从句

1.主句+who/whom引导的定语从句

【用法】who是主格，whom是宾格。通常whom可以用who代替，但直接跟在介词后作宾语时不可用who代替。who/whom作宾语时可以省略。

【例句】Do you know the girl who is standing under the tree?你认识站在树下的那个女孩吗?

2.主句，+which/who/whom/whose/when/where+定语从句

【用法】非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句分开，that不能引导非限制性定语从句,who一般不能替代whom。

【例句】This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.这个便条是汤姆留下的，刚才他还在这里。

It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy.

It is well-known that…

It is self-evident/ conceivable / obvious / apparent that…

It goes without saying that…

It is universally acknowledged that…

It is / that

As is shown/ demonstrated/ illustrated/ depicted/ described…in the cartoon/ picture/ graph/ table…,

There are many reasons why I want to study in your university.

It is estimated that tens of billions of pounds is spent on cigarettes every year in our country, which is a huge waste.

一、定语从句概念

定语从句(attributive clause)，顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。

定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例：

The woman who lives next door is a teacher.

先行词 定语从句

在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。

二、关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示：

格

先行词 主格 宾格 所有格

人 who whom whose

物 which which whose of which

人、物 that that —

(一)关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法

who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如：

An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。

I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。

Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。

whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如：

Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗?

This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。

The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。(在非正式英语中，主格who代替了宾格whom，亦可省略)

whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例如：

The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。

Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗?(关系代词whose指代先行词hotel，正式用法应该用of which。whose window=the window of which，意思 是：the window of the hotel。)

(二)关系代词which的用法

which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：

I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.

我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。(which可以换成that)

Tom works for a factory which makes watches.

汤姆在一个制表厂工作。(which可以换成that)

(三)关系代词that的用法

that既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：

Is she the girl that sells newspapers?

她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗?(that可以换成who)

Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?

放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了?(that可以换成which)

Is this the book that you want to buy?

这是你要买的那本书吗? (that可以换成which，在定语从句作宾语，还可以省略)

三、关系副词引导的定语从句

常用的关系副词只有三个：when, where, why，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀：

the time when

the place where

the reason why

(一)关系副词when的用法

关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句作时间状语。例如：

In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.

北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。(when先行词是months)

Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace?

你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗?(when先行词是day， 当代英语里when可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示时间的关系副词)

I haven’t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.

自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。(when先行词是year，同样when可以用that代替)

(二)关系副词where的用法

关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语。例如：

During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.

春节期间，我回到了生我养我的家乡。(where的先行词是town)

This is the place where Li Bai once lived.

这是李白曾经生活过的地方。(where先行词是place)

上面这个句子不可以将where改为that，因为that不能作为表示地点的关系副词。试比较下句：

This is the place that Li Bai once visited.

这是李白曾经游览过的地方。(that的先行词同样是place，但这个that是关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，还可以用which替换)

(三)关系副词why的用法

关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语。例如：

The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.

我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。(why先行词是reason， 当代英语里why可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词，还可以将why省略)

This is the reason why he came late to school.

这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。(why先行词是reason，why可以用that替代，还可以省略)

注意：如果上面的句子将the reason省略，那么这个句子就变成了(This is why he came late to school. )表语从句，句子意思丝毫未变。

四、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句

as是个比较特殊的关系代词，一是用在某些句型搭配里，二是独立于主句之外。下面分别讲解。

(一)在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中，as引导定语从句

You may take as many books as you want.

你想要拿多少书就拿多少。(第一个as是副词，修饰many的;第二个as才是关系代词，代替先行词books，在定语从句中作宾语)

I have got such a computer as yours.

我有一台你这样的电脑。(as是关系代词，代替先行词computer，在定语从句中作表语，因为yours后省略了is )

I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.

我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。(as是关系代词，代替先行词place，在定语从句中作表语，因为Guilin后省略了is )

(二)独立于主句之外，as引导定语从句

As we know,

the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知，地球围绕太阳旋转。

As is known to us,

(As we know和 As is known to us均为定语从句，as分别作宾语和主语，替代后面的主句。)

Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.

你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(关系代词as指代整个主句，在定语从句中作宾语。)

五、关系代词who, which与that的区别

(一)关系代词who与that的区别

1. 当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格who。例如：

He who loses hope loses all.

失去希望的人就失去一切。(先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时，多用who)

I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.

我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。(在非限制性定语从句中，用who)

2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格whom，不用that。例如：

The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.

我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。(介词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾格whom，不可用主格who)

注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用主格who，也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法：

(1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

(2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

(3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

(4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

第4句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。

3. 当关系代词泛指人时，多用that。例如：

He is a man that is never afraid of failure.

他是个从不怕失败的人。(that用来泛指人)

4. 当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如：

Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?

用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁?(避免重复使用who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清)

1.主句+before/after引导的时间状语从句

【例句】It may be many years before the situation improves.这种状况或许要过很多年才能得到改善。

2.主句+since引导的时间状语从句

【用法】since从句常用一般过去时，谓语是短暂性动词时，表示该动作的开始;谓语是延续性动词时，表示该动作或状态的结束。

【例句】It was three weeks since he was ill.他的病已经好了三周了。

3.主句+because/as/since引导的原因状语从句

【例句】The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to

his wife.那位老人让露西挪到另外一张椅子上，因为他想跟他的妻子挨着坐。

4.主句+(al)though/as/while/even though/even if引导的让步状语从句

【例句】Although regular exercise is very important, it’s never a good idea to exercise too

close to bedtime.尽管经常锻炼很重要，但在临睡前锻炼绝对不是个好主意。

5.主句+so that/in order that/in case引导的目的状语从句

【例句】I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up with me.为了能让你赶上我，我会慢慢跑。

6.主句+if/unless/as long as引导的条件状语从句

【例句】I shall go tomorrow unless it rains.如果不下雨，我明天去。

7.主句+as soon as/directly/immediately等引导的时间状语从句 一……就……

【例句】Directly our maths teacher came in, everyone was quiet.我们的数学老师一进来，大家就都安静下来了。

1.If...did/were...， 主语+would/should/could/might do...

【用法】表示与现在事实相反的假设。从句用一般过去时，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。

【例句】If I were eleven years younger, I would dance as well as them.如果我年轻11岁，我会跟他们跳得一样好。

2.If...had done...，主语+would/should/could/might have done...

【用法】表示与过去事实相反的假设。从句用过去完成时，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+have+过去分词”。

【例句】If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.如果我们走了另一条路的话，或许就能及时赶到这里开会了。

3.If...did/were to do/should do...，主语+would/should/could/might do...

【用法】表示与将来事实相反的假设。从句谓语动词用过去式、“should+动词原形”或“were to+动词原形”，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。

【例句】If it were fine tomorrow, I would go shopping.如果明天天气好，我就去购物。

4.If...had done...， 主语+would do...

If...should do...， 主语+would have done...

【例句】If he had set out earlier, he would be home now.如果他早点出发的话，他现在就已经到家了。

5.Should/Were/Had+(从句)主语+谓语，主句

【用法】if引导的虚拟条件句的谓语动词中含有should, were, had时，可将if省略，而将should, were, had提前，构成倒装。

【例句】Should it happen(=If it should happen), what would you do?如果真发生了这样的事，你怎么办?

6.With/Without/But for+名词，主语+虚拟语气形式的谓语...

【用法】句子的虚拟条件是通过词或短语如with， without， otherwise, but for等来表示的。

【例 句】But for the help of my English teacher, I would not have won the first prize in the English Writing Competition.如果没有英语老师的帮助，我不可能在英语写作比赛中获得一等奖。

7.主句+as if+(从句)主语+did/had done...

【用法】as if引导的从句常用虚拟语气，用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反的情况;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的情况。

【例句】She acted as if she had been the hostess yesterday.她昨天表现得就好像她是女主人似的。

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

1.定语从句的概念

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

2. 定语从句的关系词

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who(宾格whom，所有格whose)等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

3. 定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。

4. 关系代词的用法

(1)that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.

玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)

The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.

我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)

(2)which用于指物，在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.

位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)

The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.

我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)

(3)who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。例如：

The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.

经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)

Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?

正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)

4. 关系副词的用法

(1)when指时间，其先行词表示时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语。例如：

This was the time when he arrived.

这是他到达的时间。

(2)where指地点，其先行词表示地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语。例如：

This is place where he works.

这是他工作的地点。

(3)why 指原因，其先行词是原因，why在定语从句中做原因状语。例如：

Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.

没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

1.时间：when, not…until, as soon as

2.目的：so that从句; to do(为了)

3.结果：so…that 从句, too…to do(太……以至于……)

4.条件：if, unless(除非), as long as(只要)

5.让步：though, although, even though, even if ，no matter what/when/where/who/which/how

6.比较：as…as…, not so…as…, than

宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子。

例如：

He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.

他说长大后想当一名老师。

①宾语从句的连接词：

宾语从句的连接词包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词。

②宾语从句的语序：

A. 宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前，谓语在后)。

例如：I want to know if he can come tomorrow.

我想知道他明天是否能来。

B. 当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时，后面直接加谓语动词。

例如：She asked me who had helped him.

她问我谁帮助了他。

③宾语从句的时态，只要记住以下口诀即可：“主现则从任，主过则从过，客观真理一般现”

A. 主现则从任：主句如果是一般现在时，则从句根据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种。

例如：1.He tells me he studied English in England last year.

他告诉我他去年在英国学习英语。

B. 主过则从过：主句如果是一般过去时，则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种，带“过”字的时态分别是如：一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。

例如：He told me that he liked playing football.

他告诉我他喜欢踢足球。

C. 客观真理一般现：客观真理永远用一般现在时。

例如：He said the moon goes around the earth.他说月亮绕着地球转。

1、定语从句的概念

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

2、定语从句的关系词

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who(宾格whom，所有格whose)等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

3、定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。

4、关系代词的用法

(1)that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。

例如：

Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle。

玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)

The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue。

我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)

(2)which用于指物，在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。

例如：

The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket。

位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)

The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful。

我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)

(3)who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。

例如：

The girl who often helps me with my English is from England。

经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)

Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?

正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)

4、关系副词的用法

(1)when指时间，其先行词表示时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语。

例如：

This was the time when he arrived。

这是他到达的时间。

(2)where指地点，其先行词表示地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语。

例如：

This is place where he works。

这是他工作的地点。

(3)why 指原因，其先行词是原因，why在定语从句中做原因状语。

例如：

Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school。

没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

Good evening, Dear teachers and friends!

Do you have any good friends? Are you happy with your friends every day? Today my topic is A true friend .

Every one of us, rich or poor, should at least have one or two good friends. In my opinion, when you re sad, a true friend can talk with you, then give you some advice, and make you smile. When you re happy, a true friend is happy, too. If you don t feel well, a true friend will ask you what the matter is and take care of you. If you do something wrong, a true friend will tell you it isn t right and what is correct. A true friend will stay with you if you want some help. A true friend will forgive you if you have an argument. What s more, when you get good grades, a true friend will be very excited and proud of you. Whether rich or poor, a true friendship never changes.

I often feel very lucky to have a lot of good friends. Especially when I had Qiqi as one of my best friends. We have been good friends since I came to Hongli School. She studies hard and we are deskmates. She is very lovely and helpful. He always helps me study and helps me deal with my problems. When I feel sleepy in class, she always remind me; when I feel sad, she always tells me jokes and makes me happy again. When I m in trouble, I always ask her for help. With her help , I study well now and feel happy every day. I would like say thanks to her.

In my eyes, a true friendship likes a bridge, connects our hearts. It makes us feel warm. So I think a true friendship is one of the most important things in our wonderful lives. I also believe we will be true friends. That s all! Thank you!

what is friendship? it is to relate with somebody without need for money or objective. it is to need emotion and over wealth is friendship , no matter what their background , age , sex or personality.

friendship can be pure. we hear , nowdays, however, how one can be cheated by friends. many people get along with someone because they have a lot of money. it is doultful that is real friendship.home.sanwen8.cn

having friends, one can be find happiness. if you are in trouble your friends will help you through or at least comfort you. when you are happy , they share it with you. they are also there for you to chat with at any time.

it is a wonderful feeling, as the proverb says" to love each other is easy but to make frieds is hard", so, it is crutial that we should get along with our friends. in my opinon ,it is a shame to deceive your friends . the world would be more beautiful if it was full of filled with friendship

[用定语从句写作文友情

名词性从句，含主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种;定语从句;状语从句

A. 主语从句：

Eg1：What worries many parents is that Internet or computer games may impact kids’ study.

Eg2：It is said that an emperor of ancient China discovered Tea 5,000 years ago. (it为形式主语;that从句为真正主语)

B.宾语从句：

Eg1：Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life is measured by how much they can borrow, not by how much they can earn.

Eg2: I am convinced that it is of great necessity for youngsters to study hard.

Eg3：明智的人不为别人的想法所影响。The sensible man is not influenced by what other people think.

C. 表语从句：

Eg1：That is why China is called the “Kingdom of Bicycles”.

Eg3：In team games, practice is what improves our sense of cooperation.

D. 同位语从句

Eg1：(Martin Luther King) I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." (该句中a dream = that 从句，)

Eg2：Others hold the different idea that online shopping brings us some problems.

E. 含同位语句式

A.人 身份

Eg. I am convinced that …

As a college student, I am convinced that …

I, as a college student, am convinced that …

B. 物 性质

Eg. A strong will brings us power …

As a vital quality, a strong will brings us power…

A strong will, as a vital quality, brings us power…

插入语

Eg1：As I see, the causes of this phenomenon are diverse.

The causes of this phenomenon, as I see, are diverse.

Eg2：All of a sudden, the silence of the lake was broken by a scream.

The silence of the lake, all of a sudden, was broken by a scream.

Eg3：Even so, others hold a different view.

Others, even so, hold a different view.

Eg4：Like anything else, automobiles have more than one side. (汽车跟很多其他事物一样，具有两面性)

Automobiles, like anything else, have more than one side.

F. 定语从句：

步骤：1)先写出正确简单句，确定被修饰成分(中心名词)

2)在中心名词后加入定从，关系词who, whose, whom, where, which, when

Eg1：Taobao is a particularly popular website. ? Taobao is a particularly popular website, where/in which customers can purchase various goods.

Eg2：I will advice my foreign friend to visit Great Wall, where he or she can acquire knowledge of Chinese history.?

1宾语从句的学习要注意三个方面

第一：语序：在宾语从句中，一律用___________。

如Where does she live? ( Do you know?) ----Do you know where she lives?

***几个特殊的特殊疑问句

Which is the way to the nearest shop?/ What’s wrong with you?/ What’s up?/ What’s the matter?

这几个特殊疑问句本身就是陈述语序,在宾语从句中不需调整语序。

第二：时态; 1）如果主句是___________，宾语从句时态根据实际情况而定.

如：1. It’s going to rain. I think. ---I think it’s going to rain.

2. “I will go with you .” he says. ---He says he will go with me.

3. He studied English ten years ago. I know. I know he studied English ten years ago.

2）主句是___________，宾语从句要用___________。

如：It’s going to rain. I thought. ---I thought it was going to rain.

“I will go with you.” he said. ---He said he would go with me.

3). 若从句表达的是___________，规律，不管主句是什么时态，从句都用___________。

如1 The earth turns round the sun. The teacher told us---The teacher told us that the earth turns round the sun.

2 Light travels much faster than sound. She said … ---She said that light travels much faster than sound.

第三：连接词1)如果被连接的句子是___________，那么连接词用___________, (也可省)

如1. He’ll be back in a month. ( I hear…) I hear ( that ) he will be back in a month.

2. I have been to the Great Wall once. ( He tells me…) He tells me ( that ) he has been to the Great Wall once.

2.)如果被连接的句子是___________,则用连接词___________

如：*Does he live in that house? ( She asked me …) She asked me if/ whether he lived in that house.

*Have you finished your homework? ( I want to know…) I want to know if you have finished your homework.

3) ___________句，用原句中的特殊疑问词引导：what, who, where, when, which, why, how (many/ much/ often/ long/ old).如： Who are you waiting for? Can you tell me? --- Can you tell me who you are waiting for?

What did he do yesterday? I don’t know. ---I don’t know what he did yesterday.

***其中 以wh- 疑问词或how 引导的宾语从句与动词不定式可相互转换

如I don’t know what I can do.可以说成 I don’t know what to do.

The policeman showed me where I could get books. 可以说成The policeman showed me where to get books.

Can you tell me how I can make a kite?可以说成 Can you tell me how to make a kite?

4).宾语从句___________。在_________________________________等动词所跟的宾语中，如果从句谓语是否定的，一般要将否定词not转移至主句谓语上去，而将从句谓语改为肯定形式。如：I don’t think he has time to play with the girl.

当which引导的定语从句指代主句全部内容时，可以把which改为it，作形式主语，把原来的主句改成正在主语。或者把定语从句的整个信息改换为名词短语作主语，使原来的定语从句变成简单句。

例4： He indulges himself all day in computer games, which makes his parents extremely sad.

改为：It makes his parents extremely sad that he indulges himself all day in computer games.

他整天沉湎于电脑游戏，这使他父母伤心至极。(主语从句)

或者：His indulgence in computer games all day makes his parents extremely sad. (名词短语)

基本概念定语：用于修饰名词或代词的成分就叫定语。 定语从句：如果修饰某个名词或代词的定语是一个完整的句子，这个句子就叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句放在先行词后面。定语从句的引导：定语从句的引导词代替的是先行词。

1、当定语从句所修饰的名词是事、物时，用that/which引导，且that/which在定语从句中作主语或宾语。e.g:a.Thisisthepenthat/whichIboughtyesterday.

2.当定语从句所修饰的名词是人时用that/who引导，引导词再从句中做主语或宾语。

3.定语从句修饰的名词时地点时用which/that或where引导:若地点名词在定语从句中是作主语或宾语就用that/which引导，是作地点状语则用where引导，可与“介词+which”互换。作visited的宾语)作介词in的宾语)作work的地点状语)

4.当定语从句修饰的名词是时间名词时：若在定语从句中作主语或宾语用that/which,作时间状语则用when,同样可与“介词+which”互换。

5.当定语从句所修饰的名词在定语从句中表示原因时用why。’tcomeisstillamystery.

6.当定语从句修饰的名词和引导词后面的那个词之间是所有关系时，用whose引导。女儿已经出国的那个人是位医生)

7.一些特殊情况：

1.Theplace_______interestedmemostwastheChildrensPalace.

A.WhichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich

2.Doyouknowtheman_______?

A.whomIspokeB.tow

hospokeC.IspoketoD.thatIspoke

3.Thisisthehotel_______lastmonth.

A.whichtheystayedB.atthattheystayed

C.wheretheystayedatD.wheretheystayed

4.Doyouknowtheyear______theChinesewasfounded?

A.whichB.thatC.whenD.onwhich

5.Thatistheday______Illneverforget.

A.whichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.when

6.Thefactory______wellvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.

A.whereB.towhichC.whichD.inwhich

7.Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincetheninthefactory_______weareworking.

A.whereB.thatC.whichD.there

8.Thisisoneofthebestfilms_______.

A.thathavebeenshownthisyearB.thathaveshown

C.thathasbeenshownthisyearD.thatyoutalked

9.Canyoulendmethebook______theotherday?

A.aboutwhichyoutalkedB.whichyoutalked

C.aboutthatyoutalkedD.thatyoutalked

10.Thepen______heiswritingismine.

A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.bywhich

11.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontof______satasmallboy.

A.whomB.whoC.whichD.that

12.Itthereanyoneinyourclass______familyisinthecountry?

A.whoB.whosC.whichD.whose

13.Iwanttousethesamedictionary______wasusedyesterday.

A.whichB.whoC.whatD.as

14.Icanneverforgettheday_______weworkedtogetherandtheday______wespenttogether.

A.when;whichB.which;whenC.what;thatD.onwhich;when

15.Thisisthereason______hedidntcometothemeeting.

A.inwhichB.withwhichC.thatD.forwhich

16.There’relotsofthings_____IneedtodobeforeIleave.

A．thatB.whoC.whyD.what

17.Doyouliketheredcar______wasmadeinTianjin?

A.whereB.whoC.whichD.when

18.--Doyouknoweverybody______cametotheparty?

--Almost,butIdon’tknowtheone______youtalkedwithnearthedoor.

A.who,/B.whose,thatC.that,whichD./,whom

19.Thisisall_____Iknowaboutthematter.

A.thatB.whatC.asD.whether

一般说来，用on和at表示“as soon as, once”。on后面常接“来、去”之类的词，at后面常接“听到、看到”之类的词。in后面接其他带动作的词，相对于从属连词“while”。

例1：On removing them he was stunned to see that the plates were fogged where the crystals had covered them.当他把晶体揭开时，发现盘子上方雾蒙蒙，他吃了一惊。

例2：In running down the stairs, I heard the clock struck twelve.

我在跑下楼的时候，听见钟敲了十二下。

例3：He jumped with joy at hearing the news.他一听到这个消息就高兴得跳了起来。

N 主从复合句与并列句的相互转换

【例句】

18.Hurry or you will be late for school.

you don’t hurry， you will be late for school.

N从句与从句的相互转换

【例句】

19.He came only after the meeting was over.

He didn’t comethe meeting was over.

N 从句和不定式的转换

【例句】

20.The box is so heavy that I can’t lift it.

The box isheavy for melift.

【正确答案】18.If 19.until20.too……to…….

【规律分析】这部分要求考生了解常见复合句的主句与从句间的关系，掌握复合句从句引导词的用法以及一些起连接作用的词组的用法。