托福

It is always better to purchase in large stores than in several small shops that specialize in different items

绝对词题目，采用不同意思路：

1.

让步段：诚然在大商场买东西是一个不错的选择，但是说在大商场购物总比专卖某些特殊商品的小商场好就太言过其实了(It is an overstatement to say …)

2.

论点：在专卖店(exclusive shop)购物更加有效率。

对比：相比较大商场，人们如果想要买特定的商品，会需要花很多时间去寻找， 而小商场则能直接提供人们所需商品， 节约不少时间。

引出：生活中就有不少这样的例子可以证明专卖店的优势(many examples happening during people’s daily life can be cited here to demonstrate the advantages of shopping in the exclusive shops);

例子：青少年(teenagers)在购买体育用品(sports products)的时候， 大部分选择的是直接去耐克，阿迪达斯的专卖店，因为有他们所需要的几乎所有款运动装备包括了衣服，鞋子，篮球足球等等。还有些市民喜欢周末去郊外旅行，这时候也会选择去专卖店购买，因为能够提供较全的商品如：自行车、野营装备、打猎和钓鱼装备、运动装备、游船、照相设备和日常用品(bicycles, trailers, camping equipment, hunting and fishing equipment, sports equipment, boats, photographic equipment and supplies.)

结论： 因此可以看出，去专卖店购物能够直接买到直接所需要的商品，而不用浪费很多时间在寻找商品的过程中。

3.

论点： 大商场的服务质量有时候比较差

解释： 因为大商场的顾客比较多，尤其是在节假日(holidays and festivals)的时候，这时候会有一些商人or 销售人员并不会太注重顾客的感受，甚至会让顾客等很久。而在专卖店这种现象就几乎很少

引出： 拿苹果店举例。

例子： 苹果公司作为手机市场的龙头老大，每年销售的产品数量也是惊人的。即使顾客数量再多，但当顾客们走进专卖店的时候，总会有工作人员第一时间接待提供帮助，会详细介绍产品的特点和不同款产品的差别。当所购买产品出现问题的时候，也会第一时间就能够见到技术人员，并且通过检测，得知解决方案。而在大商场的销售人员，因为顾客们数量多，他们很难甚至是不太愿意去如此服务顾客。

结论： 很明显，专卖店相对更高的服务质量也是去专卖店购物的优势。

一、审题的“精确性”

在上篇中，笔者已经介绍了部分考题中的“绝对性”的应对措施，而根据专家对于过去2年独立写作考题的分析，发现有90%以上的题目属于“支持/反对”型：

2011.01.30

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Because the change of the society is so rapidly, people are less happy or less satisfied with their life than people did in the past time.

而剩下的则是由“对比论述型”构成的：

2011.03.13

Some people think children should spend most of their time in studying and playing while others think they should help their parents with the household chores. What’s your opinion?

在审题时，考生必须首先把题目通读1-3遍，彻底把握题目主旨后，方可进行段落布局。在这里，笔者结合自己的经验给考生们一些建议：首先，判断题目是否包含“绝对”含义的词，若有，则按照上篇讲过的建议布局，若没有，则对于同意或者反对的理由进行快速的brain storming, 然后根据分论点的数量及论点的可延展性来敲定立场：

Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Disagree:

1) Endangered animals are valuable because of their limited quantities

2) Environment balance

3) Endangered animals sometimes stand for the country, so they are more valuable than farmlands

Agree:

1) life quality is the top priority

2) endangered animals can be raised in the zoos

经过一番考量，假如考生得出了上述的一些分论点及想法，这时候，主体段的布局基本就可以敲定大方向了。第一种就是完全反对题目的说法，采用五段式结构布局，每个主体段论证上述三个分论点中的一个;第二种也是反对题目的说法，采用五段式结构布局，但是前2个主体段从三个分论点中选二个去论证，而第三个主体段从“同意”的二个分论点里去选一个，最后的结论还是倾向于反对的。第三种是采用四段式结构布局，即第一个主体段从三个反对意见中选择二到三个分论点去写，而第二个主体段则从赞同的分论点里去选择，数量上比前一段少一个即可，最后结论还是倾向于反对多一点。这样说是不是有些同学看了会有点“晕”呢?那下面笔者就再举个简单点的例子吧：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. Use specific reasons and details to explain your opinion.

Disagree:

1) Most people are common, so they want to know something about famous ones

2) Famous people stand for some fashion

3) Constrain the public figures

4) Celebrities can improve the national cohesion and unity

又经过了几分钟思考，我们得出了上述的四个分论点，但是一时半会赞同的理由实在是想不出。若考试的时候遇到这种情况，千万别犹豫不决，马上从已经想好的观点里面进行挑选。于是，这个题目我们就采用完全反对的立场，以五段式结构布局全文，主体段的分论点从上述四点中挑选三个展开论述即可。这样一来，大家是不是明白一点了呢?

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their older (15 to 18 year-old) teenage children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Agree: Parents make decision for children.

1) Parents have more experience

2) 15-18 years old children are not adults, so they cant take responsibility

还有一种情况就是我们只能想出两个分论点，这时候考生应该果断采用四段式布局，而这一次，两个主体段都分别论述一个同意的理由，而在结尾时，可以顺便提一些反对的理由，这样也不失为一种灵活的方法，希望考生们可以借鉴。

二、分论点的排列原则

专家提醒考生们，在布局的时候我们不是随意编排分论点的先后顺序，而是需要有一定的逻辑性和合理性。一般说来，五段式的三个主体段，若都是同意或者都是反对的理由的话，一般这些分论点有两种逻辑顺序，即第一种按照“重要性”来排，将你认为最主要的理由放在第一个主体段中详细论证;第二种是按照“小到大”的原则，即个人方面的理由先写，然后再是家庭，公司，最后再是社会，国家等。倘若所有的论点都是在一个范围内的，比如都是属于个人的论点，则这个时候要看这些分论点后续的论证内容的多少，比如某一个分论点你既举得出例子，又可以进行对比或者因果论述的话那肯定应该先写这个分论点，若某一个分论点后续能够阐述的理由只有一句话的时候那就应该果断地将其排在后面写。若文章是四段式的结构，则在一个主体段中的排列顺序和前面讲的原则是一致的。

熟悉考场写作三个步骤的时间分配：

第一步：审题、确定立场、列出理由最少3分钟最多5分钟。

要避免两个极端：((只需要在草稿纸上用英文单词或汉语列出各个理由，防止遗忘))

用时太少，理由没有想清楚就开始写作，不仅造成文章逻辑结构不清，还会引起行文中频繁的修正，欲速则不达;

用时太多，不要追求一次思考就能把每一条理由及相关例证都想出来。其实想出两条之后就可以动笔，各个理由的例证可以写到该段时边思考边写。这一点你不必怀疑，只要你的思维还是正常的，一定能做到。

第二步：正文写作。最少22分钟最多26分钟。

a.各段写作时注意对段落的不同部分给予不同的重视。

主题句给予最大重视，注意炼句，别说你不想写主题句，主题句可以使读者和笔者本人更清晰该段落写什么。各段中支持性细节写作不必遵循相同的模式。有n 种选择可供参考：1. 举具体事例 2. 说对方相对缺点3. 使用数据 4. 使用假想例子 5. 使用类比、比喻、引用等修辞手段来论述。 哪一种你最容易想出来，就用哪一种。

b.考前将文章开头、结尾、例证、让步等各种句套背熟练,并且练习和模考时把他们用熟，要象做完型填空一样对待考场作文。别试图在考场上再现去决定比如哪种开头好，怎样结尾好。使用自己选种的套话。

c.当被告知还有5分钟结束时，一般你已经该写到最后一条理由，或者已经在做结尾。要确保文章有结尾段。(不排除将他和最后一条理由的末段结合在一起的可能性。)

第三步：检查。需要1-3分钟，有侧重点地检查。

1、句法：确保每句话是完整的，有谓语，且简单句只有一个谓语。

2、时态：文章绝大部分使用的是一般现在时;一般现在时第三人称要使用单数;使用过去发生的事例时用的是过去时;

3、主谓一致

按此三步，持续练习5篇以上，可以确保时间问题。

整洁

1、TWE要求必须用铅笔写作文，你要自己准备好铅笔和橡皮。橡皮要有韧性，太硬会擦破纸，有错误要擦干净再改;

2、第一遍写作时要求字迹不要太大也不要太小，通常一行写10-12个左右单词为宜。如果书法不好，可以在考前练习写一下斜体的26个字母的写法 .

[托福作文写作时间分配技巧

最新托福（TOEFL）考试作文题选编

1. Some people think that parents should plan their children"s leisure time carefully. Other people believe? that children should decide for themselves how to spend their free time, Which idea do you agree with? Give reasons for your choice.

2. People should be realistic rather than romantic in order to live a better life. Do you agree or disagree? with the statement. Use specific reasons to support your answer.

3. People should never be satisfied with what they have, they should always want something new or? something different Do you agree or disagree with the statement. Give reasons for your choice.

4. Some people think that the family is the most important influence on young adults. Other people think? that friends are the most important influence on young adults. Which view do you agree with? Use examples to) support your position.

5. Some students participate in school activities such as clubs and sports. Other students do not take part in?? such activities because they spend more time on their studies. Tell why you think the two groups of? students spend their time differently? Which type of student do you prefer to be? Explain why.

6. Traveling is more important than reading books in order to understand the people and the world. Do you agree or disagree with the statement Use specific reasons to support your answer.

7. Some people like different friends. Others like similar friends. Compare the advantages of these two? kinds of friends. Which kind of friend do you prefer. Explain why?

8. After they complete their university studies, some students live in their hometowns, others live in? different towns or cities. Which do you think is better ... living in your hometown or living in different towns or cities. Give specific reasons for your answer.

9. Some people believe that newspaper are the best source of news. Others think that the news is presented? better on radio or television. Which of these sources of news do you prefer? Use specific examples to? support your choice.

10. Some people learn best when a classroom lesson is presented in an entertaining , enjoyable way. Other? people learn best when a lesson is presented in a serious, formal way. Which of these two ways of? learning do you prefer? Give reasons to support your answer.

11. Some people say that the best preparation for life is learning to be cooperative. Others take the opposite? view and say that learning to be competitive is the best preparation. Tell which one you agree with and explain why.

12. Some people pay money for the things they want or need. Other people trade products or goods for? what they need. Compare the advantages of these two ways of obtaining things. Which way do you? prefer? Explain why.

13. Some people believe that growing up in a large family, with several sisters and brothers, offers? more advantages than disadvantages. Other people think that being the only child is more? advantageous. Write a short essay in which you discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each position. Explain which position you support.

14. Some people think studying in a university is worthwhile only because you can get a degree. Do you? agree or disagree with the statement? Give specific reasons to support your answer.

15. Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important effect on our lives.? Choose another invention that you think is important. Give specific reasons for your choice.

16. Someone think that playing a game is fun only when you win. Do you agree or disagree with the? statement. Use specific reasons to support your answer.

17. A research center is going to be established in a university. There is an argument whether to establish an agricultural center or a business one. Which do your think is better. Use specific reasons to support your answer.

18. "Fiction (such as short stories or novels) can teach us more about life than textbooks can". Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Use specific examples to support your answer.

19. Living in big cities has more advantages dm living in small towns or countryside. Do you agree or disagree with the statement. Use specific reasons to support your answer.

20. Some university students want to live in a room alone. Others prefer having roommates. Which do you like better living alone or living with roommates? Give specific examples to support your answer.

21. Some people like to travel alone, other like to travel together with several friends. Which do you prefer, Why?

22. Which is more important for you in your life? Knowledge from books you read, or personal experiences in reality. Please use details to explain your answer.

23. Newspapers contain many information topics such as sports, current event, business and entertainment. Which topic do you like to read most often. Give reasons to explain your answer.

24. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: People should always show their strong emotions (such as excitement, anger, or joy). Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

25. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Dissatisfaction leads to progress. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

26. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement. A student"s main purpose in getting an education is to earn a lot of money. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

27. Some students like to attend a large university that has many students. Others prefer to attend a small university that has fewer students. Which type of university do you prefer? Use specific reasons and example to support your answer.

28. Some students like to have outdoor activities. Others like indoor activities. Which do you prefer? Give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.

29. How do movies or TV influence people"s behavior? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.

30. Some people like to buy books to read, others like to borr4Dw books from libraries or from other people. Compare the advantages of these two ways of reading. Which do you prefer? Why?

31. Some universities arrange a long period of vacation for students in the school year, others arrange several short vacations. Which kind of vacation do you prefer---a long vacation or a short one? Give specific reasons and examples for your answer.

32. Some people like to communicate by telephone, Other people like to communicate by letter. Which do you prefer to communicate-by phone or by letter? Use specific and details to explain your answer.

33. Some people like to listen to classical music, others like to listen to popular music (including popular songs). Which kind of music do you prefer? Give specific reasons for your answer.

34. Games teach people about life. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Give specific s for your answer.

35. Many important natural resources such as water, forests, oil, etc, are running out in the world today. What should we do to protect them? Give specific examples to support your idea about one kind of these resources.

36. When people succeed, it is because of hard work luck has nothing to do with success, Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.

37. Sometimes it is fun to think of living in another time and place. If you could experience a different time and place, what time and what place would you choose? Use reasons and specific details to support your answer.

38. Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your answer?

39. Some people like to eat at home and prepare food for themselves, others like to eat outside in restaurants or foodstands. Which way of eating do you prefer.? give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.

40. Some say that the world would be a better place now if the automobile had never been invented. Decide if you agree or disagree with this statement and give specific reasons for your decision.

41. Some people say that the best way to raise children is to encourage them to be independent thinkers. Others disagree and say that children need to be taught discipline in order to become successful. Using specific examples, discuss these two opinions. State which one you agree with and why?

42. Some people like to work or study at night, others like to wor

[最新托福TOEFL考试作文题选编

When we see photographs of starving children, it’s hard to say that we should spend billions of dollars on space exploration. But that’s just what we should do. Children don’t need to be starving, but we do need to explore space. Right now, we have enough money to feed every person on Earth. Children are starving because of mismanagement of resources and simple human greed. Those are problems we can solve right here on earth. That shouldn’t stop our need to find out what’s beyond our own solar system.

We may never make contact with whatever other species there may be out there in space. Even so, there are still two very practical and positive consequences of space exploration. One is a certainty and the other is a possibility. The certainty is medical research. Yes, we can conduct research here on earth. But much of the research done in space, for example, on the effects of gravity on bone marrow, is making a difference in medicine here on Earth. When we do research in space, we also learn more about space exploration. Also, many of the inventions that were developed for space travel have been adapted to good use on Earth.

The possible consequence of space exploration is finding another planet human beings can colonize. Overpopulation is a huge problem on our planet. People are living longer, more healthful lives, and that’s a good thing. But it means there are fewer people dying and more people being born. Eventually we’ll have less space, fewer resources, and major distribution problems. If we can find another planet to live on, we can relieve the problems of overpopulation on our planet.

It’s a tragedy that there are human beings suffering on Earth. However, if we wait until everyone has a perfect life, we will never explore space—and that , too, would be a kind of tragedy.

Most of us can learn how to do something simple on our own with just a set of instructions. However, to learn about something more complex, its always best to have a teacher.

Teachers bring with them varied and useful backgrounds. Theyve been trained to teach individuals in different ways depending on their style. For instance, omen students learn better by discussing a topic. Others learn more by writing about it. Teachers can help students learn in the way thats best of each student. A textbook or a manual can only give you one way of learning something. Plus theyre only as helpful as your ability to understand them. A good teacher can adapt her teaching to your needs.  Teachers help you focus on what youre learning. If youre learning something by yourself, it’s easy to become distracted, and go on to other activities. Teachers keep your attention on the subject. They also approach a subject logically, taking it one step at a time. On your own, its tempting to skip parts of the learning process you think you don’t need. That can binder your ability to really understand the subject.

Learning a subject on your own is a very narrow way of learning. You can only use the information you get from the textbook. With a teacher, you get the information in the written materials as well as the teachers own knowledge of the topic. Teachers can also provide extra materials to broaden the scope of what youre learning.

Theres nothing wrong with studying on your own, and a learner can always benefit from some quiet study. For the best possible learning, though, a good teacher is the biggest help you can have.

[托福独立作文模板

People would be much happier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday than doing the same task.

With the rapid shifts of metropolises, the importance of happiness has been increasingly emphasized by the public. When people are commenting whether workers would be much happier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday than doing the same task or not, people’s opinions are diverse. With my careful consideration, I personally consent to the perspective that workers would be much happier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday than doing the same task. My thesis could be circumstantiated by the following two reasons. Firstly, doing different types of tasks can help people gain more knowledge to be happier. Secondly, doing different types of tasks can increase working efficiency to make people happier.

Firstly, taking the advantage of dealing with various kinds of tasks, people can easily learn diverse aspects of lore, which capacitates them to be contented. As we all know, people can be more confident and earn more respect when they feel that they are more knowledgeable than others. In fact, people who possess more knowledge could gain a more trustworthy impression to others. Because of that, doing multiple types of tasks can help them to earn more prestige to increase the degree of happiness. For example, while my friend Sherlock teaches three subjects in a university, obtaining a bright mood every day after gaining more knowledge than other colleagues who major in one subject, my colleague Mycroft always becomes gloomy dealing with the routine work of being an officer. As a result, Sherlock is optimistic for his daily work, but Mycroft is not willing to work and finally left his position. In conclusion, it is necessary to do different types of work to maintain a sanguine mood.

Secondly, without the interfering of being bored, people can accomplish the work using little time which can help them gain the sense of achievement and happiness. Engaging a single task could inevitably encounter the monotony of tediousness, which embosses the advantage of tasking on multiple jobs. When people doing plethora of tasks simultaneously, the body would reaction this pressure with dopamine secretion which is a substance for improving the level of excitement during the performance. That is to say, the more tasks that people are engaging in, the higher excitement that people would achieve, which becomes the cause of the hyper-status during work. For instance, while my cousin John Watson, dealing with all kinds of works for his own company, can complete the tasks in several hours because of the excitement of new challenges; his secretary Mr. Holmes, majoring in storing documents, spends several days finishing a simple publicizing document. In the end, John Watson gained great sense of achievements for his efficient work, however, Mr. Holmes is shame of himself for his terrible work. All in all, it is obvious that people can be happier by doing different types of tasks simultaneously.

With the content aforementioned, my thesis could be supported by two reasons which are learning more knowledge and increasing working efficiency. Thus, it is appropriate to draw the conclusion that both two reasons could make my thesis reasonable and well-supported. When people are commenting this issue, it is not supported to be forgotten what a famous Japanese claims Difference creates happiness.

[托福考试优秀作文

独立写作题目：

To remain happy and optimistic when you fail is more important than achieving success.

托福独立写作范文：

Modern society places a lot of emphasis on success. Though success is clearly desirable, I think our intense focus on success is unhealthy and counterproductive. People would be better served by learning how to adopt a positive attitude towards failure.

First of all, this would allow them to live more fulfilling lives. Studies have shown that the fulfillment brought by success is very fleeting. While you may feel great for a little while after, your mood will quickly drop back to normal levels. The road to success is paved with setbacks; even if you do eventually achieve your goals, if you are unable to experience the failures positively, you will have actually experienced a net decrease in happiness. It is thus important to remain happy and optimistic through failure, because while failure comes inevitably and often, success does not.

Second of all, focusing too much on success will hurt your relationships with others, whereas learning to enjoy failure will actually improve your relationships with others. This is particularly true of working in a team. For one class project, I had to work in a team led by someone who only cared about success. We didn’t pursue any unusual ideas, and mistakes were criticized harshly. The team did fairly well, but by the end everybody hated working on the assignment. The leader’s attitude rubbed off on all of us: nobody wanted to take risks, and setbacks weighed heavy on all of us. This was in contrast to my friend’s group, which had a much more open-minded leader. She encouraged the team to test unconventional ideas, and any time they hit a roadblock, they took it as an opportunity to rethink their approach. After the project was over they all remained friends, and they even received a better grade than us.

This leads me to my final point: enjoying failure and de-emphasizing success will paradoxically make you more apt to succeed. This is because success hinges on consistent progress, and consistent progress can only come from continuously challenging your abilities and risking failure. Michael Jordan once said that his success came from failing over and over—that he had missed thousands of shots on his path to greatness. He was able to get better because he was eager to see where his deficiencies lay and figure out how to address them. This is the common thread we see in all successful people: they are all happy to fail, because failures open up opportunities for improvement.

Most people fail more often than they succeed. Thus, in order to live a fulfilling life, we should learn to approach failure positively. This will not only improve our relationships, but also make success more likely.

[失败与成功托福考试作文

The technology revolution is upon us. In the past, there have been many triumphs in the world of technology. To this date, people are able to communicate over thousands of miles with the greatest of ease. The Internet connects nearly 400 million users worldwide and is an essential part of how we work, play, communicate, and conduct commerce. We use the Internet in ways that seemed unimaginable in the past.

互联网使用的四大障碍

local information barriers literacy barriers language barriers cultural diversity barriers

网络的好处

The Internet provides convenience for people to learn at home. Internet based training gas become a common business tool used to gain advancements in current jobs. Tutoring over the Internet is also available. Business on the Internet is a growing technology. Business on the Internet has no geographic boundaries; it has access to more consumers. Approximately 150 businesses join the Internet every day. There is less labor force needed and it is open 24 hours a day. The Internet is also a bigger and cheaper way to advertise. In the past 20 years, the Internet has changed a number of areas in society, especially the business world. In the last 40 years, the Internet has gone from a method of defense communication for the government, to a business venture for an entrepreneur or a fortune 500-company. The Internet is a way for gaining consumers, products and capital for a business.

In a world of light-speed data transmission, any individual with little training and expertise can make a fortune from the Internet. Many companies, like or eBay, thrive from business done through Internet transactions.

网络的危害

data leakage virus infringe one’s privacy national security censorship

The Internet has many great uses, but, as anything else, negative things can be done there as well. The beauty of the Internet is that it is so large that it’s nearly impossible to keep track of what bad things everyone is doing. A few examples are someone can steal a cell phone and then by using the Internet, they can reprogram the telephone to work off someone’s account and not be traced. Other examples are the pirates of software. Someone can get a program that Microsoft sells for about one thousand dollars for free and it can’t be traced. There is another fact that nearly anything can be traded online, like drugs, weapons such as high power guns, bombs, and the list for these items goes on and on. One of the worst things that the police really want to get their hands on is Child Pornography. It is not so hard to keep track of when people had to go out and hand deliver this stuff, but through the Internet the scum who partake in this don’t have to leave their homes. A big problem is the fact that underage kids can see what they are not meant to. This does not just end up back at porn though; there are images of extreme violence on humans and animals.

技术提高了人类生存条件还是恶化了人类生存条件

Philosophical debates have arisen over the present and future use of technology in society, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticize the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, claiming that it harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as trans-humanism and techno-progressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition. Indeed, until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only to human beings, but recent scientific studies indicate that other primates and certain dolphin communities have developed simple tools ad learned to pass their knowledge to other generations.

科技对家庭的影响

Technology allows families living in different locations to stay in touch with each other. Filipinos are now able to sent text messages to their relatives in the United States and Europe. Singaporeans who are working overseas are able to keep in touch with their families back home via the Internet. Children of expatriate Laos are able to learn more about their parents’ home country via the Internet.

[托福作文素材积累：“关于网络”

Nowadays, technology is transforming the way we live, work, learn and play. Although the growing number of people complain that fossil resource shortage and environmental pollution has aggravated due to the development of technology, it is undeniable that technology has made the world a better place to live. In my opinion, technology has made peoples lives more comfortable. There are many justifications supporting my opinion.

Firstly, the communication between people is becoming faster and easier. Using the internet，we can make friends from different countries and share our feelings with them online. Also, we can send E-mails to our friends in a few minutes Instead of writing letters or sending postcards, the emergence of Internet enables us to send E-mails to our friends in a few minutes and know the latest information worldwide immediately.

Secondly, technology has made our lives more and more convenient. For example, at the beginning, people used to travel on foot which would take them a great amount of time and energy. But now we have cars, airplanes and high-speed trains which make our journey faster and more comfortable这最好举个例子让你的论点更充分有力 for example， 我来自中国，每回我都要坐飞机8小时来到美国，在过去跨洋出国读书是非常困难的，一般坐船要花费好几周， 所以感谢飞机将我快速地送到这里和大家一起读书. With the help of modern transportation vehicles , people can go everywhere they prefer to.

Last but not least, advanced medical treatment and technology lengthen people’s lifespan.

A concrete  example can give some light to this point. At the stone age, our ancestors’ average age was about 25, because…没有医疗设备，人们的防护意识也不够，一些简单的流行病就会夺去好多人的性命，such as 流感、天花. However, after people discovered the mysteries of gene, many fatal deceases which were considered incurable before can now be treated and cured. Now people’s average age is two or three times of that time.

From all those reasons above, although technology has brought about some problems, the benefits of technology far outweigh its negative influences. For one thing, technology has improved our living standard and the quality of life. For another, the solution of the problem depends on the improvement of science. In the future, we should encourage people to innovate in technology and achieve sustainable development.

1. Some people think that parents should plan their children’s leisure time carefully. Other people believe? that children should decide for themselves how to spend their free time, Which idea do you agree with? Give reasons for your choice.

2. People should be realistic rather than romantic insgroupsto live a better life. Do you agree or disagree? with the statement. Use specific reasons to support your answer.

3. People should never be satisfied with what they have, they should always want something new or? something different Do you agree or disagree with the statement. Give reasons for your choice.

4. Some people think that the family is the most important influence on young adults. Other people think? that friends are the most important influence on young adults. Which view do you agree with? Use examples to) support your position.

5. Some students participate in school activities such as clubs and sports. Other students do not take part in?? such activities because they spend more time on their studies. Tell why you think the two groups of? students spend their time differently? Which type of student do you prefer to be? Explain why.

6. Travelling is more important than reading books insgroupsto understand the people and the world Do you? agree or disagree with the statement Use specific reasons to support your answer.

7. Some people like different friends. Others like similar friends. Compare the advantages of these two? kinds of friends. Which kind of friend do you prefer. Explain why?

8. After they complete their university studies, some students live in their hometowns, others live in? different towns or cities. Which do you think is better ... living in your hometown or living in different towns or cities. Give specific reasons for your answer.

9. Some people believe that newspaper are the best source of news. Others think that the news is presented? better on radio or television. Which of these sources of news do you prefer? Use specific examples to? support your choice.

10. Some people learn best when a classroom lesson is presented in an entertaining , enjoyable way. Other? people learn best when a lesson is presented in a serious, formal way. Which of these two ways of? learning do you prefer? Give reasons to support your answer.

11. Some people say that the best preparation for life is learning to be cooperative. Others take the opposite? view and say that learning to be competitive is the best preparation. Tell which one you agree with and explain why.

12. Some people pay money for the things they want or need. Other people trade products or goods for? what they need. Compare the advantages of these two ways of obtaining things. Which way do you? prefer? Explain why.

13. Some people believe that growing up in a large family, with several sisters and brothers, offers? more advantages than disadvantages. Other people think that being the only child is more? advantageous. Write a short essay in which you discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each position. Explain which position you support.

14. Some people think studying in a university is worthwhile only because you can get a degree. Do you? agree or disagree with the statement? Give specific reasons to support your answer.

15. Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important effect on our lives.? Choose another invention that you think is important. Give specific reasons for your choice.

16. Someone think that playing a game is fun only when you win. Do you agree or disagree with the? statement. Use specific reasons to support your answer.

17. A research center is going to be established in a university. There is an argument whether to establish an agricultural center or a business one. Which do your think is better. Use specific reasons to support your answer.

18. "Fiction (such as short stories or novels) can teach us more about life than textbooks can". Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Use specific examples to support your answer.

19. Living in big cities has more advantages dm living in small towns or countryside. Do you agree or disagree with the statement. Use specific reasons to support your answer.

20. Some university students want to live in a room alone. Others prefershavingsroommates. Which do you like betterkliving alone or living with roommates? Give specific examples to support your answer.

21. Some people like to travel alone, other like to travel together with several friends. Which do you prefer, Why?

22. Which is more important for you in your life? Knowledge from books you read, or personal experiences in reality. Please use details to explain your answer.

23. Newspapers contain many information topics such as sports, current event, business and entertainment. Which topic do you like to read most often. Give reasons to explain your answer.

24. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: People should always show their strong emotions (such as excitement, anger, or joy). Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

25. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Dissatisfaction leads to progress. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

26. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement. A student’s main purpose in getting an education is to earn a lot of money. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

27. Some students like to attend a large university that has many students. Others prefer to attend a small university that has fewer students. Which type of university do you prefer?Use specific reasons and example to support your answer.

28. Some students like to have outdoor activities. Others like indoor activities. Which do you prefer? Give specific reasons and examplesto illustrate your answer.

29. How do movies or TV influence people’s behavior? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.

30. Some people like to buy books to read, others like to borr4Dw books from libraries or from other people. Compare the advantages of these two ways of reading. Which do you prefer? Why?

31. Some universities arrange a long period of vacation for students in the school year, others arrange several short vacations. Which kind of vacation do you prefer---a long vacation or a short one? Give specific reasons and examples for your answer.

32. Some people like to communicate by telephone, Other people like to communicate by letter. Which do you prefer to communicate-by phone or by letter? Use specific and details to explain your answer.

33. Some people like to listen to classical music, others like to listen to popular music (including popular songs). Which kind of music do you prefer? Give specific reasons for your answer.

34. Games teach people about life. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Give specific s for your answer.

35. Many important natural resources such as water, forests, oil, etc, are running out in the world today. What should we do to protect them? Give specific examples to support your idea about one kind of these resources.

36. When people succeed, it is because of hard work luck has nothing to do with success, Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.

37. Sometimes it is fun to think of living in another time and place. If you could experience a different time and place, what time and what place would you choose? Use reasons and specific details to support your answer.

38. Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your answer?

39. Some people like to eat at home and prepare food for themselves, others like to eat outside in restaurants or foodstands. Which way of eating do you prefer.? give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.

40. Some say that the world would be a better place now if the automobile had never been invented. Decide if you agree or disagree with this statement and give specific reasons for your decision.

41. Some people say that the best way to raise children is to encourage them to be independent thinkers. Others disagree and say that children need to be taught discipline insgroupsto become successful. Using specific examples, discuss these two opinions. State which one you agree with and why?

42. Some people like to work or study at night, others like to work or study during the day. Which do you prefer-work or study at night or during the day? Give,specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.

43. Some people like to study alone, others like to study with several people together. Which do you prefer-study alone or study with other people? Give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.

44. Some people like to use computers to type letter, others like t,o write letters with a pen. Which do you prefer and why?

45. Some companies like to employ younger and enthusiastic people, other companies like to employ older and experienced people. If you were a boss, which kind of people do you like to employ. Give reasons and specific examples to illustrate your answer.

46. "It’s better to make wrong decision dm make no decision at all." Do you agree or disagree with the statement. Give reasons or specific examples to illustrate your answer.

47. Some people tend to work only for money, while others believe that people should enjoy what opinion do. Which opinion do you prefer? Explain why?

48. Some people tend to study a subject in a very intensive way over a short period of time, while others tend to study a subject constantly over a long period of time. What do you think is a better way of learning? Explain why.

49. Should the money investedsintosa university be used to improve the library or to improve the physical training facilities? What do you think? Why?

50. Should the money investedsintosa university library be used to buy books or to buy computer? What do you think? Why?

[最新托福考试精选作文题

1。 Some people think that parents should plan their childrens leisure time carefully。 Other people believe? that children should decide for themselves how to spend their free time， Which idea do you agree with? Give reasons for your choice。

2。 People should be realistic rather than romantic to live a better life。 Do you agree or disagree? with the statement。 Use specific reasons to support your answer。

3。 People should never be satisfied with what they have， they should always want something new or? something different Do you agree or disagree with the statement。 Give reasons for your choice。

4。 Some people think that the family is the most important influence on young adults。 Other people think? that friends are the most important influence on young adults。 Which view do you agree with? Use examples to) support your position。

5。 Some students participate in school activities such as clubs and sports。 Other students do not take part in?? such activities because they spend more time on their studies。 Tell why you think the two groups of? students spend their time differently? Which type of student do you prefer to be? Explain why。

6。 Travelling is more important than reading books to understand the people and the world Do you? agree or disagree with the statement Use specific reasons to support your answer。

7。 Some people like different friends。 Others like similar friends。 Compare the advantages of these two? kinds of friends。 Which kind of friend do you prefer。 Explain why?

8。 After they complete their university studies， some students live in their hometowns， others live in? different towns or cities。 Which do you think is better 。。。 living in your hometown or living in different towns or cities。 Give specific reasons for your answer。

9。 Some people believe that newspaper are the best source of news。 Others think that the news is presented? better on radio or television。 Which of these sources of news do you prefer? Use specific examples to? support your choice。

10。 Some people learn best when a classroom lesson is presented in an entertaining ， enjoyable way。 Other? people learn best when a lesson is presented in a serious， formal way。 Which of these two ways of? learning do you prefer? Give reasons to support your answer。

11。 Some people say that the best preparation for life is learning to be cooperative。 Others take the opposite? view and say that learning to be competitive is the best preparation。 Tell which one you agree with and explain why。

12。 Some people pay money for the things they want or need。 Other people trade products or goods for? what they need。 Compare the advantages of these two ways of obtaining things。 Which way do you? prefer? Explain why。

13。 Some people believe that growing up in a large family， with several sisters and brothers， offers? more advantages than disadvantages。 Other people think that being the only child is more? advantageous。 Write a short essay in which you discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each position。 Explain which position you support。

14。 Some people think studying in a university is worthwhile only because you can get a degree。 Do you? agree or disagree with the statement? Give specific reasons to support your answer。

15。 Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important effect on our lives。? Choose another invention that you think is important。 Give specific reasons for your choice。

16。 Someone think that playing a game is fun only when you win。 Do you agree or disagree with the? statement。 Use specific reasons to support your answer。

17。 A research center is going to be established in a university。 There is an argument whether to establish an agricultural center or a business one。 Which do your think is better。 Use specific reasons to support your answer。

18。 "Fiction (such as short stories or novels) can teach us more about life than textbooks can"。 Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Use specific examples to support your answer。

19。 Living in big cities has more advantages dm living in small towns or countryside。 Do you agree or disagree with the statement。 Use specific reasons to support your answer。

20。 Some university students want to live in a room alone。 Others prefer having roommates。 Which do you like better living alone or living with roommates? Give specific examples to support your answer。

21。 Some people like to travel alone， other like to travel together with several friends。 Which do you prefer， Why?

22。 Which is more important for you in your life? Knowledge from books you read， or personal experiences in reality。 Please use details to explain your answer。

23。 Newspapers contain many information topics such as sports， current event， business and entertainment。 Which topic do you like to read most often。 Give reasons to explain your answer。

24。 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: People should always show their strong emotions (such as excitement， anger， or joy)。 Use specific reasons and details to support your answer。

25。 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Dissatisfaction leads to progress。 Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion。

26。 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement。 A students main purpose in getting an education is to earn a lot of money。 Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion。

27。 Some students like to attend a large university that has many students。 Others prefer to attend a small university that has fewer students。 Which type of university do you prefer? Use specific reasons and example to support your answer。

28。 Some students like to have outdoor activities。 Others like indoor activities。 Which do you prefer? Give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer。

29。 How do movies or TV influence peoples behavior? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer。

30。 Some people like to buy books to read， others like to borr4Dw books from libraries or from other people。 Compare the advantages of these two ways of reading。 Which do you prefer? Why?

31。 Some universities arrange a long period of vacation for students in the school year， others arrange several short vacations。 Which kind of vacation do you prefer---a long vacation or a short one? Give specific reasons and examples for your answer。

32。 Some people like to communicate by telephone， Other people like to communicate by letter。 Which do you prefer to communicate-by phone or by letter? Use specific and details to explain your answer。

33。 Some people like to listen to classical music， others like to listen to popular music (including popular songs)。 Which kind of music do you prefer? Give specific reasons for your answer。

34。 Games teach people about life。 Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Give specific s for your answer。

35。 Many important natural resources such as water， forests， oil， etc， are running out in the world today。 What should we do to protect them? Give specific examples to support your idea about one kind of these resources。

36。 When people succeed， it is because of hard work luck has nothing to do with success， Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position。

37。 Sometimes it is fun to think of living in another time and place。 If you could experience a different time and place， what time and what place would you choose? Use reasons and specific details to support your answer。

38。 Neighbors are the people who live near us。 In your opinion， what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your answer?

39。 Some people like to eat at home and prepare food for themselves， others like to eat outside in restaurants or foodstands。 Which way of eating do you prefer。? give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer。

40。 Some say that the world would be a better place now if the automobile had never been invented。 Decide if you agree or disagree with this statement and give specific reasons for your decision。

41。 Some people say that the best way to raise children is to encourage them to be independent thinkers。 Others disagree and say that children need to be taught discipline to become successful。 Using specific examples， discuss these two opinions。 State which one you agree with and why?

42。 Some people like to work or study at night， others like to work or study during the day。 Which do you prefer-work or study at night or during the day? Give， specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer。

43。 Some people like to study alone， others like to study with several people together。 Which do you prefer-study alone or study with other people? Give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer。

44。 Some people like to use computers to type letter， others like to write letters with a pen。 Which do you prefer and why?

45。 Some companies like to employ younger and enthusiastic people， other companies like to employ older and experienced people。 If you were a boss， which kind of people do you like to employ。 Give reasons and specific examples to illustrate your answer。

46。 "Its better to make wrong decision dm make no decision at all。" Do you agree or disagree with the statement。 Give reasons or specific examples to illustrate your answer。

47。 Some people tend to work only for money， while others believe that people should enjoy what opinion do。 Which opinion do you prefer? Explain why?

48。 Some people tend to study a subject in a very intensive way over a short period of time， while others tend to study a subject constantly over a long period of time。 What do you think is a better way of learning? Explain why。

49。 Should the money invested into a university be used to improve the library or to improve the physical training facilities? What do you think? Why?

50。 Should the money invested into a university library be used to buy books or to buy computer? What do you think? Why?

[托福考试作文题选编50题

为什么要考托福作文？

托福考试作为一项英语语言能力的测试，其设置的目的，是为了考察一个希望到美国生活、学习的考生在语言上是否已经做好了充分的准备。从托福考试的题目设计来看，听力部分主要是围绕美国大学校园或者课堂的对话出题，阅读部分主要是围绕着简单的学术文章出题。考生如果能够通过这样的测试的话，一般被认为就具备了在美国学校“生存”下来的能力。在1987年以前，考生参加托福考试，不需要参加写作能力的测试。但是，美国各大院校普遍感觉到，即使在托福考试中发挥出色的考生，在撰写学校的论文时仍有较大的困难。这就要求在学生赴美留学之前，还要接受写作能力的考察。于是，ETS（EducationalTestingService）从1987年5月开始，在中国境内推出了TWE（TestofWrittenEnglish），也就是我们经常讲的托福考试的写作部分。

TWE推出那么多年来，一直受到考生的广泛关注。主要是因为TWE成绩在评价整个托福考试成绩的时候有着举足轻重的作用。举例而言，在620到640之间，一般认为考生的英语水平不会有本质的区别，但是作文从4分到5分（托福作文分六等，1分最次，6分最高，可以以半分为一级），甚至是0.5分的提高，都意味着你的托福成绩上了一个不小的档次。有些国外院校很重视TWE成绩，要么不做要求，一旦有要求，往往就是4分或者5分（比如，要以TWE成绩申请剑桥大学的话，就不能低于5分）。所以，TWE考得不好，便累及到考生其他部分的成绩，使之成为“鸡肋”——“食之无味，弃之可惜”。

那么，为什么TWE有着这样的重要性呢？我们在上文中看到，ETS增加TWE部分，主要是为了回应美国各大学校的要求。因为赴美留学的学生，每学期都会遇到大量的书面作业（比如说：读书笔记，presentation的手稿，学期论文。况且，从另一个角度来说，口语能力，特别是在课堂这样的学术环境下发言的能力，实质上就是取决于学生的写作能力－无非就是把写的东西再说出来），若是学生没有掌握有效的学术性写作的能力，在美国学习就会是相当困难的。以往的托福考试只包含有听力、语法和阅读的测试，但是，在美国人看来，仅仅是听力、语法与阅读的测试还不足以完全反映一个考生的语言能力，换句话说，以上三项测试侧重于考察考生的语言理解能力（understanding），而要有效地以另外一种语言进行交流（communication），仅仅是“听懂”、“读懂”还是不够的，考生还应该能熟练地用英语来表达他们自己对某一问题的理解和看法（expression），“理解”是“表达”的基础，但不能完全说明后者（当然，根据测试研究，发现在第二部分structure表现出色的考生，TWE的成绩也普遍较高）。所以，整个TWE考试，就是为那些母语不是英语的考生提供一个机会，让他们展示自己用另外一种语言有效地针对某一给出的话题发表意见看法的能力（ThepurposeofTestofWrittenEnglishistogiveexamineeswhosenativelanguageisnotEnglishanopportunitytodemonstratehisorherabilitytoaddressagiventopicinacceptableEnglish.）

托福作文考什么？

如何才能在TWE当中发挥出色？一方面而言，TWE考试的时间较短（30分钟），对篇幅的要求不高（也就300字左右，当然，发挥出色的同学写到400字以上的也不少见），题目的设计相对简单（ETS事先公布所有的作文题目，考生可在网上ftp://ftp.ets.org/pub/toef/989563wt.pdf查阅。从其涵盖的内容来看，都是围绕考生日常的学习或者生活展开的，尽量做到让每个考生都有话可说），因此在掌握一定的结构和句型之后，考生可以比较容易地拿到一个理想的分数。说句不好听的，TWE就是一种“八股文”。

如何获得托福作文高分？

准备托福作文，我个人一向比较反对急功近利的做法，因为短时间内靠模板和死记硬背堆砌起来的成绩不能反映一个考生的真实语言水平，既给别人也给自己造成假象，长期来看，有害无益。我们从TWE考试的目的中可以看到，考试无非是要考察考生“用可以接受的英语表达对一个给定话题的看法”。那么，修炼“看法”（ideas）是重要的，没有看法，即使语言水平高，没有内容的文章也拿不到高分。就现有的ETS公布的题库来看，有相当一部分的考题要求考生有一定程度的知识积累，对某些问题（如环境、科技以及教育）有比较深刻或独到的见解。在写作考试中，考生之所以觉得无从下手，往往是因为不知道“说什么”。其次，“可以接受的英语”也是非常重要的。光有想法，但是不能用流畅的英语表达出来，这也是另一些考生非常懊恼的事情。经常有同学问，考托福作文是否要背很多模板、很多好词好句；考生之间也广为流传这么一种说法：只要句子结构写得复杂、用词拣一些比较“高级”的词汇，托福作文就可以拿高分。从一方面来讲，这些说法多多少少有它的道理，一篇语言简单、用词贫乏的文章，当然不能指望拿个高分；但是，从另一方面来讲，一篇好的作文并不是简单的华丽辞藻的堆砌。ETS用了“acceptable”一词，最主要的意思是考生写出来的英语能让考官读懂，换句话说，考生心里面想说的，正是他或者她在文章当中表达出来的意思。曾经有考生想要在文章中说“大多数中国妇女没有文化”，结果写成了“ManyChinesewomenhavenoculture”，贻笑大方，这是“unacceptable”的。但是，简单地把“模板句型”搬到作文中去，却忽视了这些“闪光句子”与整体文章内容、结构、文风的结合，使人读起来一看就知道你是照搬照抄的，我想也不能说是“acceptable”吧。

我们简单地把写好托福作文的几个要点总结一下。

第一，要文章切题。按照6分作文评判标准的说法，就是要“effectivelyaddressesthewritingtask”。一般而言，托福作文的题目都是一目了然的，很少会出现审题的问题，但是这样的情况也会发生。就拿2003年8月托福考试的作文题来说，题目要求你谈谈“Whatdiscoveryinthelast100yearshasbeenmostbeneficialforpeopleinyourcountry?”。不少考生就这个题目写了“汽车”、“电脑”、“机器人”等。细细想来，这样的回应很难称之为贴切。就题目的要求而言，要论述的是“discovery”（发现），所谓“发现”，即是原来就有但没有被人所知晓，而这些考生所写的“汽车”、“电脑”、“机器人”，似乎更可以归入“invention”（发明）的范畴。如果要作比较贴切的回应，考生可以说我国东北地区发现了石油对我国人民来说影响深远（缓解了能源问题、促进了当地的经济发展、增强了民族自豪感），也可以说西安地区发现了兵马俑（兵马俑举世闻名，被成为世界第八大“奇迹”，不仅是我们宝贵的文化遗产，也对促进当地旅游业和经济的发展，起到了推动的作用）。由此可见，托福作文的题目虽然简单，但是在审题时也要小心谨慎，以免文不对题。反过来说，如果选取的角度新颖恰当，往往对考生展开正文有很大的帮助。举个例子来说，有道托福作文的题目是“Ifyouwereaskedtosendonethingrepresentingyourcountrytoaninternationalexhibition,whatwouldyouchoose?”，对这种开放式问题的回答，可谓“仁者见仁，智者见智”。有的考生写道想把“乒乓球”作为展品送到世界展览会上去，因为：（1）乒乓球是我们国家的国球，既健身又便宜；（2）乒乓球是中国人的骄傲，奥运会上乒乓球军团囊括的金牌数最多；（3）乒乓球还是打开中美友谊之门的钥匙（中美建交就是以乒乓球赛为契机的）。我想这样的角度，从一开始就树立了拿高分的基础。因此，要想写好托福作文，审题、选题是很重要的一步。

高分作文的第二个要素是“展开充分”。按照官方说法，就是“well-developed”。很多考生往往抱怨作文的篇幅写不长，如果找一下深层次的原因，就是展开不够充分。比如说，有篇托福作文要考生谈一下“home-stayprogram”的利弊（所谓home-stayprogram，就是留学期间可以和一个外国家庭一起生活），有位考生谈到，“

如何才能获得新托福考试作文高分

home-stayprogram”的一个好处是可以给留学生以很多支持：

Tobeginwith,theForeignerwholiveswithanAmericanfamilycanrelyonthefamilyforsupportasheadjuststoacompletelynewwayoflife.Thisisespeciallytrueifhebecomeshomesick.

以这么简短的两句话构成一段，显然是展开不够充分的。至少就“support”来说，别人可能会问，这是种什么样的“support”？精神上的、财政上、学习上的、还是生活起居上的？当留学生想家时，这个外国家庭是如何帮助他或者她克服“思乡情结”的？作者完全可以继续写下去。比如说，外国家庭可以邀请这个留学生参加他们的家庭活动，使他或者她感受到家庭的温暖，这样有助于缓解海外学子的思乡之苦。所以，当我们在写作时感觉到字数不够或者写不下去的时候，往往可以问自己：我是否已经展开充分了？对于这个论点，我有没有具体的数据、调查或者研究来支持我的观点？有没有我的亲身经历或者别人的例子可以帮助澄清这一点？我可不可以在这里打个比方？诸如此类的问题，都有助于我们进一步展开文章。当然，我不是主张大家大肆去背别人的例子然后生搬硬套到自己的文章中去。例子不在多，在于是否贴切（appropriate），有说服力的例子一两个就足够了。

高分托福作文的第三个要素是结构清楚（well-organized）。所谓“结构清楚”，从文章整体来说，是讲一篇文章最起码要有个开头（introduction）、中间（body）和结尾（conclusion）。从文章的每一个中间段来说，是要有一个依稀可见的“伞形结构”。英美人的思维模式是直线的、直接的，其特征可以归纳为三个步骤，即：（1）Saywhatyou’regoingtosay.（2）Sayit.（3）Thensaywhatyou’vesaid.（参考胡敏主编《新编TOEFL作文》，世界图书出版公司，第7页）所以所谓的伞形结构就是段落一开始有一句主题句（topicsentence，也就是伞尖）总领整段；下面依次展开（伞骨）；最后有一句话收尾（伞柄），请看以下一段文字：

Firstofall,someminordisadvantagestolivingwithanAmericanfamilyincludebothalackofprivacyandlittleopportunitytobeindependent.（第一句话，主题句，提示以下要讨论的两个问题）Forinstance,theforeignstudentmayfindthatthefamilyexpectshimtojointhemingroupactivitiessuchaswatchingtelevisionandgoingonpicnics.Attimes,however,hemightenjoystayinginhisroomtoreadortowriteletterstohisfamilyorfriends.AnotherdrawbacktolivinginanAmericanhomeinvolvesthepossibilitythatthefamilymaytreatthestudentlikeachild.Forexample,theparentsmaywanttodecidewhohisfriendswillbeandwherehewillgoduringhisleisuretimeawayfromhome.（以下具体展开讨论两个“缺点”，因为展开比较充分，没有结束句也不是一个大问题）

写好托福作文的最后一个要素，也是考生最难在短时间内提高的，就是语言上要准确、流畅、丰富。准确是最基本的，要求考生的文章在拼写、语法、用词以及搭配上没有严重的错误。流畅是指文章整体的行文要一气呵成，逻辑进路清晰可见。在托福写作中，往往要求考生在写作时多运用transitions（过渡词）来连接句与句、段与段，这能在相当程度上增加文章的整体流畅感。这些transitions包括：表示陈述顺序的（first,second,finally等）、表示并列或者补充的（also,similarly,likewise等）、表示递进的（furthermore,moreover,additionally,besides等）、表示转折的（however,still,nevertheless,contrarily等）、表示让步的（admittedly,concededly等）、表示举例的（forinstance,forexample,toillustrate）、表示复述的（inotherwords,thatistosay等）以及表示提示结论或者结果的（therefore,thus,accordingly,consequently等）。在做到准确、流畅的基础上，语言的丰富多变是体现一个考生语言能力的重要指标，在同一篇文章里，句式不能过于简单，用词也要避免重复，适当的时候，可能还要运用一些修辞手法，当然，这些都不是能在朝夕之间就可以做到的。 

我昨晚查的分数，620，TWE5.5，总分不高，不好在这里班门弄斧，只想说说TWE。老实说，这次TWE成功的关键在于考前一天：我前一天看了TWE题库未考版，只带着一个目的看--考虑论据并记下来，其实题哭看起来题量很大，但不少题目都是有关联的，许多论据都可通用。几个小时看下来还是挺轻松的，感觉思路清晰了，但一定要把论据尽量记在脑中，第二天如果幸运的话，现炒现卖。这次的考题也是题库上的，我前一天考虑过，虽然记得不清楚，但当时思如泉涌，想到了许多论据，这和前一天的准备一定分不开。

或许这种做法很片面，而且前提是语言表达本身不成大问题(英语过四级表达也就基本没问题了吧，所以备考的朋友一定要有信心)，我个人觉得TWE用清晰流畅的简单句同样能拿高分，因为纯语言方面很难占明显优势。文章靠结构(所以我还是准备了一个简单的模班，千万不要太多空话，留出时间写自己的论据)，内容靠例子(就是论据)。

考前我只准备了一篇模版，反复了练习了几篇就觉得厌倦了，而且感觉提高的空间不大。又恰巧碰上期末考，我就把作文扔在一边没管了，如此荒废了约20天，有点心虚，但我想既然语言表达不会又太大问题，不如就练练时间安排吧。时间是托福作文的关键，而快速组织论据又是争取时间的关键。

如何让托福作文的"例子"更生动：要想使托福作文逻辑更缜密，更加具有说服力，我们需要在托福作文中添加一些例子以支持自己的论点，然而，有些同学却不能很好的把例子融入托福作文中去，不是干巴巴的讲两句，就是把那些用滥了的例子再炒一遍。这样的托福作文，是不可能取得高分的。那， ，如何选择高分例子？如何在托福写作中更好的添加例子？

在备考托福写作的过程中，不少拿不到写作高分的中国学生遇到的问题不是看不懂题目，也不是想不到理由，甚至也不是写不到300字(有学生写了470字，却只得了fair)，而是不会论证。不会论证这四个字几乎就是托福写作的死穴。ETS的考官们在OG中反复强调fully developed的重要性，说的也就是这个理儿。论证的主要方法有直接论证、举例子、引用他人观点和数据等等。在这里，最适合中国学生操作，也是最容易得高分的就是举例子了。

然而，举例子这个方法向来不为中国学生所重视。因为对于大多数学生来说，举例子实在是太容易不过了，只要写上for example之类的提示词，再写上人尽皆知的诸如Einstein， Newton之类的例子就万事大吉了。而事实上，这样的例子考官早已经看过成百上千遍了，怎么可能再给高分呢?

因此，要想举出高分的例子，最好是写两种例子：

1)美国人所熟知的历史、文化的例子，但一定要有一些新意，不是讲烂了的Galileo， Mother Teresa之流

2)讲自己身边的故事。

若是考生能够选用第一种例子，用得恰当的话自然能让考官眼前为之一亮。例如在讨论媒体对人们的影响时，选用美国人所熟知的脱口秀女王Oprah Winfrey作为例子。或是在讨论学生是否都应该学习历史的时候，选用美国历史上知名的总统，如Thomas Jefferson， Herbert Hoover等进行论证都非常好。这样做既进行了有效论证，又不落入俗套。然而，举这类例子对于考生考前的积累要求比较高。如果距离考试还有三个月或以上的时间，我建议考生可以在考前多准备一些类似的人物或事件的例子，以备考试之用。在这里，推荐给大家几个参考的网站：维基百科/，纽约时报 /， 华尔街日报 / 和 American thinker / 这些都是很好的收集素材的网站。

对于大多数备考时间比较紧的考生来说，花大量的时间去准备第一种例子显得有些不太划算。因此，性价比比较高的第二种例子更适合于备考时间比较短的考生。托福考试仅仅是语言能力考试，只要能用恰当的例子论述清楚问题就可以，因此用自己或身边人的例子对于考官来说也有很大的说服力。

三大技巧学会编例子：

1) 加上姓名、时间、地点等

很多中国学生在写例子的时候会使用比如说有一个人……这样的表达。这样的表达看起来底气不足，且中式思维严重，很难受到考官青睐。考生完全可以改用另外的表达我有一个朋友叫Jason，他在两年前做了XX事……这样写就看起来舒服多了。在叙述个人类例子的时候，尽量使用具体的人名、地名和时间。这样能使你的例子看上去更丰满、富有细节，也更像真实的事件，有说服力。

2) 与论点结合，写出XX之前和XX之后的变化

需要特别注意的是，例子一定是为论证服务的，绝不能脱离主题举例子。有的考生非常心醉于自己编出来的故事，但是却忘了自己在写托福作文，这个故事并不能证明你的观点，那这样的文章得不到高分一点也不奇怪。

这里的XX指的是论点中的主题词。例如在写机经中的一个题目：公共交通是否应该免费时，有一个分论点是公共交通免费以后，私家车会减少，这样尾气排放得少了，环境也就变好了。这里的主题词就是私家车的数量，例子就可以写成N年前私家车很少，环境很好，然后私家车变多以后，环境就变差了。例子可写成：

10 years ago， in my childhood memory， the city which I live in now is one of the most beautiful cities I have ever seen. The blue sky and the clean water were quite impressive to me. However， 3 years ago， when I came back to this city again， I was astonished by those changes. The city developed rapidly during those days.There are far more private cars than years ago on the road every day. On average， every household has one or two cars. The city may be described as developed now，while the sky here is never as clear as ever.

这个例子当中所用的词汇、句型基本都是中学所学过的。但是其中用到了我们刚才所谈的第一个技巧，加上了时间细节，也用到了第二个技巧，扣紧了主题，说明了有私家车变多之前和之后的变化。这个例子看上去文采平实，但却符合托福考试的评分规范，单就这个例子而言，就是可以得到4~5分的高分的(满分5分)。

3) 写完例子以后，一定要再结合论点论证说理

这一点不难理解，却是很多考生所忽视的。再强调一遍，例子的存在是为了更好地论证论点，因此在写完例子以后，需要再加上至少1~2句话重申一下你的论点。例如上文中出现的例子，写完之后，还应再加上If the amount of the cars can be reduced， I believe it will further improve the environment here， and be beneficial to all the citizens here as well. And The free payment of pubic transportation will make this come true.这样就是一个完整的论述段了。

托福作文中如果能够运用上几个生动有趣的例子，文章就立刻丰满起来，如果没有明显的词汇和语法错误，这肯定就是一片高分托福作文。

Whether persons would spend their entire lives in one place or not concerns (is a matter of)their life style. Due to differently personal character and experiences, some people like to stay in one place thorough (throughout)their lives, but others in contrast, prefer to move a number of times among different cities. In my view, I would be very happy if I have opportunities to live in different places. The arguments for this propensity are listed as follows.

One of the most crucial reasons for my view is that we could (can)have more opportunities to realize our dreams in the process of moving between places. As a young man(young men), we are all eager for success. However the road to (approach toward)success is so hard that we have to make great efforts. We must possess many aspects, including(去掉) outstanding intelligence, excellent education, rich experience and certainly good luck, most of which are acquired only by insistently pursuing, besides (and)studiously striving in different cities(if necessary). I can take one of my friends for instance. In order (to)receive the best education, after graduating from the senior school, he left his hometown to a remote city, BEIJING. But four years later, to looking for a better job, he left BEIJING and come to SHENZHEN, a beautiful city in his dream. Now his new goal is to enter American B-School to acquire (of)more advanced knowledge in financing. We can see, in just about ten years, he has moves three times, and what is more(more importantly), this moving sill continue. Actually, in contemporary society more and more people are as this(act like him ).

Another essential fact why (reason why)I hold my view is that we can enjoy a more rich and colorful (richer and more colorful)life, as we change places we live in. For my part, enjoying life is as important as, if not more important than, devoting work(hard working). It is a pleasing thing in the holiday to visit beautiful sceneries in different places. My friends mentioned in the last paragraph(before), has visited the snow scene in the north, and the widely (wide)sea in the south.

Admittedly, we cannot neglect the virtues (of)spending the entire life in one place. People can attained (attain)the feeling of family to their community, and the relationships between people are closer. Nevertheless moving between cities perhaps is more attractive to young persons than staying in one place thorough their lives.

From all the reasons mentioned above, it is not difficult to get the conclusion that if it is possible, I would move a number of times throughout my lives to look for the best job, house or climate I am eager for.

Unit Fourteen

The Lord and the Hermit

Once upon a time there was a rapacious lord. He was relentless to his tenants and quelled them by placing quotas to their living condition. Soon he collected quantitatively great revenue and lived in a radiate palace. He was also renowned for his queer clothes.

One day the lord’s disease relapsed, so he rallied his subordinates for help. One of them said: “I’ve heard of a recluse who knows regimen well residing nearby. Why not visit his residence for help?” Another retorted: “Be prudent, maybe it is only a rumor.” But the rash lord was filled with rapture and ratified the visiting plan.??

On the next Sunday, the lord purged himself, held a quaint rite and started for the hermit’s home. They passed rugged rustic passages full of paddles and the lord almost recoiled. Finally they arrived. The lord felt disappointed at the recluse’s reception, but he wouldn’t relinquish the chance and talked to the hermit with reverence.

The hermit ruminated and reverted to the main topic in a pungent voice: “I’ve heard lots of your ravenous deeds. You retract the land you’ve distributed to the farmers and order them to redeem their land. You must redress your guilt and rehabilitate their freedom. Reimburse their respective debts and build refuge for them. You can retain the residue of your property.”??

The lord was reluctant to renounce his wealth and be rent from his palace. He rebuked: “Your advice is too reckless. I’m resolute not to accept it.”

“Why so repulsive? You cannot repudiate my words.” The hermit reiterated his suggestion and its resonance echoed. “Remit their taxes with rebates, or a riot is imminent.”

The lord again refuted. At last he went back in remorse.

Unit Three

Prisoners of War?

Thousands of war prisoners were kept in captivity in the bulky camp. They lived in clutter and had to deal with chore. They must show categorical obedience or else receive caustic chiding. The guarding officers censure them very often, as well as clamoring carnal punishments. Some captives got bruise and clots all over. Male prisoners lost their collaterals and female ones fail to keep chaste.??

They wear burnished canvas, and rested in circumscribed room with small capacity and caliber. They chafe each other and brawled frequently. They were chary of moving and can hardly budge. Their situations captivated lots of reporters, who castigated the government with cogent proof. However, the government gave bombastic data and bragged about the conditions in the camps.??

After the calamity of war ceased, large numbers of captives were longing for the boon of brisk free life. According to a clandestine bond between the two canny governments, a process of exchanging captives will soon commence. This is considered as opening a cleft in the clogged wall between the two countries.

第三次课：分词在句子中的用法

教学目标： 使学生初步了解及在句子使用分词

教学内容：

一、 动名词及不定式作业讲解

二、分词

现在分词和过去分词两种。

作为谓语，现在分词和be 一起构成进行时；过去分词和be一起构成被动语态，和have一起构成完成时。

例如：

I am reading a novel by Maupassant. 我正在看一本莫泊桑写的小说。（现在分词和be 一起表示主语正在进行的动作。）

Mr. Robinson has drunk five glasses of wine already. 鲁宾逊先生已经喝了五杯酒了。（过去分词和have 一起表示主语已经完成的动作。）

The gold fish bowl was broken by Xiao Tao just now. 金鱼缸刚才被小陶打破了。（过去分词和be 一起表示主语是动作的承受者。）

作为非谓语形式，分词可用作形容词和副词，在句子中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。但它仍保持动词的一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语。分词和自己的宾语、状语构成分词短语。 现在分词有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为或存在的状态；它的完成式（having + 过去分词）表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。

现在分词有主动语态和被动语态(being + 过去分词)。

过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。过去分词（及物动词）本身可以表示被动的含义，因而没有别的被动形式。

例如：

Having failed three times, he didn’t want to try again. (=As he had failed three times, he didn’t want to try again.) 他失败了三次，不想再干了。（having failed 表示发生在前的动作）

Walking along the sands, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a man’s foot. (=While he was walking along the sands, Crusoe?) 克鲁索沿着沙滩走的时候，看见沙上有人的脚印。（walking 表示同时发生的动作）

The question being discussed seems important. (=The question is being discussed. It seems important.) 正在讨论的问题似乎很重要。

The old days are gone. 旧时代一去不复返了。（gone 表示完成的状态）

I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天理发了。（cut 是及物动词的过去分词，表示“被人理发”。） 分词的否定形式是在分词短语前面加上not, never等否定词构成。

例如：

Not fearing the fire, the child touched and got a finger burnt. 小孩儿不知道怕火，用手去摸，把手指烫了。

Not knowing how to find the subway, I asked a policeman for help. 我不知道怎样找到地铁，就去找警察帮忙。

（一）现在分词和过去分词的区别

（1）在语态上现在分词表示主动的意思，表示它所修饰的人或物的行为；及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思，表示它所修饰的人或物是动作的承受者。换言之，现在分词是它修饰

的成分所作出的动作，过去分词是它修饰的成分所承受的动作。

例如：

convincing facts 有说服力的事实 / convinced audience 被说服了的听众

the exploiting class 剥削阶级 / the exploited class被剥削阶级

a frightening dog一条让人害怕的狗 / a frightened dog一条被吓坏了的狗

driving gears主动齿轮 / driven gears从动齿轮

（2）在时间上，现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作已完成。

例如：

the rising sun (正在升起的太阳) / the risen sun（升起的太阳）

the falling rain（正在下的雨）/ the fallen leaves（落下的树叶）

stolen money（被盗的钱/偷来的钱）/ill-gotten wealth（不义之财）

a high-flying kite（高飞的风筝）

再看一些例子：

boiling water 沸腾的水/boiled water 开水/developing countries 发展中国家/developed countries 发达国家/an exciting story 令人激动的故事/ excited people 激动的人们

（2）在时间上，现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作已完成。

再看一些例子：

surprising news令人惊讶的消息/a surprised man受惊吓的人/an inspiring leader具有号召力的领袖/the inspired soldiers受到鼓舞的士兵/a delighted speech令人高兴的演说/the delighted audience(感到)高兴的听众/a moving film动人的电影/the moved children受到感到的孩子们/a box containing tea装茶叶的盒子/the tea contained in a box装在盒里的茶叶/ falling snow正在下的雪/fallen snow box落在地上的雪

（3）做表语时的不同。现在分词做表语表示主语所具有的特征，意思是“令人如何”。过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，意思是“感到如何”。

例如：

His lecture is disappointing。I’m disappointed。他的演讲令人失望。我感到失望。

We are surprised to hear the news。The news is surprising。我们听到那消息吃了一惊。那消息令人吃惊。

The situation is encouraging。 We’re encouraged。形式使人鼓舞。我们感到鼓舞。

常用的还有：amusing/amused，astonishing/astonished，disappointing/disappointed，exciting/excited，frightening/frightened，interesting interested，moving/moved， relaxing/relaxed，satisfying/satisfied，shocking/shocked，surprising/surprised，terrifying/terrified，tiring/tired，worrying/worried等等。

（4）做状语的区别，分词短语在句中可做时间、原因、方式、伴随状语。现在分词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生、意思是主动的。而过去分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生、意思是被动的。

例如：

Seeing nobody at home，she decided to leave them a note。看到没人在家，她决定给他们留个条。(主动意义，几乎同时)

The secretary worked late into the night，preparing a speech for the president。秘书工作到晚上很晚，给总统准备一篇演说。(主动意义，同时)

Tired of the noise，he closed the window。对噪音感到厌烦，所以他把窗户关上。(被动意义，

在谓语之前)

Deeply moved，she thanked me again and again。她深深地受了感动，再三谢我。(被动意义，在谓语之前)

Persuade by my mother，she gladly went there alone。在我母亲劝说下，她才高兴地独自去那里。(被动意义，在谓语之前)

如果现在分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生，现在分词要用完成形式，但意思仍然是主动的。 例如：

Having watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the Apples。=After they had watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the apples。他们浇完了蔬菜之后就开始摘苹果。 Having finished the work，he packed his tools and left。完工后，他收拾起工具走了。 分词做状语时，前面可用连词或介词。

例如：

After eating my dinner quickly，I went to see Jim off。我赶快吃过晚饭就去给吉姆送行。 Though built before the Second World War，the engine is still in good condition。尽管是在二战以前建的，这引擎仍然处于良好状态。

Unless paying by credit card，please pay in cash。如果不用信用卡付款，请用现金付。 Tom will never do this unless compelled。汤姆永远也不会干这种事，除非被逼无奈。 She’s been quite different since coming back from America。从美国回来后，她大变了。

（二）用法

1．作定语。作定语的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前。如果被修饰的词是something，anything，everything，nothing等，则分词放在这些词之后。分词短语通常放在被修饰的名词之后。

例如：

This is an interesting book。(=This is a book。It is interesting。)这是一本有趣的书。

There is something interesting in the news。(=There is something in the news。 It is interesting。)消息中有些有趣的事。

The man sitting by the window is our math teacher。(=The man who is sitting by the window is our math teacher。)靠窗户坐着的那个人是我们的数学老师

The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。(=The machine that is run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。)那位老工人开的机器是上海造的。

Most of students singing were girls。(=Most of the students who were singing?)唱歌的学生多数是女生。

Many of the villagers questioned refused to answer。(=Many of the villagers who were questioned?)被问的许多村里人都拒绝。

注意：（1）分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别：

分词和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主、谓关系。动名词则没有这种关系，而表示它所修饰的词的用途或有关动作。

现在分词 动名词

A sleeping child(a child who is sleeping)正在睡觉的孩子 A sleeping car(a car for sleeping)卧车

A flying bird(a bird that is flying)飞鸟 A flying course(a course for flying)飞行课程

A swimming girl(a girl who is swimming)游泳的女孩 A swimming pool(a pool for swimming)游泳池

The running water(the water that is running)流水 The running track(the track for running)跑道 现在分词和它所修饰的名词都要重读，动名词所修饰的名词则不必重读。

（2）现在分词作定语时，它表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生(或差不多同时发生)。

例如：

Who is the boy dancing over there？在那儿跳舞的少年是谁呀?

The girls swimming in the sea were in danger。 在海里游泳的姑娘们有危险。

如果两个动作在时间上有先后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而往往用主从复合句结构。 例如：

The man who has gone to Shanghai will be back again。到上海去的那个人会回来的。

The teacher wants to talk to the students who smashed the windows。老师要找打破了窗子的那个学生谈话。

（3）be的现在分词being不能用作定语(可用作状语或被动语态中的助动词)。表示这种概念时，也用主从复合句结构。

例如：

He has a brother who is a worker。他有一个当工人的兄弟。

2、作状语。分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。

例如：

Seeing the teacher entering the room，the students stood up。(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room，They stood up。)学生们看见老师走进房间，都站了起来。 (时间)

Heated，the Metal expands。 (=The metal expands if /when it is heated。)金属受热而膨胀。(条件、时间)

Being excited，I couldn’t go to sleep。(=As I was excited ，I couldn’t go to sleep。)我兴奋得睡不着觉。(原因)

Being a student，he was interested in sports。(=As he was a student，he was interested in sports。) 他是个学生，所以对体育运动感兴趣。(原因)

Inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。(=As they were inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。)李华和他的同学们受到杨博士讲话的鼓舞，决定更加努力学习物理。 (原因) The children went away laughing。=The children went away。They laughed as they went。孩子们笑着走开了。(行为方式)

The professor stood there，surrounded by many students。(=The professor stood there。He was surrounded by many students。)教授站在那里，许多学生围着他。(行为方式)

While reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。(=While he was reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time。)看报时，父亲不时地点头。(时间)(分词前，可加表示时间的连词while或when。)

3、作宾语补足语。

例如：

Can you get the machine going again？你能使机器再动起来吗？

You should have your hair cut。你该理发了。

I saw him coming last night。我昨天晚上看见他来了。

4、作表语。

例如：

The film is very moving。这部影片很感人。

Your homework is well done。你的作业做得好。

The visitors looked surprised.参观者看上去很惊讶。

The boys were seen walking on the grass。有人看见孩子们在草地上散步。

5、作句子独立成分（分词有自己的逻辑主语时，称为独立主格结构。）

例如：

Flags flying，the army men marched in the streets。旗帜飘扬，军队在街上行进。

All his ribs broken，he lay half dead。他的肋骨全部折断，半死不活地躺着。

分词(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致，必须用独立主格结构来表示，也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。

My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn’t want the children to play together我妻子与莎莉谈了很长时间，解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。(现在分词explaining是句子主语my wife做的动作，它们之间是主动关系)

Given more attention，the trees could have grown better。如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。(过去分词given表示的动作是句子主语the trees承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系)

We explored the caves，Peter acting as guide。我们到那山洞探险，彼得做向导。 (独立主格) The train having gone，we had to wait another day。分词短语做状语时，前面可以加上连词或介词，但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but，and)，因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分，而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分。分词和主句之间可用逗号。

例如：

误：Having been told many times，but he still couldn’t understand it。

正：He was told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it。

注意：（1）分词作状语时，逻辑主语即句子的主语;否则要用从句或独立主格结构来表示。 例如：

Looking out of the window，I saw lots of people there。(=When I looked out of the window，I saw lots of people there。)

我往窗外一看，看见那儿有许多人。 (looking out of the window的逻辑主语，就是句子的主语I。)

（2）在see，hear，watch，notice等动词后，用动词不定式作宾语补语，通常表示(强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。如果用现在分词作宾语补语，则通常表示动作正在进行。 例如：

We sat two hours and watched the teacher make the experiment。我们坐了两个小时，看老师做实验。(两小时一直在看老师做实验)

We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment。我们走过教室，看见老师在做实验。(只是在走过教宰的一刹那间，看见老师正存做实验)

I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back。我看见他走进房间，打开抽屉，拿出一份文件，拍了照又放回去(表示一个接一个的一系列动作的全过程时，用动词不定式。

托福词汇的运用在托福各题型中都起到很重要的作用，在托福写作中，我们也可以通过托福词汇的替换来达到考托福的写作高分。下面，我们就来看一下在托福写作中进行词汇替换的四种方式。

一、使用同义词进行替换

英语和我们中文一样，事实上，会有许多同义词，近义词，反义词等的同类比，所以词汇量积累越大的同学，其在这方面的知识就越多。因此，对于写作来说，寻找同义词替换是一个非常之棒的方法。使用同义词的好处就是首先可以向审核者展示你是一个词汇达人，你的词汇量足够丰富，其次可以让文章富有变化。因此，同义词在文章写作里的运用好坏一定会成为判断你写作好坏的一个标准。审核者认同你的同时，会给你一个好的分数。

二、使用各种形式的同根词进行替换

英语学的好的同学，自然是会明白英语词汇里有同根词。这种同根词要明白，他们其实是通过对单词的变换来吸引审核者的眼睛的。这种吸引他们并获得高分的方式，你不妨试一下。一些单词我们都十分明白，可以在他们懊悔面或者是在后面加上一些前缀或者是后缀并产生很多新的词汇。而且这些词汇会让我们避免在文章中过多地重复利用某一个熟悉的词，这样会让文章看上去变化多，而且层次也丰富。

三、使用短语进行替换

托福写作中，允许你使用各种各样的短语，只要你是一个短语达人，那么你就开始运用这些短语吧。这些短语用的好，不仅让你的文章看上去节奏感强，而且更能准确而精确地表达你想要表达的意思。在一些特殊的情况下，因为有好些不同的短语要吧表达同样的意思，那么就用这种方式来替换你本身想要进行的表达。

四、综合运用自我方法进行替换

经过了许多方法的练习后，你一定会形成一套属于自己的方法，自己最熟悉，最喜欢运用的方法。那么，好的，这就是我们练习所要达到的一个目的。现在，你懂了，下面就是开始运用综合性的方法来进行替换了。那么，你准备好了吗?我们在使用同义词替换的时候，也可以把原句进行结构上的变换。那么这样做就是让审核者最终发现你所写的句子和原来的截然不同，但是意思却是一样的，会让他们觉得你是一个改句子的达人哦。

总结

不管如何讲，在托福写作中，想要让自己的文章更吸引人，光变换单词是不够的，我们还要把单词和句子的结构进行有机的调整和变换，并把两者结合使用，从而让自己的文章更丰富多彩，在后面的文章中，小鱼儿就会托福的写作进行更加多的方法分享。请大家关注并积极参与。