是“搞错对象”，很不得体。又如向上级汇报工作、反映情况、提出建议就应用“报告”而不是“请示”。又如办学招生可用“启事”、“广告”而不宜用“通告”。

二、行文方面。

这里主要指表达方式的运用与篇章结构的安排。前者指的是要根据文体的特点来正确运用表达方式。例如“会议通知”，具有告知性、规定性。就表达方式而言，主要是运用叙述、说明，而不用或少用抒情、描写。后者指的是篇章结构应适应文体的特点与要求。就拿开头来说，应用文旨在应用，要求“易见事”，其开头一般应开门见山、开宗明义，而不宜搞“曲径通幽”、“烘云托月”之类。其他如层次、段落的安排，结尾的处理等方面，不同的应用文体都各有其习惯的做法。

三、语言的运用方面。

这是应用文写作“得体”的主要方面。我们说应用文写作要得体，主要也就是说其语言的运用要得体。下面就着重谈谈这一方面的问题。

我们认为，应用文语言要得体，主要是要注意以下几点：

1.要符合作者在社会关系中的地位。即叙事论理、遣词造句时要注意一定的身份，要能正确体现出收发双方之间一定的关系。《文心雕龙·书记》称“祢衡代书，亲疏得宜”。这“亲疏得宜”就是指正确体现了收发双方间一定的关系。如公文中的传送用语：“上报”、“呈报”用于上行，“印发”、“颁发”用于下行。倘用错了便不符合作者在社会关系中的特定位置。《文心雕龙》所谓“若夫尊长差序，则肃以节文”不能仅仅视为维护封建等级观念，从处理事务求得实效而言，这还是有必要的。

2.要注意特定的场合与氛围，要做到和谐协调。如贺喜时不说丧气话，严肃的场合不说俏皮话等。又如写请柬，用于商店开张、会议开幕的可以写“敬请光临指导”，而用于结婚宴请的则不宜写“指导”之类字眼。

3.要注意让对方乐于接受、易于接受。要分别对象，采用对方乐于接受、易于接受的言语。为了使对方乐于接受，有必要了解对方的个性、习惯、情绪、忌讳等等。如对比较幽默风趣的人说点俏皮话还可以;对一贯严肃、不苟言笑的人就不要耍噱头、说俏皮话。有的人很讲究忌讳，同这种人说话在这方面就应特别注意。一般人忌讳的话也要尽管少说。有一个储蓄所的营业员，把“要存定期还是存活期”说成“要死的还是要活的”，结果把前来储蓄的一个老人气走了。这就是说话不得体的后果。同一个意思往往可以有不同的说法，其中有的说法人家乐于接受，有的说法则令人感到不堪入耳。这就要求我们在遣词造句以表情达意时要十分慎重，要尽量做到让对方乐于接受(在这方面可以说只有一个例外，那就是你是有意要激怒对方)。此外，还要注意适合对方的文化程度、专业水平等，使对方易于理解、易于接受。例如对文化程度不高的人，就宜尽量多用平易通俗的词语，而不要使用古奥的词语;对不熟悉某一专业的人，就不宜过多的使用该门类的专业术语。否则，“对牛弹琴”，于己于人都毫无益处。

4.语言色彩要符合特定的行文目的及内容性质的要求。如颁布政令的要庄重严肃;通报错误的要说理严正、义正词严;申请要求的要平和委婉;报喜祝捷的要热烈欢快，等等。《文心雕龙·诏策》里说：“故授官选贤，则义柄重离之辉;优文封策，则气含风雨之润;敕戒恒诰，则笔吐星汉之华;治戎燮伐，则声有洊雷之威;眚灾肆赦，则文有春露之滋;明罚敕法，则辞有秋霜之烈，此诏策之大略也。”这说的便是语言色彩与行文目的、内容性质的要求相符合的问题。

5.要符合应用文体的语体要求，体现所用语体的个性。应用文主要使用事务语体，而事务语体最大的特点是“平实”，即通俗易懂，质朴实在。这就要求我们在写作中坚持“辞达而已矣”的古训，要坚决反对堆砌词藻、生造词语、半文不白、古奥难懂、追求含蓄而流于晦涩、肆意夸大其辞、说空话废话等等现象。平实，是对应用文语言的总的要求。在这个总的要求下，不同的应用文体对语言的运用还有其具体的要求。如公文，其语言除了平实这一点以外，就还要求简明、庄重。因此在写作应用文时，语言的运用要注意符合不同文体的要求，也就是要体现出所用语体的个性。写作应用文，说什么、不说什么、怎样说、何时说等等，都要认真考虑。语言得体将有利于处理事务、沟通关系，达到预期的效果。而是否有利于处理事务、沟通关系，达到预期的效果，也是衡量语言运用是否得体的一把尺子。

以上着重从四个方面来提出应用文写作的基本要求——主旨要明确、内容要素要完备、行文要合式、语言要得体，可以说这是基本上符合应用文实用性、程式性这两大特点的客观要求的。