写作

下面是小编为大家收集整理的记叙文的写作技巧，欢迎大家阅读参考!

怎样记叙好一件简单的事呢?

1、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;要把事情的经过、因果写明白。一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化，将它们间接表示出来。如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了;“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

2、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

3、记叙的条理要清晰。一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。写记叙文，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。

那么，怎样安排记叙顺序才能使文章条理清楚呢?

1、运用顺叙。

顺叙，是按照事物发生、发展的先后次序进行叙述。这样写，可以将事物的发展过程，有头有尾地叙述出来，来龙去脉，十分清楚。运用顺叙写成的文章，它的层次、段落和事物发生、发展的过程是基本一致的。

顺叙有以时间为顺序的，有以事物发展规律为顺序的，也有以空间变换为顺序的。在叙事性的文章中，大多是以时间为顺序和以事物发展规律为顺序的。

按时间顺序进行叙述时，必须严格地安排好顺序，写清楚叙述的时间。现实生活中任何事情都不会突然发生，它总有一个发生、发展的过程。因此，作者常常要根据事情发生、发展、高潮、结局这一事情发展的规律来进行叙述，文章的层次也是清楚、明了的。

当然，有的文章事情比较简单，因而不一定非要写出事情过程的四个层次(发生、发展、高潮、结局)。

2、运用倒叙。

倒叙，就是把事件的结局或某个最突出的片断提在前面叙述，然后再从事件的开头进行叙述。

需要指出的是，运用倒叙的写法，必须注意交代清楚倒叙的起讫点，顺叙和倒叙的转换处要有明显的界限、必要的文字过渡。这些地方处理不好，会使文章脉络不清，头绪不明，影响内容的表达。

3、运用插叙。

插叙是指在叙述中心事件的过程中，由于某种需要暂时中断叙述的线索而插入的关于另一件事情的叙述。

需要指出的是，在运用插叙时不能打乱原来的叙述线索，要注意与上下文的衔接。这样，文章的结构不仅富有变化，而且叙述事情的条理非常清楚。

假设你的文章字数是400字，那么你大概要写40～50个句子。把这40～50个句子，排成编号，从第1个到第40个，也就是从文章的第一句话到最后一句话，你都知道要写什么，并且知道怎么写，甚至每个句子你都掌握了2～3个漂亮的句式，这样你还担心自己拿不到高分吗?再假设，这40～50个句子，你有50%都已经是固定句式了，也就是成了自己的写作套路，那么你还愁文章写不完么?比如说，我总是喜欢在文章最后一句 话 说 ：In a word， it is rather superficial to simply say that……+观点，给个真题例子：In a word， it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers。用一句话说，简单地认为父母是最好的老师是相当肤浅的。大家想一想，任何事情simply say都可以说是相当肤浅的。因此这句话就是一句比较万能的结束语。这句话怎么来的呢?这是官方题库里的第2篇，是我和大家在课上积累来的。只要大家一起努力，我们一定会成功提炼出自己的高分模版。

1、人多不足以依赖，要生存只有靠自己。――拿破仑

2、自信是成功的第一秘诀。――爱默生

3、深窥自己的心，而后发觉一切的奇迹在你自己。――培根

4、任何人都应该有自尊心，自信心，独立性，不然就是奴才。――徐特立

5、地球上的任何一点离太阳都同样地遥远。――伯顿

6、我们对自己抱有的信心，将使别人对我们萌生信心的绿芽。――拉劳士福古

7、除了人格以外，人生最大的损失，莫过于失掉自信心了。――培尔辛

8、有信心的人，可以化渺小为伟大，化平庸为神奇。――萧伯纳

9、坚决的信心，能使平凡的人们，做出惊人的事业。――马尔顿

10、哥伦布发现了一个世界，却没有用海图，他用的是在天空中释疑解惑的“信心”。――桑塔雅娜

11、能够使我飘浮于人生的泥沼中而不致陷污的，是我的信心。――但丁

12、无论如何，“流言”总不能吓哑我的。――鲁迅

13、天生我材必有用。――李白

14、知人者智，自知者明。――老聃《老子》

15、恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄。――诸葛亮

16、恃人不如自恃也。(恃，依靠。)――先秦《韩非子・外储说右下》

17、自信与骄傲有异;自信者常沉着，而骄傲者常浮扬。――梁启超

18、吾无过人者，但生平行为，无不可对人言耳。――司马光

19、自立自重，不可跟人脚迹，学人言语。――陆九渊

20、自信者不疑人，人亦信之。自疑者不信人，人亦疑之。――《史典》

删除诸如"who is”或"that is"类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

人生旅途中，我们有时会觉得无家可归。但人性的可贵之处在于追求永恒的归宿，这种归宿常常隐藏在人的灵魂深处。

本次作文材料的立意——

人在困境、彷徨状态中，甚至在安逸状态中，都有可能出现灵魂的空虚、茫然，人的意志会变得消沉，精神会变得萎靡。如何振奋精神、提升斗志?唯有寻找自己的精神家园。古往今来，各个领域的杰出人物之所以杰出，并不仅仅因为他们在各自领域取得了辉煌的成就或地位，而是因为他们足够清醒，能够在困境、彷徨状态中探求自己的精神家园，并为之而奋斗。即便在当今的安逸状态中，在追求物质文明的同时，明智的人也会有着寻求精神家园的深思和举动，力避精神的茫然、颓废。一个人如此，一个民族更是如此。

作文材料从人性的角度命题，但写作时可化抽象为具体。既可写个体人生追寻“精神家园”，也可从“乡村”“文化”“艺术”“民族”等大的角度入手，联系其领域的某个方面，紧扣追求“精神家园”这一核心概念，深入剖析或生动描述，表现某种特定的价值追求，展现正能量。

需要注意的是，材料为结论句，考生的作文不能仅证明此结论的正确，须结合自己的生活体验、情感体验、理性认知，力求在新颖和独特上下功夫，在细腻中挖掘真情，在思辨中显现灼见。

【范文】

成为一位优秀的作家并不是一件容易的事情。你需要艰苦卓绝的努力，但是这些支出的努力是值得的。只要你从今天做起，一点一滴的努力，你一定可以成为一个优秀作家。小编准备了15条建议希望对你有所启迪，共勉吧。

1、阅读优秀的作品：这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

2、尽可能多的写：每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。你写得多了，也就写得好了。学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

3、随时随地记下你的灵感：随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片)，当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

4、专门的写作时间：每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

5、随便涂鸦：面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。你会想：我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧!先生，千万别这样。马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是：开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

6、集中精神：写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏(没有其他软件得干扰)的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

7、先计划，再写： 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴;然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲;等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。这里，有一个构思小说的三部曲，可以参考这个：Snowflake Method.

8、创新： 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

9、修改： 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。修改的目标是：更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

10、简明扼要： 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。记得：简单就是力量。

11、富于感染力的句子：在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

12、获取别人的反馈： 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

13、是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜：就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

14、采用对话式的文体： 很多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅(没有叹生词)。这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则(就像我的前一句那样)。因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

15、好开头和结尾： 开头和结尾是文章的重点。特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

创新式议论文体现的是思维睿智美。下面是小编为你带来的2017年高考作文写作之创新式议论文，欢迎阅读。

创新式议论文的特点：活化以上几种结构方式和写作方法，创造出形式新,内容新的议论文,方法主要有：

⑴采用第二人称,与一个或一组历史人物(现实人物,文学人物)对话的形式,来论说自己的观点;

⑵比喻派生式：标题以一个大的比喻托起全文，全文由这个大比喻派生出三个比喻性分论点。06届高三以”铸造人格”为话题的《装满人格的背囊》，

⑶对一个或一组历史人物(现实人物,文学人物),生活中的某一个或某些现象,发表视角新异,观点独到的看法。

《铸造人格之剑》

(话题:铸造人格)

(9号文,比喻派生式议论文)

当我们欣赏一名男子时,往往是由于他;当我们赞美一位女性时,也往往是由于她有气质.而这气质这风度这精神这魅力则是人格的体现。

孟子曰:“吾善养吾浩然之气也。”那我们又应养怎样的气,铸造怎样的人格呢?且让我们从人格的熔炉中抽出这三柄响绝古今的宝剑吧!

第一把,剑名,旷达。铸造者,苏轼。

王国维在人间词话中说:“东坡之词旷。”的确,人如其词。在大“江东去浪淘尽中”我们领略到他的豪放洒脱;从赤壁赋中关于水与月的那段精辟的妙论,我们感受到他的达观向上。

一封朝奏,夕贬黄州。仕途的失意,并没有磨掉他的才与气,反而铸造了一篇篇留传千古的词赋,铸造了他旷达的人格。

第二柄,剑曰,超脱。铸造者,庄子。

我只是浊水中一尾陋鱼而已。庄子自嘲着。其实,你不知比水中的鱼鳖虾好多少了。天马行空,无拘无束,自由自在,浮游于尘埃之外,不获世之滋垢,这仿佛是你的代名词。

不,这些都不足以形容你。放着高官厚禄不要,过着衣食无所的生活,是因为你有你的信念与执着.

于是,你的人格之剑,铸成了。

第三柄,剑曰,是一把巨阙,上面刻着,高尚。铸造者,古往今来无数仁人志士。

是谁,离开繁华的长安,而独“留青冢向黄昏”?是谁,威武不屈,死不变节,“一片丹心照汗青”?

又是谁,茅屋为秋风所破,却在担忧“安得广厦千万间”……

王昭君,文天祥,杜子美……青史上一个个沉重的名字下,有着一颗高尚的心灵。

烟随风逝,名随史留。他们的人格铸造了高尚,高尚成就了他们。

旷达,或许我们难以继承;超脱,或许我们难以办到;高尚,或许我们难以企及。但是,我们却可以以它们为模子,打造出属于自己的人格之剑!

导语：同学们在备考的时候，可以收集一些作文素材大全，以应对考场上变幻莫测的题目，这样可以丰富文章的内容，提升文章思想的高度。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

太阳隐去，夜幕降临，一轮空灵的月亮悬挂在空中，向大地倾吐着光辉。蛐蛐也不鸣叫了，沉醉其中，回味着那已过去的光阴。

临近盛夏，天气渐渐闷热起来，当最后一场考试结束的铃声响起时，也预示着我们的小学生活即将画上句号。

吃完晚饭，悠闲的向班级走去，一轮明月高悬天际，偶尔一阵凉风掠过，顿觉清爽。走进教室，同学们已经到得差不多了，八盏荧光灯把教室照得如同白天，头一次这么安静，只听到班级后面的钟滴答滴答的响着。不知过了多久，班主任走进了班级，大家“蹭”的一下都坐直了，几十双眼睛齐刷刷的望着她，她也看着我们，没有说话，仿佛有一个世纪那么长，她终于打破了这平静。我一句话也没有听进去，只是盯着她看，恍惚间听到她说：“毕业了，你们每个人都送我一件礼物吧。”礼物?我一下回过神来，刚要毕业，就跟我们要礼物?大家都不由之主地低下了头，轻轻叹气，又摇了摇头。礼物，自然是没有的。

正当大家都摇头之时，教室里的一张凳子响了一下，只见一个身影穿过狭长的走道，站在了班主任的面前，抱住了她，时间仿佛定格在了那一刻。一会儿，她微微笑着说：“还是小杰最懂我。”又是一声凳子挪动的声音，又是一声，又是一声……就跟约好了似的，大家纷纷起立，自动站成了一排，向讲台走去，挨个和她拥抱。她的怀抱竟那么温暖，平日里对我们严格的她，此刻俨然是另一个人。

晚自修结束的铃声响了，月光下，她站在塑胶跑道边目送我们离去，我最后看了她一眼，她一点儿也没有变，和一年前一样，个子不高，脸颊因冬季寒风的凛冽而留下两抹化不开的红色，不漂亮，却很精神。她又好像变了，那说不出道不明的情愫就一直放在心中吧。不变的是人，变了的是心，是岁月的永恒。

季节更替，辗转流年，当我慢慢长大，我也逐渐明白，这何尝不是她送给我们的毕业礼物，她是用一种无声的语言教会我们爱，教会我们包容。我的眼前仿佛又浮现那天的场景，一轮明月高悬，塑胶跑道边树影婆娑，那个离别之时沉默不语的她，那个和我拥抱的她，那抹月光下微笑的她……

月光吐露着皎洁的光辉，没有发出一点儿声响，我凝望着那轮明月，在毕业季的回味中我已经从稚气未脱的孩童成为一个懂得爱和包容的少年。

导语：在英语作文中，运用一些成语或者俗语能够给作文加分哦，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. 瞒天过海crossing the sea under camouflage

2. 围魏救赵relieving the state of Zhao by besieging the state of Wei

3. 借刀杀人killing someone with a borrowed knife

4. 以逸待劳waiting at one’s ease for the exhausted enemy

5. 趁火打劫plundering a burning house

6. 声东击西making a feint to the east and attacking in the west

7. 无中生有creating something out of nothing

8. 暗渡陈仓advancing secretly by an unknown path

9. 隔岸观火watching a fire from the other side of the river

10.笑里藏刀covering the dagger with a smile

11.李代桃僵palming off substitute for the real thing

12.顺手牵羊picking up something in passing

13.打草惊蛇beating the grass to frighten the snake

14.借尸还魂resurrecting a dead soul by borrowing a corpse

15.调虎离山luring the tiger out of his den

16.欲擒故纵letting the enemy off in order to catch him

17.抛砖引玉giving the enemy something to induce him to lose more valuable things

18.擒贼擒王capturing the ringleader first in order to capture all the followers

19.釜底抽薪extracting the firewood from under the cauldron

20.混水摸鱼muddling the water to catch the fish; fishing in troubled waters

21.金蝉脱壳slipping away by casting off a cloak; getting away like the cicada sloughing its skin

22.关门捉贼catching the thief by closing / blocking his escape route

23.远交近攻befriending the distant enemy while attacking a nearby enemy

24.假途伐虢attacking the enemy by passing through a common neighbor

25.偷梁换柱stealing the beams and pillars and replacing them with rotten timbers

26.指桑骂槐reviling/ abusing the locust tree while pointing to the mulberry

27.假痴不癫feigning madness without becoming insane

28.上屋抽梯removing the ladder after the enemy has climbed up the roof

29.树上开花putting artificial flowers on trees

30.反客为主turning from the guest into the host

31.美人计using seductive women to corrupt the enemy

32.空城计presenting a bold front to conceal unpreparedness

33.反间计sowing discord among the enemy

34.苦肉计deceiving the enemy by torturing one’s own man

35.连环计coordinating one stratagem with another

36.走为上decamping being the best; running away as the best choice

导语：成长是每个人都必须要经历的一件事情。但是成长的道路却是坎坷的、艰辛的，同样也是平坦的。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1.长才靡入用，大厦失巨楹。

2.要改变命运，首先改变自己。

3.生活的目的就是自我发展。

4.最快的理财方式是升值自己!

5.我劝天公重抖擞，不拘一格降人才。

6.大多数人想要改造这个世界，但却罕有人想改造自己。

7.都不会太迟——开始永远没有太迟，快乐也永远没有太迟。

8.恒心可以使你达到目的，博学可以使你明辨世事。

9.客观的批评能使人受益，不那么客观的批评也未必真能伤害到你。

10.一年之计，莫如树谷：十年之计，莫如树木;终身之计，莫如树人。

11.古人相马不相皮，瘦吗虽瘦骨法奇;世无伯乐良可嗤，千金市马惟市肥。

12.国家用人，当以德为本，才艺为末。

13.江山代有才人出，各领风骚数百年。

14.致天下之治者在人才，成天下之才者在教化。

15.对搞科学的人来说，勤奋就是成功之母!

16.对作家来说，写得少是这样的有害，就跟医生缺乏诊病的机会一样。

17.精神的浩瀚、想象的活跃、心灵的勤奋：就是天才。

18.我的箴言始终是：无日不动笔;如果我有时让艺术之神瞌睡，也只为要使它醒后更兴奋。

19.最大的天才尽管朝朝暮暮躺在青草地上，让微风吹来，眼望着天空，温柔的灵感也始终不光顾他。

20.天才的作品是用眼泪灌溉的。

21.有了天才不用，天才一定会衰退的，而且会在慢性的腐朽中归于消灭。

22.天才就是最强有力的牛，他们一刻不停地，一天要工作18小时。

23.“天才就是勤奋”，曾经有人这样说过。如果这话不完全正确，那至少在很大程度上是正确的。

24.再也没有哪件事比全心全力提升人生更令人鼓舞的了。

25.人才那得如金铜，长在泥沙不速朽。愿公爱士如爱尊，毋使埋渣嗟不偶。

26.人既尽其才，则百事俱举;百事举矣，则富强不足谋也。

27.人才难得又难知，就要爱惜人才，就要用人不疑。

28.珍视劳动，珍视人才，人才难得呀!

29.要使山谷肥沃，就得时常栽树。我们应该注意培养人才。

30.那里有天才，我是把别人喝咖啡的工夫都用在工作上的。

31.人才虽高，不务学问，不能致圣。

32.业精于勤荒于嬉，行成于思毁于随。

33.形成天才的决定因素应该是勤奋。……有几分勤学苦练是成正比例的。

34.我是个拙笨的学艺者，没有充分的天才，全凭苦学。

35.应知学问难，在乎点滴勤。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

英语作文虽然不像语文作文在考试

高三英语作文写作技巧：练习

“没有规矩，不成方圆，英语作文写作技巧。”对于一般英语学习者而言，写出优秀的文章有赖于后天习得，但并不意味着机械背诵、生吞活剥，或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所谓研习，需要有独立思考和个人的判断，本着“他山之石，可以攻玉”的精神，汲取文章的精华部分加以研究。研习主要侧重两个方面，包括文章章法和语言表达。文章章法指文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序。许多学习者面对一个话题，可能存在两种不同的困惑，一是下笔千言，但离题万里;二是思绪万千，却无从落笔。导致两种困惑的根源皆在于欠缺思考问题、组织思路的恰当方式，以至于文章不得要领、章法紊乱。这就要求我们从全篇脉络角度多研习范文，之后领悟如何以演绎法行文、怎样用归纳法谋篇以及如何围绕特定话题拓展思路等等。此外，研习还要侧重于语言表达，包括遣词造句和句子、段落之间的各种衔接手段，以期在自己日后的写作中派上用场，因为英文写作皆通一理。只有善于借鉴，勤加研究，才会借他人的优势和长处，提高自己的写作水平。

高三英语作文写作技巧：背诵

背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作文，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模像样的文章。只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中（commit the highlights to memory），才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择性的背诵，是有意义的记忆。因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、经典篇章。

高三英语作文写作技巧：重点词汇

美妙的用词及搭配皆在此列，像fall victim（受害），stand a fair chance（大有希望）这种地道的动宾搭配要勤加记忆。为了积累写作词汇，应将文中同属一个话题的用词汇总归纳，组成主题词族（topic family）。归类记忆可以使自己日后即写即用，得心应手。下文是一篇阐释爱心的优秀文章，多处用词精巧，现将文中关于爱心这一主题的词汇总结如下：

emotional strength 情感的力量

the noblest of human emotions人类最高尚的情感

no thought of gain不计得失

the lamp of love爱心之灯

help the victims of natural disasters支援自然灾害受害者

donate whatever they can倾囊相助

help their needy fellow citizens 帮助有需要的同胞

be ready to give a helping hand 随时准备伸出援手

—When we use the word "love"， we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex， which is a very narrow definition of the word。 Love is emotional strength， which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes。 In fact， throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions。

As an example of the power of love， we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year。 Although their incomes are still low by international standards， people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can — be it money or goods — to help their needy fellow citizens。 Moreover， they do this with no thought of gain for themselves。

In my opinion， the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are。 We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble， no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers。 In this way， we can help to make the world a better place， for the darker the shadows of sorrow become， the more brightly the lamp of love shines。

当我们用“爱”这个词时，我们不仅仅指异性对一个人的吸引，这只是对这个词非常狭隘的解释，小学生作文《英语作文写作技巧》。爱心是一种情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。事实上，纵观历史，不同文化背景的人都把爱看成是人类最高尚的情感。

说到爱心的力量，我们马上就会想起每年中国各族人民是如何响应号召支援自然灾害受害者的。尽管按照国际标准他们的收入还处于低水平，全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助——不管是钱还是物——帮助那些有需要的同胞。而且，他们这么做并不考虑自己的得失。

我认为，表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。我们应该随时准备向有困难的人伸出援助之手，无论他们是家庭成员还是素昧平生。这样，我们就能够助一臂之力把世界变成一个更美好的地方，因为，悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。

[高三英语作文写作技巧

任务的动作的表达形式有很多，例如站、坐等，但是形容人物动作的词语是更加的多。下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于写好人物的动作的方法，希望可以帮助到大家！

一提到动作描写，肯定要准确运用动词。比方说，表示“看”这个动作的词语就有“瞄”“瞟”“盯”“瞥”“端详”等，我们在写人物动作的时候，就不能总是“我看了一眼”可以根据当时的情况，写成“我漫不经心地瞟了他一眼”或“我死死地盯着他”。这样，通过准确运用动词，就能把人物的动作写得准确、具体、鲜明。

妙招一：动词+修饰语的方法

这种方法很简单，就是我们在描写人物的动作的时候，首先要准确运用动词，这是基础。然后在这个动词前或后加上表示“方向”“程度”“轻重”“快慢”“数量”的词语。

如：方向+动词--他高高地举起了手；我向右侧了侧身。

轻重+动词--老师轻轻地摸了摸学生的头；他的脚重重地踢在了墙上。

快慢+动词--厨师手里的菜刀飞快地舞动着；他一下子就跳了起来。

程度+动词--爸爸狠狠地打了小明一巴掌。

动词+数量--他向前跑了几步。

以上这些类的词语可以单独用，也可以结合在一起用。大家试一试，用这样的方法写出来是不是很具体呢？

在介绍第二种方法之前，我们来做一个简单的动作--敲门，注意是“敲门”，而不是“拍门”或“推门”。这个动作看似简单，但要把它写好，其实包含着“大玄机”。

妙招二--动作拆分法。

其实，再复杂、连贯的动作，都不是一下子就能完成的，在观察和描写时，如果把动作分解成若干步骤，一步一步仔细观察，并选择恰当的动词一步一步地描写，就不难把人物动作写具体了。动作拆分法，简单来说，就是把一个大动作分成几个连贯的小动作，用慢镜头的方式一一描绘出来。我们都知道，在传统的武打动作或电视的慢镜头中，往往把一种行为分解成若干个部分，或者是把一个大动作细化为几个小动作，然后分别对每一个部分、每一个小动作按一定层次具体展示或描写，使整个动作行为栩栩如生。

运用这种动作拆分的方法，“敲门”这个简单的动作可以分解为如下几个小动作：①走到门前②停下③举起（右）手④弯曲手指⑤敲门。准确地描述出这几个连续动作，组成流畅的句子，就能具体地写出人物“敲门”的经过了。

运用这种方法，“敲门”这个大动作，我们就可以写成一段话：他穿戴整齐地来到妈妈的门前，轻轻推了一下，门紧闭着，里面似乎有亮光。他迟疑地举起了右手，想了想，慢慢弯曲食指，轻轻地敲在门上，里面没有反应，又敲了三下，仍然没有动静。他鼓起勇气，又轻轻地敲了敲，还是没有人出来开门，他一下子愣在了那里。

同学们，运用这种动作拆分的方法，我们是不是一下子就能把动作写具体了呢？希望同学们在自己的作文中也能运用这种方法，让自己的文章更加具体。

妙招三：准确运用词语

这里的“准确”，包括两层含义：一是体现人物特点，二是结合具体情境。这就要求在写人物动作的时候，避免使用那些“万能词”。什么是万能词呢？就是那些无所不能，多用途的词语。比方说下面的句子

我走到门前。

我走到妈妈面前。

我走过去。

“走”就是一个万能词，还有“看”“拿”“吃”等等。这些词用起来看似没有任何问题，可以用来写人物的动作。但是要知道，这些万能词有时却是万万不能的，因为它们不够准确。

我们都知道，世界上没有完全相同的两个人，人物的性别、性格、年龄、身份不同，他们所表现出来的行动的特点也一定是不同的。所以，在描写人物动作的时候，要充分结合人物的性别、性格、年龄、身份等，要表现出人物的特点。

例如：一个家境富裕的孩子，他是把一块钱拿在手里。而一个贫穷的孩子，他会把一块钱攥在手里。

再如：一个腼腆的人，笑的时候是“抿着嘴，嘴角微微翘起”的微笑，而一个爽朗的人笑得时候是“咧开嘴巴，露出牙齿”的开怀大笑。

第二点，人在不同情景、环境中，行动的特点更是不同的，更需要注意准确用词。

比方说，你在饭后散步时的“走”和上学要迟到时的“走”是一样的吗？肯定是不一样的。你在平时喝水时，可能是“拿起杯子，把杯子凑到嘴边，一仰脖，喝一口。”而当你渴极了或者是时间紧急的时候，你会怎样喝水呢？肯定是“一把抓过杯子，凑到嘴边，一仰脖，‘咕咚’灌下一大口”，你看，同样是你这个人，同样是喝水，因为情境不同，表现出来的动作不同，所选用的动词肯定也是不一样的。

提醒同学们一定要注意，在描写人物行动时，务求做到“准确”二字--抓住人物行动的特点写，抓住人物在特定情境中行动的特点写。这样才能把人物的动作写准确，把人物写活。

从我们有记忆的时候开始，不知过过多少个节日。从元旦到六一，从五四到国庆，从端午到中秋，无不留下了难以磨灭的回忆。那么，请拿起手中的笔吧，让快乐的瞬间成为我们笔下的永恒。

为了让作文出众脱俗，我们首先需要选择好一个视觉角度，以点带面展现家乡的节日盛况。节假日里高兴的事儿数不胜数，600字的作文不可能将其全部收录，而且即使一股脑儿来个面面俱到也不过是一篇节日的流水账。（next88）这就需要我们睁大眼睛观察发现，选取若干事件中最富有家乡特色的也最能体现节日特点的一件事情或者事情的一个侧面，如除夕的年饭、守岁、中秋的赏月等，并用学生、孩童或者其他身份的眼光来体察这件事情的方方面面，以表现节日的欢乐和时代的旋律。

其次，勾勒一点节日风俗和风土人情，让家乡的“土特产”为我们的作文增色添香。赵本山的小品脍炙人口，与他那一听便令人忍俊不禁的东北方言不无关系。同理，我们的作文中如果能够展现家乡特有的风俗人情，也可以收到意想不到的效果。如课文《社戏》，写农村的人们善良爽快，偷一点东西不算偷：阿发看见自家的罗汉豆比别家的好，就说“偷我们的罢”；六一公公给偷了豆并不生气，只是责怪“不肯好好的摘，踏坏了不少”，新奇而又亲切！

我们还可以描绘一下美丽的家乡风光，让优美的环境和积极的故事相映生辉。我们可能都有这样的体会，风和日丽的天气会让人心旷神怡，绿树成阴的场所会让人心宁神静。旖旎的风光下大多有积极的故事上演。还如《社戏》中月夜行船一段，有沿河泥土的清香弥漫于夜空中，月色“朦胧”在水气里，两岸的群山好像“踊跃的铁的兽脊”，景色美不胜收。

在具体的写作时还可以从以下两个方面努力：一是尽力把事情写详细。不同的地方不同的人事，看是什么在深深地把你打动着，要多运用各种表达方式和描写手法。二是要写出思想感情来。白居易曾说：“动人心者，莫先乎情。”要做到充满情感的生动描绘，在自然环境中渗透感情，在人物言行中洋溢感情，所有的歌唱与颂扬，都让其流淌在作文的字里行间。

议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。下面是小编为大家整理的高中议论文写作格式，欢迎阅读。

一、什么是议论文

当我们了解生活中的某件事、某个现象或某些问题时，总会形成自己的看法、主张和观点，把这些看法、主张和观点表达出来，并加以阐释，就是议论。

写成文章，就是议论文。议论文是以议论为主要表达方式。

表达方式：议论、说明、记叙、抒情、描写

（一）论点：是作者对要议论的问题所持的见解或主张，是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅。

二、议论文写作格式

1、论点

是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅，任何一篇文章只有一个中心论点，一般可以有分论点。

论点应该鲜明、准确、概括，绝不可模棱两可，让人捉摸不定。

论点的位置一般有四个：

①文题

如《改造我们的学习》《反对党八股》

②开篇

如《改造我们的学习》

③文章中间

如《拿来主义》《论积贮疏》

④结尾

如《过秦论》“仁义不施而攻守之势异也”

2、论据

用来证明论点的材料，有事实论据和理论论据两种。事实论据用事实来说话，而理论论据靠经典性取胜。论据必须围绕中心论点，这是一个最基本的要求。选用的事例与论点若不能保持一致，势必削弱说服力量。像1999年高考作文题《假如记忆可以移植》，若写议论文，就必须要弄清“记忆”与“记忆力”的区别，有的考生所举的事例就明显犯了论据与论点游离的错误，举了郭沫若倒背《红楼梦》的事例，使说服力大打折扣。

选用事实论据还要注意几点：

①论据必须具有典型性。

典型就是指论据要具有代表性。

②论据必须具有新颖性。不少学生的议论文写作离不开一些陈旧的事例，像一写失败与成功的关系，似乎就离不开爱迪生发明灯泡，一写逆境成才就非写张海迪不可，类似的内容不是说不可以用，而是说你用，他用，大家都用，谁的作文与众不同呢?

③论据的表述要精练、简要，与记叙文的表述不同，它只要求表述出与论点相关的内容即可。

3、论证

是议论文写作的重要一环，它包含的内容也较多。

①论证的基本类型：立论、驳论。立论从正面论述，驳论从反面论述。我们写议论文一般以立论为主。

②论证的基本结构层次：三段论式的结构。

提出问题(是什么)→分析问题(为什么)→解决问题(怎么办)

三、议论文写作格式范文

学会舍弃

鸣蝉奋力地甩掉了外壳，获得了高空中歌唱的自由；壁虎因勇敢地挣断了尾巴，得以在危难中保全了它弱小的生命；算盘若填满自己的空位，”座无虚席”，必将丧失自己的运算功能。

对那些不该拥有的东西，我们应该舍弃。

现实生活是复杂的，而我们的承受力有限。如果大脑是一个仓库，不管仓库多大，一种东西充斥其中时，另一种东西定然无法进入。比如读书，当我们痴醉于金庸古龙梁羽生的刀光剑影中，我们又怎能潜心于复杂的几何方阵，怎能专注于浩繁的英语单词呢？想读的和该读的，你必须在两者间作出选择。

人的一生中有很多事情需要作出类似的选择。舍弃应该舍去的，你便是智者；舍弃不该舍去的，你就是愚夫。世界文豪高尔基在他的房间失火时，没有顾及家具、财产、衣物，甚至没有顾及生命，却从熊熊大火中救出了几箱书。舍弃了凡夫俗子眼中的财富，守住了那些启迪心智、净化心灵的真正的财富。而有些人，终生抱着“人为财死，鸟为食亡”的信条，追逐着金光闪闪的财宝，为了庸俗的追求，他们舍弃了人格和道德，舍弃了人性中的真善美。错误的舍弃，使他们的一生龌龊卑鄙。

正确的舍弃，往往需要青松秋菊般的高尚品格。据说安徽桐城有一条“六尺巷”，原本是张、叶两家争执之地。张家主人乃当朝宰相，他舍弃了面子上的威严，以宽仁礼让的胸襟，大度能容的气慨，认为“让他三尺又何妨”，而叶家深感惭愧，也让出三尺，便成了”六尺巷”。那位宰相，化干戈为玉帛，止争斗于未起，如果不是有超出常人的气量和胸怀，怎会作出如此的舍弃？

正确的舍弃，不会像随手扔掉废纸团那样轻而易举，它还需要勇气。因为舍弃就是要承认自己的不足。有句古话说：人争一口气，佛受一柱香。大多人都是好面子的，总想向别人展示自己优秀的一面，因而要我们这些好面子的人来承认自己的不足当然是需要很大的勇气的。当我们发现自己走在错误的道路上的时候，不要犹豫，不要不好意思，要果断的选择舍弃，无谓的坚持只会使事情越变越糟。

你向往山居的清静，就必须舍弃都市的繁华；你仰慕奋斗者的成功，就必须舍弃安逸闲散的生活；你希望走遍千山万水，就必须舍弃乡土乡音的柔美与温馨。我们应该学会舍弃。

写人作文有很多是写长辈的，如何写好长辈？本文从类型、题目、开头，为大家介绍。

一、写长辈亲人的作文类型

1.写长辈亲人对自己的关心和爱护；

2.回忆长辈亲人对自己的关怀；

3.表达自己对长辈亲人的尊敬和怀念。

二、写长辈亲人的参考题目、参考开头

1.《我的_____》的两种开头

第一种开头：在我的亲人当中，有一个人是我忘不了的，他就是已经离开我们整整三年的爷爷！

第二种开头：爷爷离开我已经三年了，可是我只要一看见他的照片，就会觉得他好像还活在人世，还在给我讲着《三国演义》的故事。

2.《她教我怎样做人》的两种开头

第一种开头：还在我上幼儿园的时候，外婆就对我说过一句话，那就是：“人穷志不穷。”

第二种开头：外婆是一个退休工人，没有多少文化，但她却懂得很多做人的知识，我从她那里学到了许多许多。

3.《长辈》的两种开头

第一种开头：在我的长辈之中，最让我难忘的就是我的爷爷。

第二种开头：爷爷在三年前离开我们的时候，特地把我叫到医院，要见

我最后一面。

4.《_____，您将留在我的记忆里》的两种开头

第一种开头：外公，您现在在哪里呢？您还记得您的外孙吗？虽然您已经离开我们五年了，但您将永远留在我的记忆里！

第二种开头：五年前，我的外公不幸被罪恶的癌症夺去了宝贵的生命。五年过去了，外公的音容笑貌却依然存在，他，永远活在我的心里，留在我的记忆里！

一篇文章的创作过程很能锻炼一个人思辩能力，虽然在写作之前作者可能已经有了大体的文章主题、文章要点、文章主要内容等，但是真正在创作文章时如何用文字表达出文旨要点都是要经过仔细思考的。古人所说的“推敲”，指的就是这个道理。

把一个存在于头脑中的东西，具象成文字表达，并能够让看到此文字的人也能在头脑中产生类似的想法。这就像在进行电影的制作与播放一样：作者的大脑产生了原生态的电影，然后通过一定的“拍摄手法”，通过纸或者网络进行制片，读者的大脑通过幻灯播放在自己的头脑生成类似于作者的场景。要完成上述过程，最重要的就是在拍摄手法上面，而拍摄手法即体现了作者的思辩能力。（哈哈，小鬼我在写这篇文章的时候，也当了回：导演+演员+制片人呢，有木有）！

所以，经常写作的人在思辩上面要高于常人，这一点在古今中外的写作大家的故事就能可见一斑！

在小学作文教学的起步阶段，如果能够让循环日记在习作训练中大显身手，将会激发三年级学生习作的积极性，有效培养学生善于观察、勤于积累、敏于感悟、乐于表达的习惯与能力。本文浅谈三年级观察日记的写作指导，欢迎阅读了解。

《语文课程标准》指出：“留心周围事物，乐于书面表达，增强习作的自信心；能不拘形式地写下见闻、感受和想象，注意表现自己觉得新奇有趣的或印象最深、最受感动的内容；尝试在习作中运用自己平时积累的语言材料，特别是有新鲜感的词句。”对于三年级的小学生来说，要实现上述目标，必须给他们提供一个好的平台。笔者认为，写观察日记是一个非常有效的途径，为此进行了一些有益的探索：

一、在选材上不设限制，激发学生写作兴趣

英国教育家洛克曾说过：“儿童学习任何事情，最好的时机是当他们兴趣高，心里想做的时候。”因此，只有激发学生的写作兴趣，促使他们自觉地经常练笔，才能更快更好地提高他们的作文水平，从而达到事半功倍的效果。在观察日记的选材上，我一般不设条条框框，让学生自由发挥，写他们想写的任何感兴趣的事物。这样，学生就有了更大的选择空间、有了更多的写作素材，交上来的观察日记题材不拘一格、内容五花八门，但却都真实而细腻。有写观察植物生长过程的，有写发生在身边的好人好事的，有写看到的幽默场景的，甚至有写爸爸妈妈一天来情绪变化的等等，有些内容让人忍俊不禁。这些观察日记都是学生用纯洁稚嫩的心灵来感受生活、感受大自然的结果，充满了灵动的气息。

二、在细节上做文章，培养学生观察能力

在指导学生写观察日记时，我注重引导学生从细节入手，以培养他们的观察能力。如：描写本地盛产的菊花，我在习作前先展示了关于菊花的资料图片，让学生了解了菊花的生长过程和特点。在此基础上，我带领学生去花卉基地观赏实物，使他们对菊花有一个感性的认识。到正式习作时，再请学生介绍所观察到的细节。由于有了之前的观察，他们此时说起来就比较容易了。此时我趁热打铁，引导他们有顺序地进行描述，如：菊花的花瓣、花蕊和根、茎、叶等的形态、色彩、气味以及开花的时间规律等等，在潜移默化中让学生初步掌握了描写一种植物的方法。这样，不仅激发了学生的观察兴趣，还使使他们懂得了观察的重要性，促使他们逐步养成了细致观察的好习惯。学生通过观察积累了大量的素材，写起观察日记就不会觉得难了。

三、在点评时抛砖引玉，提升学生文采

其实，在初写观察日记时，学生的水平并不高。因此，我在批改时十分注意发现文中的闪光点，多鼓励，多表扬，以增强他们的写作信心和兴趣。同时，坚持“授人以鱼，不如授人以渔”的原则，发挥积极的引导作用，以启发为主，留下一定空间让他们自行思考。

如：一次，我在课堂上布置一篇描写同学外貌的观察日记，个别学生由于没有认真观察，交上来的日记千篇一律。为了启发学生的写作灵感，我就和学生做了一个竞猜的小游戏：由每个学生在班上念出自己所写的观察日记，但不能体现所描写的人名，然后全班师生一同判断他所描写的是谁。这样一来，描写细致生动、抓住人物主要特征的日记一念完，大家一下子就能叫出名字来。如：林文洁同学写的“他的脸上总是充满阳光，一笑就露出两个小酒窝，两个眼睛不大却经常调皮地眨呀眨，还经常扮鬼脸……”大家一听就大笑着指着彭文强同学说：“是你！”而泛泛描写的日记，如：“红扑扑的脸蛋、大大的眼睛、弯弯的眉毛”等千篇一律的文字则找不到所描绘的对象。通过这个小游戏，既活跃了课堂气氛又使没有认真观察的学生得到了启迪，可以促使他们今后加强观察、提升文采。

总之，观察日记作为一种小学生练习写作的良好平台，能促使学生更加关注现实、热爱生活，养成随时动笔的良好习惯。相信通过写观察日记，日积月累，学生的写作能力一定会得到不断提高。这是一项重要而有挑战性的任务，需要教师不断探索、实践、创新。

运用循环日记激发三年级学生习作的积极性

在循环日记的运作过程中，教师也可以作为学生的“同伴”，加入到各个小组中，以发挥教师的榜样示范作用。

一、引言

在“习作”方面，《语文课程标准》在“学段目标与内容”中针对第二学段提出了6条要求，其中前两条是：“乐于书面表达，增强习作的自信心。愿意与他人分享习作的快乐。”“观察周围世界，能不拘形式地写下自己的见闻、感受和想象，注意把自己觉得新奇有趣或印象最深、最受感动的内容写清楚。”实践证明，写日记则是达成这一目标的行之有效的方式之一。而在小学作文教学的起步阶段，如果能够切实让“循环日记”在习作训练中大显身手，将会激发三年级学生习作的积极性，引领学生步入习作教学的快车道，有效培养学生善于观察、勤于积累、敏于感悟、乐于表达的习惯与能力。

二、行动缘起——循环日记，好处多多

1．循环日记的运作方法及好处

所谓“循环日记”就是每天由学生轮流撰写，即让同学们轮流在一个日记本上写日记。笔者所教班级循环日记具体的运作方法是：全班49名同学分成7个组，每组7人，每组一本日记本，从周一开始循环到周末，轮流写，小组成员保证每周在循环日记本上留下一篇日记（当然学生还可以拥有自己的日记本，坚持天天写日记）。

写“循环日记”好处在于：①引进竞争机制，激发习作欲望。小组成员在同一个本子写日记，都格外珍视每一次机会，能够用心去写，写好每一个字，写好每一句话，把写日记当作展示自己文笔的差事来做，于是日记越写越好，兴趣越来越浓。②促进习作开放，实现资源共享。由于每个组员习作水平不一，基础差点的同学会从同伴的日记中受到启发，学会选取材料、遣词造句、谋篇布局等技巧，也分享到了阅读同伴日记的快乐。家长们也通过阅读循环日记，一方面了解了别的孩子的写作情况，另一方面帮助自己的孩子找到差距，取人之长，补己之短，帮助自己的孩子在资源共享中不断进步。

2．利用“写在循环日记前面的话”，给学生提出“谆谆告诫”

笔者将打印出来的“写在循环日记前面的话”张贴在循环日记的扉页上，作为“前言”，给学生提出指点与要求，具体内容是这样的：

“亲爱的同学们，你们知道吗？写日记是一件无比快乐的事。日记就像照相机一样，可以记录你童年生活的足迹，记录你学习中的进步与快乐，记录你生活中的喜怒哀乐，反映你思想的变化和成长的历程。

日记里究竟该写些什么呢？这个问题很简单。春夏秋冬四季景物和天气变化给你带来的感受，可以写；家庭、学校里发生的事、发生的变化，可以写；上学路上或在其他地方看到的事，可以写；你在电视里看到的精彩的动画片或让你受到教育的节目，可以写；你学习取得了进步，得到了老师的表扬，可以写……总之，你每一天的所见、所闻、所感，都可以“走”进你的日记，永久地保存在你的记忆中。

同学们，日记就像你的知心朋友，每一天当你做完各科功课的时候，你都要把自己的心理话，通过你的笔向她诉说。写日记还要写上年月日、星期几及天气等信息。

如果从现在开始坚持写日记，那么，你这一辈子，就可以写上厚厚的一摞（luò）子了。这是你自己创造的一份宝贵的精神财富。当你长大了、工作了，或者到老的时候，你再翻开自己童年的日记本，你仿佛又回到了自己的童年时代。所以，写日记应该成为我们生活的一部分。我们要坚持写，天天写，写一辈子。

“同学们，从现在开始，咱们写循环日记的活动就开始了。咱们班49名同学，分7个组来循环，设置7个循环日记本。每一本的第一篇日记，由我来写。以后，每天这个日记本传到谁手中，谁就写下一篇日记。咱们比一比，谁的钢笔字写得端正、美观，谁的日记写得真实、生动。当然，我们还要比一比，哪一组的日记本保护得好，哪一组的日记质量高。”

三、榜样引领——身教胜于言教

“身教胜于言教”，为了激发学生参与的积极性，笔者亦主动加入到学生的行列之中，做学生的“同伴”，每日坚持写日记，绝不懈怠。学生阅读着自己老师写的日记，颇感新鲜与兴奋，也深受鼓舞与启发，不仅看到了老师坚持不懈的精神，也从中学到了写日记的诸多方法。笔者曾写过一篇题为《一位让我感动的小女孩》的日记，内容如下：

xx年12月2日 星期日 阴

今天晚上，我看了周立波主持的“中国梦想秀”这个电视节目，节目中出现的一个小女孩，让我特别感动。她是被节目组的一位叔叔背上台的。

主持人周立波对这位小女孩进行了采访。原来这个小女孩得了一种奇怪的病，全国只有1000例，目前，国内还没有治疗这种病的药品。她不能走路，长得也比同龄人矮许多。医生说得了这种病最多只能活到10岁，然而这个小女孩现在却活到了13岁，因此她感到非常幸运，她的脸上露出灿烂的笑容。这次是她的爷爷陪她来的。小女孩的沙画画得非常好，在台上她一边作画，一边述说自己的梦想。她的梦想是陪爷爷、奶奶一起到老。

当这个小女孩在讲述爷爷对她付出的关爱时，情不自禁地流下了泪水。她的梦想感动了台下所有的观众，也感动了电视机前的我。”

当笔者怀着敬佩之情，面向全体学生读着这篇日记的时候，孩子们扑闪着眼睛，全神贯注地听着，完全被故事中的小女孩打动了。其实，听老师读自己或同伴的日记，收获往往是多元的、丰富的。

四、结束语

写循环日记，真是好处多多。有了循环日记的伴随，学生的习作热情已被大大激发；有了循环日记的伴随，师生之间的心理距离已被大大缩短；有了循环日记的伴随，学生的学习生活变得更加精彩！

参考文献

[1]中华人民共和国教育部。义务教育语文课程标准（2011年版）。北京：北京师范大学出版社，2012。1。

议论之美在于理趣，但理趣并不排斥形象性，写议论文不一定非得走板着面孔训人，愤世嫉俗说理的路子。朱光潜说：说理文要写好，也还是要动一点感情，要用一点形象思维。考场作文的议论说理多一些可感的形象，能把抽象的道理讲得通俗生动，增强可读性；同时，考场议论文多一些形象化说理，与高考作文发展等级的不少要求相契合，能使文章文质兼美，也易于赢得阅卷老师的青睐。这里，笔者就议论说理如何增强形象性进行例谈。

一、借象寓理

就是借形象阐释道理。议论说理时先进行形象描绘，然后借形象阐释社会意义，从形象中概括出普遍规律；或者描述形象细节，为论据材料中的人物增设具有画面感的场景，达到形象阐述的效果。试看下面的片段：

1.江河涌进大海，大海高奏着激昂的涛声，张开宽广的胸怀接纳。大海的涛声不是笑话江河的细小，不是嫌弃江河浊流滚滚，而江河也因为大海的宽广胸怀而甘愿长途跋涉，一路欢歌奔向它的怀抱。于是，大海的包容成就了尼罗河的坚持和亚马孙河的丰沛，成就了珠江口的开阔和钱塘潮的壮美大海让流进它的每一条江河都显示出自己的亮点，而胸怀宽广，悦纳百川也成就了大海的亮点。所谓亮点，其实是包容的胸怀孕育出的美丽风景。

2.巍巍青山之下，粼粼濮水之滨，庄子席地而坐，持竿垂钓。风拂起，树影摇曳，滤下点点星光，清波泛起，水中的面容化作层层涟漪，向四方远远散去。水波微动中映出了两位衣冠楚楚的风尘大夫。他们身负楚王的重托，欲以高官之位来拜请庄子。但庄子持竿不顾，婉言相拒：往矣，吾将曳尾于涂中。庄子是聪慧的，他深知，虽然欲望满足的背后有无以言说的成就感，但无欲守候的背后却是圣者般的宁静与祥和。

片段1借大海悦纳江河这一形象阐释亮点，其实是包容的胸怀孕育出的美丽风景这一普遍的社会意义，新奇而又令人信服，形象与理趣兼备。

片段2借助想象复活濮水垂钓的场景，形象描述中暗寓坚守心灵的宁静这一主旨，充分展示了作者的形象思维能力和语言驾驭功底。需要注意的是，在运用借象寓理的方法时，一定要在描绘形象、复活场景之中凸显主旨，否则就会显得华而不实、主旨不明，效果适得其反。

二、缘事说理

指先叙述故事或事件，然后自然生发议论，揭示道理。运用这种技法，选取的故事或事件本身应蕴含一定的道理，常用的为寓言故事和哲理故事。试看下面的片段：

清早，狐狸欣赏着自己在晨曦中的身影，说：今天我要用一头骆驼做午餐。整个上午，它奔波着寻找骆驼。但是正午太阳照到头顶的时候，它再次看看自己的影子，于是说：一只老鼠就够了！像狐狸这样的心态，在现实生活中大有人在。对自己认识不足，要么自我膨胀，要么无根据地认为自己无能。成长路上的我们就有这样的经历。曾经，我们被家人宠着，以为自己拥有整个世界。有一天，我们发现，我们并非时时有人在乎，甚至被漠视如同草芥，有些事情，我们无论多么努力都无能为力，于是，我们感到沮丧甚至自卑。我们多么像那只认不得自己的狐狸。很多时候，我们需要的是正确认识自我既看到自己的长处，也认识到自己的不足，为自己的人生准确定位。尼采曾经说过：聪明的人只要能认识自己，便什么也不会失去。正确认识自己，方能使人生的航船不迷失方向，才能充满自信地去迎接机遇和挑战。

这一片段借狐狸关于午餐的定位，引出青少年成长中盲目自大与盲目自卑的心理，点出正确认识自我，进而论述正确认识自我的意义，这比直接论述多了几分形象性，给人的印象也深刻得多。

再看下面的片段：

陈寅恪到清华大学任教，得力于梁启超的举荐，但他们经常为一些学术问题争执不下。一天，梁启超刚上班，同事说:陈寅恪又要和你干仗了!梁启超看到学报上有一篇陈寅恪的文章，读完后，梁启超笑道:这小子总是和咱过不去，咱要再写一篇好好和他过过招。同事道:梁先生，这陈寅恪在含沙射影骂您啊!梁启超脸黑了下来，说道:陈先生的为人我是知道的。请以后不要以小人心腹揣度君子胸怀!梁启超和陈寅恪为了学术分歧互不相让争，体现了对学术真理的孜孜追求和不人云亦云的个性精神。两人在工作和生活中相互提携,相互尊重和信任不争，体现了君子之风。争与不争的境界，值得后辈学者在景仰敬佩中深思。

引述故事后，作者懂得从争与不争两个层面分析，将其中蕴含的学术精神与为人处事两方面的道理鲜明地揭示出来，让故事充分燃烧，体现了缘事说理的纯熟技巧，增强了说理的形象性。需要提示的是，缘事说理，要注意叙议结合，不可以叙代议。

三、类比引申

也叫比较类推，是指借助相关联想，由一类事物所具有的某种属性，可以推测与其类似的事物也应具有这种属性。它可以收到寓抽象于具象，化深刻为平易的效果。试看下面的片段：

1.成熟总是意味着经历时间的打磨，比如经冬的麦子，经过季节的变化、温度的起伏，才终于灌浆饱满，成为供养我们的粮食；成熟也意味着经过世间所有高温，或承受涅槃般的煎炒，或默默躲进蒸笼，才成为食物。所以人的成长，也意味着要经历一些艰难和磨砺，承受得住挫折和打击，耐受得了煎熬与寂寞，才会成为一个褪去稚嫩和迷惘的人，成为一个成熟的人。

2.合作才有双赢，这正如紫藤萝和篱笆的关系，如果紫藤萝选择了独自生长，那么它只会终生匍匐于地，无法汲取高处的阳光，开出最美的花朵；如果篱笆选择了独自站立，那么它只能默默无闻地渐渐朽去，无法在世上留下最深刻的印记。但恰恰它们选择了合作，一个献出生机，另一个献出身躯，于是成就了一道靓丽的美景。所以，合作求取双赢，是以你所长补我所短，以我之力足你之需，是将双方的优势融合，以求取双方利益的兼顾。

片段1由麦子和食物的成熟说到人的成长成熟，形象可感，避免了空洞的说教；

片段2借紫藤萝和篱笆演绎出合作求取双赢的论述，给人印象深刻。需要提示的是，运用类比引申，要善于由此及彼，善于相关联想，学会选择具象性的事理来类比。

四、运用比喻

喻巧而理至，运用比喻是形象说理常用的方法，它能使深奥、抽象的道理通俗化、形象化，如把盲从权威比喻为让奔马踏过自己思维的草坪，留下的只会是一片思想的狼藉，这样的议论就显得格外精警。先秦诸子散文中大量使用这种方法，如荀子《劝学》通篇以比喻说理，形象贴切。从联想方式看，类比引申是运用相关联想，比喻运用的是相似联想。请看下面的片段：

1.低调，不像高粱那样，将穗子高高伸起，见人就点头微笑，而是像玉米，将果实隐在腰间，让人难以发现；低调，不像桃杏那样，将姹紫嫣红挂在枝头，引人注目，而是像桂花，将细小的花朵藏在枝叶丛中，暗里飘香；低调，不像太阳花那样，对着太阳不住地微笑，而是像夜来香，在夜间将芬芳暗暗送给人们。低调，是一种品格，一种风度，一种修养，一种智慧的做人姿态。

2.如果你为错过太阳而哭泣，那么你也将错过群星。是啊，有的人也许已经错过了太阳，但前面还会有群星。生活是用来经历的，太多的驻足只会带来更多的延迟，只会造就更多的后悔。昨日已是黑白相片上温馨的影子，明天是永远盛开在彼岸不可企及的花朵，只有今天才是可以书写的竹简。现在辛勤的汗水将是未来幸福的阶梯，用心经营每一天，才应该是我们可以把握的人生。

片段1说低调不像高粱桃杏和太阳花，而像玉米桂花和夜来香，用六种植物正反设喻，点明低调，是一种品格，一种风度，一种修养，一种智慧的做人姿态的道理。

片段2用太阳群星比喻生命的精彩，将昨天比作黑白相片上温馨的影子，将明天比作盛开在彼岸不可企及的花朵，将今天比作可以书写的竹简，比喻丰富，用语生动，形象鲜活。一般地说，运用比喻不宜作为说理的主要方法，可以适度运用，恰当点缀。

在这个竞争日趋激烈的社会背景下，要想获得你梦想中的工作机会光有一份内容完整的 简历 还不足以打动老板的心，但若附加上一份引人注目的求职信正式介绍自己并展示你的价值就如虎添翼了，尤其是应聘外企的时候。开始动笔写英文 求职信 之前，有一些比较实用的建议提供给你以供参考。

明确你的目标

直入主题，解释你为什么写这封 求职信 并说清楚你感兴趣的职位头衔。还可以顺便提一下你是在哪儿获悉这份工作的，让对方对你的信息有一个整体了解："i am writing to express my interest in the sales manager position advertised on your web site. i have enclosed a copy of my resume for your review."

展示你的技能

求职信的关键目的在于向你的雇主证明你是最佳人选，因此确定该职位的技能要求是重要的第一步。然后，罗列出experiences make me an ideal candidate for this position." 你以前与之相关的工作经历，并最后以类似这样的话总结："i am confident that these combined

思路清晰，短小精悍

写求职信不是作文比赛，如果你的文笔一流，适当的修饰自然没错，但要避免华丽的口吻和冗长复杂的句子。思路清晰且短小精悍的句子最能直入人心。不要试图用你太过于复杂的句子来让人印象深刻，否则会让读者有疲劳和困惑感。

一个不想当将军的士兵不是好兵

永远记得你的任务是-推销自己!尽可能描绘你对胜任这份工作的信心与能力："i strongly believe i possess the right combination of skills and experience you are looking for"

说了这么多，最关键的一点就是要put yourself in the employers shoes — 假设你自己就是老板，从这个角度出发来进行最后的梳理与校对工作。

你可以借助微软的语法检查工具先从头至尾检查一遍拼写和语法错误，有可能的话，请你的知心好友帮你一起找找碴，总是有百益而无一害的。