从句

A)如果你不……，你就会…… If you dont …， youll …

例︰If you dont keep working hard, youll lose the chance。

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

B) 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up。

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

C) 每当我听到……我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …， I cannot but feel excited。

每当我做……我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do …， I cannot but feel sad。

每当我想到……我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …， I cannot but feel nervous。

每当我遭遇……我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …， I cannot but feel frightened。

每当我看到……我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …， I cannot but feel surprised。

例：Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad。

= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad。

每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲伤。

有时我们可以使用定语从句来对一个名词进行强调，如用the person who, the thing that, the place where, the day when, the reason why这样的结构，把需要强调的名词与定语从句连在一起。比较：

普通：Mary keeps pigs in the garden shed. 玛丽在花园的棚子里养猪。

强调：Mary is the person who keeps pigs in the garden shed. 玛丽就是在花园的棚子里养猪的那个人。(强调Mary)

强调：The garden shed is the place where Mary keeps pigs. 花园里的棚子就是玛丽养猪的地方。(强调the garden shed)

强调：The place where Mary keeps pigs is the garden shed. 玛丽养猪的地方是花园里的棚子。(强调the place where Mary keeps pigs)

1.If...did/were...， 主语+would/should/could/might do...

【用法】表示与现在事实相反的假设。从句用一般过去时，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。

【例句】If I were eleven years younger, I would dance as well as them.如果我年轻11岁，我会跟他们跳得一样好。

2.If...had done...，主语+would/should/could/might have done...

【用法】表示与过去事实相反的假设。从句用过去完成时，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+have+过去分词”。

【例句】If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.如果我们走了另一条路的话，或许就能及时赶到这里开会了。

3.If...did/were to do/should do...，主语+would/should/could/might do...

【用法】表示与将来事实相反的假设。从句谓语动词用过去式、“should+动词原形”或“were to+动词原形”，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。

【例句】If it were fine tomorrow, I would go shopping.如果明天天气好，我就去购物。

4.If...had done...， 主语+would do...

If...should do...， 主语+would have done...

【例句】If he had set out earlier, he would be home now.如果他早点出发的话，他现在就已经到家了。

5.Should/Were/Had+(从句)主语+谓语，主句

【用法】if引导的虚拟条件句的谓语动词中含有should, were, had时，可将if省略，而将should, were, had提前，构成倒装。

【例句】Should it happen(=If it should happen), what would you do?如果真发生了这样的事，你怎么办?

6.With/Without/But for+名词，主语+虚拟语气形式的谓语...

【用法】句子的虚拟条件是通过词或短语如with， without， otherwise, but for等来表示的。

【例 句】But for the help of my English teacher, I would not have won the first prize in the English Writing Competition.如果没有英语老师的帮助，我不可能在英语写作比赛中获得一等奖。

7.主句+as if+(从句)主语+did/had done...

【用法】as if引导的从句常用虚拟语气，用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反的情况;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的情况。

【例句】She acted as if she had been the hostess yesterday.她昨天表现得就好像她是女主人似的。

A) 如果你不……，你就会…… If you dont …， youll …

例︰If you dont keep working hard, youll lose the chance.

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

B) 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

C) 每当我听到……我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …， I cannot but feel excited.

每当我做……我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do …， I cannot but feel sad.

每当我想到……我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …， I cannot but feel nervous.

每当我遭遇……我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …， I cannot but feel frightened.

每当我看到……我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …， I cannot but feel surprised.

例：Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.

= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.

每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲伤。

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

1)时间：

when， not…until(直到…才…)， as soon as(一…就…)

2)目的：

so that + clause; (为了)

3)结果：

so…that…(如此…以至于…)， too…to do(太……以至于……)

4)条件：

if， unless(除非)， as long as(只要)

5)比较：

as…as…(与…一样)， not so…as…， than

(5)认真检查，检查信息点是否全面，时态、人称是否一致，句子结构是否清晰，短语使用、单词拼写是否准确等。

检查后，将草稿誊写在纸上，请注意按结构分段，书写清晰。

下面列举一些在检查中可发现的错误：

We livemore and more comfortable.

改正：comfortably(副词修饰动词)

2.we can getmany informations by reading newspapers.

改正：much information (不可数名词由much修饰)

3.There willhave a football game tomorrow.

改正：There will be a football game tomorrow.(Therebe句型的将来时结构)

4.I thinkride a bike can keep our health.

改正：I think riding a bike can keep us healthy.(动名词作主语)

掌握了以上的写作方法和技巧，建议同学们多练习或模仿不同题材的文章，正如一句格言“No pains，no gains.”所述，相信参加小升初的学子们只要能够坚持反复的写作磨练与付出就一定能在来年的择校考中写出一篇能够展示内心世界之美的英语作文。

1.定语从句的概念

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

2. 定语从句的关系词

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who(宾格whom，所有格whose)等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

3. 定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。

4. 关系代词的用法

(1)that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.

玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)

The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.

我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)

(2)which用于指物，在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.

位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)

The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.

我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)

(3)who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。例如：

The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.

经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)

Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?

正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)

4. 关系副词的用法

(1)when指时间，其先行词表示时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语。例如：

This was the time when he arrived.

这是他到达的时间。

(2)where指地点，其先行词表示地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语。例如：

This is place where he works.

这是他工作的地点。

(3)why 指原因，其先行词是原因，why在定语从句中做原因状语。例如：

Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.

没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子。

例如：

He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.

他说长大后想当一名老师。

①宾语从句的连接词：

宾语从句的连接词包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词。

②宾语从句的语序：

A. 宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前，谓语在后)。

例如：I want to know if he can come tomorrow.

我想知道他明天是否能来。

B. 当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时，后面直接加谓语动词。

例如：She asked me who had helped him.

她问我谁帮助了他。

③宾语从句的时态，只要记住以下口诀即可：“主现则从任，主过则从过，客观真理一般现”

A. 主现则从任：主句如果是一般现在时，则从句根据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种。

例如：1.He tells me he studied English in England last year.

他告诉我他去年在英国学习英语。

B. 主过则从过：主句如果是一般过去时，则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种，带“过”字的时态分别是如：一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。

例如：He told me that he liked playing football.

他告诉我他喜欢踢足球。

C. 客观真理一般现：客观真理永远用一般现在时。

例如：He said the moon goes around the earth.他说月亮绕着地球转。

1. 时间状语从句：

在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。

时间状语从句的连接词：when(当…...时候)，while(当...…时候) as(当...…时候)，after(在…...以后)，before(在...…以前) as soon as(一...…就......)，since(自从...…到现在)，till/until(直到…...才......)，by the time(到...…的时候)

例如：

Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.

莫扎特四岁时开始创作音乐。

2. 条件状语从句：

在一个句子中作条件状语的句子。

条件状语从句的连接词：if， unless(除非)，as long as(只要)

例如：If it doesn’t rain tomorrow， we will go hiking.

如果明天不下雨，我们将去远足。

注意：在时间和条件状语从句中，一定要符合“主将从现”原则。如上面例句，条件状语 If it doesn’t rain tomorrow用一般现在时，主句we will go hiking用一般将来时。

3. 原因状语从句：

在一个句子中作原因状语的句子。

原因状语从句的连接词：because， since， as，now that

例如：I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill.

因为我生病了，所以昨天没去上学。

定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分。

例如：I will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.(beautiful是定语)

我给我的老师一束漂亮的花。

定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后。

例如：I have met a doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.

我认识了一位第一医院的医生。

定语从句的关系词：

关系代词：who、which、whom、whose、that

关系副词：when、where、why

1.It disappointed everybody that

he didnt turn up.一般

The fact that he did n t turn up

disappointed everybody.特殊

2.I happened to have met him.一般

It happened that I had met him. 特殊

3.To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.一般

What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things. 特殊

what is friendship? it is to relate with somebody without need for money or objective. it is to need emotion and over wealth is friendship , no matter what their background , age , sex or personality.

friendship can be pure. we hear , nowdays, however, how one can be cheated by friends. many people get along with someone because they have a lot of money. it is doultful that is real friendship.home.sanwen8.cn

having friends, one can be find happiness. if you are in trouble your friends will help you through or at least comfort you. when you are happy , they share it with you. they are also there for you to chat with at any time.

it is a wonderful feeling, as the proverb says" to love each other is easy but to make frieds is hard", so, it is crutial that we should get along with our friends. in my opinon ,it is a shame to deceive your friends . the world would be more beautiful if it was full of filled with friendship

[用定语从句写作文友情

1宾语从句的学习要注意三个方面

第一：语序：在宾语从句中，一律用___________。

如Where does she live? ( Do you know?) ----Do you know where she lives?

***几个特殊的特殊疑问句

Which is the way to the nearest shop?/ What’s wrong with you?/ What’s up?/ What’s the matter?

这几个特殊疑问句本身就是陈述语序,在宾语从句中不需调整语序。

第二：时态; 1）如果主句是___________，宾语从句时态根据实际情况而定.

如：1. It’s going to rain. I think. ---I think it’s going to rain.

2. “I will go with you .” he says. ---He says he will go with me.

3. He studied English ten years ago. I know. I know he studied English ten years ago.

2）主句是___________，宾语从句要用___________。

如：It’s going to rain. I thought. ---I thought it was going to rain.

“I will go with you.” he said. ---He said he would go with me.

3). 若从句表达的是___________，规律，不管主句是什么时态，从句都用___________。

如1 The earth turns round the sun. The teacher told us---The teacher told us that the earth turns round the sun.

2 Light travels much faster than sound. She said … ---She said that light travels much faster than sound.

第三：连接词1)如果被连接的句子是___________，那么连接词用___________, (也可省)

如1. He’ll be back in a month. ( I hear…) I hear ( that ) he will be back in a month.

2. I have been to the Great Wall once. ( He tells me…) He tells me ( that ) he has been to the Great Wall once.

2.)如果被连接的句子是___________,则用连接词___________

如：*Does he live in that house? ( She asked me …) She asked me if/ whether he lived in that house.

*Have you finished your homework? ( I want to know…) I want to know if you have finished your homework.

3) ___________句，用原句中的特殊疑问词引导：what, who, where, when, which, why, how (many/ much/ often/ long/ old).如： Who are you waiting for? Can you tell me? --- Can you tell me who you are waiting for?

What did he do yesterday? I don’t know. ---I don’t know what he did yesterday.

***其中 以wh- 疑问词或how 引导的宾语从句与动词不定式可相互转换

如I don’t know what I can do.可以说成 I don’t know what to do.

The policeman showed me where I could get books. 可以说成The policeman showed me where to get books.

Can you tell me how I can make a kite?可以说成 Can you tell me how to make a kite?

4).宾语从句___________。在_________________________________等动词所跟的宾语中，如果从句谓语是否定的，一般要将否定词not转移至主句谓语上去，而将从句谓语改为肯定形式。如：I don’t think he has time to play with the girl.

1.—Where was your brother at this time last night?—He was writing an e-mail ___I was watching TV at home.

A.as soon as B.after C.until D.while

2.The film “Kung Fu Panda” is___interesting__I would like to see it again. A.such,that B.too,to C.as,as D.so that

3.Tom will call me as soon as he ___home. A.gets B.has got C.got D.will get

4. We will have no water to drink___we don’t protect the earth. A.until B.before C.though D.if

5.We won’t start the meeting ___our teacher arrives. A.though B.until C.while D.or

6.Bob promises to join in the football match____he has to help his parents on the farm..

A. if  B.as C. unless  D. when

7.___it’s difficult to make her dream come ture, she never gives up. A.Though B.Unless C.Because D.If

8.---Could you tell me when Mr. Li___in Huanggang?---Sure. When he ___, I’ll call you.

A.arrives; will arrive B.will arrive; arrives C.arrives; arrives D.will arrive; will arrive

9.In summer, food goes bad easily__it is put in the refrigerator. A.until B.if C.unless

10.A moment, please. I’m checking if Mr. Smith__free tomorrow. A.is B.being C.to be D.will be

11.I didn’t go to bed __my mother came back late last night.A.so; B.until C.though

12.Hurry up,___you will miss the early train. A. or B.and C.if D.unless

13.---Tommy, do you know if Frank___to the theatre with us this Sunday if it ___?---Sorry, I have no idea.

A.will go, is fine; B.goes, is fine C.will go, is going to be fine D.goes; will be fine

14.What a beautiful painting it is! I’ve never seen ___painting. A.such a B.a C.such D.this better

15.I don’t know __he will come tomorrow.___he comes, I’ll tell you.

A.if, Whether B.whether, Whether C.if, That D.if, If

当which引导的定语从句指代主句全部内容时，可以把which改为it，作形式主语，把原来的主句改成正在主语。或者把定语从句的整个信息改换为名词短语作主语，使原来的定语从句变成简单句。

例4： He indulges himself all day in computer games, which makes his parents extremely sad.

改为：It makes his parents extremely sad that he indulges himself all day in computer games.

他整天沉湎于电脑游戏，这使他父母伤心至极。(主语从句)

或者：His indulgence in computer games all day makes his parents extremely sad. (名词短语)

当主句和从句的主语一致，谓语的时态又是同时段发生，可以把从句的主语省去，变谓语动词为现在分词或过去分词。如果分词的逻辑或时间意义不明确，还可以保留连词。

例1：Guests mingle while enjoying cake, punch and other treats.

客人们一边吃蛋糕、喝饮料以及享用其它的食品，一边却在一起聊天。

例2：While speaking out against Hitler’s atrocities, the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality.虽然美国人谴责希特勒的暴行，但是他们却一惯奉行孤立政策和中立态度。

例3：Plastics are materials which are softened by heat and set into lasting form when shaped in a mold.

注：如果从句的谓语是系动词be，在简化句型时应该把be动词改成being，但是由于being语义意义，所以可以省略，这样就造成了形容词作状语了。

例1：These apples, when ripe, are picked.这些苹果一旦熟了就要被摘下来。

例2：She knows all the hazards of smoking while pregnant.她知道怀孕时吸烟的一切危害性。

一般说来，用on和at表示“as soon as, once”。on后面常接“来、去”之类的词，at后面常接“听到、看到”之类的词。in后面接其他带动作的词，相对于从属连词“while”。

例1：On removing them he was stunned to see that the plates were fogged where the crystals had covered them.当他把晶体揭开时，发现盘子上方雾蒙蒙，他吃了一惊。

例2：In running down the stairs, I heard the clock struck twelve.

我在跑下楼的时候，听见钟敲了十二下。

例3：He jumped with joy at hearing the news.他一听到这个消息就高兴得跳了起来。

同上面一样，At基本上后接sound，sight“听到、看到”之类的词；on接“回来、到达”之类的词；用in，during表示“when, while”；用over表示“while”之意。当然，这一切都是相对的分类。

例1：The little girl passed out at sight of a snake.小女孩一看到蛇就昏过去了。

例2：In our hurry to get from one place to another, we failed to see anything on the way.当我们急急忙忙从这儿到那儿的时候，一路上什么也没有看见。

例3：On arrival at the railway station, he found the train had already left.当他到达火车站的时候，他发现火车已经开走了。

例4：He had intended to go, but on second thoughts, he gave up the idea.

他本来想去，但进一步考虑后,打消了这个念头。

例5：During my absence, would you please take care of my cat?

在我不在的时候，请帮我照看一下猫，好吗？

例6：He fell asleep over a book.他看书的时候睡着了。

例7：After reelection he announces that he will not help.经过一番考虑后，他宣布将不提供任何帮助。

例8：After graduation, he went to America for his PhD studies.毕业之后，他去了美国攻读博士。

N 主从复合句与并列句的相互转换

【例句】

18.Hurry or you will be late for school.

you don’t hurry， you will be late for school.

N从句与从句的相互转换

【例句】

19.He came only after the meeting was over.

He didn’t comethe meeting was over.

N 从句和不定式的转换

【例句】

20.The box is so heavy that I can’t lift it.

The box isheavy for melift.

【正确答案】18.If 19.until20.too……to…….

【规律分析】这部分要求考生了解常见复合句的主句与从句间的关系，掌握复合句从句引导词的用法以及一些起连接作用的词组的用法。

托福写作中从句是很重要的句型，并且使用率比较高，考生们常常用到的从句句型主要有：主语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和同位语从句。下面我们就来看看托福写作中如何让我们的从句将作用发挥到最大吧。

在我们所接触的托福写作范文中，包括老托福和新托福的两类作文，从句在段落中出现的频率都是很高的，尤其是第一段introduction中，一般做背景介绍的时候都会使用宾语从句。

例如：Some people claim that…，在文章的主体部分中，为了体现句式的变化，各种从句交替应用就显得很重要。即使在IBT导入了first draft的概念之后，对文章的内容要求也没有改变要求，需要体现完整性和统一性。

凡事过犹不及，就像美酒再好也不能贪杯一样，从句虽然有很多好处，但千万不要过多重复。虽然从句的优点是简单句不能比拟的，但只有简单句结合从句，才能体现句子的多变性;也只有全部的句子都为主题句服务，文章的整体性才会更好的体现。

以下是议论文写作中比较好的一些从句例子：

1)Many experts claim that people should positively participate in garbage recycle.

宾语从句，一般出现在首段背景介绍部分。

2)Horror movies, in which there might be bleeding and terrifying scenes, are not recommended for children.

定语从句，一般在主体部分中比较常见，用以解释说明，达到简化句子的目的。

3)As long as you are a student, you should always behave yourself.

状语从句，让步状语从句比较常见的使用although或者though来引导，这里介绍一个使用as long as来引导的句子，这个例句可以解释成“做一天和尚撞一天钟”。

4)When it comes to psychology, most people believe that it is a behavioral study.

时间状语从句，例句中的应用表示了“当谈到……的时候”，这是一种美式英语中经常出现的句式，口语和书面语都可以使用，推荐各位掌握。

以上就是在托福写作中从句的用法及重要性，在掌握了从句的正确用法后，我们的托福写作不管在样式上还是在内容上都会有很大改观，离突破托福写作障碍自然也就不远了。最后小编祝大家考试顺利。