写作

作文，在高考语文中占据着举足轻重的作用，要在有限的时间、紧张的环境下写出一篇让阅卷老师喜欢的文章不仅需要好的写作能力还需要掌握一定的应试技巧。每当我们拿到作为题目时，大部分同学都会有一种感觉：没的写，不知从何下手。造成这种问题的原因主要是在于阅读量少，头脑中没有可用的素材，很难找到可用材料，因此，就会造成看到题目时出现“大脑空白”的情况。下面笔者就针对同学们在写作文中经常遇到的“没的写，不知如何下手”的问题进行下写作策略分享，希望对学子们有所帮助，并有效提高自己的写作水平。

一、多读多记名人名言，从中找到作文论点

名人名言、俗语等都是知识的高度总结与概括，往往是用很简单的字词、语句涵盖了大道理，其实这些就是写作文尤其是写议论文中的论点，如果能将这些内容合理地运用到自己的作文中，那么就将会为作文增添不少色彩，同时，不会造成偏题的现象，并突出自己的写作主题，让考试官最快地发现作者的观点。因此，在日常的学习中，同学们要养成良好的学习习惯，去多读名人名言或者背些相关语句，不仅可以在作文写作中增添有力亮点，还可以提高个人的文化修养。在这里，需要提醒同学们的是，写出的名人名言、俗语要进行解释说明，对引用的观点加以合理阐述。

名人名言分类例举

①勤奋类

·精选列举，学问勤中得，萤窗万卷书。三冬今足用，谁笑腹空虚?─辛弃疾·业精于勤，荒于嬉。行成于思，毁于随。─韩愈

·锲而舍之，朽木不折;锲而不舍，金石可镂。--《荀子·劝学》

·在所有的过错中，我们最易于原谅的就是懒散。─拉罗什富科

②财富类

·把金钱奉为神明，它就会像魔鬼一样降祸于你。--菲尔丁

·没有钱是悲哀的事。但是金钱过剩则倍过悲哀。--托尔斯泰

·金钱和时间是人生两种最沉重的负担，最不快乐的就是那些拥有这两种东西太多，却不知怎样使用的人。--约翰生

③励志类

·人生应该如蜡烛一样，从顶燃到底，一直都是光明的。--萧楚女

·人生的价值，即以其人对于当代所做的工作为尺度。--徐玮

·春蚕到死丝方尽，人至期颐亦不休。一息尚存须努力，留作青年好范畴。--吴玉章

④时间类

·尊重生命、尊重他人也尊重自己的生命，是生命进程中的伴随物，也是心理健康的一个条件。---弗洛姆

·人生有两出悲剧：一是万念俱灰，另一是踌躇满志。-肖伯纳

·懂得生命真谛的人，可以使短促的生命延长。---西塞罗

⑤诚信类

·欺人只能一时，而诚信才是长久之策————约翰·雷

·当信用消失的时候，肉体就没有生命————大仲马

·人类最不道德订户，是不诚实与懦弱————高尔基

⑥集体类

·任何一种不为集体利益打算的行为，都是自杀的行为，它对社会有害。--马卡连柯

·正如树枝和树干连接在一起那样，脱离树干的树枝很快就会枯死。--奥涅格

·一堆沙子是松散的，可是它和水泥、石子、水混合后，比花岗岩还坚韧。--王杰

⑦劳动类

·我们世界上最美好的东西，都是由劳动、由人的聪明的手创造出来的。--高尔基

·我觉得人生求乐的方法，最好莫过于尊重劳动。一切乐境，都可由劳动得来，一切苦境，都可由劳动解脱。--李大钊

·在人的生活中最主要的是劳动训练。没有劳动就不可能有正常的人的生活。--卢梭

⑧工作类

伟大的事业是根源于坚韧不断的工作，以全副精神去从事，不避艰苦。------罗素

教师的人格就是教育工作者的一切，只有健康的心灵才有健康的行为。------乌申斯基

果实的事业是尊贵的，花的事业是甜美的，但还是让我在默默献身的阴影里做叶的事业吧。------泰戈

⑨学习类

·培育能力的事必须继续不断地去做，又必须随时改善学习方法，提高学习效率，才会成功。——叶圣陶

·青春是有限的，智慧是无穷的，趁短暂的青春，去学习无穷的智慧。——高尔基

·我们的事业就是学习再学习，努力积累更多的知识，因为有了知识，社会就会有长足的进步，人类的未来幸福就在于此。——契诃夫

⑩幸福类

一无所有的人是有福的，因为他们将获得一切!--罗曼。罗兰

人生并非游戏，因此，我们并没有权利只凭自己的意愿放弃它。--列夫。托尔斯泰

严肃的人的幸福，并不在于风流、娱乐与欢笑这种种轻佻的伴侣，而在于坚忍与刚毅。--西塞罗

二、多读经典寓言、名人故事，在作文中引经据典

前面的名人名言为作文写作中增添论点，那么经典寓言、名人故事就是作文写作中的最佳论据了。为了证明论点，就必须找到最有力的论据对论点加以阐述和说明，从而为文章增添色彩与可信度，因此，在作文中引经据典，去挖掘名人、专家等有影响力人物的成长故事，就将会让作文非常具有吸引力，增加文章整体的可读性。

故事精选例举

1、孙中山：伟大的革命先行者孙中山，40年如一日，为中国的独立富强而耗尽了毕生的精力。他自己别无家产，仅有书籍、衣服、一所华侨捐献给他的小住宅。他革命一生的原动力是什么?就是“适乎世界之潮流，合乎人群之需要”的崇高信仰。

素材分析：孙中山执着无悔于革命，在于他有崇高的信仰，即“人群之需要”。信仰如山，仰之弥高。因此可写话题可参考：“成功与信仰”、“成功的动力”、“可贵的信仰”等等。

2、牛顿在花园里散步，突然，一个熟透了苹果从树上掉下来，正好打在他头上。这件很平常的事引起了牛顿深深的思考。他想：苹果离开树枝，为什么一定要向地下掉呢?为什么不飞向天空和别的方向呢?因此，他推想地心有一种吸引力，又推想这种吸引力对任何物质都存在。他通过研究，提出了计算引力大小的公式。就这样，牛顿由掉苹果而发现了震惊世界的“万有引力定律”，对科学事业的发展做出了巨大贡献。

素材分析：思考，是通往成功的前提与首要条件，牛顿正是有了对苹果落地深深的思考，才发现了震惊世界的“万有引力定律”。因此可写话题可参考：“思考的力量”、“成功的条件”、“创造性思考的奇迹”等等，

3、居里夫人曾获得过许多令世人羡慕不已的荣誉，但她却从不因此而陶醉。居里夫人的一位朋友曾应邀到她家里做客，走进屋里竟看见她的小女儿正在玩弄英国皇家协会刚刚授予她的一枚金质奖章，不禁大吃一惊，马上对居里夫人说：“现在能够得到一枚英国皇家协会的金质奖章，是极高也是非常难得的荣誉，你怎么能给孩子玩呢?”居里夫人笑了笑说：“我就想让孩子们从小知道，荣誉就像玩具，只能玩玩而已，决不能永远守着它，否则就会一事无成。”守着成绩，会使自己一事无成，能看到这一点实在是很重要。

素材分析：“淡泊明志，宁静致远”，不把眼前的名利看得轻淡就不会有明确的志向，不能平静安详全神贯注的学习，就不能实现远大的目标。因此可写话题可参考：“追求与目标”、“人生的境界”等等。

4、《林则徐对联立志》，这个故事讲的是清代着名的民族英雄林则。林则徐小时候就天资聪慧，两次机会下，作了两幅对联，这两幅对联表达了林则徐的远大志向，不仅敢于立志，而且读书刻苦，长大后成就了一番大事业，受到了后世的敬仰。《文天祥少年正气》，南宋末年着名的民族英雄文天祥少年时生活困苦，在好心人的帮助下才有机会读书，一次，文天祥被有钱的同学误会是小偷，他据理力争，不许别人践踏自己的尊严，终于证明了自己的清白，而且通过这件事，更加树立了文天祥金榜题名的志向。

以上两点同学们要学会灵活运用，一定要在理解题目的基础上加以说明，否则就会适得其反。

同时，现在的中、高考作文也越来越多的关注于身边的故事，因此，同学们也要养成每天看新闻的习惯，至少让自己的脑海里有对相关事情的了解，这样在考试时也不会造成对问题的盲从。为自己的写作提供素材需要长期的积累，如果能够坚持下去，同学们便会在考试中真正地做到“下笔如有神”。

在考场上，有些学生怕作文太难，影响答题，不敢先看作文题。其实，现在的高考作文难度都不是太大，应该不会出现让人看后绝望的情况。因此，考生拿到卷子后，不妨先翻看一下作文题，给自己留下充足的构思时间。这样做的好处是，在做前面题的时候，很可能某个词、某句话让你突发灵感;在阅读题中遇到的情节，很可能成为作文中一个非常恰当的论据。

下面为大家介绍最有效的高考作文写作方法：

第一步：析“题”

“审清题目，明确要求”，是高考作文的重要能力之一。如果是“命题作文”，一般要明确两点：一是“写作对象”，二是“写作题眼”，即文章的写作重心。如“共享生命”，“生命”是写作对象，“共享”是写作重心。如果是“材料作文”，先要明确本“材料”有几个感想点，俗称“感点”，然后找出“倾向性”感点，确定写作的对象。如果是“话题作文”，要剖析话题，挖掘话题内涵。如：据说犹太王大卫的戒指上刻有一句铭文：“一切都会过去。”契诃夫小说中一个人物的戒指上也刻有一句铭文：“一切都不会过去。”一位哲人曾说：“成功和失败只代表过去，忘记过去才可能走进新天地。”另一位哲人又说：“过去不能忘，因为历史是一个永远的存在。”到底什么不该记忆，什么该记忆?请以“忘与不忘”为话题写一篇文章。此话题所包含的内涵很丰富，可作如下联想和分析：①你爱别人，可以忘记;别人爱你，但不能忘。②你帮助过别人，可以忘记;别人帮助过你，但不能忘。③你对别人有恩，可以忘记;别人对你有恩，但不能忘。④别人对你不好，可以忘记;你对别人不好，但不能忘。⑤现在的成功与荣耀，可以忘记;过去的失败与教训，但不能忘。⑥生活中的烦恼，可以忘记;生活中的快乐，但不能忘。⑦生活中牵挂精力的琐碎小事，可以忘记;自己的理想、目标，但不能忘。

第二步：切“入”

考场作文是选拔性考试，既有规定性，也有技巧性。考场作文尤其要有亮点，与人不同，写出自己的个性，那么“切入”角度就很关键。“切入切入”，就是先切而后入，从切出来的众多角度中寻找一个最佳的角度作为自己文章的突破口。尤其是“大题”，一般要“小作”，就易“上手”，千万不要大进大出，泛泛而谈。上题中的“共享生命”，就可以采用设问法来选一个角度，什么叫“共享”?为什么要“共享”?怎样“共享”?如“交换”这个题目可以采取切割的方法来选一个角度：1.从交换的价值上，可对等价交换、不等价交换，联系现实生活中的典型事例，进行议论。2.从交换的形式上，可记叙一次有意义的主动交换、被动交换、公开交换、秘密交换。3.从交换的性质看，有伟大的交换、卑劣的交换、奇妙的交换等。4.从交换的对象看，有高层次的思想、学术的交换，爱心的交换，生命的交换，也有普通平常的交换等。

第三步：用“本”

很多考生到了考场苦于没有材料，其实，我们所学过的课本就有丰富的资源。以“忘与不忘”为例，就可以想到：杜甫忘掉的是茅屋为秋风所破，“床头屋漏”无干处，不忘的是“安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜”;海伦凯勒忘掉的是双目失明的痛苦，不忘的是坚强乐观，积极进取的人生态度;史铁生忘掉的是肢体残疾，终生与轮椅为伴的痛苦，不忘的是对人生对社会的深沉思考等。如果把我们所读过的课本和课外所读的书籍，花点时间理一理，归一归类，就会发现是一个“宝库”。可用一句话来概括，分类做成“索引”，临考前看一看，会受益无穷。此外大家做过的大量试卷，其中的大量的阅读材料，可按现代文、文言文、古诗词分类，也做一个“索引”，归并到课文的“索引”中，你会惊奇地发现这是一个不错的主意。

第四步：索“源”

大千世界变化无穷，客观生活丰富多彩，只要留心就有材“源”。家庭生活、学校生活、社会生活等，亲情、友情、师生情等，悲欢离合、喜怒哀乐等，冷暖寒暄、人生百味等。其间储藏大量的事实论据。生活应该是作文材料取之不尽、用之不竭的材“源”。

如“忘与不忘”就可以想到：非典时期生死存亡之际，以钟南山为代表的一批医务工作者，忘掉的是个人安危;不忘的是战胜“非典”，保障人民生命安全。登封市公安局局长任长霞勤勤恳恳，兢兢业业，忘掉的是个人的安逸与享乐;不忘的是打匪除恶，保一方平安。印度洋海啸发生后，中国国际救援队队员奔赴救灾前线，忘记的是瘟疫的传染，忘记的是生活环境的艰难;不忘的是祖国的召唤和神圣的使命，不忘的是在废墟下呻吟的求救的呼唤声。公交车调度员陈双龙为维护城市乘车秩序，忘记的是个人的安危;不忘的是主持正义的责任感等。

第五步：选“体”

考场作文一般“文体不限”，在选择文体时需注意两点：一是要根据作文题的倾向来定，如：“宋太祖赵匡胤开国之初，营建宫室。管理竹木材料的官员，认为各地运来的竹木长短不齐，不便管理，建议将其裁截整齐。赵匡胤便在他的条陈上批道：“你的手指和脚指，难道没有长短吗?为什么不截成一样长呢?还是长的让它长，短的让它短好了。”请就此谈谈你的看法。写一篇不少于600字的文章，文体不限，题目自拟。此题就适合于写议论类的文章。二是要根据自己的优势和积累来定，如“忘与不忘”的这个话题，或写记叙、抒情类，截取生活的横断面，在对主人公的忘与不忘的刻画中针砭现实;或写议论类，告诉人们哪些该忘，哪些不该忘。

第六步：谋“篇”

作文的结构布局，不仅是一个形式的问题，而且关乎文意表达是否畅达的问题。作文之前，考生一般要打一下“腹稿”，做到心中有“数”，“数”者，结构规律也。起、承、转、合，在落笔之前应该有所考虑;如从结构方式看，或总分式，或承进式，或并列式，或对照式。可以选择小小标题的方式从不同侧面表现;可以用蒙太奇手法分镜头组合;可用日记的形式刻画人物心理;可用人物自述的方式叙述人的经历;可以某一中心地点为舞台，通过侧面描写去展现等。

1.在桂花飘香的八月，熊熊的奥运圣火将要在北京上空燃烧，北京迎来了世界各地为奥运呐喊助威的人们，我们更为了2008北京奥运而自豪、兴奋、骄傲、欢呼……一起为北京奥运喝彩加油。请以“动人的瞬间”为话题，记四个中国选手夺冠瞬间(每篇不少于500字，要有精彩的场面描写)

2.2008年是我国的奥运年,是全国、全民族的盛事，它牵动着10亿中国人民的心，也给中国4亿青少年五彩缤纷的童年渡上了金色的光环。奥运火炬熊熊燃烧，奥运精神熠熠生辉，“奥运”赛的不仅仅是人的体能，更是人的精神，以“与奥运同行”为话题，写一篇观看奥运的感受，字数不少于800字。

3.“暑假我在成长”书信交流活动。暑假期间，同班同学之间互相通信，交流假期中的见闻感受，并向小组长汇报自己的作业情况。开学以后，每个同学上交所收到的信，根据同学们的通信情况将评选班级“人气之星”(收信最多的同学)，“博闻之星”(见闻最广的同学)，“交流之星”(写信最多的同学)，每个同学至少写两封信。

阅读《钢铁是怎样炼成的》

1、 结合《钢铁是怎样炼成的》中保尔对生命的理解，谈谈你对生命价值的认识。

2、 看《钢铁是怎样炼成的》，做新时代的保尔。

3、 选择书中的精彩片段，修改创作为话剧。

4、 从书中你得到了什么启示?如何看待生活中的挫折与磨难?

5、 选一个你喜欢的人物形象进行分析(保尔、冬妮亚、朱赫莱等)

阅读完本书，积累5张读书笔记，从以上题目中选择一个专题进行研究，完成1500字以上的学术报告。

阅读《三国演义》

1、读“三国”，说“义”

2、选一个你喜欢的人物形象进行分析(刘备、孙权、曹操、诸葛亮、关羽、张飞等)

3、读《三国演义》说“智”

4、读《三国演义》谈战争谋略

5、选择一个战争场面，改写成话剧

阅读完本书，积累5张读书笔记，从以上题目中选择一个专题进行研究，完成1500字以上的学术报告。

根据要求，将作业按顺序整理在规定的本子上，要求书写认真规范。

学术论文是某一学术课题在实验性、理论性或预测性上具有的新的科学研究成果或创新见解和知识的科学记录，或是某种已知原理应用于实际上取得新进展的科学总结，小编收集了中文学术论文写作格式，欢迎阅读。

引言(Introduction一级标题黑体小四号)

引言又称前言，属于整篇论文的引论部分。其写作内容包括：研究的理由、目的、背景、前人的工作和知识空白，理论依据和实验基础，预期的结果及其在相关领域里的地位、作用和意义。

引言的文字不可冗长，内容选择不必过于分散、琐碎，措词要精炼，要吸引读者读下去。引言的篇幅大小，并无硬性的统一规定，需视整篇论文篇幅的大小及论文内容的需要来确定，长的可达700~800字或1000字左右，短的可不到100字。

1 题名(Title,Topic一级标题黑体小四号)

题名又称题目或标题。题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。论文题目是一篇论文给出的涉及论文范围与水平的第一个重要信息，也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。

1.1主标题(Quot二级标题宋体五号字)

论文的主标题十分重要，必须用心斟酌选定。有人描述其重要性，用了下面的一句话：“论文题目是文章的一半”。对论文题目的要求是：准确得体，简短精炼;外延和内涵恰如其分，醒目。对这两方面的要求分述如下。

1.1.1准确得体，简短精炼(三级标题宋体五号)

要求论文题目能准确表达论文内容，恰当反映所研究的范围和深度。

常见毛病是：过于笼统，题不扣文。如：“不等式的应用”过于笼统，若改为针对研究的具体对象来命题。效果会好得多，例如“贝塞耳不等式的应用”，这样的题名就要贴切得多。再如：“中值定理在证明一类不等式中的应用”这样的论文题目不准确，题名中值定理是哪一个?，令人费解，何类不等式?请教不得而知，这就叫题目含混不清，解决的办法就是要站在读者的角度，清晰地点示出论文研究的内容。假如上面的题目中，指的是微分中值定理，何类不等式可放在内文中说明，不必写在标题中，标题中只需反映运用微分中值定理这一事实即可。可参考的修改方案为：“巧用微分中值定理”。

关键问题在于题目要紧扣论文内容，或论文内容与论文题目要互相匹配、紧扣，即题要扣文，文也要扣题。这是撰写论文的基本准则。

力求题目的字数要少，用词需要精选。至于多少字才算是合乎要求，并无统一的硬性规定，一般希望一篇论文题目不要超出20个字，不过，不能由于一味追求字数少而影响题目对内容的恰当反映，在遇到两者确有矛盾时，宁可多用几个字也要力求表达明确。

1.1.2外延和内涵恰如其分，醒目(三级标题宋体五号)

“外延”和“内涵”属于形式逻辑中的概念。所谓外延，是指一个概念所反映的每一个对象;而所谓内涵，则是指对每一个概念对象特有属性的反映。

命题时，若不考虑逻辑上有关外延和内涵的恰当运用，则有可能出现谬误，至少是不当。如：对农村合理的人、畜、机动力的组合设计这一标题即存在逻辑上的错误。题名中的人，其外延可能是青壮年，也可以是指婴儿、幼儿或老人，因为后者也是主标题“人”，然而却不是具有劳动能力的人，显然不属于命题所指，所以泛用“人”，其外延不当。同理，“畜”可以指牛，但也可以指羊和猪，试问，哪里见到过用羊和猪来犁田拉磨的呢?所以也属于外延不当的错误。若使用“劳力”与“畜力”，就不会分别误解成那些不具有劳动能力和不能使役的对象。

论文题目虽然居于首先映入读者眼帘的醒目位置，但仍然存在题目是否醒目的问题，因为题目所用字句及其所表现的内容是否醒目，其产生的效果是相距甚远的

1.2副标题(二级标题宋体五号字)

若简短题名不足以显示论文内容或反映出属于系列研究的性质，则可利用正、副标题的方法解决，以加副标题来补充说明特定的实验材料，方法及内容等信息，使标题成为既充实准确又不流于笼统和一般化。如?(主标题)一类几何曲线特性--(副标题)用数学软件模拟几何曲线的滑移特性。

2摘要(Abstract一级标题黑体小四号)

论文一般应有摘要，有些为了国际交流，还有外文(多用英文)摘要。它是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。其他用是不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。

摘要应包含以下内容：①从事这一研究的目的和重要性;②研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作;③获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解;④结论或结果的意义。

论文摘要虽然要反映以上内容，但文字必须十分简炼，内容亦需充分概括，篇幅大小一般限制其字数不超过论文字数的5%。例如，对于6000字的一篇论文，其摘要一般不超出300字。

论文摘要不要列举例证，不讲研究过程，不用图表，不用夸张，也不要作自我评价。撰写论文摘要的常见毛病，一是照搬论文正文中的小标题(目录)或论文结论部分的文字;二是内容不浓缩、不概括，文字篇幅过长。

3 关键词(Key words一级标题黑体小四号)

关键词属于主题词中的一类。主题词除关键词外，还包含有单元词、标题词的叙词。

主题词是用来描述文献资料主题和给出检索文献资料的一种新型的情报检索语言词汇，正是由于它的出现和发展，才使得情报检索计算机化(计算机检索)成为可能。主题词是指以概念的特性关系来区分事物，用自然语言来表达，并且具有组配功能，用以准确显示词与词之间的语义概念关系的动态性的词或词组。

例如：主题词之一“微积分应用”。它具有概念的特性，说明它不是别的，而是微积分的应用，采用的是自然语言词汇。

关键词是标示文献关建主题内容，但未经规范处理的主题词。如，“最值”(其规范的主题词可是“最大值”)。关键词是为了文献标引工作，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文主要内容信息款目的单词或术语。一篇论文可选取3~8个词作为关键词

关键词或主题词的一般选择方法是：由作者在完成论文写作后，纵观全文，先出能表示论文主要内容的信息或词汇，这些住处或词江，可以从论文标题中去找和选，也可以从论文内容中去找和选。例如上例，关键词选用了6个，其中前三个就是从论文标题中选出的，而后三个却是从论文内容中选取出来的。后三个关键词的选取，补充了论文标题所未能表示出的主要内容信息，也提高了所涉及的概念深度。

关键词与主题词的运用，主要是为了适应计算机检索的需要，以及适应国际计算机联机检索的需要。一个刊物增加“关键词”这一项，就为该刊物提高“引用率”、增加“知名度”开辟了一个新的途径。

4 正文格式(Main body一级标题黑体小四号)

论文正文宽为18cm，高为23cm。可将页面设置A4即21cm×29.7cm，页边距：上2.8cm、下3.9cm、左1.8cm、右1.2cm。排版采用双栏。

正文是一篇论文的本论，属于论文的主体，它占据论文的最大篇幅。论文所体现的创造性成果或新的研究结果，都将在这一部分得到充分的反映。因此，要求这一部分内容充实，论据充分、可靠，论证有力，主题明确。为了满足这一系列要求，同时也为了做到层次分明、脉络清晰，常常将正文部分人成几个大的段落。这些段落即所谓逻辑段，一个逻辑段可包含几个自然段。每一逻辑段落可冠以适当标题(分标题或小标题)。

段落和划分，应视论文性质与内容而定。一般常见的划分方式有：①问题提出/问题分析。②解决方法/主要结果定理/结果比较与分析。

根据论文内容的需要，还可以灵活地采用其它的段落划分方案，但就一般性情况而言，大体上应包含问题部分和理论分析部分的内容。“主要结果论证”这一部分是论文的关键部分。有人曾说：“没有论证结果的论文必脏”，这并不为过，论文的新意主要在这里体现。

如果标题定为结果和讨论，对于讨论(或分析)这一部分与其它部分相比，则更难以确定所应写的内容，通常也是最难写的一部分。写得好的讨论(或分析)具有以下几个主要特征：①要设法提出结果一节中证明的原理、相互关系以及归纳性的解释，但只对结果进行论述，而不应进行重述。②要能指出你的结果和解释与以前发表的著作相一致或不一致的地方。③要论述你的研究工作的理论含义以及实际应用的各种可能性。④要能指出任何的例外情况或相互关系中有问题的地方，并且应明确提出尚未解决的问题及解决的方向。

由于学术论文的选题和内容性质差别较大，其分段及其写法均不能作硬性的统一规定，但必须实事求是，客观直切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。

5 参考文献说明(Reference一级标题黑体小四号)

在学术论文后一般应列出参考文献(表)，其目的有三，即：①为了能反映出真实的科学依据;②为了体现严肃的科学态度，分清是自己的观点或成果还是别人的观点或成果;③为了对前人的科学成果表示尊重，同时也是为了指明引用资料出处，便于检索。撰写学术论文过程中，可能引用了很多篇文献，是否需要全部列出?回答是否定的。事实上，只需要将引用的最重要和最关键的那些文献资料列出即可。

下面是小编给大家整理的写作基础技巧汇总的内容，欢迎大家的查看!

一、表达方式：记叙、描写、抒情、说明、议论

二、表现手法：象征、对比、烘托、设置悬念、前后呼应、欲扬先抑、托物言志、借物抒情、联想、想象、衬托(正衬、反衬)

三、修辞手法：比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、对偶、引用、设问、反问、反复、互文、对比、借代、反语?

四、记叙文六要素：时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过、结果

五、记叙顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙?六、描写角度：正面描写、侧面描写?

七、描写人物的方法：语言、动作、神态、心理、外貌

八、描写景物的角度：视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉?

九、描写景物的方法：动静结合(以动写静)、概括与具体相结合、由远到近(或由近到远)?

十、描写(或抒情)方式：正面(又叫直接)、反面(又叫间接)

十一、叙述方式：概括叙述、细节描写

十二、说明顺序：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序

十三、说明方法：举例子、列数字、打比方、作比较、下定义、分类别、作诠释、摹状貌、引用?

十四、小说情节四部分：开端、发展、高潮、结局

十五、小说三要素：人物形象、故事情节、具体环境

十六、环境描写分为：自然环境、社会环境

十七、议论文三要素：论点、论据、论证

十八、论据分类为：事实论据、道理论据

十九、论证方法：举例(或事实)论证、道理论证(有时也叫引用论证)、对比(或正反对比)论证、比喻论证

二十、论证方式：立论、驳论(可反驳论点、论据、论证)

二十一、议论文的文章的结构：总分总、总分、分总;分的部分常常有并列式、递进式。

二十二、引号的作用：引用;强调;特定称谓;否定、讽刺、反语

二十三、破折号用法：提示、注释、总结、递进、话题转换、插说。

导语：个人修养就是个人认识、情感、意志、信念、言行和习惯的修炼和涵养。一个人只有通过自觉地遵循社会道德体系的要求，更好地履行个人的社会义务，以下是小编为大家精心整理的关于修养的作文素材，欢迎大家阅读参考!

1.如果一切皆善，就一切皆美。--《托尔斯泰作品研究》

2.生活中的善越多，生活本身的情趣也越多。二者水乳交融，相辅相成。--托尔斯泰《伊凡·伊利奇之死》

3.功利是一部机器的目的和检验机器价值的根据，而善良只是人的目的和意愿。--泰戈尔《民族主义》

4.善良的、忠心的、心里充满着爱的人儿不断地给人间带来幸福。--马克·吐温《镀金时代》

5.良心这玩意儿，它谴责起人来，是够叫我害怕的，对大人是这样，对小孩也是这样。--狄更斯《远大前程》

6.人心是广漠寥廓的天地，人在面对良心、省察胸中抱负和日常行动的时候，往往黯然神伤!--雨果《悲惨世界》

7.虔诚的开端，带来美好的结束。--雨果《吕意·布拉斯》

8.爱你自己要爱在最后，珍爱那些恨你的人，诚实比起腐败会给你赢得更多的好处。--莎士比亚《亨利八世》

9.你必须对你自己忠实;正像有了白昼才有黑夜一样，对自己忠实，才不会对别人欺诈。--莎士比亚《哈姆莱特》

10.如果你想要过的快活，想要祷告上帝，做一个诚实的人，那你就得遵守诺言。--狄更斯《荒凉山庄》

11.如果你做事缺乏诚意，或者迟迟不愿动手，那你即使有天大本事，也不会有什么成就。--狄更斯《荒凉山庄》

12.一个诚实的人绝不会白用人家的东西，也决不会白拿人家的东西……--高尔基《崔可夫一家》

13.有些人相信诚实总是上策。其实这是迷信;有时候假装诚实要比真正的诚实强好几倍。--马克·吐温《赤道环游记》

14.你们以诚实获得了悠久和崇高的声誉，当然你们是以此自豪的--那是你们的宝中之宝，简直是你们的心肝宝贝。--马克?吐温《败坏了赫德莱堡的人》

15.善良的心就是太阳。--雨果《笑面人》

16.一只小小的蜡烛，它的光照耀得多么远!一件善事也正像这支蜡烛一样，在这罪恶的世界上发出广大的光辉。--莎士比亚《威尼斯商人》

17.爱与善是幸福，亦是真理，世界上唯一可能的幸福与真理。--罗曼·罗兰《托尔斯泰传》

18.最光明的天使也许会堕落，可是天使总是光明的;虽然小人全都貌似忠良，可是忠良得一定仍然不失他的本色。--莎士比亚《麦克白》

19.纯朴的忠诚所呈献的礼物，总是可取的。我们不必较量那可怜的忠诚所不能达到的成就，而应该重视他们的辛勤。--莎士比亚《仲夏夜之梦》

20.人们倾诉衷肠的声音更温柔，更真实，可以绝对信赖，并且可以十分肯定它除了给人以最亲切的劝告之外，再无别的。--狄更斯《圣诞故事集》

21.诚实，像我们所有的情操一样，应当分成消极的与积极的两类。消极的诚实没有发财的机会时，是诚实的。积极的诚实是每天受着诱惑而毫不动心的。--巴尔扎克《邦斯舅舅》

22.当一个人是一个真正的人的时候，他就应当在大言不惭和矫揉造作之间保持等距离。既不夸夸其谈，也不扭捏取宠。--雨果《悲惨世界》

23.文明是善，野蛮是恶;自由是善，束缚是恶。但正是这种臆想的知识把人类天性中的那种本能的、最幸福的、原始的对于善的需要给消灭了。--托尔斯泰《卢赛恩》

24.不要相信良心的责备，它会带你走得很远。不合理的忠贞像地下屋的楼梯一样落下去。走下一级，两级，再到目前为走一级，就走进黑暗中。聪明人就回头走上去，天真的人留在那里。--雨果《笑面人》

25.每个人的良心上都有污点，但多数人对自己心灵上的这种点缀却满不在乎，就像穿着一种浆得笔挺的衬衣一样轻松。--高尔基《水及其在自然界与人类生活中的意义》

26.人如果没有良心，哪怕有天大的聪明也活不下去!--高尔基《我的大学》

27.良心的法则常常与经典上的法则不同。--泰戈尔《牺牲》

28.你就这问题作解释的时候，千万不能够歪曲、穿凿，或牵强附会;更不能仗着自个儿精明，就明知故犯，叫自己的灵魂负上罪名。--莎士比亚《亨利五世》

29.酒是一种无色的液体火焰，它迅速、准确地把人的心灵中一切人性的东西统统烧尽。--高尔基《扫烟囱的人》

30.遭到了诽谤，还大事张扬，那是不聪明的，除非张扬起来能得到什么很大的好处，诽谤很少能经得住沉默的磨损的。--《马克·吐温自传》

导语：清明的微风，携带无限的哀思吹过你长眠的山谷;清明的细雨，饱含深情的缅怀润泽你脚下的土壤;清明的鲜花，承载无声的祭奠，祈愿你在天国安心长眠!下面是小编为大家整理的清明节思念亲人的句子锦集，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

清明节思念亲人的句子锦集【1】

1. 清天明空彩云飞，夜落春雨似茶香，思情无涯风飘絮，我心依旧荡秋千

2. 巨星陨落，天地动容，山河哭泣，世界悲鸣!一代伟人已远去，留下英名存长空，今虽不见你挥舞的巨手，但那响彻长空的吼声，在历史的时空

3. 今天，我们的社会终于承认了古人的做法。清明不仅是缅怀和思念先人的日子，又是一个把怀念和追悼亲人的时刻化作祥和团聚欢乐的节日。

4. 谁给我过愚人节，我就给他过清明节;谁跟我过情人节，我就让她过妇女节。

5. 清天明空彩云飞，夜落春雨似茶香，思情无涯风飘絮，我心依旧荡秋千

6. 缅怀先人是对自己的鼓舞

7. 华夏文明永记心，民放文化民族魂，清明寄祖好传统，感恩情怀天下知，文明寄祖清明时，先祖的伟大世人牢记，真情的传递思念的情，先祖精神满神州

8. 如果没有他们，就没有我们的今天!

9. 清明天空坦然山路芬芳;亲情的思念是无止境的，纵然有感伤但那温暖情怀将永存心底

10. 愿阵阵清风带着问侯，寄托我们对革命先辈的无限思念;愿滴滴细雨带着敬意，寄托我们对革命先辈的无限缅怀

11. 丰碑站在你的脚下，仰望着雄伟的丰碑，那不朽的两个金字，闪耀者英雄的光辉，为国家为民族牺牲的英烈们，永远活在人民心中，那不朽的灵魂

12. 清明节祭先人，传人情寄哀思，莫铺张不迷信，承遗志传后人，祖先慰笑九泉

13. 风和日丽，小草嫩，山青水秀，感觉新，荒郊野外一堆土，祖先在此当居民，清明时节风光好，阴阳两界真奇妙，故人一去不复返，如烟往事莫忘了增良

14. 民族的魂，感人的情，清明寄思感恩心，牢记先烈辉煌史，用心用情思先烈，民族文化要发扬，优秀传统永记心，龙的子孙激情涌，感恩先辈，追思真情天地证

15. 清明的微风，携带无限的哀思吹过你长眠的山谷;清明的细雨，饱含深情的缅怀润泽你脚下的土壤;清明的鲜花，承载无声的祭奠，祈愿你在天国安心长眠!

16.为了伟大的中国梦，你们付出了太多，甚至是生命，向你们致敬。

17.历史不会忘记他们，共和国不会忘记他们，我们更不会忘记他们。

18.网上祭英烈，悼念烈士英灵，振兴中华，建设富强社会，民族复兴中国梦!

19.革命先辈为了民族独立解放，国家繁荣富强而做出牺牲，他们是中国的脊梁、民族的骄傲。我们纪念革命先烈，勿忘他们的卓著功勋。

20.铭记革命先烈光荣事迹，不断增进爱国情感，努力学习，立志为实现民族复兴“中国梦”而奋斗!

21.没有无数革命前辈的抛头颅，洒热血，建立新中国，哪有我们幸福的生活。在此，我们深切地缅怀，愿他们的精神永存，激烈着后来人不断前进!

22.向为圆中华民族伟大复兴梦而甘愿抛头颅、洒热血、慷慨赴死的革命先烈致以崇高的敬意!先烈热血不能白流，革命遗志当代代相传。人人实干敬业，祖国早日腾飞!

23.在百年中国梦的实现历程中，先烈抛头颅洒热血实现了民族的独立，而今我们正在民族复兴的大道上奋勇前进，感谢你们为我们铺平了道路，相信未来的中国在我们的手中一定能圆中国梦。

24.向革命英烈致敬!努力工作，以建设富裕、繁荣、强盛、民主的社会主义大国来告慰他们。

25.拥有今天的幸福，不能忘记昨天的苦难，永远祭奠为了中华民族伟大复兴而奉献一切的先烈们。

26.不忘牺牲为国殇，而今民富国强盛。巍巍青山作见证，鲜红旗帜血铸成!

27.祭英烈于网上，念英烈于心中，民族复兴中国梦在于行动!

28.“英烈”，看到或者听到这个词的时候，一种内心深处的敬意油然而生。前辈为了实现梦想流血牺牲，我们生活在和平时期的人们没有理由懈怠，更要为了中国梦努力奋斗。

29.为了中华人民的幸福生活，你们努力战斗。今天，你们的努力成功了。

30.没有前人的奋斗哪来我们今天的和平、幸福生活!请让我们以及我们的孩子们永远记住先辈们，记住和平来之不易!

清明节思念亲人的句子锦集【2】

1.风和日丽，小草嫩，山青水秀，感觉新，荒郊野外一堆土，祖先在此当居民，清明时节风光好，阴阳两界真奇妙，故人一去不复返，如烟往事莫忘了增良

2.我不得不承认生命之脆弱禁不起我们再三的考验，生或死，也许早已命中注定。逝者如斯，生者为此沉寂。沉默，是对死者最大的敬意。

3.我要追逐烈士的脚步，学会无畏，学会坚强。既然我忘不了它，就面对它，不怕伤心，不怕沉沦，因为去面对，就不会退缩，就要学会勇敢，像烈士那样无畏，今年，我要开开心心过清明，就去迎接耀眼的光，接受属于我的光明大道，活出不一样的我。

4.丰碑站在你的脚下，仰望着雄伟的丰碑，那不朽的两个金字，闪耀者英雄的光辉，为国家为民族牺牲的英烈们，永远活在人民心中，那不朽的灵魂

5.经历过生死离别的人，更懂得爱和珍惜。所以，我们活着的人，都要好好善待和把握与人相处的日子，让生命不再留下遗憾!

6.经历过生死离别的人，更懂得爱和珍惜。所以，我们活着的人，都要好好善待和把握与人相处的日子，让生命不再留下遗憾!

7.唐人杜牧的诗之所以流芳百世，一是形象地描述了清明时节的意境，更难能可贵的是反映了古时民众理会清明的真实意义。虽经千百年的风风雨雨，我们今天诵来无论在情景意境都相当鲜活耐人久永……

8.古人早已经知道清明是一个好时节，是一个祭扫踏青郊游亲人聚会饮酒作乐的好日子。

9.今天，我们的社会终于承认了古人的做法。清明不仅是缅怀和思念先人的日子，又是一个把怀念和追悼亲人的时刻化作祥和团聚欢乐的节日。

10.所以从今年起，国家顺从民意把我们古老悠久的清明节法定为休息日，就好象我们过春节和过国庆节一样，大家得以聚会欢乐，这实在是我们文明社会的一大进步。

11.杨柳青青景色新，桃花相映笑迎人。年年清明今又是，万紫千红总是春。

12.如果没有他们，就没有我们的今天!

13.不是清明才忆起革命先烈，你们的英雄事迹时常在我们心中录放，不是清明才寄托我们的哀思，你们的革命精神早已在我们身上复制，所以请你们安息吧

14.古人早已经知道清明是一个好时节，是一个祭扫踏青郊游亲人聚会饮酒作乐的好日子。

15.我很少对爱人说起妈妈的事，每说到，我就要流泪，不有控制的流泪。

16.我常常想，也许我现在的幸福就是妈妈用生命换来的，因为，如果妈妈没有走，我一定不会懂事，不会理解别人，一定是一个任性的不讲道理的小丫头，也不会遇上现在的爱人，不会被他爱，也不会有现在的幸福生活。然而，现在的幸福妈妈却不能分享，她把一切都给了我了吧，自己什么也没有留下来，甚至，没有了生命。

17.我还是一个没有良心的女儿，每年只有这么几天想到她，每年只有几滴泪为了她而流，就这样，让她一个人在那里孤独。

18.一年一年的清明，一年一年的牵挂，一次一次的想念，一分一秒的记忆。不会忘记，也不会离去，为了身边的，离去的，好好努力，好好珍惜。

19.清明里总有一些花开，这些意象世界里清醇而多愁的花儿，一睁开眼睛和关闭视野都要流泪;也许这雨正是我无尽的伤悲的一场宣泄，宣泄后，一切都好。

20.天上月圆，人间月半，你我的相逢是种缘。缘起缘灭，梦中变幻，我的世界有你而精彩。曾经的回忆，美好的记忆，保存在脑海。愿你在天堂一样快乐!

21.每当这个日子的来临，总会让人想起一些过去的事情，逝去的人，装载着千丝万缕的思念。如果你真的为他/她好，请你快乐多一点!

22.生命，其实很脆弱，如陶瓷般易碎。逝去的终究已成过去，不必沉寂在过去。无需感慨生命之无常，无常才是真。好好活着，才是最好。

23.我不得不承认生命之脆弱禁不起我们再三的考验，生或死，也许早已命中注定。逝者如斯，生者为此沉寂。沉默，是对死者最大的敬意。

24.清明是先烈的精神再一次洗涤了我们的心灵清明是先烈的事迹再一次坚定了我们的行程清明是先烈的灵魂再一次保佑了我们的安宁

清明节思念亲人的句子锦集【3】

1.先烈们的热血让国旗更红，先烈们的壮举让祖国屹立，珍惜我们今天的幸福生活，不忘缅怀先烈。又是清明时节，向英烈们致以崇高的敬意!

2.中华人民共和国万岁，永远不忘那些在战场上飞洒热血的革命烈士们!

3.让英烈见证我们的成长，洗礼我们的灵魂，我们今后的道路己有了方向。向烈士们一样，坚持奋斗，永不放弃，永不言败，绝不向困难屈服，思想永远昂扬，灵魂永不跪倒，步伐永远坚定。

4.不忘烈士抛忠骨，民族复兴中华魂!伟大不屈的灵魂，您的英明于事迹...素年锦时 菊花 为中国献身的烈士们 千百年的风雨都不可磨灭的是你们辉煌的功绩...!

5.英烈们，在您们艰苦的奋斗之下，我们祖国繁荣昌盛，今天的美好的生活，是靠的您们的鲜血换来的，我们现在要好好学习，将来成为祖国的有用之才，为国家做贡献，您们人虽然牺牲了，但是依然活在我们的心中，我向您们致敬!

6.英勇的烈士们，安息吧。虽然你们已经离开，到了另一个世界，但你们的灵魂，你们的精神依然活在我们的心中。人民英雄永垂不朽!

7.我仿佛看到了先辈在枪林弹雨中与敌人拼杀。倘若没有他们抛头颅、洒热血，就没我们今天的美好生活。

8.当年，有多少英雄好汉牺牲在枪林弹雨中，他们的鲜血染红了大地，染红了我们的五星红旗!倘若没有他们的付出，哪来的中国?向烈士敬礼!

9.用现代的手段记住过去，记住那些为我们创造幸福生活的英烈们，成就中国梦!

10.名字刻在纪念碑上，是革命烈士英雄的一生，光辉的一生，他们给我们留下了宝贵的财富，那是中华民族的传统美德，是我们中华民族的民族精神。先烈们用鲜血和生命告知世界，我们是不可侵犯和战胜的。

11.“网上祭英烈”，不忘烈士抛忠骨，民族复兴中国梦!

12.立足根本，稳步发展，以强大的实力祭奠为我们创造美好生活的先烈们。

13.4月5日的清明节就快要到了，为新中国奋斗而牺牲的革命烈士们，在我的心中，是永远不会磨灭的。

14.在中华大地，无数革命先烈、仁人志士，为了人民的幸福、民族的解放和国家的富强，在硝烟弥漫的战场上，英勇战斗，直到流尽最后一滴血，永远长眠在我们脚下的这片热土上。正是他们用殷红的鲜血，书写了爱国主义最壮丽的诗篇。在清明节到来之际向所有先烈致敬!

导语：保护环境是每一位公民应尽的责任。珍惜资源永续利用，绿化环境净化心灵。下面是小编为大家整理的关于绿色环保的宣传标语，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

关于绿色环保的宣传标语【1】

1.珍惜自然资源，共营生命绿色。

2.有限的资源，无限的循环。

3.花草树木对人笑，因为人类爱环保。

4.草木无情皆愿翠，行人有情多爱惜。

5.万人齐参与，共建‘绿色生命树’。

6.学校是我家，绿化靠大家。

7.除了足迹，我们什么也没有留下;除了摄影，我们什么也没有带走。

8.用我们的爱心，迎来校园的一片绿。

9.水孕育和维持着地球上的生命，谁来关爱水的生命!

10.节电环保标语：节约能源，大有可为，功在当代、利在千秋。

11.保护绿地标语：不要踩我啊。我也会疼的……

12.节约用水就是珍惜生命。

13.美我校园重在每一举动。

14.拯救地球就是拯救未来。

15.珍惜资源永续利用，绿化环境净化心灵。

16.让校园成为绿色殿堂。

17.环境保护，人人有责。

18.保护蓝天碧水。

19.环境保护从我身边做起。

20.保护环境，造福人民。

21.少生孩子多种树。

22.多种一棵树，世界上就多一片绿色。

23.校园是我家，美丽靠大家。

24.保障饮水安全，维护生命健康。

25.青草绿树你我他，咱们同住一家。

26.珍惜水，保护水，让水造福人类。

27.坚持团结治水，构建和谐流域

28.郁郁葱葱，创新州。

29.青山清我目、流水静我耳。

30.追求绿色时尚、走向绿色文明。

31.保护树木，就是保护我们人类。

32.珍惜水资源，保护水环境，防治水污染。

33.赞化天地、道法自然。

34.水资源是有限的，生命之河是无限的。

35.改善民生，共享水利发展成果。

36.为了子孙后代，请留下一片净土。

37.全面规划，统筹兼顾，推进水利协调发展。

38.坚持人水和谐，建设生态文明。

39.自然不可改良、生活可以选择选择绿色生活、健康适度消费。

40.举手之劳，美化校园。

关于绿色环保的宣传标语【2】

1.爱花、爱草、爱树、爱校园。

2.美丽的校园，美丽的家，永远的美丽靠大家。

3.人间知音难觅，校园草坪难培。

4.把绿色带入校园。

5.家园由我来保护。

6.尊崇自然、敬畏生命。

7.创建环保模范城市，建设环保绿色家园。

8.但存方寸地，留与子孙耕。

9.让校园变成绿色家园，让祖国变成绿色宝库。

10.幸福生活不只在于丰衣足食，也在于碧水蓝天。

11.善待地球就是善待自己。

12.8.节约为本，治污优先。

13.人类离不开花草，就像婴儿离不开母亲的怀抱。

14.学校是我家，美化靠大家。

15.123，321，保护树木是第一。

16.保护地球，就从美化校园开始吧!

17.保护环境是一项必须长期坚持的基本国策。

18.实施科教兴国与可持续发展战略。

19.1998年6月5日世界环境日主题是："为了地球上的生命-拯救我们的海洋"。

20.建设美丽的边疆，爱护我们的家园。

21.加强环境宣传教育，提高全民环境意识。

22.保护环境是每一位公民应尽的责任。

23.保护环境就是保护我们自己。

24.破坏环境，就是破坏我们赖以生存的家园。

25.土壤不能再生，防止土壤污染和沙化，减少水土流失。

26.环境与人类共存，资源开发与环境保护协调。

27.保护水环境，节约水资源。

28.保护戈壁植被，防止沙尘污染，保护大气环境。

29.环保不分民族，生态没有国界 不要旁观，请加入行动者的行列 今天节约一滴水，留给后人一滴血。

30.没有地球的健康就没有人类的健康 与自然重建和谐，与地球重修旧好 垃圾混置是垃圾，垃圾分类是资源。

31.用行动护卫家园，用热血浇灌地球。

32.把消费限制在生态圈可以承受的范围内 破坏环境，祸及千古,保护环境，功盖千秋。

33.垃圾回收，保护地球,举手之劳，参与环保。

34.拣回垃圾分类老传统，倡导绿色文明新时尚。

35.人类若不能与其他物种共存，便不能与这个星球共存。

36.人类只有一个可生息的村庄——地球,保护环境是每个地球村民的责任。

在考试中你对作文有什么好的技巧呢，下面是小编整理的语文写作九大得分技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

这一点，所有的同学们一定要掌握明白了。任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

二、考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个段落为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行，写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。如果有必要，死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

三、开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看，一个开头就占太多的空间，阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

四、动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生，应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个，一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目，可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生，赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本，根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

五、作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法，合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法，解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，到时候就用得上。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

六、动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧，其实在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细写，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，如果时间紧张，提纲就要简练些。

七、想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了，我写的是什么文体，就按相应文体的写法来写。

八、适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文，最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》，其中的一些散文，结构是很好的，可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言，可以分别背个三五句，到时候直接抄上去就行了，这不算抄袭。关于国家大事，时事政治和要闻什么的，也要注意搜集一下。譬如，去年有奥运，今年是建国60周年，还有汶川地震的感人事迹等，都可以做考试作文的题材。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

九、篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，小升初作文要求都不低于500-600字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字，建议考生，争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右，留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多，肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练，作文打分就趋高不趋低。

议论要切中要害，始终紧扣论点，不游离于论点之外，不偷换论题。离开论点的论述，是无从谈及论证深刻的。小编收集了议论文的论证写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、透过现象看本质

钱钟书先生在《论快乐》一文中是这样论述的：先引述《西游记》里小猴子对孙行者说“天上一日，下界一年”，借天上比人间活得舒服快乐，来说明快乐是人的一种心理。然后宕开一笔，“永远快乐”不但渺茫得不能实现，并且荒谬得不能成立。继而论述“快乐”在人生里好比引诱小孩子吃药的方糖，更像跑狗场里引诱狗赛跑的电兔子”，生动形象地说明了快乐在人生中的作用。接着指出：“把快乐分成肉体和精神两种是最糊涂的分析”，一切快乐的享受都属于精神的。最后归纳指出，发现快乐是由精神来决定的，它是人类史的又进一步。假如，我们来谈快乐，你会怎样论证呢?你能透过生活现象挖掘出“快乐这一习见现象的本质吗?

二、揭示问题找诱因

世界是由互相联系的事物构成的，生活中发生的事存在着某种因果联系，在进行分论证时要揭示隐藏在事件背后的深层原因。

2005年高考优秀作文《出入红楼》有这样一段精彩的议论揭示出一部《红楼梦》倾倒几多后人，让众多专家学者倾其毕生精力，还不能尽得其珍的原因：

《红楼梦》，打开了大观园的大门，让好奇的后人一窥当年封建王朝奢华辉煌的殿堂;曹公才华横溢，诗词歌赋信手拈来，如粒粒明珠嵌入其中;建筑设计侃侃而出，几笔勾出一个金碧辉煌的大观园，饮食医理无一不通，衣饰礼仪无一不全，洋洋洒洒如数家珍。曹公秉世之才，堪称语言大师。披阅十载，呕心沥血，字字看来皆是血泪，达到刘勰所说“句有可削，足见其疏;字不得减，乃知其密”中真正的惜墨如金的境界。

现实生活中会有诸多的现象发生，如少男少女染发烫发，追逐明星，超现实消费，你能透过这些现象揭示出产生这些现象的心理诱因吗?

三、抓住要害开药方

议论要切中要害，始终紧扣论点，不游离于论点之外，不偷换论题。例如，以“跨越性格的障碍”为话题，就要紧扣“性格障碍”——不健全的性格(自我封闭，不善交流沟通，缺乏团队协作精神，孤芳自赏等性格缺陷)会影响我们的终生发展。有的同学大谈挑战逆境如何超越自我的问题，没有抓住论点。因此，离开论点的论述，是无从谈及论证深刻的。

抓住要害还要从若干现象的分析中，总结出一般规律，并指出解决问题的办法。司马光在《训俭示康》中，以父亲的身份，向儿子进行节俭教育。文中有道理分析，更有大量的出国留学网具体事例，摆事实，讲道理。正反论述，有很强的说服力。文中批判“走卒类士服，夫蹑丝履”虽有封建等级的观念和鄙视劳动人民的思想局限，但他总结出的“由俭入奢易，由奢入俭难”的规律是何其深刻!

四、运用辩证明事理

辩证法告诉我们要客观地全面发展地看问题，不要主观地孤立地静止地看问题;要两点论，不要一点论;要抓住矛盾的主要方面，分清主次，不要一叶障目、不见泰山。在议论文的写作中运用辩证法认识问颢、分析问题就会有深度。又如，就“平凡与自豪”这个话题，写一篇文章。这是典型的关系型作文题，这一话题能正确引导考生认识世界，认识自我，世界是多姿多彩的;“每一滴露珠，都能反射一轮太阳”。每一个体都有其存在的意义和价值，世界不独是名人与胜者的天下。

很明显，这个作文导向是正确对待平凡，在人们的认识中，伟大与平凡是两极，平凡与平庸相等，鄙弃平凡是应该的，但只赞颂伟大而不甘于平凡，轻视平凡却是错误的。忠于职守辛勤耕耘的人，不管是名人还是农夫都是自豪的。

撰写一篇专业和有效的新闻稿可能会很困难。以下是在草拟新闻稿的时候应当注意的几点：

1、尽快切入主题，用引证和事实来支撑你的主题。

2、恰当地使用语法和标点符号。校对打字稿，不要以来拼写检查。

3、在新闻稿中强调谁、什么、何时、哪里、为什么和怎样这6W。

4、重复检查电话号码和链接地址。

5、大声朗读你的新闻稿，看看感觉如何。

6、使用引语来传达别人的意见或事物之间的联系。

7、不要忘了在你的新闻稿中标明你的姓名、发布时间、日期、网站地址和电话号码。还要保证在稿件发出以后别人能够通过电话找到你。

8、应当客观地撰写新闻稿，就像撰稿人与这家公司没有关系一样。

9、不要使用代名词，如我、我们、我们的、你们的等，除非是在直接引语里。用第三人称撰写。

10、不要说大话或者显得像个瘾君子，但一定要让读者知晓你在这一行业中的地位。

11、一定要在最后一段中加上有关贵公司的标准样板信息。这一部分标题应当是“关于(在这里插入贵公司的名称)”。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

表达方式就是常见的叙述、描写、抒情、议论和说明，也属于艺术表现手法。常见的有：夸张，对比，比喻，拟人，悬念，照应，联想，想象，场面描写，抑扬结合、点面结合、动静结合、叙议结合、情景交融、衬托对比、伏笔照应、托物言志、白描细描、铺垫悬念、正面侧面比喻象征、借古讽今、卒章显志、承上启下、开门见山，烘托、渲染、动静相衬、虚实相生，实写与虚写，托物寓意、咏物抒情等。(其实也属于艺术表现手法)。修辞手法就是常见的排比、比喻、对比、比拟、对偶、借代、夸张、互文、双关、反问、设问、反复、反语、引用等。

同学们学习一下记事作文的写作技巧，写一篇漂亮的作文吧！下文是为大家精选的小学生记事作文写作技巧，欢迎大家阅读。

一、要交代清楚时间、地点、人物、事件。

让读者明白文章写的是什么人，在什么时候，什么地方发生了怎样的事。

二、找出事件闪光点。

如果根据题目的要求选定了某件事，你就要对这件事进行认真的回忆，并仔细琢磨，反复思考，挖掘出这件事中含有的生活道理，或找出它闪光的地方。

三、必须把事情发生的环境写清楚。

因为任何事情总是在一定的环境中发生、发展的。环境写好了，写出特点来，还能渲染气氛，表达感情，使文章更生动。

四、一般要按事情发展顺序写。

把一件事的起因、经过、结果写清楚，不能颠三倒四，还应把事情的前因后果，来龙去脉写清楚。

五、记事中要围绕中心，抓住重点，不要面面俱到。

重点部分(一般指事情发展高潮处)要详写，写具体，写详尽，给读者以深刻的印象。

六、写事不能离不开写人。

同此在记事过程中，一定要把人物的语言、神态、动作、心理活动等写细致，写逼真，这样才能表达出人物的思想品质，才能更好地表达这件事所包含的意义，即文章的中心思想。

七、必须把事情发生的环境写清楚。

因为任何事情总是在一定的环境中发生、发展的。环境写好了，写出特点来，还能渲染气氛，表达感情，使文章更生动。

由于AA的写作不牵涉自己观点的展开，只须指出作者逻辑上的漏洞，因此在经过训练以后，写起来并不困难;而AI的写作需要自己展开自己设立的观 点，不但需要逻辑上的洞察能力，还需要论证观点的能力，语言组织的能力，因此对于中国考生来讲比较困难，难以短期内有较大提高。但是这两个部分在总分中的 权重是一样的，因此考生的策略应该是尽量提高AI部分的写作能力而力保AA部分满分(或高分)。因为如果AA部分满分的话，AI部分只需争取在4分以上就 可以保证整体作文分数在5分以上。二. ETS的评分标准以及作文分数的计算。参照ETS评过分的范文，我们不难发现：无论是ISSUE还是ARGUMENT在评分标准上都有共同之处，即：第一，观点要有深度，论证要有说 服力;第二，组织要有条理，表达清晰准确;第三，语言流利，句式复杂，词汇丰富。这三条分别说的是行文的“思想性”、“结构性”和“表达性”，众多高分作 文的考生大凡都在这三个方面做得很好，我们理所当然也要从这里入手，采取“各个击破”的方法解剖新GRE作文的本质，从而得到一个理想分数。

一、策划书名称

尽可能具体的写出策划名称，如“×年×月××大学××活动策划书”，置于页面中央，当然可以写出正标题后将此作为副标题写在下面。

二、 活动背景 ：

这部分内容应根据策划书的特点在以下项目中选取内容重点阐述；具体项目有：基本情况简介、主要执行对象、近期状况、组织部门、活动开展原因、社会影响、以及相关目的动机。其次应说明问题的环境特征，主要考虑环境的内在优势、弱点、机会及威胁等因素，对其作好全面的分析(swot分析)，将内容重点放在环境分析的各项因素上，对过去现在的情况进行详细的描述，并通过对情况的预测制定计划。如环境不明，则应该通过调查研究等方式进行分析加以补充。

三、 活动目的、意义和目标：

活动的目的、意义应用简洁明了的语言将目的要点表述清楚；在陈述目的要点时，该活动的核心构成或策划的独到之处及由此产生的意义（经济效益、社会利益、媒体效应等）都应该明确写出。活动目标要具体化，并需要满足重要性、可行性、时效性

四、资源需要：

列出所需人力资源，物力资源，包括使用的地方，如教室或使用活动中心都详细列出。可以列为已有资源和需要资源两部分。

五、活动开展：

作为策划的正文部分，表现方式要简洁明了，使人容易理解，但表述方面要力求详尽，写出每一点能设想到的东西，没有遗漏。在此部分中，不仅仅局限于用文字表述，也可适当加入统计图表等；对策划的各工作项目，应按照时间的先后顺序排列，绘制实施时间表有助于方案核查。人员的组织配置、活动对象、相应权责及时间地点也应在这部分加以说明，执行的应变程序也应该在这部分加以考虑。

这里可以提供一些参考方面：会场布置、接待室、嘉宾座次、赞助方式、合同协议、媒体支持、校园宣传、广告制作、主持、领导讲话、司仪、会场服务、电子背景、灯光、音响、摄像、信息联络、技术支持、秩序维持、衣着、指挥中心、现场气氛调节、接送车辆、活动后清理人员、合影、餐饮招待、后续联络等。请根据实情自行调节。

六、经费预算：

活动的各项费用在根据实际情况进行具体、周密的计算后，用清晰明了的形式列出。

七、活动中应注意的问题及细节：

内外环境的变化，不可避免的会给方案的执行带来一些不确定

性因素，因此，当环境变化时是否有应变措施，损失的概率是多少，造成的损失多大，应急措施等也应在策划中加以说明。

八、活动负责人及主要参与者：

注明组织者、参与者姓名、嘉宾、单位（如果是小组策划应注明小组名称、负责人）。

注意：

1、 本策划书提供基本参考方面，小型策划书可以直接填充；大型策划书可以不拘泥于表格，自行设计，力求内容详尽、页面美观；

2、 可以专门给策划书制作封页，力求简单，凝重；策划书可以进行包装，如用设计的徽标做页眉，图文并茂等；

3、 如有附件可以附于策划书后面，也可单独装订；

4、 策划书需从纸张的长边装订；

5、 一个大策划书，可以有若干子策划书。

注：1、该策划书格式由我和我的学生助手张志永共同完成，感谢他的辛勤劳动；

2、本格式主要参阅书目类别为：营销策划、项目管理和创业计划指导书；

3、swot分析是现代管理一种分析技术，我们认为它的应用领域广泛，特将其引入大学活动策划 附：进行一次大学活动的基本步骤

一、活动若办，策划先行。策划是办活动的脉络，一份好的策划是成功的前提。

二、获得支持。获得领导的认可与支持，是一件非常有必要的事情；获得大型媒体的支持，你的活动就会变得特别好办，而且多半会成功。

三、组织任务小组，分配人员职责。权责相应，每个人都要非常明白自己的责任。注意，分配任务要以人为单位，而不能说某件事“你们几个做”，这样这件事情基本做不好。有几个方向：指挥中心，外联赞助组，现场工作组，宣传媒体组，现场秩序、礼仪接待组、应急人员。打印出权责清单，让每个人看得明明白白。并且，每天碰头一次，及时汇报进展，以便处理各种信息；

四、赞助或其他经费来源：寻找赞助商，与他们进行艰苦地谈判，最后取得双方能认可的协议，这是活动需要。有了经费，一切好办；注意：广告不能太过分，谈判一定掌握尺度，否则商业味道可能让晚会failing！

五、组合资源。有很多的道具、物品需要你尽快找到。就像个rpg游戏，你要懂得怎样获得资源，组合资源。

六、进行宣传。调足参与者的胃口，是广告、海报或其他媒体的职责。

七、现场必须有一个指挥中心，负责及时调度；

八、进行过程中，要有至少一种让所有工作人员沟通的方式。比如手机短信，纸条或手势。

九、特别提醒，那些领掌的，托儿，制造气氛的人员要特别安排好。想办好活动这是必须。

十、认真把参与活动的高层人物送走，不要失去任何礼节，记得向那些辛勤劳动却默默无闻的人员致敬！你的荣耀，他们才是真正的缔造者。当然，也欣赏自己的成功吧。

记叙文是指记人、叙事、写景、状物的文章，它属于散文文体中的一类基本文体。由于应用广泛，写作形式灵活多样，在高考写作中受到考生的青睐。记叙文的叙述方式多种多样，有顺叙，倒叙，插叙，平叙和补叙。在高考中，一篇详略得当，有变化，有波澜，情景交融的记叙文容易打动阅卷老师的心。

第一个问题，叫做化虚为实。我们写作文的时候，脑子里面总有个概念性的东西，你要把它表现出来。我们有的同学写作文往往虚一点，都不是概括性比较强的概念。比方讲，一说，哎呀今天教室里安静极了，咱们同学一说安静，安静极了、很安静、十分安静、特安静，这个词用得太多了，怎么安静啊？是吧，只听见飒飒飒记笔记的声音，有的时候就有一点哗哗的翻书的声音，老师讲话的声音虽然不大，但是大家都听得清清楚楚，窗外有的时候还传来两声鸟叫，有一个同学一不小心把铅笔盒碰得掉在地下，大家很吃惊地回过头来看着他。为什么会出现刚才那个情况，那是因为教室里面怎么样？安静。好了，你把这些写出来了，还要你在那儿说吗？教室里安静极了、教室里特安静，不行。影响你们得高分的好像就是在形象方面考虑得不够，把虚的化成实的注意得不够。比方说，遇到一个场面挤。哎呀，挤极了、挤得要命、特挤，咱们同学们往往会这么说，有的同学稍微夸张一下，都快把我挤成一张相片了。这还不够，化虚为实，把它说破了，那意思就是说，你描绘出一个形象来，让别人看，别人看完了，让别人得出这个结论。你说“安静”，你写完了让我一看，多安静；你说“热闹”，最好你的文段里面不用热闹最好，写出来让我一看，这个同学写的这个场面多热闹啊。好，你回忆一下，遇到过挤没有？挤，你想想看，怎么个挤法？好，告诉你一段“挤”，大家注意听，“公共汽车擦着人群的边缘，驶了过来，没等到停稳，人们便一起涌向前门、中门、后门，于是，青年的潇洒大度、教授的温文尔雅、姑娘的矜持恬静，便一齐被抛在那空落落的车牌下，只有那一个个黑发的头、白发的头、长发的头、短发的头和戴帽子、包围巾的头，一样地在车门口攒动，那一双双白皙的手、粗糙的手、青筋暴露的手和戴手套的手，一齐向上挥舞着，努力向前伸——企图抓住车门，此时人们之间便无了高低贵贱，紧紧‘团结’在一起：笔挺的西装和肮脏的工作服挨在一起，白亮的高跟皮鞋胡乱地踏在黑亮的大头皮鞋上，人们之间也没有了礼貌谦让：身体高大的在尽情发挥高空优势，身体瘦小的也在巧妙地利用低层空间，上的人气急败坏，下的人败坏气急，满眼扭曲的面孔、暴怒的目光，满耳叫声、喊声、骂声和小孩的哭声。”

这里面有挤吗？没听到有挤吧？挤呀，挤极了，挤得要命，好了，听完了以后挤不挤？挤。写作文就该这样，那么景物描写你也可以这么想，人物描写你也可以这么去想，我怎么把这个具体的形象描绘出来，让别人得出那个概念，是吧？你不要虚，你要化虚为实，你去描绘形象，让别人得出结论。

二、就是化显为隐。“明显”的“显”，“隐蔽”的“隐”，什么叫化显为隐？同学们都知道，写作文你要有中心思想，那个中心思想怎么让人感受到？怎么让人看出来？我们有的同学采用的方法，我觉得相对地说是不是笨了一点，“我虽然18岁，经过的事也不少，好多事我都忘了，唯独有一件事我忘不了，他告诉我怎样做人，一定要做一个诚实的人。”一看到这个开头我就知道你底下要干嘛了，是吧？或者，前面写完了，结尾来了，这件事告诉我应当怎样做人，一定要做一个乐于帮助他人的人。这个中心假如你把它不直接说出来行不行？我认为是可以的。怎么办？把它融在文章的字句段里面，不要直通通地说出来。直通通地说出来，我感觉到，这个味就不够浓，你要给看作文的人联想的余地、想像的余地。如果作为一个文学作品的话，要给读者二度创造的余地，直通通地说出来了就没意思，是吧？咱们有的时候为什么有些电影不爱看，看了五分钟就知道后面该干嘛了？你说你爱看吗？

先让大家看一幅画，就是说乾隆皇帝他拿出一句诗来：“深山藏古刹”，说谁能把它画出来？那么我这儿，画了一个示意图，找了几个画家。第一个画家画出这个来了：崇山峻岭当中这儿有一个庙。乾隆皇帝一看大不满意，说我这句诗要害是什么，大家知道吗？“藏”，你这儿露了。那么这个画家说我不画出来这不就是一幅山水画了吗？谁知道这里有寺啊？第二个画家来画了：崇山峻岭里面，有一个寺的一角露在外边了，多数被挡住了。你瞧瞧，藏了吧？乾隆还是不满意，我说的是藏。好，第三个人说了，我有办法，崇山峻岭里面这儿有一根杆子上面挂着中幡。大家都知道大一点的寺庙前面都有一个挂中幡的旗杆是不是？这上面还写着一个佛字，你看看藏了吧？乾隆说不行，你这还不好，比前面两个可能好一点。最后这幅画出来了：崇山峻岭当中有一片水，一个和尚来挑水了。好，乾隆满意了。为什么？给人联想、想像的余地了。崇山峻岭里面有一片水，和尚到这儿来挑水，挑到哪儿去？挑到寺里去。好了，山里肯定有寺。我就觉得咱们写作文是不是这样写，把什么东西都直通通地告诉别人，不是讲究有含蕴吗！写作文，这就叫含蕴。当然我又要提醒大家，化显为隐，中心隐在里边，别隐得让人看不出来，模糊不行，写中心的时候，你不要直通通地把这个中心写出来，让它的语言比较形象，用比较形象的语言把你要表达的中心思想说出来，不要太直白。前面我讲到想像、联想，它会帮助你把这个语言说得比较形象。

那么我现在要用一个例子来说话，我曾经让同学写过这样的作文，题目叫做《一件小事》，我对同学的要求是什么呢？事是小事，理要是大理，小事大道理，这是一；要求二：大道理不要直通通地给我说出来，让它形象化。我现在先把这一件小事我念给大家听：“眼一睁，糟糕，七点三十分了！我赶快从床上跳起来，穿上裤子，套上鞋，顾不得洗漱，拿上书包，推着自行车，腿一骗，迅速地向学校骑去。刚刚骑出大院的门，就看见门边停着一辆卖小吃的餐车，我赶紧下车，买了两个油条，接着上车，一边骑车，一边吃着油条。这时脑海里突然闪出一件往事。有一次，也是眼一睁，七点三十分了，我从床上跳起来，穿上裤子套上鞋，拿上书包推上车，飞快地向学校骑去。当时心想，去学校的路上，路边有个小吃店，经过那里的时候，买个火烧带到学校里去吃，既不至于迟到，也不至于挨饿，但当我快骑到小吃店就被那长长的由里排到外的人龙吓坏了，我只好带着失望继续向学校骑去。刚在座位上坐定，上课的预备铃就响了，第一节我还能专心听讲，第二节肚子就向我提抗议了，抗议的激烈程度使我再也无法专心听课了，要不时地安抚一下自己的肚子，安定坚持一下。想到这里，下意识地往回看了看，大院门口那个卖小吃的餐车，隐隐约约还看得见，我不由地心头一阵发热，我想，”你们看看他想什么了，“我想今后一定要更加努力地学习科学文化知识，长大了向那位卖早点的师傅一样全心全意地为人民服务。”

前面写得很形象，挺不错的，最后你能说他不对吗？对，但是好吗？不好，我给你介绍两个结尾，你看看什么叫做化理为形。前面完全一样，没改，就是到了大院门口那辆买小吃的餐车，隐隐约约还看得见这儿，下面这么写的：“我不由地觉得：那不是一辆普普通通的摊车，那分明是一座加油站，在我们奔向“四化”的道路上。正因为有了一座座这样的加油站，才使得一辆辆车能多装快跑，以飞快的速度向“四化”这一宏伟而远大的目标驶去。”怎么样，比刚才那个结尾更形象了，加油站，多装快跑，飞快地驶去，这位卖早点的师傅他是一个典型，是人们一心奔四化的典型，我们亿万人民正在一心奔四化呢。人家把这个中心表现出来了，但是没有直通通的意思吧？我一定要怎么样怎么样，不是的。多好啊，我再给你念一个结尾：“在我的眼里，那辆卖小吃的餐车忽然幻化成一朵花，一朵鲜艳夺目的花。正是这一朵朵鲜艳夺目的奇花异葩绚丽绽放，把精神文明的百花园打扮得万紫千红，春意盎然。”怎么样？花儿，鲜艳夺目的花儿，奇花异葩绽放，精神文明的百花园是万紫千红，春意盎然。多好啊。从这个卖早点的师傅身上，我们看到了大家都在讲精神文明，我们这个社会是一个充分体现着精神文明的社会，你看看他把这个表现出来了。我再给你念一个结尾，你听第三个结尾的时候，你别白听，你想想我为什么要给你念三个结尾：“远处的那辆推车，好像是一朵花，一朵小小的浪花。这一小小的浪花汇聚起来，汇成了改革开放的巨浪，以雷霆万钧之势，向东汹涌奔腾而去。”怎么样？我原来为什么挨饿呀，物资不丰富，今天吃的怎么能送到家门口来了？改革开放使得物资丰富了。因此，人们拥护改革开放，谁敢阻挡改革开放的潮流，我们老百姓不答应。这个中心引出来了。多好呀。前面一点没动，后面怎么样？化成形了。我刚才要你们把这三个结尾想一想，我现在点破了。

写作文还有个很重要的，就是时代感。

第四，就是化平为奇。平平常常、平平淡淡，你把它化了，能够达到什么？让人惊奇，哎呀感到意外。我想我这个奇，我有两个含义。俗话说“文如看山不喜平”，是不是波澜起伏呀？这是一个，平平淡淡的、平铺直叙的，不行；还有一个，别一看到开头最多看到中间就知道结尾了，那不行。好了，至于“文如看山不喜平”，起伏，几起几伏，说还有两个月，我们许多同学说我马上几起几伏我做不到。但是我认为意外结尾你做得到，那么，比方说你写提纲，我用那些材料，什么材料我放在最后用，让你感到意外，这就很重要。你把这个做好了，作文的分就上去了。有的作文表面上你一看没有看出什么来，一看那个结尾不得了。《项链》怎么样？鲁迅先生的《一件小事》怎么样？初中学过《我的叔叔于勒》怎么样？是不是都是意外结尾？到考场上我先列提纲，什么先写，什么后写，一定要养成写提纲的习惯。“磨刀不误砍柴工”，在提纲上你要让文章尽量有点起伏，不要平铺直叙，让这个结尾，让人感觉着意外，立刻就有一种震撼的感觉。

第五个我想讲的，叫做化情为物。有三句话大家可能都背熟了，老师可能都给你们讲过：“说明文以知育人，议论文以理服人，记叙文以情感人”。这个情怎么才能感人？许多同学比较习惯的做法：所谓议论跟抒情相结合。比方讲，文章写到一定的地方了，“妈妈我爱你，一千倍一万倍地爱你，假如有下一辈的话，我还做你的儿子，我还做你的女儿”。好像有的时候给人一个感觉，这个情怎么样，跟挤牙膏似的它挤出来的，谁知道你是不是真心。真情应当融在文章的字里行间，让人感觉到字字句句里面你都在表达一种情。我说的化情为物请大家注意，我这个物，是广义的物，人物、事物、景物、器物、动物、植物，你做到情物交融、情景交融、情事交融、情人交融。要做到这一点，不要在那儿空着喊那个情，那个情打动不了别人，我认为是这个。我下面我再给你们举一个例子，人家怎么把情融在物里的。

“爸爸，春天又到了！窗外那片竹，那样挺拔，那样秀颀，那样生机盎然。六年来，黄昏走来又走去，可我只能看到那片竹，爸爸，那是我终生难忘的一个春天！初春时还飘着零落的雪花，当冻土还未化尽时，您带回来了几株瘦竹，叶尖微微泛黄，蔫蔫的，虽无生气，却有壮实的根。您种下了绿的希望，给我留下了窗外那片竹。就在当年暮春，你匆匆地走了，再也没有回来！爸爸，那片竹顽强地活下来了，活得很旺盛，我整个的思念都系在了那片竹上，在那里，可以拾起您遗落的脚印，可以掬起您爽朗的笑声。夏天裹着燥热姗姗走来，昏黄的夕照中，我倚窗凝望那疲惫的竹，连日暴晒，叶面上蒙着厚厚的灰尘，叶片向下搭拉着，竹干微微倾斜，竹林似乎疏朗了许多，显得那样疲惫不堪。爸爸，这神情多像您！为了养育我们，您在暑天里四处奔走，收酒瓶，收破烂。归来时您是满身的灰尘，满身的汗，深深的皱纹里藏着辛劳和艰难。就这样，您还忙着为那片竹浇水！每当此时，我心中总涌动着阵阵酸楚。我觉得您很可怜，也恨自己无能。我下决心要好好学习，将来使您幸福。而今，我连着唯一的心愿也未曾兑现，您就走了，永远地走了！窗外的那片竹啊，只有你知道我的哀思有多深！”

写竹实际上也是写谁呀？写爸爸。“叶尖，微微泛黄，蔫蔫的”，但是怎么样？有壮实的根，是不是？爸爸虽然不能让家里富起来，但是在家里面怎么样？他是顶梁柱，顶着这个家承担着养活全家的责任。你看看是不是他的情融在对竹的描写上？融在对人的描写上？我觉得咱们写作文要这么写。

毕业时，一份认真的，实事求是的毕业自我鉴定是对自己学业最好的总结。都是哪些鉴定内容呢？以下为您提供几点大学毕业生自我鉴定样板，仅供参考。

一、毕业生的自我鉴定的主要内容：

（一）思想道德素质方面：

1、对党的领导和党的路线、方针、政策等方面的理解和认识，参加学校组织的各项思想政治教育活动及政治表现；

2、遵守国家、学校的各种法规和制度的表现；

3、参加集体活动，团结同学，主动为大家服务方面的情况；

4、参加社会实践及学校组织的各种有益活动的情况；

5、参加政治理论、形势政策等思想道德修养类课程的学习情况。

（二）专业素质方面：

1、学习态度和学习自觉性方面的表现；

2、学习成绩和专业知识的掌握程度；

3、科学研究活动成果及创新能力方面的表现。

（三）身心素质方面：

1、参加校、院、系和班级组织的各项体育活动情况；

2、体育课成绩及体育特长、体育达标情况；

3、身体健康状况；

4、心理健康水平状况。

（四）专业能力方面：

1、根据社会的需要，对自己的能力做一个较全面的基本估计；

2、自己的专长和特点。

（五）存在的主要缺点和今后的努力方向。

二、具体要求：

1、毕业生写好自我鉴定首先应认真听取老师和同学的意见。老师对学生的学业和品德比较了解，同学之间朝夕相处，也比较熟悉，注意听取他们的意见，有助于写好自我鉴定；其次，自我鉴定必须写实，要本着实事求是的原则，成绩找够，缺点找准，恰如其份地做出总结鉴定，以利于用人单位较全面、客观了解毕业生，从而有针对性地培养和帮助毕业生更好地开展工作。

2、在毕业生登记表发放前各院系要召开动员大会，对毕业生自我鉴定、班主任（导师）鉴定意见的撰写切实加强指导，做到严肃认真、准确、诚实。填写时字迹要清楚，表述要确切，用水笔或毛笔填写。毕业生自我鉴定字数不得少于800字。

3、没有按照要求填写的毕业生登记表不能进档，个人档案将不给寄送。

《平凡的世界》它的内容如它的名字一般，真的只是平凡的世界，平凡的农民，平凡的生活，平凡的爱情。我已经忘了连续几天像这样在图书馆中一坐一下午，第一次，感受到了文人骚客废寝忘食读书的举动。不得不说它的确是一部令人疯狂的作品。

无疑，爱情，亲情，友情，是小说的三大主题元素，为轰轰烈烈的爱情所感动，为质朴的亲情所感动，为朴素深沉的友情所感动。谈起该书就不得不说说“三大家族”——田家，孙家，金家了。

作为艰苦奋斗，忍受磨难的代表之一，孙少平在高中的平凡生活拉开了帷幕。相同的家境让他与郝红梅接触，亦是相同的爱好将这两个人联系在了一起，携着青春的萌动，少平第一次打开了感情世界的扉门。然而，现实的生活却不允许感情萌芽的成长，不是每个都可以坦然面对贫穷，原因并不是自卑，而是自尊，是的，没有人知道自尊的力量有多强大，它可以成就一个人，也可以毁灭一个人，即便少平再表示友好，即使好友暗地进行恐吓，报复，少平的第一份尚未展开的感情依旧毫不留情的离他而去了。这不能怪任何人，在现今物质横流的社会也不乏拜金女，何况那些已被穷苦折磨了世世代代的可怜的人们呢……

我最心爱的礼物是乒乓球拍，它是爸爸送我的礼物。

在球拍的最末端，是一个蝴蝶翅膀的名牌标志。它的正面胶皮是黑色的，我叫它黑脸，胶皮的名字是红双喜狂飚三，它摩擦起来可有劲儿了，一拉就是一个旋转球，质量非常好。这的反面胶皮是红色的，我叫它红脸，胶皮名字是ZKT，这种胶皮反手拉球和防守效果很好。对方要是发球，我就要反手拉球打过去才能赢。只要把正手反手配合好，就能赢得最终的胜利。

有一次，在参加市南区乒乓球比赛中，我碰到一个和我水平差不多同学。比赛开始，他先发球，发的非常快，我也毫不示弱的用反手拉了过去。他还没反应过来，球已经掉到了地上。我们俩你追我赶，连续打了好几个回合，小小的乒乓球在空中飞来飞去，忽上忽下，忽右忽左，场上的气氛变得非常紧张。在最后一局关键的时刻，我发了一个侧转球，他侧身一个猛打，只见那小球以迅雷不及掩耳之势向我劈来，就在这时，我瞅准时机一个扣杀，打到了对方的死角，球落地了，我取得了胜利。

乒乓球拍给我带来了胜利的喜悦，我爱我的乒乓球拍。